‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٣
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫؛‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ، 
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

?‫?א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٦W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫ א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Power point‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

Introduction

?Binary numbering system?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?Digital Electronic Circuits?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Numbers Systems ‫א‬‫א‬١ J١

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤

  Decimal Numbering System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١

?10?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9?
8‫א‬‫א‬W128‫א‬‫א‬K?Positional Weight?
2‫א‬‫א‬،1‫א‬8‫א‬،E100 =1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
2‫א‬E101 =10‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ﻋﺸﺮون‬
E102 =100 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬،10 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K100‫א‬1‫א‬

  1   2   8  W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ W‫א‬
  102  101  100  W‫א‬
  1×102 + 2×101 + 8×100 W‫×א‬‫א‬
 (128)10Z 100+ 20 + 8  W‫א‬‫א‬
-٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W10-1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KKK102 101 100  10-1 10-2 10-3 ...

  ‫א‬‫א‬    
 
(Decimal Point)

 Binary Numbering System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١

‫א‬?2?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W?2?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?1,0?

 ... 24 23 22 21 20

 W (25)10‫א‬(11001)2‫א‬‫א‬

  24 23 22 21 20
  1 1 0 0 1
 (11001)2 = (1×24) + (1×23) + (0×22) + (0×21) + (1×20)
 = 16 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = (25)10
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WNumber of Binary Combinations‫א‬‫א‬■

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  WN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?Bits?‫א‬

N  2 n  (1-1)

 K?Bits?‫א‬‫א‬ nW

  N  2 2  4 W‫א‬‫א‬?2?‫א‬‫א‬

3
  N  2  8 W‫א‬‫א‬?3?‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  N  2 4  16 W‫א‬‫א‬?4?‫א‬‫א‬

 W?Bit?‫א‬‫א‬■

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
21‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?1??1?20‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ?4?22‫א‬?2?
‫א‬‫א‬?LSB?‫א‬‫א‬?Least Significant Bit?‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?Most Significant Bit? ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?MSB?

Decimal-to-Binary Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J١

Repeated ?2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?Division-by-2 Method

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬،214‫א‬W‫א‬(14)10‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ .‫א‬2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،?MSB?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?LSB?

 ‫א‬‫א‬
14 ÷ 2 = 7 0
7 ÷ 2 = 3 1
3 ÷ 2 = 1 1
1 ÷ 2 = 0 1

1 1 1 0
MSB LSB

(14)10 = (1110)2 W‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬(25)10‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J١F
 ‫א‬‫ א‬    
25 ÷ 2 =12 1 (LSB)  ‫א‬
12 ÷ 2 =6 0  

6 ÷ 2 =3 0
3 ÷ 2 =1 1  
 1(25)
÷ 210 =0 1 (MSB)
= (11001)2  W‫א‬

 K‫א‬(87)10‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J١F 

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
87 ÷ 2 = 43 1 (LSB)  
43 ÷ 2 = 21 1
21 ÷ 2 = 10 1
 

10 ÷ 2 = 5 0  
5 ÷2=2 1
÷ 210==1(1010111)02W‫א‬
2 (87)
1 ÷2=0 1 (MSB) :‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

K2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?Decimal Fractions?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0.3125)10‫א‬‫א‬،2‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
MSB ( 0 . 0 1 0 1 )2 LSB
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬
0.3125  2 = 0.625 0
 
 
0.625  2 = 1.25 1  

0.25  2 = 0.5 0

0.5  2 = 1.0 1

 K‫א‬(39.25)10‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J١F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  
39 ÷ 2 = 19 1 (LSB) W٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
19 ÷ 2 = 9 1  
9 ÷2=4 1
4 ÷2=2 0  
2 ÷2=1 0
(39)10 = (100111)2W‫א‬
1 ÷2=0 1 (MSB)
 W2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
MSB ( 0 . 0 1 )2 LSB
‫א‬  
0.25  2 = 0.5 0 (MSB)  
0.5  2 = 1.00 1 (LSB)  
 (0.25)10 = (0.01)2W

  (39.25)10 = (100111.01)2W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Binary-to-Decimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J١

‫א‬‫א‬?Bit?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

 K‫א‬(1101001)2‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J١F 

 ‫א‬

  26 25 24   23 22 21 20W‫א‬
 1 1 0 1 0 0 1W‫א‬‫א‬
 4
 (1101001)2 = 1 × 26 + 1 × 25 + 0 × 2 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20
 (1101001)2 = (105)10  W
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

?Binary Point?‫א‬‫א‬ ?Bits?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

……24 23 22 21 20  2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4…….

 ‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬ (0.1011)2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J١F 

 ‫א‬

  2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4

 0K1000
 (0.1011)2 = 1×2-1 + 02-2 + 1×2-3 + 1×2-4
 = 0.5 + 0 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = (0.6875)10

 Hexadecimal Numbering System ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١

?16?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?A,B,C,D,E,F?‫א‬?0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F?
 K‫א‬?10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Hexadecimal–to–Decimal Conversion‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J١

‫א‬?KKK163 162 161 160??16?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W(522.39)16‫א‬‫א‬?... 4096 256 16 1?‫א‬‫א‬

162 161 160  16-1 16-2 W‫א‬

  5 2 2  3 9 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (522.39)16 = 5162 + 2161 + 2160 + 316-1 + 916-2

 = 5256 + 216 + 21 +30.0625+ 90.0039062
  = 1280 + 32 + 2 + 0.1875 + 0.0351558 
  (522.39)16 = (1314.222655)10 W‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤ J١

‫א‬?16?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?2? ?16?

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

?16?97‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(97)10‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬?16?‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?MSB?‫א‬‫א‬?LSB?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W

‫א‬‫א‬
97 ÷ 16 = 6 1 (LSB)
6 ÷ 16 = 0 6 (MSB)

 W‫א‬

  (97)10 = (61)16
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(314)10‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J١F

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  
314 ÷ 16 = 19 
A (LSB)
19 ÷ 16 = 1 3
1 ÷ 16 = 0 1 (MSB)  
 W‫א‬
(314)10 = (13A)16 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?16?‫א‬‫א‬
MSB ( 0 . C 8 )2 LSB
‫א‬  
0.78125 x16 = 12.5 C
0.5 x16 = 8.0 8  
(0.78125)10 = (0.C8)16 W

 K‫א‬‫א‬(329.52)10‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J١F 

 ‫א‬

 W?16?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  
329 ÷ 16 = 20 9 (LSB)  
20 ÷ 16 = 1 4
1 ÷ 16 = 0 1 (MSB)  
(329)10 = (149)16 W‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬?16?‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 
0.52  16 = 8.32 8 (MSB)
0.32  16 = 5.12 5  
0.12  16 = 1.92 1  
0.92  16 = 14.72 E
0.72  16 = 11.52 B  
0.52  16 = 8.32 8 (LSB)  
  (0.52)10 = (0.851EB8)16W‫א‬?6?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(329.52)10 = (149.851EB8)16 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

:Hexadecimal-to-Binary Dirct Conversion‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J١

?A,B,C,D,E,F?‫א‬?0,1,2,……,9,A,B,C,D,E,F?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬?10,11,12,13,14,15?
KE٢ J١F?4-bit?‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J١F‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

0 0000 0
 1 0001 1
 2 0010 2
 3 0011 3
 4 0100 4
 5 0101 5
 6 0110 6
 7 0111 7
 8 1000 8
 9 1001 9
A 1010 10
B 1011 11
C 1100 12
D 1101 13
E 1110 14
F 1111 15

 K‫א‬(3A5)16‫א‬WE٨ J١F 

 ‫א‬

(3A5)16 = 3 A 5  

 
0011 1010 0101 = (001110100101)2

- ١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬(B35.D1)16‫א‬WE٩ J١F 

 ‫א‬

(B35.D1)16 = B 3 5  D 1

1011 0011 0101  1101 0001 = (101100110101.11010001)2

:Binary-to-Hexadecimal Direct Conversion‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬(110111101.101001)2‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠ J١F 

 ‫א‬

 
0001 1011 1101  1010 0100
 
1 B D  4
 A

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(110111101.101001)2 = (1BD.A4)16

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(110101011.01101)2‫א‬‫א‬WE١١ J١F 

‫א‬
 
0001 1010 1011  0110 1000   
1 A B  6 8  
 
(110101011.01101)2 = (1AB.68)16

- ١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

WArithmatic Operations in Binary System ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J١

Addition of Binary Numbers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J١

?Binary Digits?  ‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 W

0 + 0 = 0

0 + 1 = 1

1 + 0 = 1

1 + 1 = 0 Carry E‫א‬F 1  = (10)2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬10‫א‬،102‫א‬?2?‫א‬1 + 1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K011, 100W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢ J١F 

 ‫א‬

4 1 0 0
+3 +0 1 1
EF 7 1 1 1
 

 K011, 110W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣ J١F 

 ‫א‬

1 1  
6 1 1 0
+3 +0 1 1  
EF 9 1 0 0 1

- ١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W Subtraction of Binary Numbers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J١

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

0–0=0  
1–0=1
1–1=0  
0–1=1 ‫א‬‫א‬?1?‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬?0??1?‫א‬?0??1?W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
K?0??1??1?‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 K(101)‫א‬‫א‬(011)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤ J١F 

 ‫א‬

 
 0‫א‬1‫א‬ 0 1
1 0 1 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1
– 0 1 1 ‫א‬
 K1‫א‬1102
0 1 0 
- ١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 :1's and 2's Complements of Binary Numbers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥ J١

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬?1??0??0??1?‫א‬‫א‬

 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1  ‫א‬‫א‬   
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 ‫ א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

?1?‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
1H‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،10110011‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬?1?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1  ‫א‬‫א‬  
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
1+ ?1?
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1  ‫א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬(LSB)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
?1??0?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬(10101101)2‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬ 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1  ‫א‬‫א‬
0101001 1  ‫ א‬‫א‬
- ١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WRepresentation of Signed Numbers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥ J١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?1?،‫א‬?0?‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?Sign?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K?Magnitude?

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?2's Complement?‫א‬‫א‬?1's Complement?‫א‬‫א‬?Sign-Magnitude?

