CHAPTER 2

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

OSH RISK MANAGEMENT
CONTENTS

2.1 Basic principle of risk management

2.2 Risk Assessment

2.3 Hazard Identification

2.4 Risk control

2.5 Accident record

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

LEARNING OUTCOME
After finish with this chapter, students should be able to:

1. assess the hazard identification, risk assessment and risk

control process.

2. determine severity and likelihood of harm.

3. prepare HIRARC table.

4. produce Workplace Assignment report.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Hazard Identification ,Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC)

to identify all the factors that

may cause harm to
employees and others (the
hazards)

PURPOSES

to enable employers to plan, to consider what the chances

introduce and monitor are of that harm actually be
preventive measures to falling anyone in the
ensure that the risks are circumstances of a particular
adequately controlled at all case and the possible severity
that could come from it (the
times.
risks);

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

 Risk Assessment and Risk Control (HIRARC)

Process of HIRARC

1) Classify work activities

2) Identify hazard

3) Conduct risk assessment (analyze and

estimate risk from each hazard),

4) Decide if risk is tolerable and apply

control measures (if necessary)

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Classify Work Activities

Classify work activities in accordance with their similarity,

such as

i. geographical or physical areas within/outside

premises;

ii. stages in production/service process;

iii. not too big e.g. building a car;

iv. not too small e.g. fixing a nut; or

v. defined task e.g. loading, packing, mixing, fixing the

door.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Example

No Work Activity

1 Transfering chemical from the chemical bottle to reagent bottle.

2 Heating solution using hot plate

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 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
HAZARD

HEALTH SAFETY ENVIRONMENT

CHEMICAL

BIOLOGICAL

PHYSICAL

ERGONOMIC

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Health Hazard
• any agent that can cause illness to an individual.

• A health hazard may produce serious and immediate (acute) affects or may
cause long-term (chronic) problems.

• All or part of the body may be affected.

• Someone with an occupational

• illness may not recognize the symptoms immediately.

• For example, noise-induced hearing

• loss is often difficult for the affected individual to detect until it is well
advanced.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Health Hazard

• Battery acid
CHEMICAL • Solvent

• Bacteria
• Viruses
BIOLOGICAL • Dusts
• Molds

• Electric current
• Heat, Light
PHYSICAL • Vibration, Noise
• Radiation

• Work design
ERGONOMIC

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Safety Hazard
• any force strong enough to cause injury, or damage to property.

• The injury is usually obvious. For example, a worker may be badly cut.

• Safety hazards cause harm when workplace controls are not adequate.

i. slipping/tripping hazards (such as wires run across floors);

ii. fire hazards (from flammable materials);
iii. moving parts of machinery, tools and equipment (such as pinch and nip points);
iv. work at height (such as work done on scaffolds);
v. ejection of material (such as from molding);
vi. pressure systems (such as steam boilers and pipes);
vii. vehicles (such as forklifts and trucks);
viii. lifting and other manual handling operations; and
ix. working alone.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Environment Hazard
✓ Release to the environment that may cause harm or deleterious effects.

✓ An environmental release may not be obvious. For example, a worker who

drains a glycol system and releases the liquid to a storm sewer may not be
aware, of the effect on the environment.

✓ Environmental hazards cause harm when controls and work procedures are not
followed

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Example

No. Hazard Identification

Work Activity Hazard Which can cause/effect (Risk)

CHEMICALS
Transfering chemical from the chemical bottle to
1 Spillage of Inhalation, Spill, Dermal Contact
reagent bottle.
chemicals

PHYSICALS
2 Heating solution using hot plate Skin burns
Hot surface

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Hazard Identification Technique
The employer shall develop a hazard identification and assessment methodology
taking into account the following documents and information:

1. any hazardous occurrence investigation reports;

2. first aid records and minor injury records;

3. work place health protection programs;

4. any results of work place inspections;

5. any employee complaints and comments;

6. any government or employer reports, studies and tests concerning the

health and safety of employees;

7. any reports made under the regulation of Occupational Safety and Health
Act,1994

8. the record of hazardous substances; and

9. any other relevant information.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI
Hazard Identification Technique

The hazard identification and assessment methodology shall include:

✓ Steps and time frame for identifying and assessing the hazards.

✓ The keeping of a record of the hazards.

✓ A time frame for reviewing and, if necessary, revising the methodology.

The date for the review of the identification: for example, the review of the
identification method will be carried out every three years.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Hazard Identification Technique
To complete hazard identification, one can use techniques to identify
hazards. Some examples of techniques include, but are not limited to –

▪ work place inspections;

▪ task safety analysis or job hazard analysis;

▪ preliminary investigations;

▪ potential accident factors;

▪ failure analysis;

▪ accident and incident investigations.

