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EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF NOTCH SHAPE ON WEIR

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS USING CONSTANT HEAD DISCHARGE APPARATUS

Article · August 2017

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 Asian Journal of Current Research
2(2): 55-64, 2017

International Knowledge Press

www.ikpress.org

EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF

NOTCH SHAPE ON WEIR FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
USING CONSTANT HEAD DISCHARGE APPARATUS

ADEYEMI I. OLABISI1*, ABAM TAMUNOPEKERE JOSHUA2

AND OREKO U. BENJAMIN1
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun, P.M.B. 1221,
Delta State, Nigeria.
2
Department of Marine Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun, P. M. B. 1221,
Delta State, Nigeria.

AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author AIO designed the study, wrote the
protocol and interpreted the data, anchored the field study, gathered the initial data, performed preliminary data
analysis, managed the literature searches and produced the initial draft. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.

Received: 25th June 2017

Accepted: 30th July 2017
Published: 10th August 2017 Original Research Article
__________________________________________________________________________________

ABSTRACT

This paper reports the hydraulic experiment performed on “constant head discharge apparatus” to determine the
effect of notch shape on weir flow characteristics. In the recent time, flood control has been a major concern,
thus, it is necessary to design a bulkhead with the notch shape that will aid fast flow of water downstream. Weirs
of two types (V-notch and rectangular) were used for the experiment. A water collecting tank was constructed
and calibrated at the upstream so as to determine the head, H of water flowing over the weir. There was a slot in
which a flat plate is inserted to demarcate the upstream from the downstream. It was discovered experimentally
that shape and water height over the weir has effect on coefficient of discharge and volume discharged. The
coefficient of discharge obtained is: 0.62 for v-notch and 1.69 for rectangular weir. Thus, rectangular weir has
higher discharge than the triangular weir.

Keywords: Weir flow; V-notch; rectangular weir; discharge; constant head; upstream; downstream.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Fundamental Theory of Weir Discharge

Weirs are structures consisting of an obstruction such
as a dam or bulkhead placed across the open channel
with a specially shaped opening or notch. The weir
results an increase in the water level, or head, which is
measured upstream of the structure. The flow rate
over a weir is a function of the head on the weir [1].
According to King et al. [2], development of formulas
for weir discharge dates back to the early history of
the hydraulic theory. From Fig. 1 as shown in the
appendix, the base formulas are here developed for
the rectangular full-width weir without end
contractions.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: Email: adeyemi.olabisi@fupre.edu.ng;

 Olabisi et al.; AJOCR, 2(2): 55-64, 2017

The velocity head in the approach channel, corrected 3 ℎ 3 ℎ ℎ /

for unequal distribution of velocities, is denoted 1+ . + ( ) … … … . −( )
2 8
by ∝ ℎ , where ℎ = .The depth of flow in the
Dropping as negligible all term except two, equation
approach channel at the point where the head is (5) becomes:
measured and is denoted by d.
3
By orifice theory, the theoretical discharge through ℎ
the elemental strip of area Ldh under total head = 1+2
ℎ+∝ ℎ is;

= ℎ 2 (ℎ+∝ ℎ ) Substituting for ℎ its approximate value

=∫ 2 ℎ+∝ ℎ ℎ
= 2 [( +∝ ℎ ) ] (1)
ℎ = = = = . .
2 .2 ( ) .2 2
Introducing a coefficient C’ to correct for vertical
contraction of the nappe and for frictional loss, Then, the equation for discharge becomes