 WSign-Magnitude System ‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Bit?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(+23)

 
00010111
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
(Sign Bit) (Magnitude Bits)
 

 W (-23)‫א‬‫א‬

10010111

 K‫א‬(–23) ، (+23)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
- ١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W1's Complement System ‫א‬‫א‬W 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(–23) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

00010111 (+23)‫א‬
 

11101000 (–23) ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W2's Complement System‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W(+23)‫א‬‫א‬(–23)‫א‬‫א‬

00010111 (+23)‫א‬
 
11101001 (–23) ‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Arithmetic Operations of Signed Numbers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٥ J١

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٥ J١F‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 01111010‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 00001110‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٥ J١F 

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

01111010 ‫א‬(+122)
+11110010 ‫א‬‫א‬
(Discard carry)‫א‬ 111101100 ‫א‬(+108)  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

122 – (14) = 108

 K(00001000)2 – (00000100)2W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦ J١F 

 ‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

00001000 ‫( א‬+8)  

+11111100 ‫א‬‫א‬
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ‫א‬(+4)
 
 ‫א‬
(Discard carry)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

8 – 4 = 8 + (-4) = 4
- ١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K(01100111)2 – (00001001)2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧ J١F 

 ‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

01100111 ‫( א‬+103)  

+11110111 ‫א‬‫א‬
101011110 ‫א‬(+94)   
 ‫א‬  
(Discard carry)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

103 – (9) = 94

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١ J١F

a) 64 b) 112 c) 257 d) 27.26
e) 77.0625 f) 47.875 g) 33.125

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢ J١F

a) 11011 b) 1110101 c) 111111 d) 1110.11

e) 10101.1101 f) 1100001.11011

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J١F

a) 14 b) 80 c) 560 d) 3000
e) 62500 f) 204.125 g) 255.875 h) 631.25

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J١F

a) 9F b) D52 c) 67F d) ABCD

e) F.4 f) B3.E g) 1111.1 h) 888.8

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J١F

a) 8 b) 1C c) A64 d) 1F.C e) 239.4

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J١F

a) 1001.1111 b) 10000.1 c) 110101.11001

d) 10100111.111011 e) 1000000.000111 f) 1111100.1000011

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J١F

a) 100 + 111 b) 1110.11 + 11.10

c) 1111 + 1101 d) 1001.101 + 1101.11

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J١F

a) 1101 – 0100 b) 1001 – 0111

c) 11010 – 10111 d) 1100 – 1001
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F

a) 00110101 b) 11100100 c) 00010101

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J١F

a) 11110110 b) 01011101 c) 00110011

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J١F
 W(8-bits) ‫א‬‫א‬

a) +28 b) – 83 c) +99 d) – 120

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J١F
 W(8-bits) ‫א‬‫א‬

a) +14 b) – 63 c) +107 d) – 122

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J١F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J١F

a) 101110001 b) 01100100 c) 10110011

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J١F

a) 10011101 b) 01100110 c) 10101101

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J١F

a) 10101011 b) 000111101 c) 10111011

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧ J١F

a) 00010110 – 00110011 b) 01110000 – 10101111

c) 10001100 – 00111001 d) 11011001 – 11100111

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٧W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Power point‫א‬‫ א‬ J

K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

Introduction 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WLogic Gates‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢

 WAND Gate AND‫א‬١ J١ J٢

‫א‬?Logic Functions?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬ 
،?Logical Multiplication?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
?Two Binary Variables?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BA ‫א‬،E١ J٢F ‫א‬
?1??Open? ‫א‬?0?
 K?Closed? ‫א‬

(A) 
  (B)  (L)
 
  
Voltage Source  
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٢F‫א‬
 
E١ J٢FK‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
(L)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(L)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?Truth Table?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

E١ J٢F‫א‬WE١ J٢F ‫א‬  

 A L
B
 
     
       
       
     

 
A
Y
B
 
AND‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٢F‫א‬
  

  E٢ J٢F ‫א‬ ،AND ‫א‬ ?Standard? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٢ J٢F ‫א‬ 
 KAND‫א‬‫א‬
AND‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٢F‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 A B Y  
0  0 0  
 0  1  0
 
 1  0  0
 1  1  1  

‫א‬،?1?A, B‫א‬?1?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?1? ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AND
n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬N‫א‬‫א‬K?1?
 W‫א‬

N  2n (2.1)
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬ JWE١ J٢F 

 K‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬ J

N  2 n  25  32

E٣ J٢F‫א‬K 23  8 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬ J

 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 A B C Y
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
 0 1 1 0
 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Boolean Algebra?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?Boolean Expression?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

Y  A.B or Y  AB (2.2)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٣ J٢F‫א‬،?LOW?‫א‬?HIGH?‫א‬‫א‬?Pulses?
 Y‫א‬‫א‬t1‫א‬‫א‬?1?A, B‫א‬
B‫א‬?0?A‫א‬t2‫א‬‫א‬،?1?‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?0?Y‫א‬
 K?Timing Diagram?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
A
 
B   A
Y
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 B
 
Y  
 
AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٢F ‫א‬

OR Gate OR‫א‬٢ J١ J٢

OR‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬ 
،?Logical Addition?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE٤ J٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(A)  
(L)
 
 


  (B) 
Voltage Source
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٢F‫א‬

?0? BA‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬
 K?Closed? ‫א‬ ?1??Open?‫א‬

E٤ J٢F‫א‬WE٤ J٢F ‫א‬

A B L
     
     
     
     

- ٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٢F‫א‬
 K ‫א‬(L)‫א‬‫א‬
 

A    
Y
B  
 
 
OR‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٢F‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٢F‫א‬،OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٢F ‫א‬

،?1?‫א‬‫א‬?1?‫א‬ OR
 WOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?0?‫א‬‫א‬?0?‫א‬
Y  A B (2.3)

 
OR‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  
A B Y
0 0 0
 
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1  
 

‫א‬t1‫א‬‫א‬?1?B،A‫א‬E٦ J٢F‫א‬
A‫א‬،t2‫א‬‫א‬،?1?‫א‬  Y‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?1? Y‫א‬B‫א‬?0?

 
A

  A
B Y
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7
B  
 
Y  
 KOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٢F‫א‬  
- ٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 NOT Gate (INVERTER)‫ א‬‫א‬٣ J١ J٢

NOT‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٢F‫א‬ NOT‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
A Y
0 1
1 0
A Y
NOT‫א‬WE٧ J٢F‫א‬
K?Complementation?‫א‬?Inversion?‫א‬
 
،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬،?0?‫א‬?1?‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ NOT ‫א‬‫א‬  K?1?   ?0? ‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E٦ J٢F
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F
 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٢F ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

YA (2.4)

 NAND Gate NAND‫א‬٤ J١ J٢

NAND ‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J٢F‫א‬  

، NOT‫א‬NAND 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ،AND   AND
 
A B Y
0 0 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0 1 1  
،E٨ J٢F‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬
1 0 1
1 1 0 ‫א‬   AND ‫א‬    
A K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
Y
B  
‫א‬‫א‬   E٧ J٢F ‫א‬
 
 NAND‫א‬WE٨ J٢F‫א‬ K NAND
 

،?1?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?0?‫א‬‫א‬
NAND‫א‬‫א‬،?0?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?1?  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،AND،OR،NOT‫א‬
 W‫א‬NAND

Y  AB (2.5)

‫א‬t1‫א‬‫א‬?1?BA‫א‬E٩ J٢F‫א‬
A‫א‬،t2‫א‬‫א‬،?0?‫א‬ Y‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?1?Y‫א‬?1?B‫א‬?0?
 K‫א‬

A  
A  
B Y
t7  B
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6

Y  
 
 NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  WE٩ J٢F‫א‬

NOR ‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٢F‫א‬  NOR Gate NOR ‫א‬٥ J١ J٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
A B Y   OR NOT  NOR   
0 0 1
0 1 0  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ،OR 
 
1 0 0
‫א‬‫א‬ NOT‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 0
   ،E١٠ J٢F ‫א‬ OR  
A
Y   ،NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
B
      NOR ‫א‬ ‫א‬
NOR‫א‬WE١٠ J٢F‫א‬  
KE٨ J٢F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?0?Y‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،?0?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?1? ‫א‬،?1?‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NOR
 WNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،AND OR NOT‫א‬
- ٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

Y  A B (2.6)

،‫א‬‫א‬ B،ANOR‫א‬E١١ J٢F‫א‬

 K‫א‬?Y?‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬

 
A
 
B   A
Y
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5  B

Y  
 
 
 NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١ J٢F‫א‬

XOR‫א‬‫א‬WE٩ J٢F‫א‬  Exclusive-OR Gate  XOR ‫א‬٦ J١ J٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
A B Y
 
?‫א‬ XOR‫א‬‫א‬ 
0 0 0  ،XOR - gate   ?
0 1 1  
1 0 1  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E١٢ J٢F ‫א‬
1 1 0
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
A   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E٩ J٢F  K
B
Y  
   Y‫א‬‫א‬ ،XOR
XOR‫א‬WE١٢ J٢F‫א‬ K B A ‫א‬‫א‬ ?1?

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Y  A B  AB  A  B (2.7)

XOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،BA‫א‬
E١٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬،NOTORAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
XOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬XOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
A
B  
Y  
 
 
 K NOT،OR،AND‫א‬ XOR ‫א‬‫ א‬WE١٣ J٢F ‫א‬  
 
 
A  
B A  
Y
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 B  
 
Y  
 
XOR‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE١٤ J٢F ‫א‬
 

 Exclusive-NOR Gate  XNOR ‫א‬٧ J١ J٢

A  
Y
B  
 
XNOR‫א‬WE١٥ J٢F‫א‬  

‫א‬،XOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٢F

Y‫א‬‫א‬،E١٠ J٢FXNOR‫א‬‫א‬
?0? A=B=1A=B=0 BA‫א‬‫א‬?1?
K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

XNOR ‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠ J٢F‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
A B Y  
0 0 1
0 1 0  
1 0 0
1 1 1
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Y  AB  A B = A  B (2.8)

‫א‬‫א‬XNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬، NOT ORAND‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬XNOR‫א‬‫א‬

 
A
B  
Y  
 
 
NOT،OR،AND‫א‬XNOR‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦ J٢F‫א‬
 
،‫א‬BAXNOR‫א‬E١٧ J٢F‫א‬
  K?Y?‫א‬‫א‬XNOR‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
A
 
B   A
Y
B
t1 t2 t3 t4 t6 t8
t5
 t7 
Y  
 
 XNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧ J٢F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  Boolean Algebra ‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢

 The Boolean Expression for a Logic Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٨ J٢F‫א‬

 K AB  A, B W‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K A C  A, C W‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K AB  A C  A B , A C W‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
  Y  AB  A C W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A AB
 
B
Y

C AC

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨ J٢F‫א‬

 KE١٩ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٢F 

 ‫א‬

 
A A B

D A B 
B  
Y
BC
 
C  
D
 
 
E٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩ J٢F‫א‬  
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  E١٩ J٢F ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Y  D ( A  B )  (B  C ) (2-9)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢

Implementation of Logic Circuit Using Boolean Expression

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

Y  AB(CD  EF ) (2-10)

‫א‬‫א‬ CD  EF  BA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

FE،AND‫א‬ C‫ و‬D  CD  EF ‫א‬،AND
 ،AND‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،OR‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬
 W AB(CD  EF ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K D ‫א‬NOT‫א‬K١
 K CD , EF ‫א‬AND‫א‬K٢
 K CD  EF ‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬K٣
 KY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬K٤
 KE٢٠ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A  
B Y
 
C  
D  
 
E
 
F
 
 K Y  AB(CD  EF ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠ J٢F‫א‬
 
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢

Implementation of the Logic Circuit via Truth Table

  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬، Y  1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٢F‫א‬ K١
‫א‬، A  0, B  1, C  0 ‫א‬‫א‬ Y  1‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،?1?‫א‬‫א‬ A BC ‫א‬
K ABC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?1?‫א‬،?0?