In fact, the identification method may vary depending on the size of the
work place.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

 RISK MANAGEMENT
Total procedure associated with identifying a hazard, assessing the risk, putting in place control measures, and
reviewing the outcomes.

establishes and sustains value

is an integral part of all organizational processes

is part of decision-making process

explicitly addresses uncertainty

is systematic & structured

is based on the best available information

is tailored to the project

takes human and cultural factors into account

is transparent and inclusive

is dynamic & responsive to change

continuously monitored and improved upon as the project moves forward

 RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk = Likelihood x Severity

▪ Likelihood is an event likely to occur within the specific period

or in specified circumstances.

▪ Severity is outcome from an event such as severity of injury

or health of people, or damage to property, or insult to
environment, or any combination of those caused by the
event.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Analyze and Estimate Risk

❖ A qualitative analysis

• uses words to describe the magnitude of potential severity and the

likelihood that those severity will occur.
• These scales can be adapted or adjusted to suit the circumstances
and different descriptions may be used for different risks.
• This method uses expert knowledge and experience to determine
likelihood and severity category.

❖ In semi-quantitative analysis

• qualitative scales such as those described above are given values.

• The objective is to produce a more expanded ranking scale than is
usually achieved in qualitative analysis, not to suggest realistic
values for risk such as is attempted in quantitative analysis

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Analyze and Estimate Risk

❖ Quantitative analysis

uses numerical values (rather than the descriptive scales used in

qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis) for both severity and likelihood
using data from a variety of sources such as past accident experience and
from scientific research.

❖ Severity

• may be determined by modeling the outcomes of an event or set of

events, or by extrapolation from experimental studies or past data.
• may be expressed in terms of monetary, technical or human impact
criteria, or any of the other criteria.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Analyze and Estimate Risk
ANALYSIS DESCRIPTION
Qualitative • Easiest to apply (least resource
demands and least additional skill
sets required)
• Use words to describe severity and
likelihood
• Use table scales for likelihood and
severity and risk matrix.
Semi-quantitative • Lie between these extremes
• Give values for qualitative scales
Quantitative • Most demanding on resources and
skill, but potentially deliver the most
detailed understanding.
• Use numerical values for severity and
probability
• Data from past accident and scientific
research

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Qualitative Analysis
Table a
LIKELIHOOD (L) FREQUENCY RATING
Most likely The most likely result of the hazard/event being realized 5
Possible Has a good chance of occurring and is not unusual 4
Conceivable Might be occur at sometime in future 3
Remote Has not been known to occur after many years 2
Inconceivable Is practically impossible and has never occured 1

Table b
SEVERITY (S) CONSEQUENCES RATING
Catastrophic Numerous fatalities, irrecoverable property damage and
5
productivity
Fatal Approximate one single fatality major property damage
4
if hazard is realized
Serious Non-fatal injury, permanent disability 3
Minor Disabling but not permanent injury 2
Negligible Minor abrasiions, bruises, cuts, first aid type injury 1
FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI
Qualitative Analysis
Table c Risk matrix

Table d controls

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Semi-quantitative Analysis

Example:

LIKELIHOOD

SEVERITY Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily

1 2 3 4

First Aid 1 1 2 3 4

< 4 Days MC 2 2 4 6 8

> 4 Days MC 3 3 6 9 12

Fatality & Permanent Disability 4 4 8 12 16

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Quantitative Analysis
▪ In cases where hazards are numerous and complex : eg; Chemical process plant

▪ Should have Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

- describe job in less than 10 steps

- List things that can go wrong: eg; Changing a Car Wheel

▪ This can be a good method if you have significant historical data to analyze occurrences

per number of operations for specific hazards

LIKELIHOOD

A HIGH

B MEDIUM-HIGH 1/500 operations 2-4 occurrences/year

C MEDUM 1/1,000 operations 1 occurrence/year

D MEDIUM-LOW 1/5,000 operations 1 occurrence/3 years

E LOW 1/20,000 operations 1 occurrence/10 years;

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

 RISK ASSESSMENT

➢ Hazards assessed, as “High Risk” must have immediate

actions, to resolve risk to life safety and or the environment.

➢ Individuals responsible for required action, including follow up

must be clearly identified.

