INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS

Tutora: Viviana Andrea Ospina

Students:

Ligia Yadira Dueñas

Laura Carolina Benavides Orduz

Jorge Eliecer Delgado

Group: 518017_4

Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias de la Educación

Lic. Lenguas extranjeras con enfasis en ingles

Curso: introduction to linguistics

Zipaquira, 10/03/2020

PHRASE
If we could embrace the sum of
words-images stored in the minds of
all people, we could identify the social
bond that constitutes language. It is a
warehouse filled by the members of a
given community through its active
use of speaking, a grammatical
system that has a potential existence
in each brain, or, specifically, in the
brains of a group of individuals. By
language it is not complete on any
speaker; there is perfection only
within a collective.
It seems clear that linguistic
competence - the knowledge of a
language - must be considered as an
abstract underlying behavior system,
a system consisting of rules that
interact to determine the intrinsic
form and meaning of a potentially
infinite number of sentences.
Every text - that is, everything that is
said or written - is developed in a
1. Exercise 1.4 in page 13
Ligia Yadira dueñas
AUTOR
Ferdinand de Saussure
Ferdinand de Saussure
Noam Chomsky
MY ANSWER
I can understand that it was
important for Fernando to relate
linguistics to the things you already
knew and this resulted in sign
language, something we know is
clear with a name and so we relate to
an end. This teaches us that in our
work as an educator we can teach a
new language based on countless
signs.
I can understand that it was
important for Fernando to relate
linguistics to the things you already
knew and this resulted in sign
language, something we know is
clear with a name and so we relate to
an end. This teaches us that in our
work as an educator we can teach a
new language based on countless
signs.
The language we acquire as a mother
tongue allows us to have ideas,
context of use; On the other hand, emotions, feelings and this helps to
they are the uses of the language that, improve the development of society,
for tens of miles of generations, have each time evolving as there are
shaped the system. Language has multiple varieties of languages in
evolved to meet human needs; and each part of the world
the way it is organized is functional
with respect to these needs. '
Linguistic theory mainly deals with Michael Halliday.
an ideal speaker-listener in a 'It tells us that linguistics is
completely homogeneous speaking developed according to the
community, who knows his language environment in which it is located,
perfectly and is not affected by where ideas can be generated and
grammatically irrelevant stories such transformed into something personal
as memory limitations, distractions, as everyone recognizes it and this
attention shifts and interest , errors ends in another text.
(random or characteristic) in the
application of their knowledge of the
language in real performance '.
‘Language is a system of
interdependent terms in which the
value of each term results solely from
the simultaneous presence of the
others …[for example]. To determine
what a five-franc piece is worth one
most know: (1) that it can be
exchanged for a fixed quantity of a
different thing, e.g. bread; and (2)
that it can be compared with a
similar value of
the same system, e.g. a one-franc
piece, or with coins of another system
(a dollar, etc.). In the same way a
word can be exchanged for something
dissimilar, an idea; besides, it can be
compared with something of the same
nature, another word. Its value is
therefore not fixed so long as one
simply states that it can be
‘exchanged’ for a given concept.’
Language 'spoken and written, then Noam Chomsky The language we acquire as a mother
difficulties in showing different types tongue allows us to have ideas,
of complexity; Each of them is more emotions, feelings and this helps to
complex in its own way. The written improve the development of society,
language to be seen lexical but each time evolving as there are
grammatically simple lexicon; multiple varieties of languages in
Spoken language to be grammatically each part of the world
intricate but scarce lexical '...' The
value of having some explicit
knowledge of the grammar of written
language is that you can use this
knowledge, not only to analyze the
texts, but as a critical resource for
asking questions about from them.

