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private judgement in place of traditional authority, the exaltation
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obligation than the mandate of immemorial usage and venerable
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The author of the day ... became the complete and perfect
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... They grew accustomed to be despised, and became despicable.

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had to start. It was that moment and pressure of a superimposed
culture which followed it that made the reawakening necessary. 12

In social .usage, in politics, in the realm of religion and

art, we hadentered the Zone of uncreative habit, of decadent
tradition, and ceased to exercise our humanity. 13

io i

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Athens was the school of Hellas, the eye of

If Periclean

Greece, mother of arts and eloquence, that was Bengal to the

rest of India under British rule, but with a borrowed light which
it made its own with marvellous cunning. In the new Bengal
originated every good end great thing of the modern world that
passed on to the other parts of India...New literary types, reform
of the language, social" reconstruction, Political aspirations,
religious movements and even changes in manners that originated
in Bengal, passed like ripples from a central eddy, across

provincial barriers, to the farthest corners of India,

4<J

I. Economic History of India part II ;

Romesh chandra Dutt p. 87

% Historical Geography of India : P. E. Roberts p. 500

3. A History of Education in India :

Syed Numllah and J. P. Nalk

4. Hoofa 3r23P&Sio1b QonSfc iSo^sSo : or" "3
ro
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8. fia. tf. S*c S'^otT ^Norvtfo s^). 11.

Q O J

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. 16 .

11. Men of Letters and the English pubic in thexviii Century:

Alexander Belijame
-
12. The Renaissance in India : Sri' Aurobindo, p. 4 5

13. Cit. in Dawn of Renascent India : Dr. K. K. Dutta p. 7

14. Notes on Bengal Renaissance: Amit Sen p. 17

15. The philosophy of Brahmaism :

Sitanath Tattwabhushan p. 1-41

Ed. Sir Jadunath^ Sarkar. Cit. in
16. History of Bengal:
BRITISH PARAMOUNTCY AND INDIAN
RENAISSANCE: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan vol Up. 89
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The which Chintuiya Suri avoided by a e

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wonders among the natives of India. We are quite aware that
English education has rendered natives more refined in their manners,
has dispelled the mist of superstition from the minds of several
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calibre whenever it is properly imparted. (P. 61)
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elephants of westernization, they are the grass of the Hindu fields,
which to-day is and tomorrow is cast into the oven. They talk in
their little day, to be borne down into the
everlasting silences of
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with satisfaction the Interest taken in epigraphy by Deputy Collector
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The Making of a Nation

97.98

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164

Lives of Moderates all remind us

We should wisely keep from crime ;

Open sedition only finds us

Shelter in a far-off clime.

Let us then line up and be speaking,

Speaking at a furious rate ;

Not always some benefit seeking,

Learn to be loyal and to wait, 18

9f

l|5"sr<5>D
^ CO

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(1910)

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^^ <5T^o"SiCc>

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One marks the same unflinching faith in the providential
character of British rule, the robust and sincere sentiments of
devoted loyaly to the British Crown, and^ the same pathetic,
almost abject, belief in the sense of justice of the British peoples
who would concede all the reasonable demands of the Indians as
soon as they were properly approached. 20

o jj L o

^S^Po^^or^ S"S^oS V^
cr*JbeSsS^5

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12.
^
13. e^^s5co CPCXSD^O "So^eoS^. s^. 459

H. Tagore 1861-1941: Acentenary Volume

: :

Uncle Rabindranath Indira Devi Chandhurani. :

p. 1

15. to. tf. B . ^^o-^^ ?3o^^ Sg, ^e5^^, r3 . 222

16. How India Wrought for Freedom : Annie Besant

P. 473-490-
17. J3
8
fr'': too^toj^S Ss'S'o, S. 235

S'o^Sw ^)^J6^5 ^
to. tf. Sl-^a-^ 135
srg.

1856.

20. British Paramountcy And The Indian :

Bharatiya Vidya
Renaissance- Vol-II : Bhavan, P. 572.
4
21.
S$x)e3go?6^s5^eo' (^s)
=
^o^^d 1

^o^c55c^o, 13.10.1965

22. ^gtftf^ :
sa. 37.38.
 c& o
THE BATTLE OF STYLES " *

"3 3"

' 1'
SSbS'g'D cp t^3&>*$**

My cause is the people's cause. I hove cultured opinion at

my back.

. 191

8
, 191 Iff

. a)

19U 9ae& 10
 171

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1906 ^SDOcS^jiSa, ^05?^*

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 173

53*5

1897 e <j ;

The Telugu literary dialect contains many obsolete gram-

matical forms, an inconveniently large mass of obsolete words
and arbitrary verbal contractions and expansions which were
necessitated by a system of versification based both on alliter-
ation and on quantity. A license which I,
no doubt, has its own
advantages of introducing Sanskrit words to an unlimited extent
has been but too eagerly availed of by poets who brought
glossaries into 'requisition, revelled in fantastic compound
formation, and made the Telugu literary dialect doubly dead ......
If it is intended to make the Telugu literary dialect a great

civilising medium, it must be divested of its Sanskrit elements,

and brought closer to the spoken dialect from which it must be
thoroughly replenished ......
5
, 1909 cT

w**

Let those who love fetters venerate it. My own vernacular

for me, the living Telugu, the Italian of the East, in which none
of usis ashamed to express our joys and sorrows, but which

some of us are ashamed to write well..,

1T4?

To

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... Who scope and signi-

will be so rash as to forecast the
ficance of this movement which has genuine ring of poetry
the
and applies itself to the treatment of the primary emotions of
5
humanity in a commendable spirit of high seriousness?

8oSj)

Areview of some of his recent productions must thus be of

considerable value for a study of some of the possible develop-
ments of Telugu poetry in the future, and more generally, as
in obedience to
affording an instance of literary evouion,
external impulses of a powerful and desirable type in a country
in which progress is retarded at every step by the purblind
champions of conservatism, it becomes almost a duty to welcome
such well-meaning reformers.
180 3** ts o

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^boero

OoOT? 35*550*^ ^'ofl

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 CO

Numerous social principles, full of the liberal impulses of

to-day are skilfully woven into the Poems of Mr. Appa Rao
without the least detriment of their artistic merit. Orthodox
Hindu sentiment may stagger at some of the radical ideas
embodied in his Poems, but to the cultured mind they are signi-
ficant of the new light that is illumining our social life, enabling
us to perceive the wrongs of centuries... There is in the Poems a
rude shock to popular sentiments as in the plays of Ibsen and
Bernard shaw, but the effect must be whole some...

SS$tf
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^Jeremiad)
3
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1911 sS
184

But what was wanted was a leader, one who would make
incessant war on the forces of reaction ; who was a fearless,
watchful scholar, who could authoritatively countei\with chapter
and verse, the contentions of his opponents who had the ;

scrupulous exactitude of the scholar who was inexorable, yet ;

fair and friendly In debate who never let his enthusiasm for
;

the cause override his zeal for the truth. Ramamurti was this
leader that the scattered reformers looked for. ?

