Non-Ferrous Metal: Nickel

& Ni Alloys

Presented By:-
Deepam Goyal

Department of Mechanical Engineering

NITTTR , CHANDIGARH
 CONTENTS
 Non-Ferrous Metals

 Introduction to Nickel

 Production of Nickel

 Extraction of Nickel

 Classification of Nickel Alloys

 References
 Non-Ferrous Metals
• In metallurgy, a non-ferrous metal is any metal, including alloys, that
does not contain iron in appreciable amounts.
• They are generally suffer from hot-shortness, possess lower strength
at lower temperatures.

Properties:-
• Low density
• Higher thermal & electrical conductivities, magnetic properties
• Attractive colours
• Softness & facility of cold working
• Good formability
• Corrosion resistance
• Fusibility & ease of casting and fabrication.
 Contd..
Non-Ferrous Metals Ferrous Metals

• Don’t Contain iron as base • Contain iron as base

• Lower Melting Points • Higher Melting Points

• More expensive • Less expensive

• More Shrinkage • Less shrinkage

 Introduction To Nickel
General:-
• Belongs to the transition metals.
• It is hard and ductile
• Crystal structure - FCC
• Atomic number - 28
• Atomic weight - 58.71
• Density (g / cm3 ) - 8.89
• Melting point (°c) – 1455
• Boiling point(°c) – 2913

Note:-
• It is only one of four elements that are magnetic at near or room
temp.
• Its Curie temperature is 355°c (means it is non-magnetic above this
temp.)
 Contd..
Properties:-
• Silvery shiny appearance
• High toughness and ductility
• Good high and low temperature strength
• High oxidation resistance
• Good corrosion resistance (slow rate of oxidation
at room temp.)
• It is Ferro-magnetic.

Limitations:-
• Not mixed with cheap alloying elements
• Relatively high cost.
 Contd..
Applications:-

• Ni and its alloys are used in making coins.

• Nickel is used in rechargeable batteries such as Ni-Cd & in magnets.
• Its alloys are also used for armour plate and burglar proof vaults.
• Chemical plant, heat exchanger, reaction furnace, rotary kiln,
turbine blades.
• Used as alloying elements in stainless steels etc.
• Ni and its alloys are frequently used as catalysts for hydrogenation
reactions (Raney nickel)
• Ni is used as a binder in the cemented tungsten carbide or hard
metal industry.
 Production of Nickel
First discovery of nickel mineral by the German was mistakenly
misunderstood to be rich-copper mineral.

There are three major types of Nickel deposits (sources):

1) Nickel-copper sulphide
2) Nickel silicates
3) Nickel laterites and serpentines

Ni-laterite Deposits
Extraction Process
 Classification of Ni & Ni-Alloys
There are different types of nickel and nickel alloys;

 Commercially pure nickel

 Nickel-copper alloys (Monels)
 Nickel-chromium alloys
 Nickel-base superalloys
 Nickel-iron superalloys
 Commercially Pure Nickel
• High purity nickel contains 99.99% Ni.
• Commercially pure nickel contains 99.5% Ni (+Co).
• Microstructure consists of solid solution phase in annealed
condition.

Properties:-
•Good mechanical properties and retains its
strength at elevated temperature.
•Excellent resistance to most corrosive
environment.
Applications:-
• Food processing equipment
• Electrical & electronic parts
• Caustic handling equipment.
 Nickel Copper Alloys (Monels)
• Ni and Cu form complete solid solution.
• Ni-Cu alloy contains 67%Ni and 33%Cu, called Monels.
Two types of Monels are found :-
1) Monel Metal:- (Metal Treated)
• consists of (67% Ni + 30% Cu +
small amounts of Fe, Mn, Si & C).

Properties
• High strength and toughness over a
range of temperature.
• Good weldability
• Excellent corrosion resistance
• Resistant to Sea Water, Chlorine
 Contd..
Applications
• Steam turbine blades (UTS-525 Mpa & Yield Strength-230 Mpa)
• High temperature valves
• Centrifugal pump impellors & water meter parts.