2 ′ /
= 2 [( +∝ ℎ ) = /
1+ (6)
3
′
It is a common practice to combine 2 into a Where
single coefficient C and to assume ∝= 1.
3
The general formula for weir discharge including = = 0.0233
22
effect of velocity of approach thus becomes
Therefore, for a rectangular weir;
= [( +∝ ℎ ) − (∝ ℎ ) ] (2)
2 ′
If the ratio of head H to height of weir P is sufficiently = (7)
3
/
small, the ℎ term in equation (2) may be neglected,
in which case the weir discharge is given by the Thousands of experiments have been made with water
equation flowing over rectangular sharp-crested weirs to
determine the values of the coefficients in equation
(6) or to provide a basis for modifying coefficients or
= [( +∝ ℎ ) (3) exponents to fit better the actual conditions of flow.
These experiments have covered a wide range of
If H/P is sufficiently small to make ℎ negligible, the conditions, and although they substantiate the general
formula for weir discharge, without correction for form of the equation derived above they contain many
velocity of approach, becomes; inconsistencies. The experiments of an individual
investigator are usually consistent in themselves, but
= (4) experiments by different investigators sometimes give
results differing from one another by several percent.
Since ℎ is a function of equation (2) and (3) for Q
involves successive trials. A more convenient form of 1.2 Theory of Rectangular Contracted Weirs
equation can be derived by the following
transformation: According to King et al. [2], the full-width weir is not
adapted for use in a flume or channel of other than
Multiplying and dividing the right side of equation (2) rectangular cross-section. In such a channel some
by , form of notch in a bulkhead is preferred for measuring
the flow.
/
= [(1 + ) − (ℎ ) ] (5) The rectangular sharp-edged notch in Fig. 2 (see the
appendix) was one of the earliest forms of weir. Such
By binomial expansion the quantity in brackets a notch has end contractions, the effect of which is to
becomes reduce the flow below that which would occur under

56

the same head over a standard weir of the same
length. Francis stated that the discharge through a
sharp-edged rectangular notch of length L under a
head H can be computed by substituting in place of L
in the standard weir formula the value [2].
′
= − 0.2
This correction for end contractions is approximate,
so that great refinement in computation is not
necessary. The use of the Francis correction leads to
an absurdity when the length of weir becomes small
in proportion to the head [2]. For instance, for a weir
0.2ft long under a head of 1ft, L − 0.2H = 0, so that
= 0, which is evidently not true. The use of Francis
correction is therefore ordinarily limited to weirs in
which L is at least 3H.
Although the Francis formula for computing
correction for end contractions was originally
recommended for use with the Francis formula;
/
Q = 3.33L[(H + h ) − h , it is equally applicable
to other standard formulas.
A more precise formula for the flow of water through
rectangular sharp-crested weirs with complete end and
bottom contractions is given as [2]:
.
.
0.566 .
= 3.247 − .
(9)
1+2
It is recommended that L be at least equal to H for the
use of equation (9).
To obtain complete contraction, the minimum
distance S (Fig. 2) from any point on the edges of the
weir to the sides or bottom of the channel should be at
least 2H. The head should be measured at least 4H
distant from the nearest point of the crest to avoid
surface curvature.
1.3 Theory of Discharge from Triangular
Weirs (V-notch)
The triangular or V-notch weir is preferable to other
weirs for the measurement of widely variable flows.
Fig. 3 (see the appendix) represents a triangular weir
over which a liquid is flowing. The measured head is
H, and the distance between the sides of the weir in
the plane of the liquid surface is L. The sides make
equal angles with the vertical.
The area of an elementary horizontal strip for a head h
is 2gh , and the discharge is
Olabisi et al.; AJOCR, 2(2): 55-64, 2017
= ′
ℎ (10)
From similar triangles L′ = (H − h)L/H. Inserting this
value of L’ in equation (10),
( − ℎ)√ℎ
(8) = 2 ℎ (11)
Integrating between the limits 0 and H and reducing
/
= 2 (12)
If is the notch angle, L = 2Htanθ/2. substituting
this value of L in equation 12, and introducing a
discharge coefficient C,
/
= 2 (13)
The most common angle of notch is 90o, for which,
with a value of C about 0.6, the approximate formula
for discharge is
.
= 2.5 (14)
Experiments have shown that the coefficient and the
exponent in equation (14) are not exactly 2.5, but that
they vary far from this value.
From tests by Barr with water discharging over 90°
weir, Barnes2 derived the formula
.
= 2.48 (15)
Tests by Lenz with various angles of notch from 10°
to 90° and with oil and water at various temperatures
indicate that the value of C in equation (13) varies
with the head and angle of notch as well as with the
density, viscosity, and surface tension of the liquid
[2]. For cold water, the temperature was found to have
little effect on the coefficient, which in that case is a
function only of head H and notch angle θ . Lenz
derived the formula, in the book written by King et al.
[2], for triangular weirs, for water only:
/
= 2.395 + (16)
Values of N and n are given in Table 1 (see the
appendix). The minimum value of the ratio N/H is
0.090.
The most common angle of notch is 90°. For any
liquid of density ρ , kinematic viscosity v , and
surface tension , Lenz derived the following
formula for 90° V-notches only:
57
 Olabisi et al.; AJOCR, 2(2): 55-64, 2017