5 ^5^ Ao\5ftf 8

^
77 si 53*^
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1

Sac^fi-^Sff (S. S. L. C.),

Q*>,pM

(Intermediate) cp&cyooo. acrsSosJtfo ejasj^fl "SSsr

 185

. 841

The neglect of these languages by the ordinary university

graduates of the present day is notorious. 8

(part
- Classical")
/

co (Gearge Maddrx)

C.'

[912 ej^Q^o 29

By 'Modern' Telugu, the Board means language of the kind

used in such books as Brown's Reader, the part of Arden's
first

Telugu Grammar and Enugula Veeraswamayya's Kasiyatra

Charitram... 9

B^o'rv

650 *13 Ifo

C3
 IS

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v
co

oa. 1912 l)lb

1912 es>oc 29

"3
(t

1913 Kros55 10

So/? ro ^CTeo^por OCP

(Standardized)

-fia,

Howthorne) CP&^ The Tangle wood Tales

cfc

CO

e)

All people that speak any language use Sandhi, the degree
of Sandhi or coalescence of words depending upon the rapidity
of utterance.
But there is no reason for registering Sandhi in writing,
man will make his own Sandhi when he reads.
seeing that each
The only Sandhi that ought not given up in writing
to be

what is called internal Sandhi ; the unit of speech is the

is

sentence, but the unit of writing is the word and whatever Sandi
occurs within a word has to be recognised as fixed.

But the liasion of word with word is justifiable only if

of
unintelligibility is the object of writing! and the function
11
language to conceal thought.

The Modem TeUiguProse-A Review

188

& Co)

C^toCcn-cr

I-

SbfiS

80

-os

cSoS&exr. SDO^^ sSc^c&ap oru^o^J* Iu6"^). srfio o'e Toui'u Bco

CO

CO

cfibq?tf
^g ^2) Sir* quA^^" LIFE OR
PLEA FOR VERNACULARS o^
*

DEATH? A ^ofiio

monopoly of the few

 &r'&o 3'&o& c^c^gQ6b. ^?^ as

CO

titfti (Composition)^*

S""l) Sid&'So 1910 e^^- ^ Si) cy&>

"Soa^to

"Sfo sjtftf

c&o. uor?

. cp^ri^d&eo^ Co,

(Rev. J R. Stilwell)

1. To ^^efe -fc? establish a standard of colloquiality in

Composition for [each language

and to consider especially the
following points :

(a) The circumstances under which and extent to which

the strict rules of grammar may be departed from,
attention being paid, among others, to the questions

of Sandhi and archaic forms.

Note :- The of their labours might be set forth in a

results

syallabus of the grammar of the language.

(b) The extent to which borrowed words should be used,
particularly words of Sanskrit, English and Urdu
origin.

Note ;- An attempt might be made to frame a list of desirable

could be revised from
English and Urdu words, which list
time to time.
190 O

(c) The existence in each language of prose works which

can be taken as models of composition.

Note ; Lists of such which could be revised from time to time

might be drawn up.
To consider the character of the subjects thai should be
ii.

set forvernacular composition, whether, e. g. Candidates may

be asked to handle subjects connected with the sciences they study
under the "Groups." *3

6
1812 BASSOS"

55

ajSsSofito STo Fellow of the Madras university

(F. M. U.) >

1898

S 100450

A
i ^cSfior? sSc SboSb S

A A
TO, SToi^OID

*Sr6oeo2?<to

cprotoa,
w l4
8x>ci>5P^tojSpgCx>

<
 191

ts which

o to time 19 -.0

lunild be
ites may
hey study

(TO

cO '^'DU)O srtfg

university
uAu 1898
polite (Vulgar)

IDer*

a* ~oj
r?5
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192

1910

15

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b, 1911

Ico^o
15

(Daniel Jones)

(1912)
(Readers)

&$
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U) -

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1910 3^^'5 4 To

(Lord MorleyJSb
ro

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194

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1911

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(Hon'ble)

CJ

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29

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 &

KKrog s53sSsib (Telugu Academy) <u>,\\o3 .....

*V\or?tf"

JO"&L4JoK>6ov)
Q o CJ

crsbxw 5

P)

Boccacio) o\bra Dccioicron

8jA'r>. '

V "3>o0i';vbs3tr(^,
o ^ (Ciiaucen ^bcr8
j

(Marlowe) l^^db^
^ (Shakespeare) i^yB
w wo^r^o
^ u'ej'rfoo^rJ

60^690 AO^oSi^a, ^iOiS ^fl ^O^Off* "3 3 ft) &'

ill* ,
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()
198

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i o.'fo^
o "3.

8
^T "3 t

"3 d ^eo ff*A :o5rftf3<Sb* sfolb

*
S3

Where are the Pandits? I would like to sec them of the

persons who assembled at Pachayappa's I wonder how many
deserve that name. 22

wo. r*. sS.

 199

r?
(1912)

Q Q ^- Q

ft

"3 OS
23

(Edmui-id Burke)

Q? o

S35 ^so

55 s

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7 To f rt;Jc>Scfc
^ (Cock hum)

"

>* sS, Qao . B c Jo

(Alfred Burn) >.,,-

CO

CO
 201'

24

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II).

. 27
 2C5

5 <3j*

s53^o&. A memorandum on Modern Telugu

1913 ^ ^sfctf
c&r^a^ s3-a
tf&a^
^ fT-S^
^ cS -gs stffcgb
CL__

DOC>

My object in writing it v/as (1) to vindicate the dignity of

Modern Telugu, the guenine mother -tongue of the educated
classesand its right to be used as the best medium of instruction
and literary expression and (2) to refute the arguments
;

advanced by the Pandits and the Academy against the "Modern

Teluu Movement."

no

(Grierson)

CJ *-

(Contents)

3:
 Q

e3tfn. (jS '

>0g^ eCS^oabSo ScSfi?

(Optional) {

... In the present economic condition of the country the

masses arc seriously handicapped. The further progress and
the welfare of the community depends on the removal of the
barriers between the classes and masses, which a serious defect
in the system of public education has set up and has been

strengthening,.. The aim of the true social reformer in all

civilized countries is toweld all classes of the community together
for common citizenship by a culture which should be common
as the light and the air...

& ^oji

:6i>V >'Sya'fi
l
o^cu'l.
^ >,j , ,

1.13 ^ "J.^o ^

He is a pyramid, a museum, an
encyclopaedia of ancient
learning! We ought to be proud of him. ^..usr", fo, '^u^
;;^ Pedantry, bligotry, dogmatism, unreasonableness,
impracticable purism, exclusive spirited such oilier characteristics
of the average Pandit &
SDO^cXtoa^oT^ 37&5\;^/r5;:j ;j $io t1,vr&, tfe

8
S^fiT dfian-SS Sioff* t
2)^*^3
ao^ss

Q
The subject-matter of the books he
generally teaches is out
of date and the knowledge embodied in them is in
conflict with
what is now believed to be true and good
by the civilised world
The Pandit daily administers to the
pupils small doses of the
 o 207

superstitionand of the exploded knowledge of the ancient world,

lestthey should grow too fat on the modern ware of western
knowledge, which the government are so solicitous of diffusing
among the masses.

