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Plane Stress Plane Strain PDF
Plane Stress Plane Strain PDF
Plane Stress
That is, the normal stress z and the shear stresses xz and yz
are assumed to be zero.
Generally, members that are thin (those with a small z
dimension compared to the in-plane x and y dimensions) and
whose loads act only in the x-y plane can be considered to be
under plane stress.
Plane Strain
The shear stress xy acts on the x edge (vertical face) in the y
direction. The shear stress yx acts on the y edge (horizontal
face) in the x direction.
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 9/69
x y xy
T
1 xy max
2
2 2
x y y
2
2 x xy min
2
2 2
2 xy
tan 2 p
x y
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 10/69
x y xy
T
x x 1 0
E
y D y [D ] 2
1 0
1
xy xy 0 0 0.5 1
x x 1 0
0
E
y D y [D ] 1
1 1 2 0
0.5
xy xy 0
2u 2u 1 2u 2v
x 2 y 2 2 y 2 xy
2v 2v 1 2v 2u
x 2 y 2 2 y 2 xy
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 13/69
u v u v
x y xy
x x y x
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 17/69
For plane stress, the stresses z, xz, and yz are assumed to
be zero. The stress-strain relationship is:
x 1 0 x
E
y 1 0 y
1
2
For plane strain, the strains z, xz, and yz are assumed to be
zero. The stress-strain relationship is:
x 1 0 x
E
y 1 0
y
1 1 2 0
xy 0 0.5 xy
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 18/69
F [K ]d
ui
v
i
u
d j
v j
um
v m
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 20/69
To obtain the values for the a’s substitute the coordinated of the
nodal points into the above equations:
ui a1 a2 xi a3 y i v i a4 a5 xi a6 y i
u j a1 a2 x j a3 y j v j a4 a5 x j a6 y j
um a1 a2 xm a3 y m v m a4 a5 xm a6 y m
Solving for the a’s and writing the results in matrix forms gives:
ui 1 xi y i a1
y j a2 a x u
1
u j 1 x j
u 1 x y m a3
m m
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 22/69
i x j y m y j xm i y j y m i xm x j
j xi y m y i xm j ym yi j xi xm
m xi y j y i x j m y i y j m x j xi
i j m 1 xi yi
1
1
[x] i j m 2A 1 xj yj
2A
i j m 1 xm ym
2 A xi y j y m x j y m y i xm y i y j
a4 i j m vi
1
a5
2 A i j m v j
a i j m v m
6
a1
u 1 x y a2
a3
Substituting the values for a into the above equation gives:
i j m ui
u 1 x y i j m u j
1
2A
i j m um
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 24/69
u ( x, y )
1
2A
i i x i y u i j j x j y u j
m m x m y um
v ( x, y )
1
2A
i i x i y v i j j x j y v j
m m x m y v m
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 25/69
v ( x, y ) N i v i N j v j N m v m
where:
1
Ni i i x i y
2A
Nj
1
2A
j j x j y
1
Nm m m x m y
2A
N 0 Nj 0 Nm 0
N 0i Ni 0 Nj 0 Nm
1 y y y
1
x m x m x m
i i i
j j j
1 y y y
1
x m x m x m
i i i
j j j
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 27/69
N i 0 N j 0 N m 0 0 Ni N j Nm 1
{ }
0 Ni 0 N j 0 Nm v 0
0
v 0
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 28/69
Therefore:
u
1
x 2 A
i ui j u j m um
For plane stress [D] is: For plane strain [D] is:
1 0 1 0
E [D ]
E 1
[D ] 1 0 0
1 2 1 1 2 0
0 0 0.5 1 0 0.5
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 32/69
1 1
Where the strain energy is: U
2V { }T { }dV { }T [D]{ }dV
2V
The potential energy of the body force term is:
b { }T { X }dV
V
1 1
Where the strain energy is: U
2V { }T { }dV { }T [D]{ }dV
2V
The potential energy of the concentrated forces is:
p {d }T {P }
where {P} are the concentrated forces and {d} are the nodal
displacements.