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢ J٢F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ OR‫א‬ Y  1‫ א‬ 
 A  B C Y W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
0 0 0  0
0 0 1 0  
0 1 0 1   Y  A BC  ABC
 
0 1 1 0
 1  0 0 0 ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ٣
1 0 1 0
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0    W

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A BC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A, B , C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ABC ‫א‬‫א‬،AND‫א‬ A , B , C
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،AND‫א‬
 KE٢١ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،Y

A  
B  
C
Y  
 
 
Y  A BC  ABC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  WE٢١ J٢F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣ J٢F‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣ J٢F 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  KE١٣ J٢F‫א‬ 
 A  B C Y  
0 0 0 0  ‫א‬
 
0 0 1 1
 0 1 0 0 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
0 1 1 1  
‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 1  0 0  0
1 0 1 1  
  OR ‫א‬  Y  1 ‫א‬ 
1 1 0  0  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 1 0
 
 Y  A B C  A BC  AB C  
 KE٢٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
A
 
B
C  
Y
 
 
 
 
 
  A B C  A BC  AB C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٢ J٢F‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢

 Converting of Boolean Expression to a Truth Table

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،(22 = 4)‫א‬‫א‬،(1 or 0)‫א‬
 K‫א‬،(23 = 8)،‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
?0?،‫א‬‫א‬Y‫א‬?1?‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٢F 

Y  A B C  A BC  ABC  ABC

 ‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?A, B, C ?‫א‬
KE١٤ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A B C  000 , AB C  010 , AB C  110 , ABC  111 (2-11)

،Y‫א‬?1?‫א‬‫א‬
 KY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?0?

‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣ J٢F‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 A  B  C Y  
0 0 0  1  
0 0 1 0  
0 1 0 1  
0 1 1 0  
 1  0 0 0  
1 0 1 0  
1 1 0 1  
1 1 1 1  
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢

Simplification of Boolean Expressions Using Rules of Boolean algebra

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤ J٢F‫א‬
 A + 0 = A  ١
A + 1 =1  ٢
A . 0 = 0 ٣
 A . 1 = A  ٤
A+ A=A 5
+ A =1
A 6
A . A=A 7
A . A =0 8
A =A 9
 A + AB = A 10
A+AB=A+B 11
(A+B)(A+C)=A+BC 12

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٢F 

Y  AB  A( A  C )  B( A  C ) (2-12)

 ‫א‬

  Y  AB  AA  AC  AB  BC W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  Y  AB  A  AC  AB  BC WE7‫א‬‫א‬FAAA‫א‬
  Y  AB  A  AC  BC WAB + AB = AB،A + A = A5‫א‬
 A‫א‬
  Y  A( B  1  C )  BC W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Y  A.1  BC W،A+1=12‫א‬
  Y  A  BC W،A.1= A4‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?EF?‫א‬‫א‬
 K?EF?‫א‬
A  
B
  Y
A
Y
B
C  
C
EF EF  

 E٥ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٣ J٢F  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٢F

Y  A B C  A B C  A BC  ABC (2-13)
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Y   A B C  A B C    A BC  ABC  AB C  C  BC A  A    (2-14)

  Y  A B  1  BC  1 W6‫א‬

  Y  A B  BC W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4‫א‬
A  
B
C   A
B
Y Y

EF EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٤ J٢F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬A, B‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٢F

 KE٢٥ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
A

B E٢٥ J٢F‫א‬
 
X

‫א‬‫א‬A, B‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F

 KE٢٥ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬A, B‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢F

 KE٢٦ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A
 
B   E٢٦ J٢F‫א‬
 
X  
‫א‬‫א‬BA‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٢F
 KE٢٧ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
A  
 
E٢٧ J٢F‫א‬
B
 
X  

‫א‬‫א‬ BA‫א‬‫א‬XOR‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٢F

 KE٢٧ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

‫א‬BA‫א‬‫א‬XNOR‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٢F
 KE٢٧ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٢٨ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F

A
 
B
C  
Y
 
 
E٢٨ J٢F‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٢F

a) AB  A B b) AB  AB  A BC

c) AB (C  D) d) A  B(C  D( B  C ))

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬E١٥ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J٢F

‫א‬E١٥ J٢FW‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
A B C Y
 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1
 1 0 0 0
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٢F

a)  A  B C b)  A  B B  C 

c) A AC  A B  d) A A  A B 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1١ J٢F

Y  A B C  A B C  A BC  ABC

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

NORNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?Karnaugh-Map?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KK-mapK-‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٩W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Power point‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

Introduction

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?10?‫א‬?Combinational Logic Circuit?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NOR
‫א‬?Karnaugh-Map?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK–map ‫أو‬K ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Demorgan's Theorems١ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?Bars?‫א‬‫א‬KORAND
 W،‫א‬

  A  B  A  B W‫א‬

  A  B  A  B W‫א‬ 

E١ J٣F‫א‬AND‫א‬ORW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J٣F

 K?negative AND?‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
‫א‬WE١ J٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  
 A B  A B AB
  A B

A A B A
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 B B
 
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0    ANDOR‫א‬WE١ J٣F‫א‬

E٢ J٣F ‫א‬  OR ‫א‬ AND W‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?negative OR?‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬WE٢ J٣F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
A
0
B
0
 A B
1
  A B
1
A
B
AB
 A
B
AB 

0 1 1 1  
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 OR AND‫א‬WE٢ J٣F‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Y  (A  B  C )  (A  B  C ) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٣F

 ‫א‬

 Y  (A  B  C )  ( A  B  C )  ( A  B  C )  ( A  B  C )  A BC  A BC  ABC  A BC

Y  ( A  B)  CD ) W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ WE٢ J٣F

 ‫א‬

Y  ( A  B)  CD  ( A  B).CD  ( A.B)(C  D)  AB(C  D) (3-1)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W NAND  NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣

Universal Properties of NAND and NOR Gates

‫א‬،AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬NOR‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،OR
 K?Universal Gates?

 :NAND Gate as a Universal Logic Element NAND‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٣

،AND،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬
NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،NOR،OR
K‫א‬NAND‫א‬EEF٣ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEEF٣ J٣F‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬AND
‫א‬،EEF٣ J٣F‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬
 KEEF٣ J٣F‫א‬NOR ‫א‬‫א‬

A A  A A   EF
 
AB  AB

A AB A
B
 K AB EF
B

A  
A


A.B  A  B A
A+B EF
B B  
B

 
A A.B  A  B
A  
A B  A
B
A B EF
B
B
 

NAND ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣ J٣F ‫א‬  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WNOR Gate as a Universal Logic Element NOR‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٣

ORAND،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬،NAND ‫א‬
NOT‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F‫א‬KNAND‫א‬
 KNAND‫א‬OR‫א‬

 
A A
 
 A A EF

 

A A B A B  A B A
A+B EF
B B
 
A A
 
A  B  A.B  A
B
AB EF
B  
B

 
A A A  B  A.B
 

A
A.B AB EF
B
B
B  

NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٤ J٣F ‫א‬  

 WNORNAND ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣
Design of Combinational Logic Circuits using NAND and NOR Gates

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NORNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NOR‫א‬‫א‬،?Negative-OR?‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?Negative AND?‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٣

‫א‬،‫א‬OR‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
A B  A B
NAND Negative-OR
 
 KE٥ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
A AB
 
B
Y = AB + CD  
C
D  
CD
 
 NAND ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  WE٥ J٣F‫א‬

  Y  ( AB )(CD ) W‫א‬‫א‬?Y?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Y  AB  CD W‫א‬

Y  AB  CD W?Bars?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬EEF٦ J٣F‫א‬?Y?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬
E٥ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EEF٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 (NAND-NAND-NAND) (AND-AND-OR)W،EEF٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A AB  
A
B
Y = AB + CD 

B Y = AB + CD

C C
EF EF  
D D CD
 
 E٥ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ AND-AND-OR WE٦ J٣F‫א‬
- ٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F‫א‬
 K‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A AB  
ABC
B
 
C
  Y
D DE  
E
  DEF
F
 ‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J٣F‫א‬  

 WE٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬?Y?‫א‬

Y  [( AB)C ]  [( DE ) F ]  [( A  B )C ]  [( D  E ) F ]

 ( A  B )C  ( D  E ) F

 ( A  B )C  ( D  E ) F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Y?‫א‬،E٨ J٣F‫א‬

A
AB  
( A  B )C
B
 
C Y  ( A  B )C  ( D  E ) F  
D
DE  
E
 
(D  E )F
F  
 ‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٨ J٣F ‫א‬  

 WNAND‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣ J٣F

(a ) Y  ABC  DE
(b) Y  ABC  D  E
 
- ٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 KE٩ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
A A

B
ABC B
ABC  
Y = ABC + DE C Y = ABC + D + E 
C
D  
D
EF E
EF
E DE  
KE٣ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩ J٣F‫א‬  

 NOR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬NOR‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬

 A B  A B
 
NOR Negative-AND
 
 KE١٠ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
A B
A
 
B (A + B) (C + D)
 
C
 
D
CD  
 NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٠ J٣F ‫א‬  

  Y  A  B  C  D W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  Y  ( A  B)  (C  D) W‫א‬

  Y  ( A  B )  (C  D ) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،AND‫א‬OR‫א‬(A + B)(C + D)‫א‬

AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬EEF١١ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF١١ J٣F‫א‬
 
 
A A A B
A B
B
  B
 
(A + B) (C + D) (A + B) (C + D)
C C
 
D CD EF D CD EF
 
 ‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٣F ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE١١ J٣F‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،NOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬?Y ?‫א‬ K‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬

Y  [ ( A  B )  C ]  [( D  E )  F ]
 
 [ A B  C]  [D E  F ]
 
 ( A B  C )( D E  F )
 
A A B  
( A  B)  C
B  
C  
  Y
D DE  
E
(D  E)  F  
F  
  NOR‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٢ J٣F ‫א‬  
 
 KE١٣ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
AB
A
 B  C
A
B
 
C
  Y  ( A B  C ) (D E  F)
D DE  
E  
DE  F
F  
 
E١٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٣ J٣F ‫א‬

  Y  ABC  ( D  E ) WNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٣F

 ‫א‬

A  KE١٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
B A  B  C  A B C

C   Y  A B C  ( D  E)

D  
E  
 
 NOR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٤ J٣F ‫א‬

 WKarnaugh Map٤ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K-
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،?Cells?‫א‬?Array?،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

،،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Simplification Using Karnaugh Map ‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣

‫א‬،?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
? A, B ?‫א‬?A‫ و‬B?‫א‬،E١٥ J٣F
 K?00, 01, 10, 11?
A B Y B B
 
0 0 AB
AB AB
0 1 AB
A
 
1 0 AB A AB
AB  
1 1 AB

 ‫א‬WE١٥ J٣F‫א‬  

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬?Input Labels?‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ B ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬،‫א‬
EEF١٦ J٣F،EEF١٦ J٣F،EEF١٦ J٣F‫א‬K AB ‫א‬
 K??‫א‬،??‫א‬،??