THE MODERN TELUGU PROSE

6

S'S^Oo^'o,
o. Apendix

A DEFENCE OP LITERARY TELUGU

(1913)

(1860 1
THE WARS OF THE RAJAHS

io

s5S:5 ^BS&
-?6^^^
D-^
'^ui5
f
iS HISTORY OF HA DEH- -

ANANT APURAMt
o Cr

c^ a

fV>

iSDd&"2toi ^rcS^SJ
8
^ ft)3oOu*&r> c^cO
s*gsS^ 6s'S)
?
^r-^S" ,
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^
sj- A
CO _
'.^ c L&er&S ^)E3SXcO ^. ^ ?0 ^O S5*
CO _0
(Vulgar)

5
208

UJ

The propaganda of the "Modern" school goes very much

beyond the necessities of the case. It; is ill-conceived, revolu-
tionary and Contrary to the law of the ordinary development
of languages... St is professed but by a handful of persons who
have no more right to speak for the Telngu People than the
three Tailors of the Tooley street had to speak in the name of

people of England, In fact, these "reformers" have come not

to fulfil but to destroy and they have thereby put themselves out
of court. 2')

3c3ii?iDp:Jtf2

Ceo
 9 6b 8 tf d& o 209

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exto ^^SDD^^ ^i^sSres^^^D" ofiotS 8 ^. 30

ro CO
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3

sjoiod
CO

(Ceded
Districts union)

U
21 Sb ^ tf c& o

1913 s

(R. W. Ross)
d.)

II) 1 3 To^oi-

^oooc? $dfcrtAo3n'0

n **"

?oS (Archaic) ^
sSgsS^tf jjStS)C>o^ u^S) (Current)

AoeofifS) .
S)cyg5bo ^4J

& 6tfcSb^;dcr^o& Standard literary Tolugu rioO

3foro63a> ; Current forms being determined

tJ

from usage in literature as well as in the polite spocch prevailing

among the educated Teiugu people. * ^
ssoa

ag) 6oi.
46.

<dcr>o
 o 2(1

1913 efJi^exjb a-rfg 6Si3o& )& oc&plS ofi.

0^=0*
Q

Current

S5ri d
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"
es

V.

U _ u \.
Q CJ
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76.81

^ co ^o. 1914 es^ao 2} 3<3

u~ / EO

(Report of
2l the, ITC,
?^o_6o i)CP^r?$) eo^ooa.
pp 109 .
U2) ;

~
5\
6^r ^sj B d3S) Bco^ dSip^esaeo S^^S

&* gSb&v ^o^^^o ^o'^to ^^^toD

ro
i To fix a standard of-
 ddb

to a >& grQjreo o
j L fc*nr fi

(Minute of

Dissent) SJS>Q e 'Ci' 6*

1813 1914
(
^

13
17, 181

e"Sp)oOoa

&L i

(1814

UJ

Colloquiality

(2)

s54&e Gi
(3) Current, Archaic

Current.
f

Archaic, ^ab S)s5ora. ^003 "3

'
current a
Archaic

jy

archaic, osssa. current

 rf C& O 213

Minute of Dissent to the Report of the Telugu Composition Sub

Committee <&. jS

rtbortfo&tf 1

iS
O L

^"-
o 11

(Report of the ITC, p. 22. Footnote) c^racr^ 6$

2

53*

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SMSon*. SiToa'STo <SrPo& ao^uO* cO

Own.

c?o D^SO SosrOoS. ^fi&D tfS sA\iFOc> e

u *,.

u) "***>

V.J

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Od^CP TOcJit i^SS'Cui) wO^'J

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2) CO w*uA*!53

"dr. i he Real
Problem ^ <ib55SOif 8oa ^s^NO"8 ^ cr&lS 6e sir toco, 57^ ri^^f^p T, ^
1

B i

ot> or?
(Th 5 Minute of Dissent*
ij5cSr -BR? ^tp 3co^ero
^ODOCT*.^ ^J;
p. 62) :

Social, political and literary ideals have changed. Literature

isno longer confined to a cult; and mass education which is
one of the greatest blessings of British rule has necessitated the
creation of a modern prose in Telugu.
 215

,
Ootfsfc 5

>
Ow

(aristocracy) ^o&O^eTS^ (sxclusiveness)

35**

830*^3*5^0^0 o'S
ro a
I

^
uCCDDO ^r*^O^GODC3^ 55

We stand at the parting of the ways, and our decision will

affect the future destinies of the Telugu people. It lies with us to

chain and strave Telugu literature or to give it liberty and make it

a great civilizing force. 32

C>
216 & tf

^oJ>a" &>#

*i fYG&
V.*
^S^^C^G) .afi-^^oa' ^^^iOi^.o:op.
\ ,i) fr } WM^ulA
The deliberate speech *

of the educated classes of the higher order of society in the Telugu

country as a whole and not the speech either confuted to any
particular area or to any particular elan or tirbe ^

Co, 1011 ^\S

w

yl,
, e.S'^cSo,
V. (
Jt J
,.^
eru Qt
i>o
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i

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n w Av
;;

(deliberate)

eo eo

o Archaic, current ^^
*aepo) 4c3Srcx) d^cb- 9t6^ ^v

roVCo,T

irs)^ archaic
"^2-5^
o&g5o 6^: They thought they were asked
to galvanise into life the dead forms of the old
poetic dialect
and graft the living forms on them and no wonder that they failed-
They classified the fossils into old, older, oldest and recommended
the option of excluding the last,

(Minute of Dissent to the

Intermediate Telugu Composition Sub-committee
Report - Report of
the ITC, pp. 103-108.)
 217

"*
1948

33

jo
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vv

34
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?....35
218

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ID

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(1914)
 218

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2- 57 4S)^(SJ: cSs3*Po^o ^dob^^^ 5-tcrs, ^. 138.148

sj). 29
_S,
4- ft. 5". 3. 3). 16

5. New currents in Telugu Song : P. Seshadri,

The Educational Review July 1913.
8-
^??pgotf' tf&x> i ^3o ^o^cpc&a-^, s. 2
7- Reminiscences
3*g^^o^r'^x) : : /. ^t. F^^J, &. 25

8. Cit. in The Graray acontroversy rf.P. Sun Sastri, p. 25

:

9. Cit. in Modern Telugu Ed. Secretary, Andhra Bhasha

:

Samrakshaka Samajam, Co Canada.

10. The Modern Telugu prose - A Review: V. Subbarow, p. 9
11. Cit. in 10, p. 11-12
12. Cit. in 8, p. 11
13. University of Madras Report of the Intermediate Telugu
:

Composition Committee together with a Minute of Dissent

there to signed by four Members and Remarks thereon
by
Mr. G. V. Apparao, (Abbr. Report of I.T.C.) Annexure
No. 1 p. 5
:

H. ft X. g. s&. 05

iO &-^S, Sj. 21

ft. 5". : :
S7g S)^3cygQd&s5ba ^So^j.^,
: s&. 103
220

IT. ,. tf

IB,

19, A Defence of Literary Tclugu ;

Jayanti Ramayya, p.

