AN

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

ON

CONSTRUCTION OF INTERSTATE LIBRARY BUILDING

At
HIMACHAL PRADESH PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
HAMIRPUR
Submitted for partial fulfilment of award of degree
Bachelor of Technology
CIVIL ENGINEERING

(TRAINING PERIOD: 15 JUNE - 31JULY)

Submitted to: Submitted by:

Er. Amit Sindher Panshul Jamwal
Department of Civil Engineering B.Tech(Civil)
BUEST 13UME104

Guided by:
Er. Suman Dhiman
Junior Engineer
HPPWD Sub-Div Hamirpur
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is indeed a great pleasure and privilege to present this report on training at HPPWD.I am extremely 
grateful to my training and placement officer for issuing a Training letter, which
made my training possible at HPPWD,Sub-Div Hamirpur.
I would like to express my gratitude to Er Dev Raj (Assistant Engineer HPPWD Sub-
Div Hamirpur) for his invaluable suggestions,
motivation,guidance and support through out the training. His methodology to start from simple
ant then deepen through made me to bring out this project report without anxiety.
Thanks to all other HPPWD officials, operators and all other members of HPPWD,
yet uncounted for their help in completing the project and see the light of success.

I am very thankful to friends, colleagues and all other persons who rendered their assistance
directly or indirectly to complete this project work successfully.

I extended my due thanks to Er. Suman Dhiman for guiding me at various stages of my Industrial

Training.

Dated- 10/10/2016 Panshul Jamwal

2
 INDEX

S.NO DESCRIPTION

1. INTRODUCTION

2. PROJECT OVERVIEW

3. SITE LOCATION

4. FORMWORK

5. PLANNING

6. SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK

7. PROJECT MONITORING

8. QUALITY

9. CONCLUSION

3
 INTRODUCTION

Himachal Pradesh Public Works Department, commonly abbreviated as HPPWD, is a department

of Government of Himachal Pradesh entrusted with the responsibility of planning, construction and
maintenance of roads, bridges, ropeways and government buildings in Himachal Pradesh state.
Public Works Department (Buildings and Roads Branch) a premier department of the Himachal
Government responsible for planning, developing, designing, construction, operation and
maintenance of roads, bridges and buildings in the State (which constitutes basic infrastructure)
with finances being provided by State Government, grant-in-aid / assistance from Central
Government or Financial Institutions. The main vision and Objective of the PWD department is
to introduce technology to improve the efficiency and transparency of the department
operations and re-engineer the process which are being used by the department .The
Department wants to improve its internal operations as well as its service delivery to the state
with its aim of becoming a socially committed, professionally managed and forward looking
organization, wherein the primary focus is to computerize and undertake IT enablement and
automation of all departments of the PWD [B & R] for effective corporate governance and
management facilities at the department through implementation of e-governance initiatives
so as to bring better efficiency effectiveness and transparency in course delivery and day to day
working of the department.

4
 MISSION

Roads are a very vital infrastructure for rapid economic growth of the
state/country. In fact, the development of important sectors of economy
such as Agriculture, Horticulture, Industry, Mining and Forestry depends
upon efficient road network. Social activities such as education, health,
family planning and promotion of tourism also depend upon efficient road
network. So the primary objective and aim of the department is to provide
connectivity by way of all weather roads to all the habitations (villages) in
the state.

            The roads will be constructed with an effective and eco-friendly 

technologies. The elected representatives and village community will be
involved in the construction and maintenance of the roads for transparency
in construction and maintenance.

1. Sound Planning and Design

2. Engineered Construction

3. Effective Maintenance

4. Benchmarking the Standards

5. Capacity Building

6. Public Private Partnership

7. Manpower Planning

8. Transparency in Management

5
1.Sound Planning and Design

1. All building norms and specifications to be standardized.

2. Architectural and structural design to be undertaken in-house as far as possible.

3. Detailed planning of all services to make the buildings operational in all respects.

4. Architectural and structural designs to be coordinated to evolve an 

    efficient building system compliant with latest Indian Standards.