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 33/69
1 1
Where the strain energy is: U
2V { }T { }dV { }T [D]{ }dV
2V
The potential energy of the distributed loads is:
s { }T {T }dS
S
2V V
d P d [N ]T {T }dS
T T
2 V V
d P d [N ]
T T T
{T }dS
S
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 34/69
Therefore:
1
p d [B]T [D][B]dV d d f
T T
2 V
[B ]
T
[D][B ]dV d f
V
The stiffness matrix can be defined as:
[k ] [B ]T [D][B ]dV
V
[k ] t [B ]T [D][B ] dx dy
A
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 35/69
[k ] t [B ]T [D][B ] dx dy
A
[k ] tA [B ]T [D][B ]
i 0 j 0
1
Bi 2A 0 i B j
1
0 j
2A
i i j j
m 0
1
Bm 2A 0 m
m m
i y j y m 0 1 1 i xm x j 0 2 2
j y m y i 0 ( 1) 2 j xi xm 0 0 0
m y i y j 1 0 1 m x j xi 2 0 2
i 0 j 0 m 0 1 0 2 0 1 0
1 1 0 2 0 0 0 2
B 2 A 0 i 0 j 0 m
2(2)
i i j j m m 2 1 0 2 2 1
i y j y m 0 1 1 i xm x j 0 2 2
j y m y i 0 ( 1) 2 j xi xm 0 0 0
m y i y j 1 0 1 m x j xi 2 0 2
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 41/69
1 0.25 0
30 106
[D ] 2
0.25 1 0
1 (0.25)
0 0 0.375
Substitute the above expressions for [D] and [B] into the general
equations for the stiffness matrix:
[k ] tA [B ]T [D ][B ]
[k ] tA [B ]T [D][B ]
1 0 2
0 2 1
1 0.25 0 1 0 2 0 1 0
(2)30 106 2 0 1 1 0 2 0 0 0 2
k 0.25 1 0
4(0.9375) 2 0 2 2(2)
0
0 0.375 2 1 0 2 2 1
1 0 2
0 2 1
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 42/69
0.0
0.0025 in
x 1 0.25 0 1 0 2 0 1 0
30 10
6
1 0.0012 in
y
0.25 1 0
2(2)
0 2 0 0 0 2
0.0
0.9375 0 0.375
xy 0 2 1 0 2 2 1 0.0
0.0025 in
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 43/69
x y y
2
2 x xy min
2
2 2
Therefore:
2
19,200 4,800 19,200 4,800
1 15,000 28,639 psi
2
2 2
2
19,200 4,800 19,200 4,800
2 15,000 4,639 psi
2
2 2
1 2( 15,000)
p tan1 32.3
o
2 19,200 4,800
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 44/69
fb [N ]T { X }dV Xb
X
V Yb
where Xb and Yb are the weight densities in the x and y
directions, respectively.
Ni 0
0 Ni
Xb
N
[N ]T j
0 X
Yb
0 Nj
Nm 0
0 Nm
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 45/69
With the origin placed at the centroid, we can use the definition
of a centroid.
y dA 0
A
x dA 0
A
With the origin placed at the centroid, we can use the definition
of a centroid.
y dA 0
A
x dA 0
A
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 46/69
x dA 0
i y dA 0
A
i
A
i x j y m y j xm 0
b 2h h bh
2 3 3 3
j xm y i y m xi 0
h b 2h bh
3 2 3 3
m xi y j y i x j
b h b h bh
2 3 2 3 3
1 1 tA
i j m
2A t i dA t dA
3 A
2A A
3 3
fs [N ]T {T }dS
S
p p
T px
y 0
fs [N ]T {T }dS
S
N1 0
0 N1
N 0 p p
[N ]T 2
T px
0
0 N2 y
N3 0
0 N3
evaluated at x = a
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 48/69
fs [N ]T {T }dS
S
N1 0 N1p
0 N1 0
t L
N 0 p L
N2 p
fs 2 dy dz t dy
0 0
0 N2 0 0
0
N3 0 N3 p
0 N3 x = a 0 x=a
with i = 1, j = 2, and m = 3
1 x 2 y 3 y 2 x3
0 0 0 a 0
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 49/69
ay
N1
2A
ay
N1
2A
N2 0
a L y
N3
2A
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 50/69
aL
A
2
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 51/69
From Element 1
From Element 2
i 0 i
0 i i
1 0 i 0 j 0 m 0
tE j 0 j 0
[k ] i j m
j
1 0 0 0
4 A(1 )(1 2 ) 0 j
0 0.5 i i j j m m
m
0
m 0
0 m m
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 53/69
10 in.