20,
o^iJ Sg ^dSx^^oa^ : ^oa o>:;,o',^
:;

4
cso^C) jHV^g :
^!:2,
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^yu roor^'j^, ^ t 35-37

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22, 3crw)5 *aDDC?fico 55'crco* ; Ktoo^o t

:!)U5ccHbu:"* i'i^oi- I3o* 2

24, SpSa 21). S- 44

2f).

20. Otfacrwc&dba : ' ?oo.t;uV^ 1 rooOtf *. l-Hi t

27. The Tclugu Language : Ivelleth Hall Meeting :

Letters to the Editor THE HINDU - cit in No. 8

28. Introduction to the Dictionary of the Tclugu Language :

C. P Brown ,

cit. la A Memorandum on Modern Tclugu :

Jiao Sahcb (L V, Rwnanwrti.

29. 3p&> in, 4, 75-70
30. t$p& 20, si. 7

81. *SP&>
Report of the ITC (13)
32, The Telugu composition controversy Part L The Minute
of Dissent to the Report of the Telugu Composition Sub-
Committee </ F. Appa Rao, B. A. 9 F. M. U.
:
p. 114 9

33. A 0*0 S&p 6 /S?N : 44- ?5^rfc^ : Ecptfo-sptfo, 17.1.194S

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Idealization applies only to creative literature. As applied to it,

itenjoins that the mental aspect of reality should be presented by the
author, and a selection from this mental aspect of reality should
first be made, excluding such matter as affects unpleasantly the
aesthetic consciousness of the reader.

The most prominent application of the principle of Idealization

isthe doctrine of Poetic justice. The plot of a work of creative litera-
ture should, with the sole exception of tragedy, end "happily" and
so give expression to the deeply rooted sentiment of optimism which
results from the belief that the universe is governed and controlled

by an all-powerful and all-wise being.

There is however a limit to

idealization. Truth is the supreme
test of all literatureThis principle of truth requires that idealiza-
tion shall be consistently applied through out' and that it shall be
itself guided by that wide and exact knowledge of men and thing
which is expressed by the term 'philosophy,

JUDGEMENT IN LITERATURE, W. BasliW orsfold (P.81-88s

(
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(Andre Maurois)

Romanticism was not just the mingling of tragic and

grotesque, the giving of new blood to an old Vocabulary or the
freedom to cut his coat according to his cloth, but
something
that went was the spirit of the age; it was an
far deapa;. It

anguish, a discontent, a conflict between man and the world in

which he lived.23
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 267

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the sap of life && sjoA^p S^C^co^o CT*^ )K75:>, 24

6 ^GJ' ^^O <S^? ? 90"!),

Robin Hood : what perhaps is its greatest interest is its

expression of the popular mind about the close of the middle ages.
Robin Hood was at that time the people's idoi 135 Arthur is that of
the upper classes. He is the ideal yeoman, as Arthur is the
idea]
knight He readjusts the distribution of property; he robs the
rich and endows the people. He is an earnest worshipper of the
virgin, but a vigorous hater of monks and abbots. He is the great
Sportsman, the incomparable archer, the lover of greenwood and
of a free life, brave, adventurous, jocular, open - handed, a protec-
tor of women.

Encyclopaedia Britannica:
(14thEditon) Vol 9. P .583
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simple primary human affections and duties28

simple pri
mary human affections and duties o) (^^^> c*6$Cnacr. *

*Wordsworth endeavours to bring his language nearer to "the

reallanguage of men, to the real language of men, however, not
on the dead level of their ordinary intercourse, but In select
moments of a vivid sensation, when the language is windowed
and ennobled by excitement,

Appreciations :
Wordsworth Walter Pater.
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which with entire fidelity it utters, Burns could show him. 29

ea

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Sh^tfcSfi

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24. The Living Novel : V. S. Pritchett, P. 55, P. 58
25.

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ial;

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Poetic justice

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Prince Hall

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There is more life and movement in one first act of THE

MERRY WIVES OF WINDSOR than inGerman literature
all
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out of the other house. Cue kind of comedy which has been most
famous-and most influential in the world's history is satirical comedy
which takes its stand on the best social usage, and laughs at the
follies of idealists ...But this is not Shakespeare's comedy His imag-
ination is too active to permit him to find res lin a single atitude. 42
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remains a masterpiece in the diffticuH realm of social batire. It is
aglow with life and humanity its men and women move about with
;

the graces and kindnesses, oddities and absurdities, cruelties and chica
neries ? sanctifies and hypocricies of real life - a life in which nature
and custom, reason and tradition, sentiment and superstition are
inimmeasurable conflict. Lastly, this is the greatest merit of OUT
author his characters are types...-
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23.4.1955*

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1897.

Preface to the first Edition of KANYA SULKAM

j
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10, ^jy^ojSSx) s^ : ^6o3o*^) "Sos'do cpsj3^d3^r,: 53*5^ e^ 1955.

11. S'

1953.

12.

14. A Short History of English Drama : Ifor Evans. Cit. by

). 203.

16.
Shakespearean comedy: //". 5. Charlton.P. 50.
1
IT. d^r^c^aeQ : jy^^/T ^ : ^o. ^, 3. S5). 74.75.

-
(o-S)

23.5.1948.

19.
Q U

si.

20. ^cv3*e^)O}r,c6D : i ; S$$(Qc5 :

oo>$^c6

21. ^j^c^boi..

. ">"> o a 6b 1940

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ar?5r^oO^, 1932

49 50
29. ^\o?T^ 3*fcoS&e :
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30. KAN YASULK.\M( \criiical Analysis) (^5)$. M. Y. Sas-

try, TRIVENI October 1939

St. /\S*o 00^^) io^o (^)^S)j*
/sr- r- 5, Sbai^^ cSToOSj^b. 3?5s5S 1958
\ ^

32. ^L-^D _ ^D^^C5b^^: -g ^;^CP^, s$>. 26

)
eso". cSiS. ^^o, ^. 34 .47

34. Social Parpo^e and Telugu Literature (^v) ; Buna V. Sab

rahmanyam, TRIVENI. October 1958

35.