2.Engineered Construction

1. Standardization of different building elements including their 

pre-fabrication, mechanization in construction, use of 

innovative materials and technologies adopting clean development 

mechanism resulting in conservation of energy and natural resources.

3.Effective Maintenance

1. To preserve and maintain buildings and services in good operating condition.

2. To improve the specifications depending upon the development that is 

    taking place in the built environment.

4.Benchmarking the Standards

6
1.Updation of Specifications and standards for public works including 

Delhi Schedule of Rates, Analysis of Rates, Works and Maintenance 

Manual on regular basis.

 5.Capacity Building

1. Updating technical knowledge of engineers, architects by effective 

    training and participation in seminars, workshops etc.

2. Effective training to develop managerial skills and handling public 

    grievances so that engineers, architects and horticulturists become 

    development managers for tomorrow.

3. Target oriented training to workers on contemporary skills and behavioural 

    science to improve service delivery mechanism.

6.Public Private Partnership

1. To undertake contract or concession agreement with private sector

company for delivering General Pool Residential Accommodation 

and General Pool Office Accommodation on payment of user charges

 to:-

(1)  Increase the stock of dwelling units thereby providing housing 

to government employees.

(2) Increase the office space thereby providing comfortable working environment to

government employees

7
7.Manpower Planning

1. To provide the manpower of HPPWD with professional environment, excellent working

opportunities and state of art technology.

2. To provide performance and ability based approach to career development  as per policy of

the Government.

8.Transparency in Management of Works

1. e- tendering shall be introduced.

2. Effective use of websites in discharge of regulatory, enforcement and the functions shall be

introduced through integrated computerization.

3. Web based work progress monitoring system shall be introduced.

8
 Administrative Set up
 Himachal Pradesh Public Works Department is headed by the Engineer-in-Chief with
Headquarters at Shimla. Works and matters regarding Codes, Specifications, Planning &
Monitoring, Inter-State Connectivity for the entire State and also the entire establishments of
PWD  are controlled by the Engineer-in-Chief.

             On administrative and functional considerations, the department has been divided into
four zones namely   Mandi Zone, Hamirpur Zone, Shimla Zone and Kangra Zone at
Dharmshala.      All the four zones are headed by Chief Engineers. Headquarters of Shimla
Zone is at Shimla, Mandi zone at Mandi, Hamirpur Zone at Hamirpur and Kangra zone
at Dharamshala.

             Chief Engineer (National Highways) with headquarters at Shimla controls the Planning

and Execution of works of National Highways traversing through the State.                    

             Engineer-in-Chief (Quality & Design) acts as State Level Quality Coordinator for
achieving quality parameters of  works in the State.  Material Testing Laboratories at State
level   and Zonal Laboratories are under his control. He conducts quality control checks
throughout the State. He is the in-charge for  Standardization of  Designs and Drawings for
Buildings, Bridges and Assurance of common Technical Instructions, Manual of Order, Codes &
Specifications,  Schedule of Rates, Training Programs,  Workshops and allied fields etc.

             Chief Engineer (PMGSY) is monitoring, planning and having day-to-day interaction with
Govt. of India (MORD) for   the  works of   PMGSY and  PMGSY (world bank)  funded projects
through National Rural Road Development Agency (NRRDA) .

            Superintending Engineer (Electrical) controls the works related to electrical installation,

central heating, air conditioning, lifts, fire-fighting, fire alarm system, L.T. Sub-Station, Public
Address system and CCTV systems in all Govt. residential & non-residential buildings.

            Chief Architect is heading  Architectural Wing at Shimla . This wing deals with all
Architectural planning for buildings undertaken by PWD under North, South and Central
Zones. In addition,  this wing also undertakes consultancy jobs for corporate bodies and
institutions, such as Regional Engineering College Hamirpur and  Railways etc.

             Superintending Engineer Arbitration Circle Solan deals with the entire arbitration cases
of the Department.

9
 PROJECT OVERVIEW

NAME of WORK: Construction of Inter State Library Building, Opposite Govt. Boys School,
Hamirpur (SH: C/o Inter State Library Building, Water Tank & Renovation of Old library
building )

AGREEMENT NO. : PW(B) 15(1)/2/15 dated 24-5-2013

NAME OF CONTRACTOR: M/S Kamal Govt. Contractor.