corresponding to the point A and reach a value BC

1.247 equal to ρgh at the bottom. The area of the triangular
= 2.395 + . .
(17)
. 1 pressure diagram ABC represented the force exerted
by the water per unit width. Force due to water,
R = × (ρgh × AB) × width
The minimum value of the second term in the bracket
is 0.090. The effect of velocity of approach on
.
triangular weirs is similar to the effect on rectangular where: ρ= ,g = , h = 240mm,
weirs. From the nature of the triangular weir, AB = 240mm, width = 300m
however, the cross-sectional area of the nappe is
usually much smaller than that of the channel of
Therefore, R = × (1000 × 9.81 × 240 × 240) ×
approach. The velocity of approach is therefore small,
and the error introduced by neglecting it is usually = 84.758
inappreciable.
In addition, since the wall of the plate is rectangular,
Sharpness of crest edged is as important with then the resultant force due to the water, R will act at
triangular weirs as with any sharp-edged orifices or
weirs since a slight dullness or rounding of the x = h from the base (point B) (18)
upstream edge results in applicable increase in flow.
ℎ , 18,
However, this research considered both triangular and 1 240
V notch to determine the effect of notch shape on weir = × = 0.08 = 80
3 1000
flow characteristics.
The formula to calculate the thickness of the plate is
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS given in equation 19 [3,4,5]:

These are the processes involved in producing the

weirs used for the research, and the step-by-step ℎ = (19)
experimental procedures of determining the effect of ( + )
notch shape on weir flow. ( ℎ ℎ, 1973)

2.1 Material Selection Where:

Mild steel sheet of 2.5 mm thickness was considered = ℎ = 300

based on calculations (section 2.3) for the strength to
= ℎ = 300
withstand water pressure.
k = coef icient obtained from a reference table. Thus,
= 0.49 ( , ℎ
2.2 Weir Plates, Shield and Sluts .
Manufacturing
=
Part names: Weir plates, Shield and Slots
= (20)
Dimension: 1020 mm× 1500 mm
Material: A 2.5 mm thick mild steel sheet.
84.758
The manufacturing process is described in detail in = = 9.42 × 10 /
300 × 300
Table 2.
ℎ , = 942 /
2.3 Resultant Force and Centre of Pressure on
the Plane Surface of the Shield (Plate) Factor of safety N considered is 25.5.
under Uniform Pressure
The resultant force and centre of pressure of the weir Therefore, σ = 942/25.5 = 36.92N/m =
that was used for the experiment as shown in Fig. 4 3.692 × 10 N/mm
are analyzed as follows:
From equation (19), ℎ = 300 × 300 ×
According to LinGaiah K. et al. [3], the pressure due 0.49 ×
. ×
= 2.5 .
to the water will start from zero at the free surface . × ( )

