STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS METHOD

During the design process, it is essential to consider the anticipated load of a project. Loads are
commonly understood as forces that cause stresses, deformations, or accelerations. These loads are
applied to a structure or its components that cause stress or displacement. There are many types of
structural loads that you need to account for during the design process.
In the analysis of dead loads and live loads, live loads can be prescribed to any structural element
such as floors, columns, beams, even roofs and will ultimately be factored into a calculation of gravity
loads. The group measures the uniform live loads as kilo Newton per meter. The acceptable live load will
vary considerably based on the occupancy and expected use of a structure or structural element. Dead
load on a structure is the result of weight of the permanent components such as beams, floor slabs,
columns and walls. These components will produce the same constant 'dead' load during the lifespan of the
building. Dead loads are exerted in the vertical plane (Dead load = Volume of member x Unit weight of the
materials from which it is composed, an accurate dead load can be determined for each component. The
different components can then be added together to determine the dead load for the entire structure.
Calculating winds is important in design of the wind force-resisting system, including strctural
members, components, and cladding, against shear, sliding, overturning and uplift actions. Wind loads for
buildings and structures that do not satisfy the conditions for using the simplified procedure can be
calculated using the analytical procedure provided that it is a regular shaped building or structure, and it
does not have response characteristics making it subject to a cross-wind loading, vortex shedding
instability due to galloping or flutter, or does not have a site location that require special consideration. The
steps of analytical procedure, described in ASCE 7 Section 6.5.3 only, are as follows:

1. Determine the basic wind speed, V, and wind directionality factor, Kd in accordance with ASCE
7 Section 6.5.4.
2. Determine the importance factor, I, in accordance with ASCE Section 6.5.5.
3. Determine the exposure category or exposure categories and velocity pressure exposure
coefficient. Kz or Kh, as applicable, for each wind direction according to ASCE 7 Section 6.5.6.
4. Determine the topographic factor, Kzt, if applicable according to ASCE Section 6.5.7.
5. Determine the gust effect factor G or Gf, as applicable, in accordance with ASCE 7 Section 6.5.8.
6. Determine the enclosure classification in accordance with ASCE 7 Section 6.5.9
7. Determine the internal pressure coefficient , GCpi in accordance with ASCE 7 Section 6.5.11.1.
8. Determine the external pressure coefficients, Cp or GCpi, or force coefficients, Cf, as applicable, in
accordance with ASCE 7 Section 6.5.11.2 or 6.5.11.3.
9. Determine the velocity pressure, qz or qh, as applicable, in accordance with ASCE 7 Section 6.5.10.
10. Determine the design wind pressure p or design wind load, F, as applicable, in accordance with ASCE
7 Section6.5.12 and 6.5.133

A portal frame is often used in a structure to transfer the laterally directed loads applied along the
sides, to the supports at the base of the frame. Portal frames are often designed such that they are able to
confidently withstand lateral loads. The following steps are as follows:

1. Locate the centroid of the columns under consideration.

2. Solve for the column axial load.
3. Girder shear.
4. Girder end moments: Mxy=Vxy(Lxy/2)
5. Column end moments: @every joint (ΣMcol=ΣMgirder)
6. Column shear: Vxy=2Mxy/Hxy

Portal frames can be defined as two-dimensional rigid framees that have the basic characteristics
of a rigid joint between column and beam. The main objective of this form of design is to reduce bending
moment in the beam, which allows the frame to act as one structural unit. The following steps are as
follows:
1. Solve for the column shear.
2. Determine the column moment.
3. Girder end moments: @every joint (ΣMcol=ΣMgirder)
4. Girder shears: Vxy=2Mxy/Hxy
5. Column axia load = Condition

The method that was used to solve for the forces are Moment Distribution Method and Fixed-End
Moment. The moment distribution method is a structural analysis method for statically
indeterminate beams and frames. Moment distribution is based on the method of successive approximation
and is applicable to all types of rigid frame analy