PLOT SIZE: 5984 Sqm. Area

ESTIMATED COST: Civil Work- Rs 6, 01, 47,287/-

Elec. Work- Rs 24, 75,332/-
Rs 6, 26, 22,609/-

TENDERED COST: Civil Work- Rs 6, 57, 88,182/-

Elec. Work- Rs 28, 69,490/-
Rs 6, 86, 57,672/-

DATE OF START: 04-08-2015

STIPULATED DATE OF
COMPLETION: 02-08-2017

ACTUAL DATE OF Work is Under Progress

COMPLETION: (80% Work is Completed)

TIME ALLOWED : 730 Days

10
 SITE LOCATION

Inter State Library, Main Market Hamirpur Opposite Govt. Boys School Hamirpur

Advantages of this site:-

1. Land

2. Store

3. Health unit

4. Car parking stand

5. Canteen

6. Connectivity of the yard

7. Ease of transportation Facilities

11
 FORMWORK
Formwork is a mould or die used to support and shape the concrete until it attains sufficient to carry
its own weight. The formwork holds the concrete until it hardens to required shape and size.

SIGNIFICANCE OF FORMWORK
1) Formwork constitutes 30% of the cost and 60% of the time in concrete construction.
2) Quality of concrete finish and soundness of concrete depends very much on the formwork system
3) Desired shape of concrete is not possible if formwork not done properly.
4) Formwork should be properly designed, fabricated and erected to receive concrete.
5) Accidents happen because of the faulty formwork and scaffolding or staging.

SAFETY IN USING FORMWORK:-

1) Components are light in weight for manual handling.
2) Loose or hanging components are minimal.
3) Appropriate use of tools.
4) Minimum operations are involved in each reuse.

TYPES OF FORMWORK
1) Flex system
2) Quick deck system
3) Aluform system
4) Flex table formworK

12
13
Curing work and refilling of earth around footing.

14
CURING V/S COMRESSIVE STRENGTH

15
COLUMN CONSTRUCTION WORK

PLANNING

16
Planning of a HPPWD Project mainly includes:-
 Pre-requisites for execution of work.
 Deposit works
 Preparation of estimates.
 Execution of original work.
 Expenditure on survey, exhibition.
 Register of buildings.
 Green building norms.
 Preparation and accounting of Standard Measurement book.

17
  Preparation and passing bills for payment.
 Documentation of accounts.
 General departmental charges.
 Contracts and forms.
 Preparation of tender documents.
 Publicity of tenders
 Sale of documents
 Earnest money.
 Issue of material to contractors.
 Issue of tool and plant.
 Payment to contractors
 Insurance
 Losses or damages.
 Budgeting
 Quality assurance and technical audit wing.
 Inspection and Audit by Chief Controller.
 Public accounts committee.

SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK

 Site clearance
 Demarcation of site
 Positioning of central coordinate i.e. (0,0,0) as per grid plan
 Surveying and layout
 Excavation
 Bar binding and placement of foundation steel
 Shuttering and scaffolding
 Concreting
 Electrical and plumbing

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AND MATERIAL USED:-

SITE CLEARANCE-
A number of conditions determine the kind of building that may be erected on a plot of ground.
These conditions may determine where on the lot it may be located. There are also covenants

18
that are legally binding regulations. These may, for example, set the minimum size of a house,
prohibit utility buildings, or ban rooftop television antennas. Zoning laws regulate the setback
and other factors that play into the equation of house location on a lot. Septic tanks also
require special consideration. A Certificate of Occupancy is an important piece of paper. It
is the final piece of paper, the sign-off, that says the construction
of the building is complete and it is ready to be occupied. Any town that has adopted the BOCA
or UBC building codes requires a CO. In most instances, the bank making the mortgage loan
requires a certificate of occupation as well.