➢ A further detail risk assessment method may require such as

quantitative risk assessment as means of determine suitable
controls measures.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Example

No. Hazard Identification Risk Analysis

Which can cause/effect Existing Risk
Work Activity Hazard Likelihood Severity Risk Value
(Risk) Control (if any)

Transfering Do investigation on
CHEMICALS
chemical from the Inhalation, Spill, Dermal complaints of the 4
1 Spillage of 4 1
chemical bottle to Contact irritation to eyes and Low
chemicals
reagent bottle. skin lesions

Heating solution PHYSICALS 3

2 Skin burns First aid-kit 3 1
using hot plate Hot surface Low

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

 CONTROL
Elimination or inactivation of a hazard in a manner such that the hazard does
not pose a risk to workers who have to enter into an area or work on
equipment in the course of scheduled work.

Not working

Personal
Engineering
protective
• Where the control • Along the path to Equipment (PPE)
problem is the worker.
• Worker level
created. • Between the
• The closer the source and the • Least desirable
better worker. control

At the source of Administrative

the hazard control

Not Possible Not Possible

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

At the Source of The Hazard

Elimination Substitution
• Getting rid of a • Sometimes doing the
hazardous job, tool, same work in a less
process, machine or hazardous way is
substance possible.

• perhaps the best way of • For example, a

protecting workers.
• For example, a salvage
firm might decide to stop
buying and cutting up
scrapped bulk fuel tanks
due to explosionhazards.
hazardous chemical can
be replaced with a less
hazardous one.
• Controls must protect
workers from any new
hazards that are created.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Engineering Control

Redesign Isolation Automation

• Jobs and processes • If a hazard cannot • Dangerous
can be reworked to be eliminated or processes can be
make them safer. replaced, it can automated or
some times be mechanized.
• For example, isolated, contained • For example,
containers can be or otherwise kept computer-controlled
made easier to hold away from workers. robots can handle
and lift. spot welding
• For example, an operations in car
insulated and air- plants.
conditioned control • Care must be taken
room can protect to protect workers
operators from a from robotic
toxic chemical. hazards.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Engineering Control

Barriers Absorption Dilution

• A hazard can be • Baffles can block or • Some hazards can
blocked before it absorb noise. be diluted or
reaches workers. • Lockout systems dissipated.
• For example, special can isolate energy • For example,
curtains can prevent sources during ventilation systems
eye injuries from repair and can dilute toxic
welding arc maintenance. gasses before they
radiation. • Usually, the further a reach operators.
• Proper equipment control keeps a
guarding will protect hazard away from
workers from workers, the more
contacting moving effective it is.
parts.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Administrative Control
• Workers can be required to use standardized safety
practices.
Safe work procedures
• Work procedures must be periodically reviewed with
workers and updated.

• Initial training on safe work procedures and refresher

training should be offered.
Supervision and training
• Appropriate supervision to assist workers in identifying
possible hazards and evaluating work procedures.

• reduce the time that workers are exposed to a hazard

Job rotations • workers can be rotated through jobs requiring repetitive
tendon and muscle movements to prevent cumulative
trauma injuries.

• includes cleaning, waste disposal and spill cleanup

Housekeeping, repair and
maintenance programs • Tools, equipment and machinery are less likely to cause
injury if they are kept clean and well maintained

• Hygiene practices can reduce the risk of toxic materials

being absorbed by workers or carried home to their
Hygiene families
• workers should be required to shower and change
clothes at the end of the shift
FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI
Safety Work Procedure
Generally prepared for:

critical high risk jobs where accidents have or could result in severe injuries

hazardous work where accidents occur frequently

new or altered tasks have been introduced

new equipment has been added to a process

a job that requires many detailed tasks

where two or more workers required for a job, and each must perform specific
tasks simultaneously

specific tasks are done infrequently

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Safety Work Procedure
Safe Work Procedures must include:

➢ regulatory requirements;
➢ necessary personal protective equipment;
➢ required training;
➢ worker responsibilities;
➢ specific sequence of steps to follow to complete the work
safely;
➢ required permits; and
➢ emergency procedures

An example of a task that requires the development of a safe

work procedure is confined space entry. Individuals who must
work within confined spaces must ensure that safe work
procedures are developed and followed to maximize life safety.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

PPE
➢ Any equipment which is intended to be worn or held by a
person at work and which protects him against one or more
risks to his health or safety and any additional accessory
designed to meet that objective.

➢ PPE is usually chosen to provide protection appropriate to

each of type of hazard present.

➢ There are specifications for the types of PPE used for

protecting an individual’s head, eyes, footwear, limb and body,
fire retardant clothing, respiratory, hearing, and personal
flotation devices.

