SERIES SOLUTION NEAR REGULAR SINGULAR POINTS (CASE 2)

Example: (Example 1.16 page 38)

Solve xy   y   4 y  0 near regular singular point x  0 .

Solution:

 Determine x  0 is a regular singular point.

P x   x
when x  0 , then P0  0 . Remember!

Since both limits exist, then x  0 is a regular singular point.

Noor Azizah Mazeni Page 1

  Let

 Substitute y, y  and y  into differential equation.

  
x n  r (n  r  1)an x n r 2   n  r a n x n r 1  4 a n1 x n r 1  0
n 0 n 0 n 1

 Equate to the smallest power of x ( x n r 1 ).

 

 n  r (n  r  1)  n  r an x nr 1   4an1 x nr 1  0

n 0 n 1
 

 n  r (n  r  1)  1a
n 0
n x n  r 1   4a n1 x n  r 1  0
n 1
 

 n  r (n  r ) a
n 0
n x n  r 1   4a n1 x n  r 1  0
n 1
 

 n  r  a x n  r 1   4a n 1 x n  r 1  0
2
n
n 0 n 1

 To find the indicial roots and determine the recurrence formula.

When n  0 ,

r 2 a0  0
The indicial roots are equal (Case 2)
a0  0, r 2  0  r1  r2  0

or

Noor Azizah Mazeni Page 2

 use the formula to find the indicial roots
Find indicial roots using formula
a  1, b  0
r r  1  1r  0  0 where

r2  r  r  0
r 2  0  r1  r2  0

When,


 Substitute a1 , a 2 , a3 and a 4 into y  a
n 0
n x nr .

 4 42 43 
 0
a  a x  a x 2
 a0 x 3 
1  r 2 0
1  r  2  r 
2 2 0
1  r  2  r  3  r 
2 2 2

y  xr  
 4 4 
 a0 x 4   
 1  r  2  r  3  r  4  r  
2 2 2 2

Noor Azizah Mazeni Page 3

  Factorize a 0 .
 4 42 43 
 1  x  x 2
 x3 
1  r 2
1  r  2  r 
2 2
1  r  2  r  3  r 
2 2 2

y  a0 x r  
 4 4 
 x4   
 1  r  2  r  3  r  4  r  
2 2 2 2

 Solve for y1 .

 4 42 43 
 1  x  x 2
 x3 
1  r  2
1  r  2  r 
2 2
1  r  2  r  3  r 
2 2 2

y1  a0 x r  
 4 4 
 x4   
 1  r  2  r  3  r  4  r   r 0
2 2 2 2

Substitute r  0

Remember!

 Solve for y 2 .
y
y2 
r r 0

y 2  y1 ln x  a 0 x r f r 
r 0

Noor Azizah Mazeni Page 4

y 2  y1 ln x  a 0 x r f r 
r 0

 4  2  42  2 2  2 
   x     x  
 1  r   1  r  1  r 2 2  r 2  1  r 2  r 
2

 4 3
 2 2 2  3 
 y1 ln x  a 0 x r      x  
 1  r  2  r  3  r   1  r 2  r 3  r  
2 2 2

 
 2 2  4
4
 4 2 2 
     x  
 1  r 2 2  r 2 3  r 2 4  r 2  1  r 2  r 3  r 4  r  
r 0

substitute r  0
 4  2 42   2 2  2 43  2 2 2 3 
 2   x     x     x 
 1  1  12 22  1 2  12 22 32  1 2 3 
y 2  y1 ln x  a 0
 44  2 2 2 2 4 
 2 2 2 2    x   
 1 2 3 4  1 2 3 4 

Noor Azizah Mazeni Page 5