58
 Olabisi et al.;; AJOCR, 2(2): 55-64, 2017

Table 2. Weir plates, shield and slots manufacturing processes

S/N Processes Machine and tool required

1. The 1020 mm× 1500 mm mild steel sheet was marked to the shapes Scriber.
of the parts according to the dimensions specified in the drawings.
2. The marked sheet was cut into individual shapes; weirs (triangular Table shear, power operated
and rectangular), shield (blank plate), and the cut portions for the bending machine.
slots were bent into their appropriate forms to accommodate the weirs
and the shield.
3. The obtained shapes were filed to finishing File
4. The slots were welded to the inner sides of the flow channel Welding machine
according to specifications.
5. The weirs, shield, and welded assembly were painted. Oil paint and brush

Fig. 4. Pressure diagram for a vertical wall

3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The weir apparatus was levelled on the hydraulic

3.1 Calibration of the Downstream Chamber
of the Weir Flow Channel
The calibration of the downstream chamber was done
so as to determine the volume of water contained with
respect to height with the aid of a measuring cylinder.
Certain quantity of water was measured with the
measuring cylinder. The measured quantity of water
was then poured inside the collecting chamber and the
total
tal height above the base of the chamber was noted
and the corresponding values were recorded. The
above procedure was repeated until the chamber was
filled with water. The result is as shown in Table 3
(appendix).
3.2 Experimental Determination of the Effect
of Weir Shape on Hydraulic Discharge
This is to determine the relationship between head H
on weirs (triangular (v-notch)
notch) and rectangular) and the
resultant discharge Q over the weirs [6,7,8].
[6,
The instruments used include weir channel, weirs
(triangular
gular and rectangular), measuring rule, stop
watch, and measuring cylinder. The setup is shown in
Fig. 6.
stand and one of the weirs was installed (rectangular
or V-notch).
notch). The type of weir used was written down
on the attached table. The water tap was turned on to
fill the upstream portion of the water chamber until
the water level is even with the crest of the weir. The
rectangular notch was checked by placing a steel ruler
on the crest. While for the V-notch,
notch, the vertex of the
V serves as an indicator. The calibrated scale to the
surface of the water was adjusted by matching the tip
to its reflection. The value was taken and recorded as
the Weir Height in the attached table. The flow was
increased too its maximum, and the upstream water
level was allowed to rise to the corresponding hole by
the side of the channel. Thehe shield was removed and
certain volume of water allowed to flow over the weir
into the downstream chamber (say 19.70 cm) with
time and the associated reading was recorded. The
upstream water level was decreased successively for
three additional flows following the appropriate
procedure for each. The experimental procedure was
repeated for the other weir.
3.3 Precaution
It was ensured that
at the water flow channel was
balanced on the stand before the experiment
commenced. Also, the water level was adjusted to the

59
 Olabisi et al.; AJOCR, 2(2): 55-64, 2017

crest of the weirs before further addition of water so Water height, H = weir height – gauge height.
as to obtain the actual height of the weir. It was
ensured that error due to parallax of the measuring bar The discharge over the weir, Q = Volume discharged /
was avoided. It was ensured that the shield was time taken.
appropriately removed to allow discharge over the
weirs and was immediately put back to obstruct flow From Fig. 5, volume discharged is given as; V =
after a specified period of time, so as to obtain 1.0168H + 0.1406.
accurate volume of water discharged with time.
At H = 19.70cm, V = 1.0168 (19.70) + 0.1406 = 20.17
liters = 20.17 × 10-3 m3.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The equation for each weir can be determined by
The graph of Volume, V (litres) of water against substituting the slope, n, and y intercept, K, into the
height, H (cm) for calibration of the water chamber is following equation:
as plotted in Fig. 5.
= × (21)
A straight line graph with a slight intercept (0.1406)
on the volume-axis is obtained. The coefficient of discharge, Cd, can be obtained
using the following equations (dependent on weir
The empirical equation relating volume V to water type):
height H, i.e = 1.0168 + 0.1406, can be used to .
know the quantity of water discharged from the weir Rectangular: K= C ×L (22)
into the downstream chamber when the height (cm)
above the level is known. The empirical equation Therefore, from equation (22) C = .
obtained from Fig. 5 was applied in the subsequent
experiments. Where; K = intercept on the y axis. And L = length of
the rectangular weir = 0.156 m
From Fig. 7, the actual water height above the crest of
the weir can be obtained as follows [9,10]: V-notch: K = C × 0.53 × 2g × (tan ) (23)