LAURA CAROLINA BENAVIDES ORDUZ

PHRASE AUTOR MY ANSWER
‘If we could embrace the sum of word-
images stored in the minds of all
individuals, we could identify the social
bond that constitutes language. It is a
storehouse filled by the members of a given
community through their active use of
speaking, a grammatical system that has a
potential existence in each brain, or,
specifically, in the brains of a group of
individuals. For language is not complete in
any speaker; it exists perfectly only within
a collectivity.’
‘It seems clear that we must regard
linguistic competence – knowledge of a
language – as an abstract system
underlying behavior, a system constituted
by rules that interact to determine the form
and intrinsic meaning of a potentially
infinite number of sentences.’
‘Every text – that is, everything that is said
or written – unfolds in some context of use;
furthermore, it is the uses of language that,
over tens of thousands of generations, have
shaped the system. Language has evolved
to satisfy human needs; and the way it is
organized is functional with respect to
these needs.’
‘Linguistic theory is concerned primarily
with an ideal speaker-hearer, in a
completely homogeneous speech
community, who knows its language
Ferdinand de Saussure Ferdinand says that we already have a
knowledge that simplifies the lack of it,
as when making the union of letters and
sounds to form a word and it is he who
speaks about language as a collective
product.
Ferdinand de Saussure Ferdinand says that we already have a
knowledge that simplifies the lack of it,
as when making the union of letters and
sounds to form a word and it is he who
speaks about language as a collective
product.
Noam Chomsky Chomsky expresses to us the I-
LANGUAGE and the E-LANGUAGE
which works as internal (I) and it is the
one we have since childhood and the
external (E) that we learn or drive away
from our mother tongue and this is
usually more used in informal
conversations
Michael Halliday. Halliday His explanation is based on
persecution when we are native and
when we are not. This is understood
when he taught and learned Chinese.
perfectly and is unaffected by such Depending on the environment we
grammatically irrelevant conditions as handle a language, expressions, etc and
memory limitations, distractions, shifts of make it something of our own.
attention and interest, errors (random or
characteristic) in applying his knowledge of
the language in actual performance.’
‘Language is a system of interdependent Michael Halliday. Halliday His explanation is based on
terms in which the value of each term persecution when we are native and
results solely from the simultaneous when we are not. This is understood
presence of the others …[for example]. To when he taught and learned Chinese.
determine what a five-franc piece is worth Depending on the environment we
one most know: (1) that it can be handle a language, expressions, etc and
exchanged for a fixed quantity of a make it something of our own.
different thing, e.g. bread; and (2) that it
can be compared with a similar value of
the same system, e.g. a one-franc piece, or
with coins of another system (a dollar, etc.).
In the same way a word can be exchanged
for something dissimilar, an idea; besides,
it can be compared with something of the
same nature, another word. Its value is
therefore not fixed so long as one simply
states that it can be ‘exchanged’ for a given
concept.’
‘Spoken and written language, then, tend Noam Chomsky Chomsky expresses to us the I-
to display different KINDS of complexity; LANGUAGE and the E-LANGUAGE
each of them is more complex in its own which works as internal (I) and it is the
way. Written language tends to be lexically one we have since childhood and the
dense but grammatically simple; spoken external (E) that we learn or drive away
language tends to be grammatically from our mother tongue and this is
intricate but lexically sparse’ … ‘The value usually more used in informal
of having some explicit knowledge of the conversations
grammar of written language is that you
can use this knowledge, not only to analyze
the texts, but as a critical resource for
asking questions about them.’