CD CD CD CD  
AB  

AB  
BC BC BC BC B B
 
AB A A

AB A - ٥٤ - A

4 3 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEEF١٧ J٣F‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٧ J٣F‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬?1?‫א‬
 KEEF١٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF

 KEEF١٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ A  A

B B
A B Y
Y  AB  AB  
0 0 0 Y
0 1 0  
1 0 1 AB
 
1 1 1 AB
EF  EF EF

B B B B A A B B  

A 0  0 A 0  0 
Y
A 1 1 A 1 1
 

EF A  
EF EF
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٧ J٣F ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬
?1?‫א‬?1?‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?0?‫א‬?0?‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?1?K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

? AB, A B ?‫א‬‫א‬K? AB?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،? AB

 K‫א‬‫א‬?0?،‫א‬?0?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K A  A  1 W‫א‬،?Complements?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EEF١٧ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬?Adjacent cells?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٧ J٣F‫א‬?1?
،‫א‬ B ، B  AB, AB ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WA‫א‬

  Y  A( B  B)  A  1  A W‫א‬ Y  AB  AB W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EEF١٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،A‫א‬Y‫א‬‫א‬
 KEEF١٧ J٣F‫א‬

E٣ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٣F

 K‫א‬
E٥ J٣FWE٣ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
A B C Y
0 0 0 0  
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1  
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
 
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

Y  ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC

 ?1?‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   
E٣ J٣F‫א‬?1?‫א‬KE١٨ J٣F‫א‬Y‫א‬
?0?KE١٨ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?1?
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

BC BC BC BC  
1
A  
A 1 1 1
 

AB EF  
BC

 E٥ J٣F WE١٨ J٣F ‫א‬  

E١٨ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬?1?‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، BC ‫א‬ A, A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K AB ‫א‬ C, C ‫א‬
 KE١٩ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

A A B B C C  
Y  AB  BC

Y  

 

 K‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٩ J٣F ‫א‬

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ OR ‫א‬‫א‬
  K

AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،OR‫א‬
 KE١٩ J٣F‫א‬

?‫א‬?‫א‬1's‫א‬
E٢١ J٣F‫א‬E٢٠ J٣F‫א‬K2‫א‬‫א‬،،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬1's‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،1's‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

CD CD CD CD AB CD CD CD CD
 
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1
AB AABB AC
1
 
AB 1 0 0 1 AB 1 0 1 1

 
AD 1 1 1 0 AB 1 0 0 1

 
ABC
AB 0 1 1 0 AB 1 0 1 1

AD  
EF D BC EF
E‫א‬F E‫א‬F
 
Y  ABC D  ABC D  ABCD  ABCD Y  A B C D  A B CD  A B CD  A BC D
 ABC D  ABCD  ABC D  AB
 C D  A BCD  A BCD  ABC D  ABCD
 ABCD ABC D  ABCD  AB C D  AB CD  AB CD
  F
E‫א‬ E‫א‬F
Y  ABC  AD  AD  AB Y  AC  BC  D
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠ J٣F‫א‬
 
- ٥٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

B  
CD CD CD CD CD CD CD CD
1 1 0 1 0 0
BD  
1 1 AB
AB
 
0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
AB
D
AB
 
CD
AB 1 1
AB
0 1 1 0 1 0  

AB
1 1 1 1 AB 1 1 1 1  
AB
EEFF E‫א‬F EF E‫א‬F  
A  A B CD
Y  A B C D  A B C D  A B CD Y  A B C D  A BC D  A BC D  A BCD 
 A B C D  A BCD  AB CD  ABCD  ABC D  ABC D  ABCD  AB C D 
 AB C D  AB C D  AB C D  AB CD  AB C D  AB CD  AB CD
Y BD E‫א‬F Y  C D  AB  BD E‫א‬F  

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢١ J٣F‫א‬  

E٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦ J٣

 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
A B C D Y
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
 
- ٥٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

‫א‬ Y‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٤ J٣F‫א‬?1?

Y  ABCD  ABCD  ABC D  ABCD  ABCD  ABCD

،E٢٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Y‫א‬‫א‬1's
CD CD CD CD
 
AB 0 1 1 0
AD  
AB 0 1 1 0
 

AB 0  0 1 0
CD

0  0 1 0
AB

 
E٦ J٣F‫א‬ WE٢٢ J٣ F‫א‬

‫א‬E٢٢ J٣F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1's‫א‬
 C ‫א‬ C ‫א‬ B ‫א‬ B ‫א‬،1's
1's‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K AD ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K CD ‫א‬ A, A, B, B ‫א‬‫א‬
  Y  AD  CD W

 Binary Adder and Subtractor Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

WHalf-Adder Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٦ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .Carry (C)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Sum (S)‫א‬‫א‬ A, B ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٣F‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
A B C S
0 0 0 0
 
0 1 0 1
 
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0  

‫א‬‫א‬،XOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S‫א‬‫א‬
EEF٢٣ J٣F‫א‬ .AND‫א‬‫א‬ C‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C, S ‫א‬‫א‬ A, B ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
A B
A
S (Sum) ‫א‬  
HA  B

C (Carry) ‫א‬
 
S
EF
C
EF  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٢٣ J٣F ‫א‬  

‫א‬EEF٢٣ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S ,C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Half AdderHA
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

S  AB  A B (3.2)

C  AB (3.3)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WFull-Adder Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٦ J٣

‫א‬2-bits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Carry‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Bits‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

،‫א‬Bits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A,B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Input carryECinF‫א‬
 KE٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Sum
 ‫א‬Carry‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٣F‫א‬

A B Cin S C  ‫א‬  ‫א‬

0 0 0 0 0 00‫א‬ 0+0+0=0
0 0 1 1 0 01‫א‬ 0+0+1=1
0 1 0 1 0 01‫א‬ 0+1+0=1
0 1 1 0 1 10‫א‬ 0 + 1 + 1 = 102 or 210 1
1 0 0 1 0 01‫א‬ 1+0+0=1
1 0 1 0 1 10‫א‬ 1 + 0 + 1 = 102 or 210 1
1 1 0 0 1 10‫א‬ 1 + 1 + 0 = 102 or 210 1
1 1 1 1 1 11‫א‬ 1 + 1 + 1 = 112 or 310 1

‫א‬ A, B, Cin ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ C , S ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 2 3  8 ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ S , C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

S  ABCin  ABC in  ABC in  ABCin (3.4)

C  ABCin  ABCin  ABC in  ABCin (3.5)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

S  A BCin  ABC in  A BC in  ABCin  ( AB  A B )C in  ( AB  AB )Cin (3.6)

 XNOR  AB  AB ‫א‬‫א‬،XOR AB  A B ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

S  ( A  B)C in  ( A  B)Cin (3.7)

 Cin ‫א‬ ( A  B ) XOR‫א‬

 WS‫א‬‫א‬

S  ( A  B )  Cin  A  B  Cin  (3.8)

‫א‬ A, B ‫א‬، XOR ‫א‬‫א‬ S 

 K Cin ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ C ‫א‬

C  ABCin  ABCin  ABC in  ABCin  ( AB  AB)Cin  AB(C in  Cin ) (3.9)

C  ( A  B )Cin  AB (3.10)

‫א‬‫א‬،EEF٢٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬CS
‫א‬FA‫א‬EEF٢٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬?Full Adder?
A B Cin A
 
B S (Sum)
 
FA
  
S C Cin  
C (Carry)
EF EF  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٢٤ J٣F ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF٢٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
OR‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٥ J٣F‫א‬
A
Cin  S S
HA
A S B   C

HA
  C
B C

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٢٥ J٣F ‫א‬

 WHalf Subtractor Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٦ J٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬،
Bit،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KDifference

Borrowed?1?‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،
    ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K

‫א‬?D??2-bits?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬?1?? B0 ? 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬?1?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ B0 ‫א‬،D‫א‬‫א‬K?‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

D  AB  AB & Bo  AB (3.11)

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J٣F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
A B D B0
 
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1  
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0  

‫א‬‫א‬S‫א‬D‫א‬
A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬ B0 ‫א‬، XOR ‫א‬
 K B ، A ‫א‬ AND ‫א‬

EEF٢٦ J٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬EEF٢٦ J٣F‫א‬

 KHalf Subtractor‫א‬HS‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

A B
 
A
D (Difference) ‫א‬
 

B
HS
B0 (Borrow) ‫א‬
 
D B0
‫א‬‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٦ J٣F‫א‬  

 WFull Subtractor Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٦ J٣

1‫א‬‫א‬ 2-bits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ Bi n ‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬A
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬، B0 ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K A  B  Bin ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Bin  0 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W Bin  1 ‫א‬

 K D  2  0  1  1 ‫א‬ A  0  2  2  B0  1 ‫א‬1 A  0, B  0 

 K D  2  1  1  0 ‫א‬ A  0  2  2  B0  1 ‫א‬1 A  0, B  1 
 K D  1  0  1  0 ‫א‬ A  1 B0  0  A  1, B  0 
 K D  3  1  1  1‫א‬ A  1  2  3  B0  1 ‫א‬1 A  1, B  1 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
A B Bin D B0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

D  ABBin  AB Bin  AB Bin  ABBin (3-12)

‫א‬E٤ J٣F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬S
 W‫א‬‫א‬

D  ( A  B )  Bin  A  B  Bin (3-13)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B0‫א‬

Bo  A BBin  AB B in  ABBin  ABBin  Bin ( A B  AB )  AB( B in  Bin ) (3-14)

Bo  Bin ( A  B )  AB (3-15)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EEF٢٧ J٣F‫א‬B0D‫א‬ 
Full Subtractor‫א‬FS‫א‬EEF٢٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EEF٢٧ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٨ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A
 