Graph of Volume against Height

SCALE:2cm represent
5 liters on V-axis
30 2cm represent
5cm on H-axis
25 y = 1.0168x + 0.1406
Volume, V (Liters)

20

15 Volume vs Height
Linear (Volume vs Height)
10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Water Height, H (cm)

Fig. 5. Volume and height relationship (Weir flow small chamber)

60
 Olabisi et al.;; AJOCR, 2(2): 55-64, 2017

Where;
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s
θ = angle of the v-notch = 90°
K = intercept on the vertical axis, y
The weir flow data is presented in Table 4 and further
illustrated as shown in Fig. 8.
Table 5 presents the comparison between the slope
and the coefficient of discharge.
The following
ing equations are derived from Fig. 8
[11,12]:
V-Notch: y = 1.7154x – 1.4437 (25)
Rectangular: y = 2.175x – 0.594 (26)

For a V-Notch: y = 1.7154xx – 1.4437

Fig. 6. Weir experimental set-up
set
(21), = ×
Therefore, from equation (23)
Where; K = intercept = −1.4437
4437 ≈ 1.444
n = slope = 1.7154 = 1.715
C = (24)
. × × ( ) Therefore, Q = 1.444 × H .

Fig. 7. Weir discharge

Table 4. Weir flow data

S/N Weir type Weir Gauge Water Volume T1 T2 Tavg. Flow LogH LogQ
height height height ×10-3 (s) (s) (s) rate Q
(m) (m) H (m) (m3) ×10-4
(m3/s)
1 90° V-Notch 0.232 0.06 0.172 20.17 10.00 11.5 10.8 18.60 -2.730
- -0.764
2 0.232 0.09 0.142 20.17 16.10 15.3 15.7 12.70 -2.896
- -0.848
3 0.232 0.12 0.112 20.17 28.20 26.1 27.2 7.37 -3.133
- -0.951
4 0.232 0.15 0.082 20.17 40.00 35.0 37.5 5.33 -3.273
- -1.086
1 Rectangular 0.200 0.06 0.140 20.17 3.33 3.9 3.6 55.40 -2.256
- -0.854
2 0.200 0.09 0.110 20.17 13.43 15.1 14.3 14.00 -2.854
- -0.959
3 0.200 0.12 0.080 20.17 27.83 25.0 26.4 7.57 -3.121
- -1.097
4 0.200 0.15 0.050 20.17 42.50 38.8 40.7 4.92 -3.308
- -1.301

Table 5. Slope and coefficient of discharge comparison

Weir type Actual n Theoretical n %error Actual Cd Theoretical Cd %Error

90° V-Notch 1.715 2.5 31.4 0.62 0.60 3.33
Rectangular 2.175 1.5 45.0 1.69 3.96 61.52

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 Olabisi et al.;; AJOCR, 2(2): 55-64, 2017

Graph of LogQ against

0 LogH
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

-0.5

y = 2.1754x - 0.5946
-1 y = 1.7154x - 1.4437

-1.5
90 Degree
Log (Flow Rate, Q (m^3/s))

V-Notch
V

-2 Rectangular
Notch

Linear (90 Degree

-2.5
V-Notch)
Notch)

-3

-3.5
Log (Water Heigth, H (m))

Fig.
Fig 8. LogQ and LogH relationship
.
Also from equation (24), C = ℎ , = 0.595 ×
. × × ( )

Also, C = .
Where;

g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s Where; L = length of the weir = 0.156m
θ = angle of the v-notch = 90o K = intercept on the vertical axis, y
K = intercept on the vertical axis, y . .
Therefore, C = . = = 3.958 = 3.96
. . . .
Therefore, = = = (actual coefficient of discharge)
. ×√ × . × .