JORGE ELIECER DELGADO

PHRASE AUTOR MY ANSWER
‘If we could embrace the sum of word- Ferdinand de Saussure This phrase belongs to Ferdinand de
images stored in the minds of all Saussure, and I think about it that we
individuals, we could identify the social have many images on our mind and we
bond that constitutes language. It is a can´t know how to explain with words
storehouse filled by the members of a given what we have in this moment in our
community through their active use of
speaking, a grammatical system that has a
potential existence in each brain, or,
specifically, in the brains of a group of
individuals. For language is not complete in
any speaker; it exists perfectly only within
a collectivity.’
‘It seems clear that we must regard
linguistic competence – knowledge of a
language – as an abstract system
underlying behavior, a system constituted
by rules that interact to determine the form
and intrinsic meaning of a potentially
infinite number of sentences.’
‘Every text – that is, everything that is said
or written – unfolds in some context of use;
furthermore, it is the uses of language that,
over tens of thousands of generations, have
shaped the system. Language has evolved
to satisfy human needs; and the way it is
organized is functional with respect to
these needs.’
‘Linguistic theory is concerned primarily
with an ideal speaker-hearer, in a
mind. we must look for the appropiated
words to explain what we want to
express. my motivation in this response
is becasue this charactere said that
existed a number of grammars of
different languages, describing their
pronunciations, rules for forming words
(e.g. noun and verb declensions) and
sentences, and vocabularies, often to
aid those wishing to learn another
language (perhaps for commercial
and/or scholarly purposes) or for
translation of documents and literary
texts
Ferdinand de Saussure I think this phrase is about the way that
we must communicate with other
people, about the words that we must
use to be undersatable for the listener,
when we are teacher, we must use de
appropiated words in order to get the
knowledge of our students.
Noam Chomsky The author in this phrase means that we
must be clear about the context in
which we want to speak, when we write
a text, it must have a lot of coherence,
because at the time to express in a
speaking way, it is very important to
have a context.
Michael Halliday The author of this phrase belongs to
Michael Halliday, He says on this
completely homogeneous speech phrase when we are native people, we
community, who knows its language understand perfectly what a person who
perfectly and is unaffected by such is non native person try to say or
grammatically irrelevant conditions as express, for example some north
memory limitations, distractions, shifts of american people don´t speak perfectly
attention and interest, errors (random or spanish, so we can understand them
characteristic) in applying his knowledge of because we already know about our
the language in actual performance.’ language, it is the same when we try to
speak english, they try to understan
about, in fact, they sometimes correct
us in the grammar,
‘Language is a system of interdependent Michael Halliday I think Halliday try to say that language
terms in which the value of each term in this view needs to take into account
results solely from the simultaneous the context for which language is used.
presence of the others …[for example]. To
determine what a five-franc piece is worth
one most know: (1) that it can be
exchanged for a fixed quantity of a
different thing, e.g. bread; and (2) that it
can be compared with a similar value of
the same system, e.g. a one-franc piece, or
with coins of another system (a dollar, etc.).
In the same way a word can be exchanged
for something dissimilar, an idea; besides,
it can be compared with something of the
same nature, another word. Its value is
therefore not fixed so long as one simply
states that it can be ‘exchanged’ for a given
concept.’
‘Spoken and written language, then, tend
to display different KINDS of complexity;
each of them is more complex in its own
way. Written language tends to be lexically
dense but grammatically simple; spoken
language tends to be grammatically
intricate but lexically sparse’ … ‘The value
of having some explicit knowledge of the
grammar of written language is that you
can use this knowledge, not only to analyze
the texts, but as a critical resource for
asking questions about them.’

2. Based on the second text ‘Linguistics’ in “Bauer, Laurie; The Linguistic Student's
Handbook” Answer the following question: why is Linguistics definitely considered
a science? In your answer, involve the other language areas such as semiotics,
philology and literature.

Answers:
LIGIA YADIRA DUEÑAS: According to Bauer 2004 for the formation of words 2
functions are needed, enrichment of the lexicon that denotes new and relevant
concepts, transposition of the lexemes this so that a grammatical category has a
meaning but that at the same time fulfills other functions in the sentence.

The morphology is linked to the semiotics since it is the same reading that is carried
not only of words but of signs is flexible and is described as the area that studies the
different forms of a word that are determined by the syntax.
Therefore, it has also been described how philology is part of the grammar process
where the meaning of the language and literature of different people or groups
where they have been produced for the knowledge of others is sought.
 LAURA CAROLINA BENAVIDES ORDUZ
It is considered a science by how it can be broken down, this as is the accent,
grammar, etc and this being something of its own to use and analyze in every
language spoken in the world. Also, linguistics receives changes and research
almost often, so it becomes a science, taking into account that science is the set of
knowledge obtained through observation and reasoning from which general
principles and laws are deduced, as in this case, its study of how to write is
pronounced is perceived, etc.

JORGE ELIECER DELGADO

I think the linguistic is considered a science because all the linguits are scientis who
apply scientits methods to the questions about the nature. Besides this, the
lingiuistic studies the structure of natural languages, the methods and the knowledge
of nowadays.

3. The concept of ‘double articulation’ is a classic one at identifying language, please,

explain it, and give examples.

Answers;
LIGIA YADIRA DUEÑAS Double articulation is common in all languages, this
speaks about linguistic signs and breaks down into two units, with meaning
(monemos) and without meaning (phonemes).

Thanks to this we can communicate verbally

Example monemos

the cat play/s with the chil/dren

Example phonemes

t/h/e + c/a/t + p/l/a/y/s + w/i/t/h + t/h/e + c/h/i/l/d/r/e/n

LAURA CAROLINA BENAVIDES ORDUZ

The double articulation is a linguistic feature that consists in the decomposition of
the linguistic sign with meaning (monemas) and without meaning (phonemes), it is
also a characteristic common to all languages due to which every linguistic sign is
articulated in these 2 levels (the of meanings and that of signifiers)

The momenas are formed by signs with meanings that articulate with other signs of
the tongue to form a language. Example El + perr / o + jug / aba + con + la + niñ /
ita (Syllables)
Phonemes are meaningless units that articulate with each other to form signs or
words in Spanish there are 22 phonemes. ( letter by letter ) E/L + P/E/R/R/O +
J/U/G/A/B/A + C/O/N + L/A + N/I/Ñ/I/T/A