B Bin
A
B D  
FS  

Bin B0
 
D B0
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٧ J٣F‫א‬
 
 
Bin A
  D
D
HS
D B   B0
A

HS  
B0 B0
B  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٨ J٣F‫א‬
 
 

 

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٣F

a) AB(C  D)  b) AB (CD  EF )
c) ( A  B  C  D)  ABC D d) ( A  B  C  D )( A BC D )

 WNAND‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢ J٣F

a) ABCD  DE b) ABC  AB  D
c) ABC  D  E d) ABC  ABC  ABC  ABC

  WNOR‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣ J٣F

a) ( A  B  C )( A  B ) b) ABC  ( D  E )
c) ( AB  C )( D E  F ) d) ( A  B )(C  D )

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٣F

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٩ J٣F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
A B C Y
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٣F

a) ABCD  ABC D  ABC D  ABCD  ABCD  ABC D

b) ABC D  ABCD  ABCD  ABCD  ABC D  ABC D  ABC D
c) ABCD  ABC D  ABC D  ABCD  ABCD
d) ABC D  ABCD  ABC D  ABCD  ABCD  ABC D  ABCD  ABCD
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

(1 or 0)‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٣ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٣F

 W‫א‬‫א‬

a) A = 1, B = 1, Cin = 1 b) A = 0, B = 1, Cin = 1
c) A = 0, B = 1, Cin = 0 d) A = 1, B = 1, Cin = 0

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٣F

a) S = 0, Cout = 0 b) S = 1, Cout = 0
c) S = 1, Cout = 1 d) S = 0, Cout = 1

(1 or 0)‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٦ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٣F

 W‫א‬‫א‬

a) A = 1, B = 1, Bin = 1 b) A = 1, B = 0, Bin = 1
c) A = 1, B = 1, Bin = 0 d) A = 0, B = 1, Bin = 1

 

 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٢W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Power point‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

- ٧٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

Introduction

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Combinational Logic Circuits?
?Sequential Logic Circuits?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Memory?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫وא‬،?Flip-Flop Circuit?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?1?‫א‬?0?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?1?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?0?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،NOR‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬?Bi-stable Multi-vibrator?
‫א‬‫א‬K?Digital Integrated Circuits?‫א‬
 K?Shift Registers?‫א‬‫א‬?Counters?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WFlip-Flop's ‫א‬١ J٤

 WLatches‫א‬١ J١ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

KBistable Multi-vibrator‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Latch?‫א‬
SR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F‫א‬
R?1?‫א‬‫א‬?Set Input?‫א‬S
?0?‫א‬‫א‬?Reset Input?‫א‬
 K‫א‬ Q ‫א‬Q
 
SET
Q output
Inpu  S Q

RESET R Q Q output
 
Input
 
SR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٤F‫א‬  

 Q  0 , Q  1 Set‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K Q  1 ، Q  0 Reset
E‫א‬‫א‬F Q  1‫א‬‫א‬?1?‫א‬S‫א‬
‫א‬K Q  0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ Q ‫א‬
،E‫א‬‫א‬F Q  0 ‫א‬ Q  1 ‫א‬?1?‫א‬R‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?1?‫א‬‫א‬S, R‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?Unpredictable?‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬SR‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
S
  Q
 
 
Q
R  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SR ‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢ J٤F‫א‬

- ٧٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬F?1?NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
 .?Active High Inputs?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١ J٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  (Mode of Operation)
S R Q
0 0 Q0  E‫א‬F‫א‬ No Change
0 1 0  ‫א‬ Latch RESETS
1 0 1  ‫א‬ Latch SETS
1 1 ?  ‫א‬ Invalid condition

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬S ,R‫א‬?0?‫א‬‫א‬ -١
 K Q o ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

‫א‬F Q  0 ‫א‬?1??0?R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K Q  0 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬F Q  1‫א‬?1??0?S ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣

K‫א‬ Q  1 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S, R‫א‬?1?‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،NOR‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?0?NAND‫א‬
 K?Active Low Inputs?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S
Q  

 

  Q
R
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SR ‫א‬‫א‬ WE٣ J٤F ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬
S R Q (Mode of Operation)
0 0 ? ‫א‬ Invalid condition
0 1 1  ‫א‬‫א‬ Latch SETS
1 0 0 ‫א‬‫א‬ Latch RESETS
1 1 Qo E‫א‬F‫א‬ No Change

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?0?‫א‬ K١
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬NAND

?1?‫א‬‫א‬ R  1  S  0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K Q  1 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

،?0?‫א‬‫א‬ R  0  S  1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K Q  0 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?1?‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
KE‫א‬‫א‬F Q0 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Logic Symbol?‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٤F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

S S Q Q   S S Q Q
 
R Q Q   R R Q Q
R
 
LOW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFHIGH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٤ J٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 S  0, R  0 K Q ‫א‬‫א‬ S, R 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬KE٥ J٤F‫א‬ S , R ‫א‬‫א‬W١ J٤

 K Qo  0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Q ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

S  

R  

Q  

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٤F‫א‬

 WClocked S-R Flip–Flop ‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬٢ J١ J٤

 Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ SR SR‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 KCK‫א‬‫א‬?Clock Pulse?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٤F‫א‬
 KCK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S Q S Q
 
CK CK
R  EFE
Q R F
Q

 
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF٦ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬?Positive Edge Trigger?‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬
‫א‬EEF٦ J٤F‫א‬،?1??0?‫א‬
K?0??1?‫א‬‫א‬?Negative Edge Trigger?‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬S ,R‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S
Q  
CK  
 
Q
R  
 ‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬‫א‬WE٧ J٤F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٤F‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ (Mode of Operation)
S R CK Q  
0 0 X Qo E‫א‬F‫א‬ No Change
0 1 0 ‫א‬‫א‬ Latch RESETS  
1 0 1  ‫א‬‫א‬ Latch SETS
1 1 ? ‫א‬ Invalid condition

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬E٣ J٤F‫א‬

‫א‬?0?‫א‬‫א‬S, R‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬CK‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?1??0?‫א‬‫א‬ S  0, R  1‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
.Reset‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?0?‫א‬
?1??0?‫א‬‫א‬ S  1, R  0 ‫א‬‫א‬S‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
.Set‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q = 1‫א‬
‫א‬ S  1, R  1 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬

?1?‫)א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (?0?
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،E٦ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬‫א‬ Q‫א‬‫א‬W٢ J٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٨ J٤F‫א‬S, R, CK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ Q  0

 ‫א‬

 K Q  0 Q‫א‬، S  0, R  0 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K(Reset) Q  0 ‫א‬، S  0, R  1W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
- ٧٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K(Set) Q  1 ?1?Q ‫א‬، S  1, R  0 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣

.(Reset) Q  0 ‫א‬، S  0, R  1W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
K(Set) Q  1 ‫א‬، S  1, R  0 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
K Q  1 ?1?‫א‬، S  1, R  0 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦
 
1 2 3 4 5 6
CK
 

S  

R  

Q  

 
SR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٤F‫א‬

 WD-Type Flip-Flop?D?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١ J٤

?Single Bit?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?10?‫א‬
 KE٩ J٤F‫א‬D
D S Q
 
CK
 
R  Q

  WE٩ J٤F ‫א‬

D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، R  0 ‫א‬ S  1‫א‬?1?‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬KCK
D‫א‬K (Set)?1?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،CK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،CK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، R  1‫א‬ S  0 ‫א‬?0?‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Reset)?0?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٧٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

?Reset?‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬?1??Set?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬?0?
 KE٤ J٤F‫א‬?Positive Edge Trigger?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬D ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ (Mode of Operation)
D CK Q
1 1 ‫א‬‫א‬ (SET) (stores 1)
0 0  ‫א‬‫א‬ (RESET) stores 0)

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٠ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬K?Delayed time Filp-flop?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CK
 KEEF١٠ J٤FNAND‫א‬D

D
S  
Q
D  
Q
CK  
CK
 
Q Q
R  
EF   E F

NAND‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠ J٤F‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬W٣ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١١ J٤F‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J٤F
 K‫א‬ Q  0  

  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬

 ?1? ?0? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ D‫א‬ Q‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
CK

D  

Q  

 D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١ J٤F‫א‬  

 WClocked JK Flip Flop‫א‬‫א‬JK‫א‬٤ J١ J٤

 K‫א‬J, K‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬JK‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬ JK‫א‬
JK‫א‬‫א‬.(Reset)‫א‬‫א‬(Set)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KSR‫א‬‫א‬

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬JK‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬?1?‫א‬‫א‬J, K‫א‬‫א‬
 
J
  Q J Q
CK
  CK
Q K Q
K  

 
‫א‬‫א‬JK‫א‬‫א‬EF ‫א‬‫א‬JK ‫א‬EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢ J٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬JK
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

SR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬ Q ، Q ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،JK‫א‬E٥ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?0?J, K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J  0, K  1 ‫א‬‫א‬?0?‫א‬(Reset)‫א‬
 J  1, K  0 ‫א‬‫א‬JK(Set)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،?Toggle?‫א‬JK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬?1?‫א‬‫א‬J, K‫א‬ 
 KCK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬JK‫א‬WE٥ J٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  (Mode of Operation)
J K CK Q
0 0 Q0 E‫א‬F‫א‬  No Change
0 1 0 ‫א‬‫א‬  (RESET)
1 0 1 ‫א‬‫א‬  (SET)
1 1 Q ‫א‬  Toggle

‫א‬E١٢ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬JK‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬W٤ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬KE١٣ J٤F‫א‬ CKJK‫א‬
 K‫א‬Q = 0 
 ‫א‬
CK 1 2 3 4 5  
J
 

 
K

 
Q
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬JK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣ J٤F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?1?J, K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K?1?‫א‬Q
K J  K  0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K Q  0 Reset J  0, K  1،‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
K Q  1 Set J  1, K  0 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
Q‫א‬J, K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Set‫ א‬-٥
K?1?‫א‬

 WT-Type Flip-Flop ?T?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J١ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬JK‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T‫א‬‫א‬،E١٤ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬J,K
(Toggle)‫א‬T‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬CK‫א‬?1?‫א‬T‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE١٤ J٤F‫א‬CK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KT‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٤F

T J Q  
CK
 
K Q

T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤ J٤F‫א‬  

 T‫א‬‫א‬WE٦ J٤F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  (Mode of Operation)
T CK Q
0 Q0 E‫א‬F‫א‬  No Change
1 Q0  ‫א‬  Toggle

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬W٥ J٤
 K‫א‬ Q  0  ‫א‬‫א‬E١٥ J٤F‫א‬CK

 ‫א‬

CK  

T  

Q  
 
 T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٥ J٤F‫א‬
 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T=1‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬?1??0?Q T  1‫א‬‫א‬،Q‫א‬ T  0 ‫א‬