CONCRETE:-

There are eight types of Portland cement. They are designated by Roman numerals and with an
A suffix on three of them
Normal concrete is made of fine aggregates (sand) and regular aggregates (crushed stone or
gravel), plus water. Concrete will set up hard enough in normal weather in about 3 hours.
However, it takes 28 days for it to reach its fullest strength. Concrete may have admixtures. The
Romans added lard, blood, milk, and other materials to make the concrete more workable.
There are at least 6 known admixtures.

Normal concrete contains a small amount of air by

adding anair-entrainment admixture, the amount of air in the concrete can be increased by 10
percent or more by volume. By using an accelerator, it is possible to have concrete reach its 28-
day full strength in only 7 days. Calcium chloride is the most common accelerator. Pozzolonas
are natural volcanic ash or artificial materials that react with lime in the wet concrete to form
cementing compounds. Fly ash is a by-product of coal-burning power generating stations.

Romans obtained fly ash from Mount Vesuvius eruptions. Fully loaded concrete mixer
trucks may weigh as much as 80,000 lbs, or 40 tons. If the mixer can’t get close enough to
unload the concrete where needed, it is necessary to use chutes, mixer-mounted conveyors,
motorized buggies, or wheelbarrows.

Another term for rebar is deformed steel bar. This is the steel reinforcement used
in concrete to increase its tensile strength. Three types of bar support material are available:
wire, precast concrete, and moulded plastic. Rebar is supported by chairs made of plastic or
welded wire. Welded-wire fabric (WWF) looks like fencing and is manufactured with plain or
deformed cold-drawn wire.

Slump is a measure of how consistent, fluid, and workable a batch of freshly mixed concrete is.
Any change in the slump may mean that the amount of water, the temperature, hydration, or
setting has changed. Slump is a measure of the amount of water in the mix.

Foundations

19
Though the foundation supports a building, the earth is the ultimate support. The foundation is
a system comprising foundation wall, footing, and soil. The prime purpose of an efficient
structural foundation system is to transmit the building loads directly to the soil without
exceeding the bearing capacity of the soil. A properly
Designed and constructed foundation system transfers the loads uniformly, minimizes
settlement, and anchors the structure against racking forces and uplift. Because soil type and
bearing capacity are the crucial factors in the foundation system, the foundation must be
designed and built as a system. Too many residential foundations are designed and built
without any concern for the soil.

Types of Foundations

The many types of foundations can be separated into two broad groups: shallow foundations
and deep foundations. Shallow foundations consist of four types: deep basements (8-foot
walls), crawl spaces, slabs-on-grade, and frost-protected shallow foundations. They include
spread footings, mat or raft footings, long footings, and strap footings.
Deep foundations extend considerably deeper into the earth.
They include drilled caissons or piers, groups of piles driven and cast-in-place concrete piles,
and floating foundations.

A number of different construction systems can be used. Casting- place concrete is the most
widely used material for residential foundations, followed by concrete block. Other methods
include precast foundation walls, cast-in-place concrete sandwich panels, and masonry or
concrete piers, all weather wood foundations (AWWF), which are now called permanent wood
foundations (PWF), or preserved.

Wood foundations in Canada. Expanded polystyrene (EPS)Blocks,

polyurethane blocks, and other similar systems using EPS blocks filled with concrete are also
used.

FOOTINGS

Footings (which may be square, rectangular, or circular) are strips of concrete or filled concrete
blocks placed under the foundation wall. Gravel or crushed stone footings are used with PWFs.
The purpose of the footings is to transfer the loads from walls, piers, or columns to the soil. The
spread footing is the most common type used to support walls, piers, or columns. The National
Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA) has developed a system of solid.

Pile foundation systems

20
Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a Pile cap (a large
concrete block into which the heads of the piles are embedded) to distribute loads which are
larger than one pile can bear. Pile caps and isolated piles are typically connected with grade
beams to tie the foundation elements together; lighter structural elements bear on the grade
beams while heavier elements bear directly on the pile cap.

Monopile foundation
A monopile foundation utilizes a single, generally large-diameter, foundation structural
element to support all the loads (weight, wind, etc.) of a large above-surface structure.

