Page 31 Activity: Qualitative observation,
quantitative observation or an inference?
1. Qualitative observation
2. Qualitative observation
3. Inference
4. Quantitative observation
5. Qualitative observation and inference
6. Inference
7. Quantitative observation
Page 34 Experiment: Reaction of alkali metals
with water
1. The metal floats on the surface of the water; metal
reacts with water and quickly disappears; a gas is
produced.
2. Sodium produces an orange/yellow colored flame
and potassium a lilac colored flame.
3. The reaction of sodium with water is less vigorous
compared to potassium with water.
4. An initial colour of green indicates the water has a
pH of approximately 7.0. After the reaction, the
colour changes from green to blue/purple
indicating the pH has increased to above 9.0.
5. sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen
potassium + water → potassium hydroxide + hydrogen
6. 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g)
7. Alkali metals are soft and can be cut with a knife;
alkali metals are less dense than normal metals
and float on water; alkali metals are stored under
oil to prevent a reaction with oxygen and water;
react vigorously with water; oxidize rapidly on
exposure to air.
Page 38 What are noble gases?
1. Elements that are inert are useful as they do not
react with other elements and compounds.
2. One useful application of inert gases is the storage
of reactive elements in sealed glass tubes
surrounded by an inert gas.
Page 39 What are fossil fuels?
1. Malta has a far smaller impact on the global
demand for fossil fuels than China because Malta
is a much smaller country with a much smaller
population compared to China, one of the most
densely populated countries in the world.
© Oxford University Press 2018
Page 41 Data-based question: How does the
composition of crude oil reserves vary?
1. Gasoline is a volatile liquid with a low boiling
point. It is extracted from crude oil and is
considered one of the light products. Saharan
crude oil from Algeria has the highest proportion
of light products.
2. Crude oil from Venezuela is called heavy oil as it
has a high percentage of long carbon chain
hydrocarbons. The majority of products made
from this crude oil have a high density such as
bitumen, lubricating oils and fuel oils.
3. Saharan (Algeria) and Brent (North Sea) are
classified as being sweet crude oil.
4. Sour crude oil has a higher percentage of sulfur.
The corrosive nature of sulfur would result in
damage to the infrastructure of the oil refinery.
This higher cost of maintenance will reduce the
company profit margin. Sweet crude oil
commands a higher price per barrel as there are
less associated costs with its refining.
Page 43 IUPAC nomenclature for alkanes
1. CnH2n+2
2. In the field of Biology, we use the classification
rules to give plants and animals specific names.
These names are globally accepted. These names
are Kingdom, Phylum, class, order, family, genus
and species.
Page 46 How do alkenes differ from alkanes?
1. H H
H H
C=C + H–H → H C C H
H H
H H
Page 47 Activity: Identifying alkenes
1. Similar to the process of hydrogenation, bromine
reacts with ethene to form 1,2-dibromoethane.
C2H4(g) + Br2(aq) → C2H4Br2(g)
H H
H H
C=C + Br–Br → H C C H
H H
Br Br
1
Page 48 How do alkenes differ from alkanes?
1. a) 2-pentene
b) 2-methylbutane
c) 4,4-dimethylpent-1-ene
d) 2,3,4-trimethylpentane
e) 3,4-dimethylpent-1-ene
Page 50 Experiment: Catalytic cracking of paraffin
1. The first two test tubes will have a high
composition of atmospheric gases that are
residues of the gas found in the glass tubing prior
to the start of the distillation process.
2. When bromine water is added to the fifth test
tube, the colour change observed will be from
yellow/brown to colorless, indicating the
presence of carbon-carbon double bonds in the
fraction.
When acidified potassium permanganate(VII)
solution is added to the sixth test tube, the colour
change observed will be from purple to colorless,
indicating the presence of carbon-carbon double
bonds in the fraction.
3. The tests would show a negative result as there
would be no unsaturated compounds present in
the first two fractions.
Page 51 Data-based question: Ethanol and
biofuels
1. The USA is the largest producer of ethanol.
Possible reasons for this are that they have one of
the largest energy demands and are one of the
largest consumers of non-renewable fossil fuels.
Ethanol is used in the production of low-carbon
biofuels, a renewable resource with low carbon
emissions.
2. Biofuel providers and the Clean Cities coalitions
started in 2007 to put in place systems that
simplified the process of obtaining the
infrastructure to commercially sell biofuels.
2
Known as the Low Carbon Fuel Infrastructure
Investment Initiative, this project saw the growth
in the number of E85 stations from one in 1996, to
95 in 2016.
Page 51 Data-based question: Ethanol and
biofuels (continued)
3. China has been investing in alternative renewable
energy sources such as solar power and
hydroelectricity schemes. China is one of the
leading investors in green technology. As the
global pressure on clean energy consumption
continues to increase, the policies of the Chinese
government may begin to shift towards biofuels,
as they are the third largest producer of
sugarcane.
4. Brazil is the largest producer of sugarcane in the
world. This crop is used in ethanol production.
5. The summaries of individual students will vary.
6. The reduction in the consumption of petroleum by
39 million gallons and the reduction of carbon
2
dioxide emissions by 187,500 tons.
Page 53 Activity: Representing organic molecules
1. c.
2. a.
3. b.
Page 54 What is the composition of the Earth's
atmosphere?
1. One of the main products of the combustion of
fossil fuels is carbon dioxide gas. This gas is
referred to as a greenhouse gas. The concentration
of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has been
increasing at an accelerated rate throughout the
last century and continues today. A corresponding
increase in the global mean temperature can be
seen in the graphs on page 54.
2. The efforts of individuals to decrease their
contribution to carbon dioxide emissions will
collectively have a significant effect on the
concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
and in turn help to reduce the rate of increase of
the global mean temperature.