0.615 = 0.62 (actual coefficient of discharge) But the value of theoretical discharge Cd (th.) = 1.69

But the value of theoretical discharge Cd (th.) = 0.60

Thus, %Error = × 100 =
. .
Thus, %Error = × 100 = × 100 = 61.52%
.
. .
× 100 = 3.33%
. It was observed that as the water height H decreased,
the time, T taken for a constant volume of water to be
For a Rectangular: y = 2.1754x – 0.5946 discharged over the weirs (V-notch
notch and rectangular)
, = × increased. But V-notch
notch took longer time.

ℎ ; = = −0.5946
5946 ≈ 0.595 It was also observed that the flow rate Q for the two
tw
= = 2.1754 = 2.175
175 weirs decreased as the water height decreased.

62

The two empirical equations for rectangular and V-
notch is given as shown below:
Rectangular weir: Q = 0.595× H2.175
Taking logarithm of both sides,
LogQ = 2.175LogH + Log0.595 (27)
V-notch: Q = 1.444× H1.715
Taking logarithm of both sides,
LogQ = 1.715LogH + Log1.444 (28)
Relating head of water over the crest to discharges, it
was discovered as shown in Fig. 8 that the discharge
over the weir will increase correspondingly as the
head increase. According to the weir equation, for
rectangular weir and vee notch weir, the discharge of
the weir is dependent upon the coefficient of
discharge [13].
5. CONCLUSION
From the experimental results obtained, it is clear that
weir type has effect on discharge as main objective of
this paper is to determine the optimum C values for
different types of weirs. Also, it was discovered that
the actual coefficient of discharge over rectangular
weir is greater in value than that of the v-notch. These
values conform to the standard trends. i.e. Theoretical
discharge value for a v-notch is 0.6 and 3.96 for a
rectangular notch [3]. While experimental discharge
value obtained for the v-notch is 0.62 and 1.69 for a
rectangular notch. Thus, rectangular weir has higher
discharge than the triangular weir.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing interests
exist.
63
Olabisi et al.; AJOCR, 2(2): 55-64, 2017
REFERENCES
1. The Engineering ToolBox. Standards of Weir
flow measurements; 2013.
Available: www.engineeringtoolbox.com
(Retrieved on 14th June, 2014)
2. King HW, Wisler CO, Woodburn JG.
“Hydraulics” (fifth edition). London: John
Wiley and Sons Publisher. 1995;380-394.
3. LinGaiah K, Nara Yana Yengar BR. Machine
design data hand book. Bangalore: Ya Yanager
Publisher. 1973;1:178-190.
4. French RH. Open channel hydraulics: McGraw
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approach to optimal Design of Trapezoidal
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9. Hot Dikiss RH. Flow over a killer. Weir
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10. Martinez J, Raca J, Morillas MT, Lopez JG.
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compound sharp-crested weir. 2006;3(2):19-
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edition). 1999;450-456.
12. Chalong, Kirdpitugsa. Open channel flow:
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 Olabisi et al.;; AJOCR, 2(2): 55-64, 2017

APPENDIX

Fig. 1. Rectangular sharp-crested

sharp weir without end contractions

Fig.
Fig 2. Rectangular contracted weir

Fig.
Fig 3. Triangular weir (V-notch)

Table 1. Values of

90° 60° 45° 30°

0.068 0.087 0.102 0.131
0.588 0.582 0.579 0.576

Table 3. Volume of water and the corresponding height

S/N Volume (Litres) Height (cm)

1 0.00 0.00
2 5.00 4.93
3 10.00 9.00
4 15.00 15.00
5 20.00 19.70
6 25 24.30
__________________________________________________________________________________________
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