Dried Piles
Also called caissons, drilled shafts, drilled piers, Cast-in-drilled-hole piles (CIDH piles)or Cast-
in-Situ piles. Rotary boring techniques offer larger diameter piles than any other piling method
and permit pile construction through particularly dense or hard strata. Construction methods
depend on the geology of the site. In particular, whether boring is to be undertaken in 'dry'
ground conditions or through water-logged but stable strata - i.e. 'wet boring'.
'Wet' boring also employs a temporary casing through unstable ground and is used when the
pile bore cannot be sealed against water ingress. Boring is then undertaken using a digging
bucket to drill through the underlying soils to design depth. The reinforcing cage is lowered into
the bore and concrete is placed by tremie pipe, following which, extraction of the temporary
casing takes place.

Under reamed piles

Underreamed piles have mechanically formed enlarged bases that have been as much as 6 m in
diameter. The form is that of an inverted cone and can only be formed in stable soils. The larger
base diameter allows greater bearing capacity than a straight-shaft pile.

Augercast pile
An augercast pile, often known as a CFA pile, is formed by drilling into the ground with a hollow
stemmed continuous flight auger to the required depth or degree of resistance. No casing is
required.
Augercast piles cause minimal disturbance, and are often used for noise and environmentally
sensitive sites. Augercast piles are not generally suited for use in contaminated soils, due to
expensive waste disposal costs. In cases such as these however a displacement pile may
provide the cost efficiency of an augercast pile and minimal environmental impact. In ground
containing obstructions or cobbles and boulders, augercast piles are less suitable as refusal
above the design pile tip elevation may be encountered. In certain cases drill motors that
produce more torque and horsepower may be able to mitigate these events.

21
Specialty Piles:

1. Micro piles
2. Tripod piles
3. Sheet piles
4. Soldier piles
5. Suction Piles
6. Ad freeze Piles

Types of shallow foundations:

Interlocking concrete blocks called IDR footer-blocks

. The minimum width of the footing is
based on the foundation wall thickness. An 8-inch thick foundation wall would have an 8-inch
wide footing. However, footings are made wider than the foundation wall, and the extra width
projects (or cantilevers) equally beyond each side of the wall.
Contrary to widespread belief, the purpose of footings is not for spreading out and distributing
the loads to the soil. The extra width is used to support the wall forms while the concrete is
poured, or as a base for concrete masonry blocks or brick.

Finishing and Curing Concrete

When working with concrete, certain methods and techniques must be employed to ensure the
best finished product. This chapter discusses the following:

1) Screeding
2) Tamping and jitterbugging
3) Finishing (including Floating, Troweling, Brooming, Grooving, and Edging)
4) Curing (including curing time and curing methods)

1)Screeding

22
To screed is to strike-off or level slab concrete after pouring. Generally, all the dry materials
used in making quality concrete are heavier than water. Thus, shortly after placement, these
materials will have a tendency to settle to the bottom and force any excess water to the
surface. This reaction is commonly called bleeding. This bleeding usually occurs with non–air-
entrained concrete. It is of utmost importance
that the first operations of placing, screeding, and darbying
be performed before any bleeding takes place.
The concrete should not be allowed to remain in wheelbarrows, buggies, or buckets any longer
than is necessary. It should be dumped and spread as soon as possible and struck-off to the
proper grade, then immediately struck-off, followed at once by darbying. These last two
operations should be performed before any free water is bled to the surface. The concrete
should not be spread over a large area
before screeding—nor should a large area be screeded and allowed to remain before darbying.
If any operation is performed on the surface while the bleed water is present, serious scaling,
dusting, or crazing can result. This point cannot be overemphasized and is the basic rule for
successful finishing of concrete surfaces.
The surface is struck off or rodded by moving a straightedge
back and forth with a sawlike motion across the top of the forms or screeds. A small amount of
concrete should always be kept ahead of the straightedge to fill in all the low spots and
maintain a plane surface. For most slab work, screeding is usually a two-person job because of
the size of the slab.