2) K-Monel:- (age hardened)

• Consists of 66% Ni + 29% Cu +
2.57% Al +Mn + C).

Properties
• wholly Non-magnetic
• Al increases strength & hardness above that of monel.

Applications
Pump shafts, springs & valve stems etc.
 Nickel Chromium Alloys
• Cr forms solid solution with Ni up to~30% at room temperature.
• High corrosion resistance is due to high Cr addition.

1) Inconel 600:-
• consists of (79.5% Ni + 15.5% Cr + 8% Fe)
is a standard engineering alloy.
Properties
• High corrosion resistance at high temp.
• High strength and workability.
• Difficult to machine.

Applications
• Gas turbine combusters and blades.
• Chemical and food processing equipment.
• Furnace muffle & rocket skins.
 Contd..
2) Nichrome:-
• consists of 80% Ni + 20% Cr.

Properties
• high melting point
• high electrical resistivity
• good stability from deforming

Applications
• resistance heating coils
• rocket igniters
• jewellery casting supports
• ceramic manufacturing industry

Other Ni-Cr alloys are Inconel 601

and 625 with improved properties.
 Nickel Base Superalloys
• High temperature heat-resistance alloys, which can retain high
strengths at elevated temperatures.

There are three types of Ni-base superalloys;

• Ni base, Ni- iron base and cobalt base.
The alloys contain high Cr with Ti, Al to from
precipitates and additions of Mo, Co, Nb, Zr, B, Fe.
• Microstructures are complex.

Properties
• Heat resistant and high strength at high temperature (760-980°C).
•Good corrosion & oxidation resistance.
 Contd..
The major phases present in the nickel-base superalloys:
1) γ (gamma) phase –the continuous matrix of FCC austenite.
2) γ’(gamma prime) phase –the major precipitate phase (more cubic
shape).
3) Carbides –various types, mainlyM 23C6 and MC. (M – metal).

Applications
• Aircrafts, space vehicles, rocket engines
• Industrial gas turbines, high temp applications.
• Nuclear reactors, submarines.
• Steam power plants, petrochemical equipment.
 Nickel Iron Superalloys
• Fe is added to replace some of Ni as it has lower cost.
- lowering the properties as compared with nickel base
super alloy, therefore it is used at lower temperatures.
• Ni-Fe superalloys contains 25-45% Ni + 15-60% Fe.
• Higher Ni content increases operating temp (upto815oC), due to
improved stability but more costly.
•Microstructure consists of austenitic FCC matrix and can be
strengthened by solid solution strengthening(Mo, Cr), and
precipitation hardening(Ti, Nb, Al) by forming intermetallic phases.

Examples: Inconel707, 718, 901.

 Some other Nickel alloys
1) German Silver:-
Consists of 60% Cu + 20% Ni + 20% Zn.

Properties
• Hard, white & ductile
• Good mechanical & corrosion
resistance

Applications
• silver plated cutlery
• zippers & jewellery
• musical instruments
• pipe fittings
• ornamental work of cars
 Contd..
2) Haste alloy:-
Consists of 45% Ni + 16% Cr + 15% Mo

TYPES : A,B,C,D & its variants

Properties
• high wear resistance
• high corrosion resistance
• high stress service

Applications
• Bearings
• Pressure vessel linings
• chemical reactor pipes
 REFERENCES
 Kalpakjian Seope, Schmid Steven R.: “Manufacturing Engineering &
Technology” Pearson Education India, 2009, pp 183-185.
 Sharma, P.C. ”A textbook of production Technology”. 7. New Delhi:
S.Chand & Company Ltd, 2011, 60-62. Print.
 Smith, W.F. “Structure and properties of engineering alloys”, second
edition, 1993, McGraw-Hill, ISB 0-07-59172-5.
 Davis, Joseph R. ”Nickel, Cobalt & their alloys”. United States of
America: ASM International, 2000. 5-192. Print.
Email ID :- bkdeepamgoyal@gmail.com