^^arb 1962

36.
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40, &*& 32

Si. 62

42.
Shakespeare: Walter Raleigh, P. 131-132
4 .

1945
426

44.

uD as\)>Q 195G

45.
Theosophy : Annie Besant P. 9-15 9

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feeling and sensation and thought, not opposed but
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have a of many schools

brilliant(if plagiarist) review-synthesis
of thought, which were in many respects mutually incompati-
ble. The incompatibility is naver brought out; all views are
simply facets of the one divine mind. The best in each system
is derived, naturally, as from the high God.*.
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bluntly,
in seeming to
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characterizes the whole book, n
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Knowledge then seems to me to be nothing but the percep-

tion of the connection, and agreement, or disagreement, and

of our ideas. In this alone it consists. 19
repugnancy, of any

l)o, -tf, Stf <&* ^^01 es)c&U5rob^ ^oeo, o*, S'cco

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the thing as it really in itself is

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... His impression of the light thrown by physical and blolo

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often plays her most ruthless and destructive part in his works... 21

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Naturalism

But in bis later prose plays, the romantic trolls and

(Ibsen)
ghosts of his? earlier dramatic^ poems and PEER
like BRAND
GYNT back into the bourgeois drawing
- rooms; the
crept
Naturalist had been finally compelled to make cracks; in his
Ghosts mould.
(Oswald) AXEL'S CASTLE i Edmund Wilsons
 451

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... His impression of the

light thrown by physical and biolo
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one of the middle of the Nineteenth century. External nature
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But in his later prose plays, the romantic trolls and

ghosts of his
*
dramatic] poems
earlier BRAND and PEER like
GYNT back into the bourgeois drawing - rooms; the
crept
Naturalist had been finally compelled to make cracks; in his
mould.
AXEL'S CASTLE Edmund Wilsons :
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each against all) s&. n-oSoeTgo, Satoooo, tfrao, 3tf,

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i "25

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 co 457

SYMPOSIUM &o, clo^ VITA NUOVA &cO Sx

co

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S^^ jjSsS
^eo Sir
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(Godwin)

! j r *:> )co i

co

At the root of Buddhism, there is certainly a rigid metaphysi-

cal theory, but it is not this that has united people under its
458

'banner. Its friendship, its pityand mercy, and the universal love
'

preached by the Buddha have helped to remove barriers between

men and men. 27

tfStoofl

"3

8
(Parables )ba fi^<io dr^So^ (Sermons) ^
i

'b >

|1i)gX)otS)

Ww

Agape
Eros

We may understand erotic love as a reaching out to complete

one's expression of and response to a deep inner need,
self, in
and agapic love as a transcendent act of self - sacrifice, a love
more outgoing than outreaching, a love that gives with no
thought of getting, Eros may be absorbing, and may in mutua-
lity even ground the human community but eras inescapably
;

remains self - fulfilling* self - rewarding, self - possessive.

Sacrificial love, or agape; on the other hand, in Reinhold
Niebuhr's words :

"Completes the incompleteasss of natural love

 459

EROS, AGAPE o &#?o

(Plato) sfrtfsS ^sSboa cs) ,

(Shelley^)

(Inaginative^)

CO

NEW TESTAMENT ^ '

Lt>sSo
EROS- "13^*6^0-5*
&*

PHILIA- ^
AGAPE.

AGAPE.
. It springs from the need of the
other person-his^aeed for belonging to the'best in the human family,
It is love, seeking to preserve and create community. It is insistence

on community even when-one seeks to break it,

AGAPE <
460

A going out of our nature, and an identification of ourselves

with the beautiful which exists in thought, action or
person,
not our own.

Ib^por woaS StfS> s5Sb &otf

,
5)
^5?
A

name of that perfection called

In the end, for him, the truest
Intellectual Beauty, Liberty, spirit of Nature, is love. What
ever in the world has any worth is an
expression of love* Love
sometimes talks. Love talking musically is poetry. 29

$&* 6sS &$$ sS^oir SsSSb

of
(Life Life)

Much that he
would fain have destroyed, because be found It

customary, was solid, true and beneficial.30

- tomes of reasoned wrong, glazed on by

ignorance

the man remains

Sceptreless, free, uncircumscribed, but man
Equal, unclassed, tribeless and nationless,
Exempt from awe, worship, degree, the king
Over himself, just, gentle, wise.
 co 461

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Sj&ff 17, 1895 ; ft. 72

:">. tf. S5r. S^o; ft. 29

 467

3. Tbe Renaissance : Walter Pater, P. 17

4. The Intellectual in India : NiradC. Chaudhury, P. 43

6. ft. tf . Sfc. "3 :

HJ^ 5 1895 '

0_
7. ,, : so 2, 1895; S5).

: tt. CJ. ^* 113

srg.,

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12. s ddoeTcS. ^ ; s&- 117

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14. iSp^D 5, ^j. 46

15. The Story of Philosophy \Will Durant, P. 351-353

16. *& 13, ^). 95

17.
Myth and Reality : D. D. Kosambi, P. 16-17
18. ^-^o 12, Ss. 114.115

19. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding : John Loc

ke, cit. in The western Intellectual Tradition \P. 236

20. i~="-3 5, 3. 62

21. The quintessence of Ibsenism :

George Bernard Shaw
22. d e)^ ^^o : ft. er. S$r. S^o. s&. 40

23. ^otfrte3So< ;
tfcp^&Doeseo- ft. ^. S5^. &o ^ t|
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27. RASER DHARM A: Rabindranath Tagore Cit. in MODERN

INDIAN THOUGHT: V. S. Narvane, P. 71
2). Love : Plato, the Bible and Freud. Douglas N. Morgan,.
94-95
468 &
29. View of Poetry; DR A. C. Bradley in MODERN
Shelley's
ESSAYS IN CRITICIM, ED. A. N. Catrnerass, P. 167-170-171
80 *
Shelley : J. A. symonds, P. 42
31. fip^ 13, ft. 83

32, Lip^ 21

38. && 13, sS* 82

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Modernity is a question not of date but of outlook. 11

The 'modern' in world literature is simply that which appeals

in a troubled time to our troubled hearts. 12

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SSI
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(Goethe)

The true sage is rarer than the true poet and when the two ;

gifts, that of wisdom and that of poetic speech, are found ia

the
same mao, you have the great poet. It is poets of this kind who
belong, not merely to their own psople but to the world.
ON POETRY AND POETS, P. 207

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He was the leader of the anti-nautch movement.

cr
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The wayin which I did the work entrusted to me by that

gentleman
o soon endeared me to him, with the result that very
soon, I became at once his friend, companion, clerk and also
a member of his family.

3-d

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Polite Spoken Speech 5

Omissions
'Commissions e^ 5*5^0 Sfo"B) c>'o

I would have opened my purse strings and, have made glad

the heart of mataji nvahararii by
contributing largely to the funds
of the school.

033

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Magnificient disationists etfgto

All hail to you my country's faithful friends,

From Britain's isle, on which our ideal depends
494 o

And where you worked so well for Bharat-land,

That we can, sure, achieve a success so grand.
sSS&oo
. J lPOui> esdb "Suofc & Heroic Couplet

"ar cO

CO

1 love you and your friend as my country's hope, I love

you in special for your connection with Appa Row, cannot give I

you better proof than the trouble have taken in appraising your
I

work and the trouble I had taken in giving judgement.