 :Shift Registers‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?Bit?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ?Left Shift?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Buffer Register?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?Parallel Data?‫א‬?Serial Data?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Right Shift?
 K?Shift Registers?‫א‬‫א‬

 WBuffer Registers‫א‬١ J٢ J٤

?Digital word?‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٦ J٤F‫א‬K?Bits?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?4-stages? ‫א‬ D‫א‬
 K?Positive edge-triggered?
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ?4-bit word to be stored? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 
D1 D2 D3 D4
 

D Q D Q D Q D Q
 
 
Q
  Q Q Q
 
CLR CLR CLR CLR
CK
CLR  
Q1   Q2 Q3 Q4

 
?Parallel data outputs? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 
 
Clock
 
1
 
D1

0
D2  
‫א‬
Input data D3   1

  0
D4
 
Q1
 
‫א‬
Q2  
Output data Q3  
 
Q4
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  EF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٦ J٤F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،?4-bits?  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬Q1,Q2, Q3,Q4‫א‬D1,D2,D3,D4
‫א‬KEEF١٦ J٤F‫א‬CK‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?Clear-input?‫א‬K?Parallel-in, Parallel-out Registers?
 K‫א‬‫א‬?Active-low?‫א‬‫א‬

 Shift Registers‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٤

‫א‬?Shift?‫א‬?move?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١٧ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

KSerial-in, Serial-out Shift Registers?SISO?‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١

.Serial-in, Parallel-out Shift Registers ?SIPO?‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
KParallel-in, Serial-out Shift Registers ?PISO? ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

Serial-in, serial-out "SISO" Shift Registers  

Shift Right Shift Left  
Serial-In Serial-Out Serial-Out Serial-In

Rotate Right   Rotate Left

 E  F
Serial-in, parallel-out "SIPO" Shift Registers  Parallel-in, Serial-out "PISO" Shift Registers
Parallel Data In
Serial-In  

  Serial-Out

Parallel Data Out

 EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧ J٤F‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 ?SISO?‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢ J٢ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬1001‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F0110‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  WE٧ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
Clock Input  Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3  
 -  - 0 1 1 0
 
1st 1 1 0 1 1
 
2nd 0 0 1 0 1
3rd 0 0 0 1 0
 
4th 1 1 0 0 1
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1st Clock pulse‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،2nd Clock pulse‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K?1001?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?0110?
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬?0110?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?1001?‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬4-bits‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٨ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬،FF0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KD‫א‬‫א‬
Q1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،FF1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬Q0‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،FF2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Q3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،FF3‫א‬‫א‬
FF0 FF1 FF2 FF3
Serial   Serial
Data D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D Q3
Data Out
Input
CK CK CK CK
 

Clock  
Input
SISO Shift
 Right
EF
  Serial
Serial Data
Data Out Input
D Q3 D Q2   D Q1 D Q0

CK CK CK CK
 

Clock  
FF3 FF2 FF1 FF0
Input
 Shift
SISO  Left
EF
 

 

  SISO Rotate Left

SISO Rotate Right
EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  WE١٨ J٤F‫א‬

    ،‫א‬      ?Clock input? ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 1-bit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Positive edge?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ –‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

D‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٨ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.?SISO Shift-Right Shift Register?‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF١٨ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?SISO Shift-Left Shift Register?‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬

EEF١٨ J٤F‫א‬،EEF١٨ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EEF١٨ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬?SISO Rotate-Right?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 K?SISO Rotate-Left?

 W‫א‬‫א‬-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢ J٢ J٤

Serial-in, Parallel out Shift Registers ?SIPO?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩ J٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬

4-bits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Serial data input?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Serial
FF0 FF1 FF2 FF3  
Data Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3
 
D D D D
Input
CK CK CK CK
 
 
Clock
Input  
 
Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3
 
Parallel data outputs  
 
‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  WE١٩ J٤F ‫א‬
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?4-bits?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬?4-bits?Q3,Q2,Q1,Q0

 W‫א‬‫א‬- ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢ J٢ J٤

Parallel-in, Serial-out Shift Registers ?PISO?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
،Low‫א‬ SHIFT / LOAD ‫א‬K SHIFT / LOAD ‫א‬
‫א‬?Enabled?A‫א‬‫א‬AND ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?Inverter?‫א‬
Clock ?‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D3,D2,D1,D0
  .Q3,Q2,Q1,Q0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?pulse
( SHIFT / LOAD ) control
 
(1 for shift , 0 for load ) Parallel data inputs

D0 D1 D2 D3  

 

B A B A B A  

 
FF0 FF1 FF2 FF3 Serial
Out
D Q0 D Q1 D Q2 D  
Q3

CK CK CK CK
 
Clock
Input  
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٠ J٤F ‫א‬  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

AND‫א‬‫א‬،High‫א‬ SHIFT / LOAD ‫א‬

D‫א‬Q0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEnabledB‫א‬‫א‬
،FF2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q1‫א‬،FF1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬KFF3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?1-bit?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .?Clock input?‫א‬‫א‬

 WCounters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?Binary bits?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?Clock input?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K?Synchronous Counters? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Asynchronous Counters?
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WAsynchronous Binary-Up Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٤

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF٢١ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬JK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،High‫א‬J, K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬?Negative edge??Toggle?‫א‬
‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEEF٢١ J٤F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬?4-bit word?‫א‬‫א‬Q3,Q2,Q1,Q0‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬0000‫א‬‫א‬
FF0‫א‬‫א‬KE٨ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KQ3MSBFF3‫א‬‫א‬Q0LSB

 
FF0 FF1 FF2 FF3
J Q0 J Q1   J Q2 J Q3

Clock CK
CK (
Input CK
  CK CK

K K K K
 

 
Q0
 Q1 Q2 Q3

‫א‬٤ ‫א‬‫א‬ E  F
 

 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

 
Q0
0  
Q1
0  

Q2
0  

Q3  
0

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢١ J٤F‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

،?Clock input?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FF0‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Toggle?Q0‫א‬
Q0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EEF٢١ J٤F‫א‬Q0‫א‬
Q0‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬?0? ?1? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?1? ?0?  
 Q0 ،FF1‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ، Q2 ‫א‬   Q1       K?Toggle?  Q1 ‫א‬
 KQ3‫א‬Q2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٤F

 ‫א‬‫א‬  
Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 ‫א‬
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0 2
0 0 1 1 3
0 1 0 0 4
0 1 0 1 5
0 1 1 0 6
0 1 1 1 7 Cycle Repeats
1 0 0 0 8
1 0 0 1 9
1 0 1 0 10
1 0 1 1 11
1 1 0 0 12
1 1 0 1 13
1 1 1 0 13
1 1 1 1 15

Binary Count

 WMaximum Count of a Counter N ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٨ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،0010‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،0001‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬KKK0011‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬Maximum count before cycle repeats
N  2n  1 (4-1)
 K?Number of flip-flops in the counter circuit?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ nW
 W‫א‬EEF٢١ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N  2 n  1  2 4  1  16  1  (15 )10  (1111) 2 (4-2)
WModulus of Counter MOD‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬MOD?Modulus of counter?‫א‬‫א‬
16MODEEF٢١ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
KE٨ J٤F‫א‬11110000  16‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MOD
n
MOD = 2 (4-3)
WAsynchronous Binary-Down Counters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?1?
‫א‬EEF٢٢ J٤F‫א‬K‫א‬?1?‫א‬
 Q ‫א‬KJK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Q ‫א‬‫א‬

KEEF٢٢ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Q3,Q2,Q1,Q0RESET‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q ‫א‬Low Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0000
FF3,FF2,FF1,FF0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1111
‫א‬High‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ,K‫א‬‫א‬KHigh
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Toggle?
‫א‬،?1??0?Q0‫א‬،FF0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،FF1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?0??1? Q 0 ‫א‬
  Q1 ‫א‬?1??0?Q1‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬KKK،FF2‫א‬ Q 1 K?0??1?
Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3

HIGH  
FF0 FF1 FF2 FF3
 
J Q0 J Q1 J Q2 J Q3

Clock
 
CK CK CK CK
Input
 
Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3
K K
EF
K K
 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17  
Clock
Input  

0
 
Q0
 
0
EF
Q1  
0  
Q2
 
0
Q3  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٢ J٤F‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬
Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0
1 1 1 1 15
1 1 1 0 13
1 1 0 1 13 ‫א‬WE٩ J٤F
1 1 0 0 12  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 0 1 1 11
1 0 1 0 10
1 0 0 1 9
1 0 0 0 8 Cycle Repeats
0 1 1 1 7
0 1 1 0 6
0 1 0 1 5
0 1 0 0 4
0 0 1 1 3
0 0 1 0 2
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0

Binary Count

- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

(15)10 = 1111Q3,Q2,Q1,Q0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٩ J٤F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
FF0‫א‬‫א‬،EEF٢٢ J٤F‫א‬
Q3,Q2,Q1‫א‬،‫א‬Q0‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣ J٤

Asynchronous Binary Up/Down Counters

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

L‫א‬E٢٣ J٤F‫א‬
 K UP / DOWN ‫א‬‫א‬AND-OR
Q0 Q1 Q2   Q3

HIGH
 
FF0 FF1 FF2 FF3
Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3
J A J A J A J 
Clock
CK CK CK CK
Input
Q0 Q1 Q2
  Q3
K B K B K B K

UP/DOWN  
Control

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٢٣ J٤F ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬،High‫א‬ UP / DOWN ‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q،EnabledA
‫א‬ UP / DOWN ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?Disabled?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Low
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Q ?Enabled? ‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WSynchronous Binary Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٣ J٤

‫א‬AND‫א‬JK‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬MOD-16 ‫ أو‬4-bit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Trigger?
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Q3
Q0 Q1 Q2

HIGH
A B  
FF0 FF1 FF2 FF3
Q1
  Q3
J Q0 J J Q2 J

CK CK   CK CK

Clock K K K K
Input  

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٤ J٤F ‫א‬
FF0‫א‬‫א‬J, K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?Toggle?‫א‬،High‫א‬
Low‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬LowHighHigh 

‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FF1‫א‬‫א‬J, K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Q1‫א‬،Low‫א‬Q0‫א‬‫א‬KFF0‫א‬
Q1‫א‬،High‫א‬Q0‫א‬?No change?FF1
K?Toggle?