fs 3 x 1 1 5,000 lb
f 0 0 0
s3y
fs1x pLt 0 1,000 psi (1 in )10 in 0 0
fs 2
fs1y 2 0 2 0
0
fs 4 x 1 1 5,000 lb
fs 4 y 0 0 0
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 55/69
i 0 j 0 m 0
1
B 2 A 0 i 0 j 0 m
i i j j m m
1 0
[D ]
E 1 0
1 1 2 0
0.5
0
bh (20)(10)
A 100 in.2
2 2
i y j y m 10 10 0 i xm x j 0 20 20
j y m y1 10 0 10 j xi xm 0 0 0
m y i y j 0 10 10 m xi x j 20 0 20
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 57/69
0 0 10 0 10 0
1
[B ] 0 20 0 0 0 20 1
200 in
20 0 0 10 20 10
i y j y m 10 10 0 i xm x j 0 20 20
j y m y1 10 0 10 j xi xm 0 0 0
m y i y j 0 10 10 m xi x j 20 0 20
Substitute the above expressions for [D] and [B] into the general
equations for the stiffness matrix:
[k ] tA [B ]T [D ][B ]
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 58/69
[k ] tA [B ]T [D][B ]
0 0 7
6 20 0
0 0 10 0 10 0
(0.15)(106 ) 10 0 1
20
3
1(100) 0 20 0 0 0
0.91 0 0 3.5 200
20 0 0 10 20 10
10 3 7
6 20 3.5
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 59/69
bh (20)(10)
A 100 in.2
2 2
i y j y m 0 10 10 i xm x j 20 20 0
j y m y1 10 0 10 j xi xm 0 20 20
m y i y j 0 0 0 m xi x j 20 0 20
10 0 10 0 0 0
1 1
[B ] 0 0 0 20 0 20
200 in
0 10 20 10 20 0
i y j y m 0 10 10 i xm x j 20 20 0
j y m y1 10 0 10 j xi xm 0 20 20
m y i y j 0 0 0 m xi x j 20 0 20
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 61/69
Substitute the above expressions for [D] and [B] into the general
equations for the stiffness matrix:
[k ] tA [B ]T [D][B ]
[k ] tA [B ]T [D][B ]
10 3 0
0 0 3.5
10 0 10 0 0 0
(0.15)(106 ) 10 7 1
20
3
1(100) 0 0 0 20 0
0.91 0 20 3.5 200
6 0 7 0 10 20 10 20 0
6 20 0
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4
28 0 28 14 0 14 0 0
0 80 12 80 12 0 0 0
28 12 48 26 20 14 0 0
375,000 14 80 26 87 12 7 0 0
[k (1) ]
0.91 0 12 20 12 20 0 0 0
14 0 14 7 0 7 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 64/69
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4
20 0 0 0 0 12 20 12
0 7 0 0 14 0 14 7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
375,000
[k (2) ]
0.91 0 14 0 0 28 0 28 14
12 0 0 0 0 80 12 80
20 14 0 0 28 12 48 26
12 7 0 0 14 80 26 87
u1 v1 u2 v2 u3 v3 u4 v4
48 0 28 14 0 26 20 12
0 87 12 80 26 0 14 7
28 12 48 26 20 14 0 0
80 26 87 7
375,000 14 12 0 0
[ ]
k
0.91 0 26 20 12 48 0 28 14
26 0 14 7 0 87 12 80
20 14 0 0 28 12 48 26
12 7 0 0 14 80 26 87
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 65/69
The exact solution for the displacement at the free end of the
one-dimensional bar subjected to a tensile force is:
PL (10,000)20
670 10 6 in
AE 10(30 106 )
d 3 x 609.6
d
3y 4.2
10
d
6
663.7
in
4x
d 4 y 104.1
{ } [D ][B ]{d }
d ix
d
0
iy
1 0 i 0 j 0 m
E jx
d
{ } 1 0 0 i 0 j 0 m
2 A(1 2 ) d jy
0 0 0.5 1 i i j j m m
d mx
d my
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 67/69
y
0.3 1
20 0 0 0 20
0.96(200) 4.2
xy 0 0 20
0.35 0 0 10 20 10
0.0
0.0
x 1,005 psi
y 301 psi
2.4 psi
xy
y
0.3 1
0 0 20 0
104.1
0.96(200)
xy 0 0 0
0.35 10 20 10 20 0
609.6
4.2
x 995 psi
y 1.2 psi
2.4 psi
xy
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 68/69
2
1005 301 1005 301
1 (2.4)2 1005 psi
2 2
2
1005 301 1005 301
2 (2.4) 301 psi
2
2 2
1 2(2.4)
p tan 1 0
o
2 1005 301
2
995 1.2 995 1.2
1 ( 2.4) 995 psi
2
2 2
2
995 1.2 995 1.2
2 ( 2.4) 1.1 psi
2
2 2
1 2( 2.4)
p tan 1 0o
2 995 1.2
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 6 - Plane Stress/Plane Strain Stiffness Equations - Part 1 69/69
14. Rework the plane stress problem given on page 356 in your
textbook “A First Course in the Finite Element Method” by
D. Logan using WinFElt to do analysis.
End of Chapter 6