JORGE ELIECER DELGADO

It is classsified in two levels:

the first one is conformed by the monemas and the other one is conformed by the
single sounds which lack meanings and take parts of the first level.
In addition to the phonemes, the acent and intination also hace capacity to
differenciate meanings, for example it occurs in read /rid/ in present and read /red/i
n past.
 In English we have several confused words because of the similar pronunciation,
and the students are used to pronouncing in a wrong way, for example:

wheh the want to say: sheep, or ship, they must take into account that the correct
pronunciation is /i:/ and ship /i/.
Some verbs are adjectives or nouns depending on the pronunciation in english; for
example
correct (adjective) correct (verb), offer (oferta) offer (ofrecer).
English phonetic is very important at the time to speak using the international
phonetic alphabet.
It happens too in other languages; in Spanish, we have the homophones words
which have differet writing but the same pronunciation.for example: arrollo (del
verbo arrollar and arroyo (rio pequeño).

4. Human language is different from other semiotic systems, explain at least three
characteristics, that according to Linguistics, are unique to human language ( give
references).

Answers:

LIGIA YADIRA DUEÑAS

Lenguaje de transmision cultural:

Se dice que no se herada, pero si se pasa de generacion en generacion, donde se
adquiere tonalidades particulares desde la lengua materna, que tambien se aprende
desde el ejemplo de escucharlo se educa para producirlo

The double articulation language.

Phonemes that unite form an infinity of combinations and new expressions that the
human being can relate to what he knows and unites what he receives with new
phonemes that give new combinations.
Auditory vocal language:
Human language, the word speaks where sounds are emitted and received that are
accompanied by gestural signs, to establish communication.

Language of cultural transmission:

It is said that it does not freeze, but if it is passed from generation to generation,
where particular tones of the mother tongue are acquired, which are also learned
from the example of listening, it is educated to produce it.

http://porloscodos.com/2014/11/10/propiedades-del-lenguaje-humano/
https://sites.google.com/site/sintagmanominal/propiedades-del-lenguaje-humano

LAURA CAROLINA BENAVIDES ORDUZ

Discreet character:
Within the variety of sounds capable of being emitted by the human sound system,
the interpretation made by the speakers of it is based on a distinction of different
and differentiated categories, that is, in the linguistic plane, we distinguish the
sounds into units - the phonemes - that oppose clearly, discreetly and not gradually.
Each language selects a subset of sounds within the sound plane and establishes the
categorical differences between them, establishing its inventory of discrete units.
 The sounds that remain outside the phonic inventory of each language, although
they are perceived by the senses, are silenced as a categorical element, that is, we
listen to them but they do not transmit information to us.

Displacement:
With language, we can refer to distant concepts and events in the space-time planes,
consequently, we can communicate about elements that are not present either
temporarily or spatially. Silence implies a here and now so there cannot be space-
time displacement in it.

Productivity:
The grammatical repertoire of each language allows the potentially infinite
construction of linguistic structures of varying length and complexity. Also,
languages allow the construction and derivation of new semantic structures, which
will become part of the lexical catalog of that language. That is, the productive
capacity of languages through a limited grammatical inventory is infinite. Silence in
its unproductivity can, in turn, be a non-productive way of producing, that is,
silence can be used as a significant element of non-productivity.

Caballero,L(10-11-2014),Propiedades del lenguaje humano. Por los codos. Recuperado

de:http://porloscodos.com/2014/11/10/propiedades-del-lenguaje-humano/

JORGE ELIECER DELGADO

The language with signals:

It is a natural language of expression and gesture - spatial configuratiion and vosual

perception or even tactile by certain people with deafblindness.

The arbitrary language:

The language itself is arbitrary, since the association between certain symbols, sounds on
the hand and certain or ideas, does not have necessary relationship but arises from the
practice and social conventions that an vary between groups or societies.

Formal languages:

There is a particular class of languages called formal languages, which are composed of
primitive symbols and formar rules whose relationships are strictly specified, such as logic,
mathematics and programming languages.

http://www.caracteristicas.co/lenguaje/#ixzz6G7N0Zj95

LINK MAGAZINE:

https://www.flipsnack.com/Lauralu01profile/revista-magazine.html

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 An Introduction to Linguistics and Language Studies” pages 1-13, by McCabe A

 “Linguistics”; and also, read the document ‘Linguistics’ by Bauer, Laurie. Pages 10-
18,