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

AND-A‫א‬‫א‬FF2‫א‬‫א‬J, K‫א‬
،High AND-A‫א‬ Q0  Q1  High‫א‬KQ0 ,Q1
 K‫א‬‫א‬FF2‫א‬‫א‬?Enable?‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬AND-B‫א‬‫א‬FF3‫א‬‫א‬J, K‫א‬
AND-B‫א‬High‫א‬Q2,Q1,Q0‫א‬KQ2,Q1,Q0
 K‫א‬FF3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬High

 WSynchronous Counters Advantages ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Ripple Counters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E٢١ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٤ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Propagation-delay time‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 tp = tp (Single flip-flop) + tp (Single AND-gate)

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WMultiplexers or Data Selectors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥ J٤F‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

So 0  
 
S1 1  
Do 0 Mux Y  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ D1 1
 
D2 2
D3 3  
 
١ ٤ WE٢٥ J٤F‫א‬
 
‫א‬ S ‫א‬E٢٥ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 S1  0, S 0  0   ?0? ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬D0‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ D1‫א‬ S1  0, S 0  1 ?1?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬D2‫א‬ S1  1, S 0  0 ?2?
 KE١٠ J٤F‫א‬،‫א‬D3‫א‬ S1  0, S 0  0 ?3?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠ J٤F  
S0 S1  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
0 0 D0 Y  D0 S1 S 0
0 1 D1 Y  D1S1S0
1 0 D2 Y  D1S1 S 0
1 1 D3 Y  D1S1S0

  Y  D0 S1S 0  D1S1S0  D2S1S 0  D3S1S0 W‫א‬‫א‬ 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٢٦ J٤FS1, S0‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬
S0
 
S1  
 
D0
 
 
D1
 
  Y
D2
 
 
D3
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  WE٢٦ J٤F‫א‬

D0
‫א‬ ‫א‬ W٦ J٤ 
D1
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
D2
 E٢٧ J٤F ‫א‬
D3
‫א‬ ‫א‬   
S0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
 KE٢٦ J٤F
S1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

Y
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬Y
D0 D1 D2 D3 D0 D1 D2 D3  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٧ J٤F‫א‬
WDemultiplexers ‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٤

 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
K?Data subscriber? ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   E٢٨ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ KAND‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Data
Input D0
 

 
D1
Data
S0 Output  
Lines
Select D2
Lines  
S1
D3  

 ‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢٨ J٤F‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬?Data in?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٩ J٤F‫א‬W٧ J٤

 KE٢٨ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬D3, D2, D1, D0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KS0،S1

 ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٢٩ J٤FD3, D2, D1, D0

S0
 
S1
 
 
D0 1 0  
D1 1 0  
D2 0 1  
D3 1 1  
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٩ J٤F‫א‬  
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٤F
‫א‬ ‫א‬?Negative edge trigger?‫א‬‫א‬
 Q  0  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣٠ J٤F
K‫א‬‫א‬

CK

E١ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٠ J٤F‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬?Positive edge trigger?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q  0  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢ J٤F
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
CK

D
 
E٢ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬WE٣١ J٤F‫א‬  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬JK‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٤F
KE٣٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬Negative edge trigger‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ Q  0  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

CK  

J
 
 
K
 
 
E٣ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٢ J٤F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٤F
‫א‬‫א‬?Negative edge trigger?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q  0  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣٣ J٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬

CK

T
 
 
E٤ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٣ J٤F‫א‬
 
S1=0, S0=1, D3=0, D2=1, D1=0, ‫א‬٩٥‫א‬E٢٥ J٤F‫א‬E٥ J٤F
 K‫א‬D0=1
 

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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٥W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Power point‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Introduction 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥

WDevelopment of Computers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J١ J٥

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٨٥٤  

K‫א‬ ‫א‬ Boole  OR ،NOT،AND
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٨٦٩ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ William Javors ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬     Herman Hollerith ‫א‬ ١٨٨٥   
 ٦٣  1890  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
       ‫ א‬  Hollerith   K
 International Business Machines ‫ א‬IBM‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Otto Steigeas ‫א‬١٨٩٣ 
AudionVacuum tube Lee De forest‫א‬١٩٠٧ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ Flip Flop ‫א‬‫א‬ Ecdes and Jorda ‫א‬١٩١٩ 
 K‫ א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬ Analogue  
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬،
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬ Ecker ‫א‬١٩٣٣ 

 K‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Logic Machine ‫א‬١٩٣٦ 
 K‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Shannon ١٩٣٧ 
‫א‬ ABC‫א‬  Digital  ١٩٣٩ 
 KAnat soff , Berry and Cony ‫א‬
 K‫ א‬ Z-3‫א‬‫א‬ Digital  ‫א‬١٩٤١ 
 50Mark-1 ١٩٤٤١٩٤٣ 
 K ‫א‬٨‫א‬
 Bug ‫ א‬‫א‬ Mark-11 ١٩٤٥ 
KENIAC١٩٤٦ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬١٩٤٧ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٤٨ 
K‫א‬ Core Memory ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٤٩ 
‫א‬  ‫א‬ Whirl Wind Computer     ‫ א‬١٩٥٠ 
 ‫א‬ ‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
.‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬١٩٥٢‫א‬‫א‬،UNIVAC ١٩٥١ 
‫א‬   Wilkes    K    ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Microprogramming ‫א‬
KTRAPIC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٥٤ 
 RAMac ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬١٩٥٦ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬
KFORTRAN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٥٧ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬١٩٥٨ 
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ Lisp ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫ א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Cobol ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١٩٦٠ 
K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬ ٣٦٠ ٢٦٠‫א‬‫א‬ IBM ١٩٦٣‫א‬‫ א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ BASIC ‫א‬  ١٩٦٤ 
‫ א‬‫א‬١٩٦٩ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٧٠ 
KINTEL ١٩٧١ 
RISC ‫א‬ ‫ א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬IBM   ١٩٨٠ 
K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩٨١ 
  AT ‫א‬ IBM ١٩٨٤ 
 ،‫ א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   IBM   ٨٠٢٨٦ 
K١٦ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ،Apple  ١٩٨٤ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬١٩٩٠ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 Software ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ KHardware‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  

-١٠٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

WBasic Construction of a Computer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١ J٥

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
Input and Output ?‫א‬‫א‬?Memory?‫א‬‫א‬?Central Proccessing Unit CPU?
?Data Bus?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Devices
‫א‬‫א‬K?Control Bus?‫א‬?Address Bus?‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬W‫א‬  
W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  

 
 W‫א‬  W‫א‬

WE١ J٥F‫א‬  

WMotherboard‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
?Motherboard?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢ J٥F‫א‬
?Clock?‫א‬?Logic Gates?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Multiplexers?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?Power Supply?‫א‬

 

 

 

 
 ?Motherboard? ‫א‬‫א‬ WE٢ J٥F ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬٣ J٥

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WInput Interface‫א‬‫א‬١ J٣ J٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

Parallel Transmission‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 

D7D6D5D4D3D2D1D0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Do
D1
D2
‫א‬L

D3


D4
D5
D6
 
D7  
‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣ J٥F‫א‬  

 WSeries Transmission‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬L



D0 D1 ----D7

D7 D6 ----D0
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE٤ J٥ F‫א‬

 WOutput interface‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣ J٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KKK،‫א‬،WL‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KKK،‫א‬،،،W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KKK،،،،W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KKK،‫א‬،،‫א‬W‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣ J٥

?Handshaking?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬  

‫א‬L

 
‫א‬


 
‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬WE٥ J٥F‫א‬  

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬?Data Available?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،?Data Acknowledge?

 K‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬١ J٤ J٥

‫א‬K10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE٦ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?Word?
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1 K byte = 210 = 1024 bytes (5-1)

‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
 
 E10F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F  
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ W( ٦ J٥ )‫א‬  

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

16 12 10 8W‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١ J٥F
21621221028W‫א‬‫א‬
26Kbyte22 Kbyte1Kbyte256 byteW‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢ J٤ J٥

 Random Access Memory RAM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KTemporary ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

  : Read Only Memory ROM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

  PROM & EPROM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 WBinary Decoder‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤ J٥

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1  
1 2‫د‬ 1‫د‬ 4‫خ‬ 3‫خ‬ 2‫خ‬ 1‫خ‬
2


0 0 0 0 0 1  
2 0 1 0 0 1 0
3 1 0 0 1 0 0
4 1 1 1 0 0 0  

‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٧ J٥F‫א‬  

E 2E‫א‬‫א‬F=‫א‬FWE٢ J٥F

?2،1?‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٥F‫א‬
-١١١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬?43،2،1?‫א‬‫א‬?A14A15?‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨ J٥F‫א‬

 
1 CS
A15 1  

2 CS
A14 2  
3 CS  
4  CS

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨ J٥F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤ J٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬F

 KERD: ReadF‫א‬ 
 KEWR: WriteF 
 K(CS: Chip Select) ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K K٢
 K‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٤ J٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K?Memory Access Controllers?
 K‫א‬

-١١٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WMicroproccessor‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E٩ J٥F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א א‬

 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٩ J٥F ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W ‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥ J٥

،Central Processing Unit?CPU?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KEE١٠ J٥FF‫א‬WControl Unit?CU?‫א‬
-١١٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  

 

 

 
‫א‬
 
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(١٠ J٥)‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WRead Only Memory?ROM? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

K‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WRandom Access Memory?RAM? ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WInput unit K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WOutput unit‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬

WBus Types‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥ J٥

‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ Bus ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 0F 5v 0v
 WE١١ J٥F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WData Bus‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K8Bit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D7 D6D5D4D3D2D1D0،64,32,16,8Bits ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WAddress Bus‫א‬‫א‬ 
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
A15...A2A1A0.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،16‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WControl Bus‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬  
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  
ROM
‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
RAM ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 
‫א‬  
 
‫א‬  
 
‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(١١ J٥)‫א‬  

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢ J٥F‫א‬WE٣ J٥F

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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

1111 0101 0000 1100  

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
1111 0101 0000 1100
D7 – D0‫א‬  
11010110

‫א‬‫א‬
0
‫א‬

1
1  
0
1
0  
1
1
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢ J٥F‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EWRF‫א‬ERDF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
ROM  RAM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ MEMR
RAM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ MEMW
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IOR
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IOW

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥ J٥

?Word???‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K،‫א‬‫א‬64,32,16,8Bits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Byte ??‫א‬‫א‬8

K?Binary Coded Decimal?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

 K?Hexadecimal?‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬

-١١٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

WIntel 8085 Proccessor‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥ J٥

‫א‬‫א‬KIntel 8085‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٥F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬

 


 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬


 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ א‬W ‫א‬

Intel 8085‫א‬‫א‬W(١٣ J٥)‫א‬

-١١٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

W‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٥ J٥

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE١٤ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

S Z A P C Y C
‫א‬‫א‬

0 2 4 6 7 ‫א‬‫א‬
CY(Carry) P(Parity) AC(Auxiliary Carry) Z(Zero) S(Sign) ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ WE١٤ J٥F ‫א‬