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 495

People do not understand noble motives - you have bravely

exposed yourself to the misconstructions of ignorant and foolish
Ss
people who might say he goes to her because he loves the girl or
wants to profit himself by her or he wants to carry (curry ?) favour
of the Rajah."

ro eo

cp

saw the good points in R. S., but the bad points over-
I

weighed... Another turning point in my views. (During the last six

or seven years my reflectiveness and knowledge of life increased.
1 schooled myself to control (1) dislike, hatred, ill - will etc.,
and to be sympathetic - sympathy being the Sine Qua non of a
literary aspirant.) I came to con her views, her aims and her
- to take account of her training and early influences - ...
feelings

r?5 1911 3
Sjbff
Do not enter government you have a
service unless

god - The process of promotion is

father. painfully slow and
subordinater Rev. Service grinds all spirit and romance out ofa
nature like yours

oaoi&s ^os a^cspoe* ^43,

486 S tf d&

The book is neither fish nor flesh nor red herring, as the
trite saying goes.

sS>c6&

<0

It would have been historical material of

great value if he
had published all the historical portions of Telugu poems, and
Oriental scholars would have lain under great obligations to him
if he had translated them into English. He could have rendered
great service to the Telugu reading public, if he had given a choice
selection of extracts from classic writers, with a running analysis
of the plots of the poems, to help to a proper appreciation of the
extracts,

O n .,.,..

3c33bgrfo

1 $0go&o
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The Gramya Controversy

ro

Q
498

Fort Vizianagaram,

Dear friend,

Many thanks for your kind note of the 19th instant. I am

sorry to learn that you resigned the secretaryship of the T, A.
I am glad to learn that your health has improved.

I shall feel obliged if you can furnish me a brief note

on the admissibility of o>tfo> and the laws which do or should
govern it.

With kind regards,

I remain,

Yours sincerely,

G. V. APPA RAO
 co 499

2nd June, 1912.

Dear and respected friend,

was very much gratified when you told me at the Madras

I

Conference that you went with me a long way though you differed
with me on some points. Though there may be difference of

opinion on the practical solution of prose diction, it would be

impossible for us to differ on questions of authority. We go to the
same original sources. That is why I admire you. You generally
exhaust any subject which you discuss. But I can not say the same

thing of Pandits generally. Judgements are, in their case, a

matter purely of sentiment, and they do not take the trouble to

examine the genuine Sanskrit tradition. I was amused to read in
Z^&r^ ( 's paper) a sentence whose meaning I put into

English.

"Oneor two persons advocated the use of \r?^i in Dramas,

but Pandits have condemned the practice." Where are the Pandits,
I should like to see them. Of the persons who assembled at

Pachayappa's I wonder how many deserve that name.

It appears you spoke at length at the Nidadavolu Confe-

rence. I am anxious to learn what you said, at least your Chief

arguments and general conclusions. Unfortunately your speeches

are not reported in the Madras Papers. Only o|^o53"3 gave a

report of the meeting at which you spoke of

^o. The one or two
sentences in which your views were given, were written in a Telugu
which I did not understand.* I shall feel obliged if you publish
your Nidadavolu speech in some Telugu weekly
at least the

gist of it. I value your opinions highly. Sir, please take time for

my sake and the sake of Telugu and write me briefly what your
to

views are, how far we concur, and where we differ.

Your very sincerely,

G. V. APPA RAO t

o 3
500 & #* & d$> o

P. S.

2nd June, 1911.

Dear and respected friend,

In continuation of my letter of this morning :

Which prose works and poems of the present day do you

offer as standards? May we take your q?
c$55^tftfsia as a

standard ? and your dramatic verse for poetry, say Us ha 1

How far have you deviated from the rules and precedents
of the language of the older poets ? What is your test of
correctness ? Do you think it possible, I mean, is it a practical

measure, to secure a fairly common standard of correctness

among prose writers ? What is your opinion of the solution of

Mr. Veeresalingam Pantulu of a prose diction for Telugu ? Do his
followers follow any intelligble, fairly uniform standard?
Granting that to scholars accustomed to literary forms, serious
writing in the spoken dialect sounds undignified, does not the
popular prose of the present day with Veeresalingam at its head,
offend the sense of propriety of both the Pandit and the western
*
scholar ?

Yours very sincerely,

G. V, APPA R AO,
 s> co 501

12th June, 1912.

Dear friend,

Please accept my sincere thanks for your kind note of the

9th inst. I have the first edition of Kathasaritsagara at home.
Please order your publisher to send me a copy of the new edition
when it is out, by V. P. P. I have not yet received the booklet
which you promised to send as a specimen.

Your remarks about yourself show your modesty. None

of us can altogether shake off the habits and sentiments of a life

you who combine real scholarship

time, but original thinkers like
with literary power are able to chalk out new paths to meet
new conditions and to save the literature from stagnation. So
I want to study your writings. Your poetry is quite in the

grammar and diction of the old poets. In prose you have certainly
deviated, but what I fail to understand is how you can make
common cause with persons like Mr. Vavilakolanu Subba Rao who
takes on the one hand an extreme position in prose and reflects a
decadent taste in poetry and with writers of the Viresalingam
School on the other from whom there is greater danger to the

old literary dialect than from persons who advocate cultivation of

of spoken dialects. I think as a leader it is your duty to examine

the merits and defects of the school of prose which is in greater

vogue than the classical style that you advocate.

await with interest your pamphlet on *

I Gramya ... I hope
you have recovered from the fatigue of the journey to Nidadavolu.

Yours very sincerely,

G. V. APPA RAO.
502

P. S,

I just now received your pamphlet. Please accept my best

thanks for it. I wanted to read the best presentation of the

opposite views. I shall try tomeet your objections. We differ
little on questions of authority. I am afraid 1 did not make myself

sufficiently intelligible at the conference.

You meet contentions

in a shape in which I did not raise them.

I admire you for many things especially for the atmosphere

of historical romance and literary patriotism with which you have

developed the story of Prataparudra. Perhaps those times were

as prosaic as ours as all present is for a present generation, but

you have succeeded in idealising characters and institutions. Few

so-called critics understand the merits of the Telugu criticsdrama.
grovel in the mud of grammatical
accuracy and the minutae of
articifical art. Admiring you as I do, I should be loth to cross
swords with you. But you have left us no alternative. Therefore
I crave your permission, as Pandavas craved that of Bhishma.
If I succeed in convincing you even to less than least extent, it can

only be with your help.

With kind regards,

I remain,

Yours sincerely,

G, V, APPA RAO.
 60S

The Highlands
COON O OR,
8th Jan., 1914.

Dear friend,

I am glad you passed one more student. How happy he

must feel ! We had to send away the B. A. text lists at once.

We did not prescribe any prose. Texts for the other examinations

will be settled latter on. For intermediate (I) propose your

D >
3 rr cOotfsfc> and &. Also Harischandra Dvipada. About non-

detailed study for intermediate Venkataranga Rao and myself

could not agree. Please send me at your earliest convenience

a copy of your prose Dasakumara Charitha and any other prose

work except

I have to ask you one question. You used in your plays

various class dialects on the ground of TOl?gSfc>. Why did you

omit the best of them, L e. the language of the cultured Brahmins 1

Is there no use for it anywhere ? Does not the same ^g^

of a certain social status should use it ?
require that the characters

health.
I hope you are keeping excellent

Yours very sincerely,

G. V. APPA RAO.

is also

prescribed for F. A.
504 cS> o

Confidential.
The Highlands
~BMOT -
C O O N O O R,
9th May, 1914.