2)Tamping or Jitterbugging

The hand tamper or jitterbug is used to force the large particles of coarse aggregate slightly
below the surface to enable the cement mason to pass a darby over the surface without
dislodging any large aggregate. After the concrete has been struck-off or rodded (and, in some
cases, tamped), it is smoothed with a darby to level any raised spots and fill depressions. Long-
handled floats of either wood ormetal (called bull floats) are sometimes used instead of darbies
to smooth and level the surface.

The hand tamper should be used sparingly and, in most cases,

not at all. If used, it should be used only on concrete having a low slump (1 inch or less) to
compact the concrete into a dense mass. Jitterbugs are sometimes used on industrial floor
construction because the concrete for this type of work usually has a very low slump, with the
mix being quite stiff and perhaps difficult to work.
3)Finishing

23
When the bleed water and water sheen have left the surface of the concrete, finishing may
begin. Finishing may take one or more of several forms, depending on the type of surface
desired.
Finishing operations must not be overdone, or water under the
surface will be brought to the top. When this happens, a thin layer of cement is also brought up
and later, after curing, the thin layer becomes a scale that will powder off with usage. Finishing
can be done by hand or by rotating power-driven trowels or floats. The size of the job
determines the choice, based on economy.
The type of tool used for finishing affects the smoothness of the concrete. A wood float puts a
slightly rough surface on the concrete.
A steel (or other metal) trowel or float produces a smooth finish.
Extra rough surfaces are given to the concrete by running a stiffbristled broom across the top.

4)Floating

Most sidewalks and driveways are given a slightly roughened surface by finishing with a float.
Floats may be small, hand-held tools , with the work done while kneeling on a board, or
they may be on long handles for working from the edge.
shows a worker using a long-handled float, and shows
the construction details for making a float.
When working from a kneeling board, the concrete must be stiff enough to support the board
and the worker’s weight without deforming.
This will be within two to five hours from the time the surface
water has left the concrete, depending on the type of roof.

A roof includes the roof cover (the upper layer, which protects
against rain, snow, and wind) or roofing, the sheathing to which it is fastened, and the framing
(rafters) that support the other components. Because of its exposure, roofing usually has a
limited life. It is made to be readily replaceable. Roofing may be made of many widely
diversified materials, among which are the following:

1) Wood

These are usually in the form of shingles (uniform machine-cut) or shakes that are hand-cut.
They are seen in Many areas of the country.

2) Metal or aluminium

24
Simulates other kinds of roofing.

3) Slate

this may be the natural product or rigid manufactured slabs, often cement asbestos, though
these are on the decline since the controversy over asbestos.

4) Built-up covers of asphalt or tar-impregnated felts, with a mopping of hot tar or

asphalt

these are placed between the plies and a mopping of tar or asphalt overall. Tar-felt roofs
usually have the top covered with embedded gravel or crushed slag.

5) Roll roofing

Which, as the name implies, is marketed in? Rolls containing approximately 108 ft2. Each roll is
usually 36 inches wide and may be plain or have a coating of colored Mineral granules. The
base is a heavy asphalt-impregnated felt.

6) Asphalt shingles

These are usually in the form Of strips with two, three, or four tabs per unit. These shingles
Is asphalt with the surface exposed to the weather heavily? Coated with mineral granules.
Because of their fire resistance, Cost, and durability, asphalt shingles are the most popular
roofing material for homes. Asphalt shingles are available in a wide range of colours, including
black and white.
_ Glass fibre shingles—These are made partly of a glass fibre mat (which is waterproof) and
partly of asphalt. Like asphalt shingles, glass fibre shingles come with self-sealing tabs and carry
a Class-A fire-resistance warranty. For the do-it-yourself, they may be of special interest
because they are lightweight, about 220 pounds per square (100 ft2 of roofing).

