Rankine Bodies Handout.

nb 1

Rankine Bodies
We examine the body shapes and flow field behavior for a Rankine half-body and Rankine ovals of various aspect ratios.
The results are presented in non-dimensional form as explained below

Rankine Half-Body
For a Rankine half-body, the natural length scale is Q • U . In the work to follow, all lengths are non-dimensionalized by
Q • U and the flow speed is non-dimensionalized by U .

Body Shape

From hand calculations, the non-dimensional body shape is given by the parametric equations

In[1]:= x = €€€€ H1 - q • pL Cot@qD

1
2

€€€€ J1 - €€€€ N Cot@qD

1 q
Out[1]=
2 p

In[2]:= y = €€€€ H1 - q • pL
1
2

€€€€ J1 - €€€€ N
1 q
Out[2]=
2 p

Next plot the body shape, at several different scales.

In[3]:= ParametricPlot@8x, y<, 8q, p • 16, p<, AspectRatio ® AutomaticD

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.5 1 1.5 2

Out[3]= … Graphics …

A plot of the body closer to the nose region is

Rankine Bodies Handout.nb 2

In[4]:= ParametricPlot@8x, y<, 8q, p • 8, p<, AspectRatio ® AutomaticD

0.4

0.3

0.2
0.1

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Out[4]= … Graphics …

Even closer to the nose, we have

In[5]:= ParametricPlot@8x, y<, 8q, p • 4, p<, AspectRatio ® AutomaticD

0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

-0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3

Out[5]= … Graphics …

Flow Speed on Body Surface

From hand calculations, the non-dimensional speed on the surface of the body is given by the function

€€€€€€€€€€€€ E
Sin@qD2
H1 - q • pL
2 Sin@qD Cos@qD 1
p2 H1 - q • pL2
In[6]:= q@q_D = SqrtA1 + €€€€€ €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€ + €€€€€€€ €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
p

Out[6]= &''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
p H1 - €€€ €L q 2 '
p H1 - €€€
€L
2 Cos@qD Sin@qD Sin@qD2
q €€€€€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
1 + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ €€€€€€€€€€€€€
2
p p

Plotting the flow speed on the surface as a function of q ,

Rankine Bodies Handout.nb 3

In[7]:= Plot@q@qD, 8q, 0, p<, PlotRange -> 80.01, 2<D

2
1.75
1.5
1.25
1
0.75
0.5
0.25

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Out[7]= … Graphics …

Plot the flow speed as a function of x using ParametricPlot.

In[8]:= ParametricPlot@8x, q@qD<, 8q, p • 8, p<, PlotRange ® AllD

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Out[8]= … Graphics …

maximum speed, by setting dQ • d theta = 0 .

We see that the maximum in flow speed occurs in the vicinity of x = 0.1 . Let's find the location and magnitude of the

In[9]:= dQdq@q_D = D@q@qD, qD

p H1- €€€p€ L p2 H1- €€€p€ L p3 H1- €€€ p€ L

p H1- €€€p€ L
2 Cos@qD 2
4 Cos@qD Sin@qD 2 Sin@qD 2
2 Sin@qD 2
€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€
q €€ + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€ €€€€€€€€
q 2 €€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€ €€€€€€€€
q €€€€
3 - €€€€€€€€ €€€€€€€€
q €€
Out[9]= €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
€€€€€€€€€€€€€
2 $%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
p H1- €€€ €L 2 %
p H1- €€€
p€ L
2
1 + €€€€€€€€€€€€€€€€
2 Cos@qD Sin@qD
€€€€€€€€
q €€€€€€ + €€€€€€€€
2
€€€€€€€€
Sin@qD
q €€€€
p

In[10]:= FindRoot@% Š 0, 8q, p • 2<D

Out[10]= 8q ® 1.09881<

The values of x and y corresponding to the maximum flow speed on the surface of the body are:

In[11]:= 8x, y< •. q ® 1.09881

Out[11]= 80.165963, 0.325119<

Rankine Bodies Handout.nb 4

The maximum in the flow speed is

In[12]:= q@qD •. q ® 1.09881

Out[12]= 1.25959

We see that the maximum speed on the "shoulder" of the Rankine half-body exceeds the free-stream speed by 26%.

To avoid conflicts with the variables in the following section, we remove the definitions of x, y and q .

In[13]:= Remove@ x, y, qD

Rankine Oval
A Rankine Oval consists of the superposition of a uniform flow, a source of strength Q at z = -a and a sink of strength Q.
We generate results for the body shape and for the flow speed at selected points.

Body Shape

The expression for the body shape of a Rankine oval is a transcendental equation that cannot be solved in closed form for

constant. The body shape can then be calculated in terms of non-dimensional variables, say Hx, yL = Hx' • a , y' • aL . Let's
general choices of the parameters U, Q and a . However, we can proceed by setting Q = Q0 U a , where Q0 is a numerical

generate results for the cases Q0 = 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0.

It turns out to be convenient to plot only the upper half of the body ( y > 0 ). The lower half of the body is obtained by a
simple reflection.

In[14]:= << Graphics`ImplicitPlot`

Q 0 = 0.5

In[16]:= ImplicitPlotA y + €€€€€€€€€€ H ArcTan@x + 1, yD - ArcTan@x - 1, yDL Š 0,

0.5

8x, -1.5, 1.5<, 8y, 0.01, 1<, AspectRatio ® AutomaticE

2p

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Out[16]= … ContourGraphics …
Rankine Bodies Handout.nb 5

Ÿ Q0 = 1.0

In[17]:= ImplicitPlotA y + €€€€€€€€€€ H ArcTan@x + 1, yD - ArcTan@x - 1, yDL Š 0,

1.0

8x, -1.5, 1.5<, 8y, 0.01, 1<, AspectRatio ® AutomaticE

2p

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Out[17]= … ContourGraphics …

Ÿ Q0 = 2.0

In[18]:= ImplicitPlotA y + €€€€€€€€€€ H ArcTan@x + 1, yD - ArcTan@x - 1, yDL Š 0,

2.0

8x, -1.5, 1.5<, 8y, 0.01, 1<, AspectRatio ® AutomaticE

2p

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

Out[18]= … ContourGraphics …

Note that the body thickness increases as Q0 is increased. The body length also increases a small amount. Note that the
maximum thickness occurs at x = 0 .