Summative assessment
Changes in carbon dioxide levels
1. There is a strong positive correlation between carbon dioxide concentration
and time.

Difference in CO2 (ppm) = 403 – 381 = 22;

2.
% increase = 22 / 381 × 100% = 5.8%

3. Prior to 1950, there was no definitive relationship between carbon dioxide

concentration and time, as the levels increased and decreased with time; from
1950 to present day there is a strong, positive correlation between carbon
dioxide concentration and time; from the lowest level of 180 ppm in the last
400,000 years, the present level of CO2 is twice the previous peak value / the
rate of change of concentration of CO2 is far greater than ever before.
2 © Oxford University Press 2018
 4. Reduce the amount of burning of fossil fuels; reduce the amount of
deforestation; increase the amount of electricity being produced by renewable,
clean energy sources.

5. H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C H H C C C C C H H C C C C C H
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
CH3 CH3
n-hexane
2-methylpentane 3-methylpentane
CH3
H H H H H H H
H C C C C H H C C C C H
H H H H H
CH3 H3C CH3
2,2-dimethylbutane 2,3-dimethylbutane

Modelling global warming

6. Suitable hypothesis is suggested; hypothesis is testable; hypothesis is based on
scientific reasoning.

7. Design should include clear statement of:

 independent and dependent variables
 rationale for the method and practical details, including
o correct names of apparatus and volume
o amounts and/or concentration of chemicals being used
 consideration of safety, ethical and environmental issues
 description of the step-by-step methodology for the investigation,
including how variables are controlled
 description of how qualitative observations will be recorded
 identification of any quantitative data that will be recorded and the design
of data tables to present this information
Marks awarded on a scale from zero marks for a completely inadequate design
to 10 marks for an exemplary design.

Glaciers and climate change

8. a) Overall, there is a decrease in the amount (Gt) of land ice in Antarctica
over the last 16 years; initially the rate of change was slow; since
approximately 2010 the rate of change has increased.
b) In the warmer months (summer), there will be a decrease in the total
amount of land ice; in winter there will be an increase in the total amount
of land ice.

9. a) An amount in the range of 300 to 500 Gt.

b) Rate of loss of mass is increasing; maximum and minimum annual
land ice mass are decreasing; loss in mass from 2008 to 2010 was
–700 to –850 Gt over a two year period, producing a rate of change of
75 Gt year–1; in the 2 year period from 2012 to 2014, the rate of loss was
(1500–1050) / 2 = 225 Gt year–1
Mathematical calculations from any of the other two year periods from
2008 to 2018 could also be used as evidence.

© Oxford University Press 2018 3

2
10. Glacial ice and the air bubbles trapped within it are an important tool in the
study of climate because they range in age from several hundred to several
hundreds of thousands of years. This means that they function as a long-term
climate record; through drilling and extracting ice cores scientists can ascertain
year-by-year information about past climate; the information scientists can find
include: “past atmospheric composition, temperature variations, and types of
vegetation”.

11. To help scientists in their future work, past eras can be reconstructed and
modelling done to explain previous climate change and predict future climate
patterns; global warming can be studied and explained by studying changes in
glaciers, as they are very sensitive to temperature fluctuations.

12. By discovering and analyzing this type of information, scientists assist

governments and bodies, such as the United Nations, in their planning of
policies, programs and legislation; to limit future climate change and its
negative effects on our planet and humankind.

13. During the 20th century and before, burning fossil fuels for manufacturing,
transportation and production of electricity has led to increased carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere. The concentration of other gases in the atmosphere, such as
methane, has also increased greatly. These greenhouse gases reflect heat
energy being radiated from the surface of the earth, resulting in an increase in
global temperatures. Other factors have also contributed to global warming
including dust and soot from grazing, farming and manufacturing.

4 © Oxford University Press 2018