Roofs

25
The slope of the roof is frequently a factor in the choice of roofing materials and method used
to put them in place. The lower the pitch of the roof, the greater the chance of wind getting
under the shingles and tearing them out. Interlocking cedar shingles resist this wind prying
better than standard asphalt shingles. For roofs with less than a 4-inch slope per foot, do not
use standard asphalt. Down to 2 inches, use self-sealing asphalt. Roll roofing can be used with
pitches down to 2 inches when lapped 2 inches. For very low-pitched
Slopes, the manufacturers of asphalt shingles recommend that the roof be planned for some
other type of covering.
Aluminium strip roofing virtually eliminates the problem of wind prying, but these strips are
noisy. Most homeowners object to the noise during a rainstorm. Even on porches, the noise is
often annoying to those inside the house. Spaced roofing boards are sometimes used with
cedar shingles. This is usually done as an economy measure and because the cedar shingles add
considerably to the strength of the roof. The spaced roofing boards reduce the insulating
qualities.

Roll Roofing

Roll roofing is an economical cover especially suited For roofs with low pitches. It is also
sometimes used for valley flashing instead of metal. It has a base of heavy asphalt-impregnated
felt with additional coatings of asphalt that are dusted to prevent adhesion in the roll. The
weather surface may be plain or covered with fine mineral granules. Many different colours are
available. One edge of the sheet is left plain (no granules) where the lap cement
Is applied. For best results, the sheathing must be tight, preferably 1 × 6 tongue-and-groove, or
plywood. If the sheathing is smooth.These asphalt shingles have a three-dimensional look.
Asphalt shingles are the most popular.

CEMENT
SECOND SHEET
FIRST SHEET

Method of cementing and lapping the first and second Strips of roll roofing.

Roofing (with no cupped boards or other protuberance), the slate-surfaced roll roofing will
withstand a surprising amount of abrasion from foot traffic, although it is not generally
recommended for that purpose. Windstorms are the most relentless enemy of roll roofing. If
the wind gets under a loose edge, almost certainly a section will be blown off.

Built-Up Roof (BUR)

A built-up roof is constructed of sheathing paper, a bonded base sheet, perforated felt, asphalt,
and surface aggregates.

26
The sheathing paper comes in 36-inch-wide rolls and has approximately 432 ft2 per roll. It is a
rosin-size paper and is used to prevent asphalt leakage to the wood deck. The base sheet is a
heavy asphalt-saturated felt that is placed over the sheathing paper.

It is available in 1, 11/2, and 2 squares per roll. The perforated felt is one of the primary parts of
a built-up roof. It is saturated with asphalt and has tiny perforations throughout the sheet. The
perforations prevent air entrapment between the layers of felt.

The perforated felt is 36 inches wide and weighs approximately

15 lbs per square. Asphalt is also one of the basic ingredients of a built-up roof. There are many
different grades of asphalt, but the most commonare low-melt, medium-melt, high-melt, and
extra-high-melt

SHEATHING PAPER

BASE SHEET

PERFORATED FELT

ASPHALT AGGREGATE

Prior to the application of the built-up roof, the deck should beInspected for soundness. Wood
board decks should be constructed of 3/4-inch seasoned lumber or plywood. Any knotholes
larger than one inch should be covered with sheet metal. If plywood is used as a roof deck it
should be placed with the length at right angles to the rafters and be at least 1/2 inch in
thickness.
The first step in the application of a built-up roof is the placing of sheathing paper and base
sheet. The sheathing paper should be lapped in 2 inches and secured with just enough nails to
hold it in place. The base sheet is then placed with 2-inch side laps and 6-inch end laps. The
base sheet should be secured with 1/2-inch diameter head galvanized roofing nails placed 12
inches on center on the exposed lap. Nails should also be placed down the center of the base
sheet. The nails should be placed in two parallel rows, 12 inches apart.
The base sheet is then coated with a uniform layer of hot asphalt.
While the asphalt is still hot, a layer of roofing felt is placed and mopped with the hot asphalt.
Each succeeding layer of roofing felt is placed and mopped in a similar manner with asphalt.
Each sheet should be lapped 19 inches, leaving 17 inches exposed.
Once the roofing felt is placed, a gravel stop is installed around

27
the deck perimeter. Two coated layers of felt should extend 6 inches past the roof decking
where the gravel stop is to be installed. When the other plies are placed, the first two layers are
folded over the other layers and mopped in place. The gravel stop is then placed in an 1/8-inch-
thick bed of flashing cement and securely nailed every 6 inches. The ends of the gravel stop
should be lapped 6 inches and packed in flashing cement.

