24 Hydro. Dynastic
Wf we draw stream fines through
every point of a closed curve C in the
fluid, we obtain a stream tube as shown
in the figure.
Ifdr be the element of arc length C'
along @ stream line, and q the fluid
velocity, then q is parallel to dr. The equation of stream lines is
qx dr=0,
(ev dz—w dy) 14-(w dx—u dz) 44(udy—e dx) k=u,
which gives dx dy dz
uo wh
where q=(u, », w) and dre (dx, dy, dz). QQ)
The Cquations (2) have a doubly infinite set of solutions,
Through each point of the flow field at which the functions
u(x, Y, 2, 1), » (x, 9, 2, 0) and W(x, 9, z, 1) do not all vanish, there
Passes one and only one stream line at a given instagt. This result
follows from the existence theasem for rhe aystem of equation (3).
the velocity vanishes at a given Point, various singularitics may
occur ; such points are called critical points or slagnation points,
Path lines. (Raj. 1962)
Path line is a curve along which a Particular fluid particle
travels during its motion. And therefore the differential equations
of path lines are
dr
ant
i dx dy_ dz
, OF ano Gio Ga
These equations have a triply infinite set of solutions.
It should be very clearly noted that stream lines are not the
same as the path lines. Stream lines reveul how each particle is
moving at a given instant of time while the path lines give the
motion of the particles at each instant. It is only in the case of
stcady motion that these two coincide. Since u, vr. w are always
functions of time, the stream. lines will alter from instant to
instant. Asa matter of fact the actual path of an, particle of the
fluid will not in general coincide with the stream line. To show
this take three consecutive points P, Q. R ona stream line at time
1. A particle at P will move along PQ, but when it reaches Q at
time 1+ér, QR is no longer the direction of the velocity at Q ard
therefore now the stream line will no longer be the same.
1.15, Velocity Potential. (Agra 1969)
Let q=(u, v, w) be the fluid velocity at the instant of times.
Suppose that at this instant we can find a scalar point function
$(x, } 2, 1), Such that
—ddeu dx-tedy-+w dz, ma)
th, oe
he. - (fae ys 2 dye dytw di,24 Hydro-Dynamics
If we draw stream lines through
very point of a closed curye C in the
fluid, we obtain a stream tube as shown
in the figure. ‘
If dr be the element of arc length C
along a stream line, and q the fluid ave
velocity, then q is parallel to dr. ‘The equation of stream lines is
qxdr=0,
(v dz—w dy) i+-(w dx—u dz) j+(u dy—v dx) k=u,
which gives axdy, a
UD LIS Wit
where q=(u, », ) and dt= (dx, dy, dz). a
The equations (2) have a doubly infinite set of solutious,
Through each point of the flow field at which the functions
u(x, y, 2,1), v (%, y, 2, t) and w(x, ¥, 2, t) do not all vanish, there
asses one and only one stream line at a iven instant. _This result
{ollows from the efiencs gees ta ten instant This res stence theorem for the system of equation Ge
If the velocity vanishes-at a given point, various singularities may
Occur ; such points are called critical points or stagnation points.
Path lines.
(Raj. 1962)
Path line is a curve along which a particular Sluid particle
travels during its motion.
++.(2)
. And therefore the differential equations
of path lines are
de
‘ anh
Be dx dy dz
aa) aes ch dels hs
These equations have a triply infinite set of solutions.
It should be very clearly noted that s
Same as the path lines. Stream lines reveal how each particle is
moving at a given instant of time while the path lines give the
Motion of the particles at each instant. It is only in the case of
steady motion that these two coincide, Since 1, ». w are always
/functions of time, the stream, lines will alter from instant to
instant. As a matter of fact the actual path of any particle of the
fluid will not in general coincide with the stream line,
this take three consecutive points P, O. Ron
t. A particle at P will move along PQ,
time +67, OR is no longer the direction
therefore now the stream line will no Jon,
1.15. Velocity Potential.
_ Let q=(u, v. w) be the fluid velocity at the instant
Suppose that at this instant
(%, ¥, z, t), such that
itream lines are not the
To show
4 stream line at time
but when it reaches Q at
of the velocity at Q and
ger be the same.
(Agra 1969)
of time r.
We ‘can find a scalar point function
Ani — adb=u deo dy-+w dz, 2G)
: A a :
r (Ra a dy dz) —u dx+v dy+-w dz,
ah
xy
‘abs’pation of Continuity 25
we can write
Wem
Oz
¢@ is called the velocit pe
: locity potential. For the r.h.s. of (1) to bea
perfect differential a necessary and sufficient condition if :
iG Vxq=0. ++)
The surfaces (x, ¥, z, 1)=const.
are called equipotential surfaces. The differential equation of the
equipotential surfaces is
4=0,
u dx+v dy+w dz=0, ++(4)
is clear that these surfaces cut the stream lines
email) ie (5)
uu Ww? oe
hogonaily.
- Whenever the velocity potential ¢ exists, i.e. equation (2)
ls, the motion is said to be irrotational.
16, Rotational Motion.
sider a flow for which
Vxq40.
a5
vector t=V xa,
he vorticity vector.
x Line. A vortex line is a curve drawn in the fluid such
eet at enyipr point of it at ety time, is in the direction
ae me 0
dx _dy_ dz =
Tratt where te , 2; &).
neral the vortex lines do not coincide with the stream
len they do coincide, je. when the velocity vector q is
x >
the vorticity vector %, the flow is called a Beltrami
=>
is for a Beltrami flow, qxt=0.
ct cx
| Given re, Pray wd tereee ae
Hy¢dro-Dynamics
26
ion i ible one.
i fore the motion is @ possil
ae rev aitereatal equations of lines of flow are
oy dx dy dz , dx _dy dz
ow toe ae a
which on integrations give x*-+y=const., z=const,
The surfaces cutting lines of flow ortho,
it gonally are piven by
the differential ar Een
ie. ae a dy=0, as Posy
Le. ed ( tant 2)=0.
This being integrable, such Surfaces exist, Integrating the
above equation, the surfaces are given by
tan“ >