THE SENTENCE Def:  A group of words which expresses a complete

sense or thought  is called a sentence. Examples:

 He goes to school.
 Ali is a good boy.
 He is the same man that stole my pen.
 Where do you live?
 What a pleasant weather it is!

Note:A sentence always begins with a capital letter and ends with a full-
stop, question mark or the mark of exclamation.

(A) CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES

Sentences may well be classified according to their purpose as well as

their structure.

CLASSIFICATION BY PURPOSE

Your sentences reflect your purpose as a speaker or a writer. According

to their purpose, sentences may be classified as declarative, imperative,
interrogative, negative, exclamatory and optative. (i)         Declarative
Sentence Def: A declarative sentence makes assertion or states an idea
without expecting a reply. Examples:

 He goes to school daily.

 We read a book.
 He offers his prayer.

(ii)        Imperative Sentence                                        Def: An

imperative sentence gives a command, makes a request or expresses a
piece of advice. Examples:

 Polish the shoes.

 Open the door.
 Untie the knot.
(iii)       Interrogative Sentence Def: An interrogative sentence asks a
question and is always followed by a question mark. Examples:

 Where do you live?

 How does she touch you?
 Have you attended the classes?

(iv)       Negative Sentence Def: A negative sentence is used to negate

something. Examples:

 He is not reading a book.

 It is not my book.
 We did not write a letter.

(v)        Exclamatory Sentence Def: An exclamatory sentence

expresses strong feelings of joy, sorrow and wonder. Examples:

 Hurrah! We have won the match.

 Oh! Now the battery is dead.
 Alas! He is dead.

(vi)       Optative Sentence Def: An optative sentence is used to pray or

wish. Examples:

 May God bless you!

 May you live long!
 Would that I were your friend.

CLASSIFICATION BY STRUCTURE

According to structure we may classify sentences into four kinds,

simple, compound, complex and compound-complex.

(i)         Simple Sentence

Def: A simple sentence has one independent clause and no
subordinate clause and it has only one subject and one verb.  
Examples:

 He went to school.
 We played cricked.
 I wrote my first novel last year.
 It has been raining since morning.

(ii)        Compound Sentence

Def: A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses but

no subordinate clause. A compound sentence contains two independent
clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for,
and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Examples:     

 I came and he went.

 We played hockey and they played cricket.
 Ali waited for the train, but the train was late.
 Consumers buy fewer goods when prices rise.

 (iii)      Complex Sentence

Def: A complex sentence has one independent clause and at least one
subordinate clause. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such
as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as
that, who, or which. Examples:     

 He is the man who stole my pen.

 He said that he had never visited the zoo.
 There are dreams that cannot die.

(iv)       Compound-Complex / Multiple Sentence

Def: A compound complex sentence has at least two independent
clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. It is also called multiple
sentences. Examples:     

 I went to my village and met my old friends who reminded me my

childhood.
 Life is a race and we are runners which most of us understand.
 When he opened the door, he found an old man there who asked
her if she could give him some money.

 (B) PARTS OF A SENTENCE

A sentence has two parts; Subject and Predicate.  Ali           goes to

school. Subject         Predicate Lahore        is a big city. Subject        
Predicate 1.         THE SUBJECT        Def: A word or a group of
words in a sentence about which any information is given called
subject.

Kinds of Subjects

(i) Complete Subject: The subject with all its words is called complete
subject. A complete subject may have one or more than one word.
Examples:

 The Principal of our college is a rich man.

 The manager of our factory announces bonus for the labour.
 Lahore is called the city of gardens.

In the above given examples the italicized; The principal of our college,
The manager of our factory and Lahore are complete subjects. (ii)
Simple Subjects Def: The key word in the complete subject is called
simple subject. Examples:

 The Principal of our college is a rich man.

 The manager of our factory announces bonus for the labour.
In the above given examples the italicized; The principal and The
manager are simple subjects. (iii) Compound Subject Def : A
compound subject consists of two or more words which are joined by
using conjunction. Examples:

 Ali and Aslam are good players.

 The principal and the members of staff are attending the meeting.
 Her shoes and ankles were covered with mud.

In the above given examples the italicized; Ali and Aslam, The
principal and the members of staff  and Her shoes and ankles are
compound subjects. 2.         THE PREDICATE  Def : The part of the
sentence that says something about the subject is called predicate.
Ali            goes to school.Subject            Predicate

Kinds of Predicates

(i) Complete Predicate Def : The Predicate with all its words is called
complete predicate. A complete predicate may have one or more than
one word. Examples:

 They laughed.
 They built a new house.
 Ali wrote a letter.

In the above given examples the italicized laughed, built a new house
and wrote a letter are complete predicates.   (ii) Simple Predicate Def :
The verb in the complete predicate is called simple predicate.
Examples:

 He prefers milk to tea.

 They built a new house.
 Ali wrote a letter.

In the above given examples the italicized; prefers, built and wrote are
simple predicates. (iii) Compound Predicate Def: A compound
predicate consists of two verbs which are joined by conjunction.
Examples :

 Ali wrote the letter and posted it.

 We completed our work and went home.
 He wrote  a book and published it.

In the above given examples the italicized wrote the letter and posted it,
completed our work and went home and wrote a book and published it 
are compound predicates