AGGREGATE
GRAVEL STOP
ASPHALT
ROOF CEMENT
NAILS—3" O.C.

The gravel stop.

After the gravel stop is placed, the roof is flooded with hot asphalt and the surface aggregate is
embedded in the flood coat. The aggregates should be hard, dry, opaque, and free of any dust
or foreign matter. The size of the aggregates should range from 1/4 inch Roofing to 5/8 inch.
When the aggregate is piled on the roof, it should be placed on a spot that has been mopped
with asphalt. This technique ensures proper adhesion in all areas of the roof.

PROJECT MONITORING
PROJECT MONITORING SYSTEM

This is done to continuously track the performance of the project progress, cost sand condition
contribution. Corrective actions can be taken when required and provides data.
The following three reports are made for the tracking-

 Monthly progress report

 Job cost report

 Project performance report.

28
 QUALITY

The technical audit of works done by HPPWD used to be done in-house right from its
inception. The functions of Quality Assurance and Technical Audit of works were shifted
to CVC in the year 1964. On the recommendation of Ranganathan Committee, the
Quality Assurance functions were again shifted to HPWD in the year 1985.The
implementation of Quality Assurance in the field will require close co-operation among
the three agencies, namely (a) field engineers (b) the construction agency, and (c) the
Quality Assurance team at Circle level for strict compliance of Quality Assurance
Procedure forming part of agreement.

Quality Control System Of The Department

Multi level Quality checks have been created in HPPWD as detailed below:

Field level

The direct responsibility for ensuring proper quality of work as per approved
specifications for achieving the intended performance and structural, functional and
aesthetical parameters, and the desired life of the building/installation/structure rests
with the construction team of Executive Engineer, Assistant Engineer and Junior
Engineer.

Quality Control team at Circle Level

To keep a watch on the effectiveness/adequacy of Quality Assurance measures at site, a

Quality Assurance team with SE of the circle as its head and comprising of one AE. The
functions of the Quality Assurance team at Circle level are to check the compliance of
Quality Assurance system by the field units, to locate the lapse/deficiency in the
implementation of the Quality Assurance Plan, and to guide the field engineers in
quality related aspects of the work.

Core Wing at Directorate Level

29
This Core Wing carries out the following main functions to ensure systematic and
comprehensive Assurance of quality in the works: -

· Quality Assurance of works under the Special DG(S&P), (TD), ADG (Border) and
Engineer- in- Chief (HPPWD), Shimla.

· Carry out comprehensive examination & technical audit of works.

· To carry out investigations and enquiries with regard to quality related aspects.

Quality Assurance units in the Regions

Quality Assurance works in various Regions are being looked after by the Regional QA
units headed by the Superintending Engineer (TLQA) or Director Works of the Region.

CONTRACT SPECIFICATIONS AND QUALITY ASSURANCE (CSQ)

The CSQ unit of HPPWD is responsible for Contract related matters and quality
assurance functions. The unit headed by a Chief Engineer is located in Office of Chief
Engineer Hamirpur and has 5 separate cells headed by Superintendent Engineers to look
after specific areas. The specific areas are

1. Contract & Manual

2. Standards and Specifications

3. Quality Assurance

4. Techno-Legal matters

5. Technology Application & Standards Unit.

 
The unit is also responsible for enlistment of class-1 contractors in HPPWD
besides formulating rules and regulations for enlistment of contractors by different
authorities.

All contract related issues, techno legal issues referred to DGW by field
units or by other organisations are dealt by this unit. The responsibility of bringing out
schedules and specifications also rests with the CSQ unit.

30
 CONCLUSION

It was a wonderful learning experience at HPWD Division Hamirpur, Near Judicial

Magistrate Office, Hamirpur for Six Weeks. I gained a lot of insight regarding almost
every aspect of site. I was given exposure in almost all the departments at the site, but I
had liked to highlight the areas of safety, quality management, material management
and execution.

I hope this experience will surely help me in my future and also in shaping my career.

31