➢ It may also include required apparel for example when traffic

hazards are present high visible and distinguishable “vests
must be worn”.
FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI
Example
No. Hazard Identification Risk Analysis
Work Which can cause/effect Existing Risk Likelihoo Risk
Activity Hazard (Risk) Control (if any) d Severity Value
SAFETY
Provide complete set 10
1 Night works Struck by Bone fracture 5 2
of PPE Medium
vehicles

No Hierarchy of control Control Measure

1 Elimination NA : Nothing can be eliminate in this process.

2 Substitution NA : Nothing can be substitute in this process.

3 Isolation NA : Nothing can be isolate in this process.

4 Engineering control NA : Nothing can be isolate in this process.

Briefing before work

5 Administration control
Provide enough lighting to works

Provide lighting helmet

6 PPE
provide reflected jacket

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

Example

No. Hazard Identification Risk Analysis Risk Control

Which can cause/effect Recommended Control
Work Activity Hazard (Risk) Existing Risk Control (if any) Likelihood Severity Risk Value Measures
• Work in fume hood (work
behind glass with sash as low
as possible)
• Wear chemical splash
CHEMICALS Do investigation on
Transfering chemical from the chemical Inhalation, Spill, Dermal 4 goggles, gloves (nitrile will be
1 Spillage of complaints of the irritation 4 1
bottle to reagent bottle. Contact Low sufficient for incidental
chemicals to eyes and skin lesions
exposure;
• remove and replace
contaminated gloves), and
lab coat.

PHYSICALS 3
2 Heating solution using hot plate Skin burns First aid-kit 3 1 • Use glove
Hot surface Low

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

 ACCIDENT RECORD
❑ Each HIRARC must be fully documented.

❑ The HIRARC form must be completed by the HIRARC team and

signed by the in charge personnel of the area.

❑ Departments responsible for the hazards and their control are

required to maintain all records of assessments for at least 3 years.

❑ Management or employer must endorse and approve the HIRARC

results.

❑ Employer must communicate all HIRARC to employees, monitor

the follow up action and keep the records.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

 ACCIDENT RECORD

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

 ACCIDENT RECORD
1. Complete HIRARC Form. It is recommended to use a single form for
each work process;

2. Record the names and designation of HIRAC team members;

3. Outline the process workflow and indicate in the form under ‘process/
location column;

4. List all activities ( routine and non-routine) for each work process under
the “Work Activity” column;

5. Identify the hazards associated with each activity and record in “Hazard”
column;

6. Determine the effect of each hazard identified and record in “Effect”

column;

7. Record any existing hazard control measures;

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI
 ACCIDENT RECORD
1. Determine likelihood (L) from Table A and severity (S) from Table B for each
hazard. Assign P and C rating in respectively column. The existing control
measures should be take into consideration while determine (L) and (S).

2. By using Risk Matrix ( Table C and D ) assign one risk and record in “Risk”
column.

3. Based on the risk assigned, recommend appropriate risk control measures ( see
Table D).

4. Assign a suitable person to implement the recommended risk control and indicate
the follow up action date and status;

5. Repeat the HIRARC for other activities and process;

6. Conduct another round of HIRARC after control measures have been

implemented; and

7. Review HIRARC for every three years or whenever there are changes in process
or activities.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI

IDENTIFY THE HAZARD

Object blocking
Slippery object Low workstation
view

Improper lifting
Broken chair Slippery floor
technique
FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI
PRACTICES
 HIRARC FORM

Company Faculty of Applied Science Conducted by Adam (Supervisor)

Process/Location Makmal Kimia Fizikal

Review Date 1 September – 21 September 2019
Approved by Suraya (Head of Department)

Date 1 September 2019 Next Review Date 1 October 2019

No. Hazard Identification Risk Analysis Risk Control

Work Activity Hazard Which can cause/effect (Risk) Existing Risk Control (if any) Likelihood Severity Risk Value Recommended Control Measures PIC (Due Date/ Status)

Work in fume hood (work behind glass

Transfering with sash as low as possible) Wear
CHEMICALS Do investigation on complaints
chemical from the 4 chemical splash goggles, gloves (nitrile Siti (1 September
1 Spillage of Inhalation, Spill, Dermal Contact of the irritation to eyes and skin 4 1
chemical bottle to Low will be sufficient for incidental exposure; 2019/Continuously)
chemicals lesions
reagent bottle. remove and replace contaminated
gloves), and lab coat.

Siti (1 September
Heating solution PHYSICALS 3
2 Skin burns First aid-kit 3 1 Use glove 2019/Done)
using hot plate Hot surface Low
 REFERENCES
1. Guidelines for Hazard Identification,Risk Assessment and Risk Control ( HIRARC)
Department of Occupational Safety and Health Ministry of Human Resources
Malaysia, (2008) ISBN 978-983-2014-62-1

2. Spot the hazard Game, https://thsawc.org ,National Safety Council.

3. Photos from google image.

FARIESHA FARHA RAMLI