Dear and respected friend,

Since arriving here I have been busy valuing the M. A
answer books. I had to value S. S. L. C. Composition papers.
So I had to keep the Af. A. Papers to the last. Mr. Ramayya has
notified that he will hold the meeting of examiners in Madras
on the 21st inst. But I should be glad to avoid a journey to and
fro. Travel in summer between Ooty and Madras is always
unpleasant. The cars will be crammed in May and the confusion
Mettapoliam and the heat one must only experience
at to realise.

So, I proposed to Mr. Ramayya to pass the results by circulation,

so far at least as 1 am concerned. He wired back to say that such a
course was impossible. You sent in your results, and Mr. Ramayya
can send the results to me so that I may help any deserving
lame duck over stile (to use a metaphor employed by a judge of the
High Court when speaking to the late V, Kdshnaswami Iyer about
the bad results of the apprentices examination.) The marks which
I assigned toany deserving candidate cannot be raised without my
approval. And then there is the difficulty about the valuation of
dissertations. It was a mistake to have divided the valuation of
dissertation between three examiners. All the dissertations must be
examined by only two examiners, to secure uniformity of
valuation - You and I or Mr. Ramayya and either of us. Since
that is not to be, I shall tell you my views. Out of the 9 candi-
dates, you may pass 8
- You told me, If 1 remember rightly, that
one or two failed in your subjects. The same was the case in mine.
Two or three students have good knowledge of grammar - one of
them did splendidly. Two or three students have poor knowledge
of grammar - one is very poor. His c& and cS augments beat
record. Wrong use of these augments is found in other papers,
too, but the candidates in the latter case show ability in other
directions and even critical acumen. Barring that one student,
I may be passed. This is the last year for M. A.,
think the others
and no college is affiliated for Honours in Telugu, we shall
since
have to wait long for the next batch.

I shall return to Madras when the monsoon sets in. I shall

stay for a month and enjoy the pleasure of your company.

Yours Sincerely,
<n

G. V. APPA RAO.
 oO

* The Highlands,
_^_^
Confidential
COO N OO R,

18th May, 1914.

Dear friend,

Many thanks for your kind letter of the 16th inst. I am

sure you will excuse me if I have decided not to attend the meeting.
No doubt, the fate of poor candidates may depend on a few marks
and when they are deserving, all, the examiner may have to help

them a bit. Otherwise they may fail. That is the one conside-

favour of to Madras to attend the meeting.

ration in my going
But you must excuse me when selfishness points the other ways.
For the first few days after arrival on the hills one undergoes
a process of acclimatisation. If one goes back to Madras after
I can
a fortnight's stay, the benefit of that stay is wiped out.
I was
leave the case of the candidates very safely in your hands.

long a teacher. I started life as a teacher. I loved my boys.

I know you love them too. You have an enthusiastic following.

It would be presumptuous on my part to preach consideration

to you.

no doubt, very desirable that candidates for M. A*

It is,

should possess a good knowledge of grammar, at least a good

knowledge of it. But in the vast majority of cases
practical
and not
grammar is learnt by an extensive study of good literature

rules. From the infant standard

by a process of getting up
read Telugu prose whose chief characteristic
upwards our students
if I may use the word. How can we expect
is ungrammaticality,
of grammar from our students?
a high standard of knowledge
The real culprits are bad prose writers, whom poor examiners
cannot reach and punish. This reminds me of the necessity to

&. 215,219
33
808
^

recommend as text books good prose works written correctly by

real scholars. It appears that Mr. R, K. Pillai proposes to hold
a meeting of the Board of Studies for recommending the text books
on the 20th instant. I had no notice and I asked him to postpone
the meeting to some day in July. If he accedes to my request

I should trouble you to send me a batch of your prose works,

I know your dramas and can recommend

them. But in respect of
which arc too amorous.
prose we must omit portions (After ?)

I hear Mr. Pillai, I (shall write?) to you. 1 have your

Harischandra Dvipada with me and your Naishadham. I did not

bring your other works and editions.

To return to the M. A. results, Ihope you will excuse me

if I do not attend the meeting. I am sure yourself and Mr. Ramayya
will show the candidates all possible consideration.

I hope you are keeping excellent health.

Yours very sincerely,

G. V. APPA RAO.
 Q <s> 507
-W>

Confidential. Admiralty House,

Mylapore,
17th July, 1914.
Dear friend,

I owe you an apology for delay in answering your last letter

and for not having seen you yet. Until three days back it was
very hot in Madras and a journey to Mallikeswara Street was out
of the question. Before I leave Madras, I shall see you and spend
an hour or two in your pleasant company. I have recommended a
good part of your wo^# tf^go^ptf tfd^&> for the Intermediate
Examination and at the suggestion of Mr. Venkata Ranga Rao
for Matric.

I wish we had more of your prose books - your

is full of love intrigues. Nor is Dasakumara free. Why
don't you give your imagination full play as in
(jSc5*sScb|^c^s5b
and write some prose stories ? or even adaptations from the
Puranas.

I could have prescribed your prose with an easy conscience

ifyou had dropped o> or used it more sparingly and with some
method. I like your $$ gb^rtf style better than your $"3d5^tftf
style.

About your projected play on the siege of Bobbili - it is a

I hope you have not said anything
pity you did not complete it.
derogatory to Vizianagaram. I have got much material for a
history of the period, and I shall gladly place it at your disposal,
if you complete the play. That material will prove that
will
Viziaram Raj was a patriot. He wanted to drive the French out
of the Circars and asked Bobbili to cooperate. Bobbili did not.

I have a personal favour to ask of you. Please attend the

meeting of the academy Senate tomorrow evening at 4 P. M.
I want to propose a division of work and responsibility.

Yours very sincerely,

G. V. APPA RAO,
Mr. Ramayya - Derivation
Yourself - the vocabulary of the classics
Mr. G, V. Ramamurti-spoken Telugu
pach to have a separate establishment and remuneration^
508

II.

THE HINDU
1
February, 1911.

