DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL MEGACITY, KOLKATA

Subject : CHEMISTRY
Class : VII
Topic: Matter and its Composition & Physical and Chemical Changes
Month : April-May ’ 2020

Matter and its Composition

 Matter: Anything that has mass, occupies space and can be perceived by our senses
is known as matter.
 Matter has Mass and occupies space
 Mass: The quantity of matter that a body contains.
 Volume: The space occupied by a body.
 Difference between Mass and Weight: Mass is the “quantity of matter” and
weight is “the force with which the earth pulls a body towards itself. The mass of a body
does not change but the weight of a body changes from place to place.
 Composition of matter:
Atoms and Molecules:
 An atom is the smallest possible unit of matter that exhibits all the properties of
that matter. They usually do not have a free existence.
 A molecule is the smallest unit of matter which exhibits all the properties of that
kind of matter and also has an independent existence.
A molecule can be formed of the atoms of same kind or of different kinds:
 A hydrogen molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms.
H + H  H2
 A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
H + O + H  H2O
 Characteristics of particles of matter :
 Particles of matter have space between them. This space is called interparticular
or intermolecular space.
 Particles of matter are always in random motion.
 Particles of matter attract each other and are holded together by a force known as
interparticular or intermolecular force of attraction
 States of matter:
Depending on the intermolecular space and intermolecular force of attraction , matter exists
in three different states:
 Solid: A solid has a definite shape and definite volume
 Liquid: A liquid has a definite volume but no definite shape
 Gas: A gas has neither a definite shape nor a definite volume.

 Properties of solids, liquids and gases :

Property Solids Liquids Gases
Intermolecular Molecules have Molecules have Molecules have
space negligible more large intermolecular
intermolecular intermolecular space more than
space space than solids solids or liquids
Shape Have fixed shape Have no fixed shape Have no fixed shape
Volume Have fixed volume Have fixed volume Have no fixed
volume
Fluidity Do not flow Flow from higher Flow in all
level to a lower directions
level
Effect of pressure Effect of pressure is Effect of pressure is Effect of pressure is
very slow. higher than on a very high.
solid.
Transparency Solids are generally Most are transparent All gases are
opaque in nature transparent in
nature.
Lustre Amongst the solids Amongst the liquids Gases are not
all the metals have mercury has lustre lustrous
lustre
Solubility in water Some are soluble Liquids can be Some gases are
and some are miscible as well as soluble (like O2,
insoluble in water immiscible CO2) and few are
insoluble (like N2,
H2)
 Inter conversion of states of matter:
 “ Interconversion of states of matter is the process by which matter changes from one state
to another and back to original state without any change in its chemical composition, when
conditions are changed”
The change in the state of matter is mainly caused by
 change in temperature
 by applying pressure

Physical and Chemical Changes:

Types of Changes:
 Slow changes and Fast changes
Slow Change Fast Change
The changes that take longer time to The changes that take place in very short
complete are called slow changes interval of time are called fast changes

 Natural and Man-made changes

Natural Change Man-made Change
Some of the changes take place in nature Some of the changes take place due to the
by itself and are called natural changes effort of human beings and are called
man-made changes

 Periodic and Non- Periodic changes

Periodic Change Non-periodic Change
Changes that are repeated at regular Changes that are not repeated at regular
intervals of time are called periodic intervals and occur irregularly are called
changes non-periodic changes

 Desirable and Undesirable changes

Desirable Change Undesirable Change
Changes that are useful to mankind are Any change that brings about destruction
called desirable changes are called undesirable changes

 Reversible and Irreversible changes

Reversible Change Irreversible Change
When a change in a substance can be If a substance cannot be brought back to
reversed by changing the conditions, it is its original state after a change, it is said
said to be a reversible change to be an irreversible change.