 
 KE5,3،1‫א‬‫א‬F10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬٦ J٥ J٥

 KA‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬

‫א‬05B ‫א‬04‫א‬‫א‬WE٤ J٥F

7‫א‬‫א‬E JFK-01‫א‬،EA-BF
 K1‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬
 K0

-١١٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬02B‫א‬0E‫א‬WE٥ J٥F
 EA+BF

 00001110 ‫א‬

 H 00000010B‫א‬

 Z00010000‫א‬

 KD3‫א‬‫א‬D4‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬
 KE

 A‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬

 EFFF‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 10  B ‫א‬   FF   ‫א‬   WE٦ J٥F  
W(A)+(B)‫א‬

 KE5,3،1‫א‬‫א‬F10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 11111111‫א‬ 
 H10000000B‫א‬ 
 Z01111111‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1‫א‬

 

-١١٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J٥F

0111E – A01FB – ABCDE – 9812F – 7FE3D – 54F – 69F – A3F – EFC 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٥F

 W‫א‬‫א‬XE٣ J٥F

 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RAM/ROM 
 KEFRAM/ROM 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٥F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J٥F
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J٥F

 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٢   K‫א‬‫א‬ J١

 K‫א‬ J٤    K‫א‬ J٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J٦    K‫א‬ J٥
K‫א‬ J٧

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬ JK‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ JK‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬ JK‫א‬ J
 K JK‫א‬ J

-١٢٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٥F

‫א‬،E١٥ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E٨ J٥F

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  

 

‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
IOR MEMW MEMR

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WE١٥ J٥F ‫א‬

 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٩ J٥F

 ‫؟‬‫א‬L‫א‬E١٠ J٥F

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢E١١ J٥F

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢ J٥F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣ J٥F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤ J٥F
‫؟‬


-١١٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
[1] Nigel P. Cook, Introductory Digital Electronics. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1998.

[2] M. Morris Mano, Digital Logic and Computer Design, Prentice- Hall, Inc. of India –
2000.

[3] Thomas L. Floyd, Digital Fundamentals, Seventh Edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2000.

[4] M. Morris Mano, Digital Design, Prentice- Hall, Inc. Aug 2001.

- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
   K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 
  J١ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KNumbers Systems‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  J٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction
  J٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Numbers Systems‫א‬‫א‬١ J١
  J٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KDecimal Numbering Systems‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J١
  J٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K  Binary Numbering System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J١
  J٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K Hexadecimal Numbering System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J١
  J٢ J  K K K K K KArithmatic Operations in Binary System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J١
  J٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬
  J٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Simple Logic Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  J٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction 
  J٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Logic Gates‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٢
  J٣٣ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Rules of Boolean Algebra‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٢
  J٣٥ J Implementaion of Logic Circuit via Truth Table ‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٢
  J٣٦ J Converting Booleen Expression to Truth Table ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٢
  J٣٨ J  K K Simplification of Boolean Expression‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٢
  J٣٨ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬
  J٤٤ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K Combinational Logic Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  J٤٥ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction
  J٤٥ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Demorgan's Theorems١ J٣
  J٤٧ J  K K K K K K K Universal Properties of NAND and NOR Gates‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٣
  J٤٨ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K KNOR،NAND ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٣
  J٥٣ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Karnaugh Map٤ J٣
  J٥٤ J  K K K K K K K K KSimplification Using Karnaugh Map‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٣
  J٦٠ J  K K K K K K K K Binary Adder and Subtractor Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦ J٣
  J٦٧ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

  J٧٠ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Sequetial Logic Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  J٧١ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction
  J٧١ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KFlip-Flop's ‫א‬١ J٤
  J٨٣ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Shift Registers‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٤
  J٩٠ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Counters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٤
  J٩٨ J Multiplexers or Data Selectors‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٤
  J٩٩ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Demultiplexers‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٤
  J١٠١ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J١٠١ J K K K K K K K K K K K KIntroduction to Microcomputer ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
  J٩٠ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Introduction 
  J٧١ J  K K K K K K K K K K Basic Fundamentals of Computers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١ J٥
  J٩٠ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KMotherboard‫א‬‫א‬٢ J٥
  J٩٠ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Input / Output Units‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬٣ J٥
  J٩٠ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Memory‫א‬‫א‬٤ J٥
  J٩٠ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Microprocessor‫א‬‫א‬٥ J٥
 J٩٠ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬
  J٩٠ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K Referances ‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
English 
1's Complement  ‫א‬‫א‬
st
1 Clock pulse ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2's Complement ‫א‬‫א‬
4-stages ‫א‬
Active High Inputs ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Active Low Inputs ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Active-low ‫א‬‫א‬
Addition of Binary Numbers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Address Bus ‫א‬‫א‬
Adjacent cells ‫א‬‫א‬
Advantages ‫א‬
Analogue 
Arithmetic Operations ‫א‬‫א‬
Array 
Asynchronous Binary Up/Down Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Asynchronous Binary-Down Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Asynchronous Binary-Up Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Asynchronous Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Auxiliary Carry AC ‫א‬
Bars ‫א‬‫א‬
Basic Construction of a Computer ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Binary Adder and Subtractor Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Binary bits ‫א‬‫א‬
Binary Coded Decimal ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Binary Decoder ‫א‬‫א‬
Binary Digits ‫א‬‫א‬
Binary Numbering System ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Binary Point ‫א‬‫א‬
Binary Subtraction ‫א‬‫א‬
Binary Variables ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Binary-to-Decimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

English 
Bi-stable Multi-vibrator ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Bits ‫א‬
Block Diagram ‫א‬‫א‬
Boolean Algebra ‫א‬‫א‬
Boolean Expression ‫א‬‫א‬
Borrowed 
Buffer Register ‫א‬‫א‬
Bus Types ‫א‬‫א‬
Carry ‫א‬
Cells 
Central Processing Unit CPU ‫א‬‫א‬
Central Processors ‫א‬‫א‬
Clear-input ‫א‬
Clock Pulse ‫א‬
Clocked SR Flip-Flop ‫א‬‫א‬SR‫א‬
Closed 
Combinational Logic Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Complementation ‫א‬
Complements ‫א‬
Control Bus ‫א‬
Control Unit CU ‫א‬
Converting 
Core Memory ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CS: Chip Select ‫א‬
CY(Carry) ‫א‬
Cycle Repeats  ‫א‬
Data Acknowledge ‫א‬‫א‬
Data Available ‫א‬‫א‬
Data Bus ‫א‬
Data subscriber ‫א‬
Decimal Fractions ‫א‬‫א‬
Decimal Numbering System ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Decimal Point ‫א‬‫א‬
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

English 
Decimal–to–Hexadecimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Delayed time Filp-flop ‫א‬‫א‬
Demorgan's Theorem 
De-multiplexers ‫א‬
Design of Combinational Logic Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Developments of Computer ‫א‬‫א‬
Difference bit ‫א‬
Digital 
Digital Electronic Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Digital Integrated Circuits ‫א‬
Digital word 
Disabled ‫א‬
Discard 
Enabled 
Flip Flop ‫א‬
Flip-Flop Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬
Full Subtractor Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Full-Adder Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Gate ‫א‬
Half Subtractor Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Half-Adder Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Handshaking ‫א‬‫א‬
Hardware  ‫א‬
Hexadecimal Numbering System ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Hexadecimal-to-Binary Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Hexadecimal–to–Decimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
HIGH ‫א‬،
Implementation ،،
Input and Output Devices ‫א‬‫א‬
Input Interface ‫א‬‫א‬
Input Labels ‫א‬
Input unit 
INTEL  ‫א‬
Invalid condition ‫א‬
Inversion ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

English 
INVERTER ‫א‬
JK Flip Flop JK‫א‬
Karnaugh-Map ‫א‬
Latches ‫א‬
Least Significant Bit ‫א‬‫א‬
Left Shift ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Logic Circuit ‫א‬
Logic Functions ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Logic Machine 
Logic Symbol ‫א‬‫א‬
Logical Addition ‫א‬‫א‬
Logical Multiplication ‫א‬‫א‬
LOW 
Magnitude ‫א‬
Maximum Count of a Counter ‫א‬
Memory ‫א‬‫א‬
Memory Access Controllers ‫א‬‫א‬
Microprogramming ‫א‬‫א‬
Mode of Operation ‫א‬
Most Significant Bit ‫א‬‫א‬
Motherboard ‫א‬‫א‬
Multiplexers or Data Selectors ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NAND Gate as a Universal Logic Element NAND‫א‬‫א‬
Negative Edge Trigger  ‫א‬‫א‬
No Change E‫א‬F‫א‬
NOR Gate as a Universal Logic Element NOR‫א‬‫א‬
NOT Gate ‫א‬‫א‬
Number of Binary Combinations ‫א‬‫א‬
Numbering Systems ‫א‬‫א‬
Output interface ‫א‬‫א‬
Output unit ‫א‬
P(Parity) ‫א‬
Parallel Data ‫א‬
Parallel Data In ‫א‬
Parallel Data Out ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

English 
Parallel Transmission ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Parallel-in, Serial-out Shift Registers ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Positional Weight ‫א‬‫א‬
Positive edge 
Positive Edge Trigger ‫א‬‫א‬
Power Supply ‫א‬
PROM & EPROM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Propagation-delay time ‫א‬
Pulses 
Random Access Memory RAM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
RD: Read ‫א‬‫א‬
Read Only Memory ROM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Repeated Division-by-2 Method ٢‫א‬‫א‬
Representation of Signed Numbers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Reset 
Reset Input ‫א‬‫א‬
RESETS ‫א‬
Right Shift ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ripple Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rotate Left ‫א‬
Rotate Right ‫א‬
Rules of Boolean Algebra ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S(Sign) ‫א‬
Sequential Logic Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Serial Data ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Serial-In ‫א‬
Serial-in, Parallel-out Shift Registers ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Serial-in, Serial-out Shift Registers ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Serial-Out ‫א‬
Series Transmission ‫א‬‫א‬
Set Input ‫א‬‫א‬
SETS ‫א‬
Shift Registers ‫א‬‫א‬
Sign 
Signed Numbers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

English 
Sign-Magnitude ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Sign-Magnitude System ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Simplification 
Simplification of Boolean Expressions ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Simplification Using Karnaugh Map ‫א‬‫א‬
Single Bit ‫א‬
SISO Rotate-Right ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
Software ‫א‬‫א‬
Standard 
stores 
Sum ‫א‬
Synchronous Binary Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Synchronous Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Temporary 
Timing Diagram ‫א‬‫א‬
Toggle ‫א‬
Trigger 
Truth Table ‫א‬
Universal Gates ‫א‬
Universal Properties ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Unpredictable ‫א‬
Vacuum Tube 
via 
Voltage Source 
Whirl Wind Computer ‫א‬
WR: Write 
Z(Zero) ‫א‬
Parallel Data Output ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Modulus of Counter MOD ‫א‬‫א‬

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