Ait Undeciphered Inscription

aiaiiaiMmitiM.iiMlMilpMnaiiMmi^^

Sir,
In a letter under the above heading published in your issue
of the 26th inst, Mr. D. V. Prakasa Row asks for information
about a grant of the Eastern Chalukya King Vishnuvardhana V
(A. D. 843-844) published by Dr. Burgess and Pandit Natesa Sastri
in Vol. IV of the Archaeological survey of India. The inscription
was published by Dr. Fleet in Vol. XIII of the "Indian Antiquary '. 1

Impressions of the plates will be found facing page 86. The

donative part of the inscription is in Tclugu of which Dr. Fleet
could not obtain a translation for obvious reasons. What Dr. Fleet
could make of it, will be found in his paper on Eastern Chalukya
Chronology (Indian Antiquary" Vol. P. 102), XX
intend dealing I.

with that inscription in a series of articles in Telugu which I am

contributing to the columns of the KRISHNA PATRIKA,
Masula. The second article deals with the date of Yuddhamalla
inscription at Bezwada, and 1 think that there can be little room for
doubt as to its priority to Ramayya Bhatta. * [ do not
quite
understand what Mr. Prakasa Row means by "a recognised
Telugu
language prior to Ramayya Bhatta". Does he mean " a Telugu
literary dialect"? If so, certainly, there was. The Bezwada
inscription of Yuddhamalla furnishes forms which are not to be
found in Ramayya Bhatta, and if we go farther back to the
Chalukya inscription which is puzzling Mr. Prakasa Row, and
similar but shorter records, we shall have to admit that like
Canarese, Telugu had older literary dialects. The true significance
of this fact does not lie in its
bearing on academic discussions
on the position of the first poet whose work is extant but in the
light which it throws on the history of South Indian Literary
dialect and on the question of the formation of a
popular Literary
dialectical Telugu.

Fort, Vizianagaram, G. V. APPA ROW.

January, 28.

tf,e5. 193.109
 eo 509
<>J

[The Gramya Controversy ^ ^cS^oS"

6
1912

... The general complaint is spoken Telugu is not

that

grammatical. To prove this writers misquote and misapply standard

authors. If spoken Telugu is not grammatical it is the fault

of the grammarians : rules of grammar have no value except

as statements of fact :
respectable expressions can never be

ungrammatical if in general use. ...

... The old literary dialect in Telugu corresponds more or

less to Chaucer's English and it would be as absurd to write in
this dialect in the 20th century as it would be if an English
writer of the present Century were to adopt the language of
chaucer. In fact, the spoken and written dialects in Telugu are
two different languages practically. Owing to this Telugu literature
is stunted and few educated Indians care to write books in Telugu.
The contest in Telugu is between a dead dialect and a living dialect
and if the educated classes of the Telugu people would be impartial
and rational they should prefer the latter. ...
510

III 3CP}^ & ^ebo) Dramatic Opinions & Critical Essays

How to manage the introduction of the story and the

characters in the opening of a play without giving explanations?

In the case of popular stories, a Dramatic author has an advantage

and this accounts for the superior technique of
probably
Shakespeare.

The devices which may help a dramatist arc, the construc-

tion of the past by relevant statements which characters speak with

sincerity, because they believe in these statements or because the

statements affect them. Statements should describe the past in

brief but clear allusions. Incidents of the past should be such as

effect (ing) the present and future. The drama should open with
sincerity, conviction and action. The essential characters should
be brought out by bold touches. The significance of incidents in the

plot scheme should be apparent. Contrasts help to (bring out)

boldness of outline. The motives should be felt in every word
and act.

One school of dramatists in Telugu develop (the) moral

artificially ;
no note of sincerity.

Much of modern Telugu drama is independent of the stage.

That is, it is not meant for acting. This is an advantage on the
.
side of literature but no siich ^vantage is
(traceable?) ff

^Incomplete)
 00 Q 0.) *
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1909.

1909.

The Prabandham Pedigrees *** 1910 tfcptf 1912

* * * *
Annals of Handeh : Anantapuram 1913 - 14.

\3&t&$ $ The Telugu Literary

:

Society, Vizianagaram.

. 1920.

Minute of Dissent to the\ \

- V
Telugu
1,
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Committee
Composition Sub
-D^M* IOTA
Report 1914.
(
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 517

cCu e> &' a* aj -

1982.

1. 3, tf&s?*3 1963
o

, 1968.

Life and Greatness of Gurajada

Peri Suryanarayana, B. A. L. T. 1968

Vijnana Sahiti Publications,

Vijayawada,

A critical estimate of Sri Gurajada Venkata Appa Rao's works

Peri Suryanarayana, B A. L. T. 1968

Vijnana Sahiti Publications,

Vijayawada.

IV OD Z? c? co

o 5? co

1927

ea

&. 5". "35,

**
518 dt& o

* : Z- N. Petrunicheva. 1962

Eastern Literature Publishing House, Moscow.

:
S. N. Jayanty, 1964
(90A& es&sy^o)
Gurazada Memorial Research Centre, HYDERABAD*

Strings of Pearls or Hal ley's Comet R. Appalaswamy

Purnamma
Desabhakti Sri Sri

Srinivas Rayaprol
Muralidhar
I rose and fell Sri Sri

Bon Jour Bon Voyage

1944
ro

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1945

1956

* &a GURAJADA APPARAO-SELECTED WORKS

.

** UNILIT: HOMAGETOGURAZA.DA
 519

Indian Express 1962 21.

1962 1o 22,

1962
J

1962

r6ou)5" 1963

o > $' 1963

/ Homage to Gurazada 1963.

Delhi. 1963.
Mahakavi Gurazada Centenary Souvenir,

VI foiJ'sf ^
A.

c-es 1992 &I

**

1933

Reminisceaces of a great Telugu Writer

Lore Apparao Pantulu :

O. M. Subrahmanyam.
1936 i Lo^5 29.

***

1941

S
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**

***
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Gumzada (Traditional Indian culture and other Essays)

V. R. Narla, 1969.

B.
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New currents in Telugu song ; P. Seshadri.

EDUCATIONAL REVIEW, MADRAS 1913 July,

1933

5
, 1949

,
1955

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1897 elSsSd 21

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1897 r6 17
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1933
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1939

KANYASULKAM: A critical Analysis : S. M. Y. Sastry

TRIVENI 1939.

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Social Purpose in Telugu Literature : Burra V. Subrahmanyaiu

(TRIVENI) 1958
 523

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Yin ^srS^^^oo (1910.1914)

o&jjcStffcoS^o 1910

^)^?5d3bgo7?Cb
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Modern Telugu prose : A Review, V. Subbarao 1911

or Death ; A Plea for Vernaculars
P. T. Srinivasa Aiyangar 1912?
Memorandum on Modern Telugu ,. 1912

1912

A memorandum on Modern Teluu : G. V. Ramamurti 1913

1913

Gramya Controversy : Ed, P. Surisastry 1913

A Defence of Literary Telugu : J. Ramayya pantulu 1913

r02?ai?CUJrO & O & C3* C& c&O : ft&^> 'SoStoO'&SSKP 6 1914

Modern Telugu : wo^^^c sSotf&S' ^sSpes^ 1914

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1914
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5 ,

Minute of Dissent to the

Report]
o?/ the Teluu
Telugu comosition
composition sub
- > G. V. Appa rao 1914
committee ; J

University of Madras ; Report of the Intermediate Telugu

composition committee together with a Minute of Dissent 1914
there to signed by four members and remarks .thereon by
Mr G. V. Appa Row.
 1563
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