 Physical and Chemical Changes:

  Physical change: A physical change is a temporary change in which no new substance
is formed and the chemical composition of the original substance remains the same,
even though some of physical properties like colour, state, shape, size etc. may change.

melting
examples : Ice Water
freezing

 Characteristics of a Physical Change:

 No new substance is formed.
 There is no change in the composition of the substance.
 The properties of the substance remain same.
 The change is temporary and can be reversed by changing the conditions.
 There may be changes in the state, size, shape, colour and smell of substances during
physical changes.
 There may or may not be any exchange of energy during a physical change.

 Terms involved in some Physical changes:

 Dissolving: process in which a solute mixes with a solvent to form solution.
 Freezing/ Solidification: process in which a liquid changes into solid on cooling.
 Freezing point: the constant temperature at which a liquid changes into solid
 Melting: process in which a solid changes into liquid on heating.
 Melting point: the constant temperature at which a solid changes into liquid
 Boiling: process in which a liquid changes into vapour state on heating at a
particular temperature.
 Boiling point: the constant temperature at which a liquid changes into its vapour
state
 Evaporation: process in which a liquid changes into vapour state at any
temperature below its boiling point.
 Condensation: process in which a gaseous substance changes into liquid on
cooling.
 Condensation point: the constant temperature at which a gaseous substance
changes into its liquid state.

 Differences between evaporation and boiling :

Evaporation
 It is a slow process
 It takes place from the surface of
the liquid.
 It takes place at all temperature
below its boiling point.
Boiling
 It is a fast process
 It takes place from all parts of the
liquid.
 It takes place at a fixed temperature
on heating i.e at its boiling point.
  Conditions affecting evaporation:

Rate of evaporation depends upon the following:

 Nature of liquids: Rate of evaporation is faster in volatile liquids like petrol, alcohol etc
than non-volatile liquid like water.
 Surface area: Rate of evaporation increases with increase in surface area.
 Temperature: Rate of evaporation increases with increase in temperature.
 Humidity: Rate of evaporation decreases with increase in humidity.
 Speed of air: Rate of evaporation increases with increase in speed of air.

 Chemical Changes: Chemical change is a permanent change in which one or more

new substances are formed whose chemical compositions and physical and chemical
properties are completely different from those of the original substances.
heat
examples : Raw vegetable Cooked vegetable
Burning of a candle carbon di-oxide + water vapour
 Burning: It is a chemical change in which a substance reacts with oxygen or air to
produce a new substance called oxide with the evolution of energy in the form of heat
and light.
 Rusting: It is a chemical process in which iron reacts with oxygen in presence of
moisture to produce a reddish brown substance called rust (chemically known as
Hydrated Iron (III) oxide)

 Characteristics of a Chemical Change:

 A chemical change is permanent and irreversible.
 One or more new substances are formed.
 Composition and properties of the original substance changes.
 There is an exchange of energy during a chemical change.

 Differences between Physical & Chemical Changes:

Physical Change Chemical Change

 It is a temporary change  It is a permanent change
 No new substance is formed.  New substances are formed.
 Change can be reversed by simple  Change cannot be reversed by
 methods.
 Energy exchange may or may not
take place
 The original form of the substance
can be obtained easily by simple
physical methods.
simple methods.
 Energy exchange takes place
 The original substance cannot be
obtained by simple physical
methods.

 How will you know that a chemical change has taken place?
Chemical change is characterized by :
 Change in colour
 Evolution of a gas
 Release or absorption of energy in the form of heat, light and sound
 Energy needed for different chemical changes:
 Heat: as for cooking of food, burning of paper
 Light: as for photosynthesis by plants during daytime
 Electricity: as for decomposition of water into its elements-Hydrogen and Oxygen.

 Importance of chemical changes:

 Raw food becomes edible on cooking which is a chemical change
 Soaps, detergents are produced due to chemical change
 Burning of fuel which is a chemical change is used for domestic and industrial purposes
 Digestion of food is a chemical change.
 Respiration is a chemical process which takes place in all living beings