Module 10: FIELDS OF NURSING, FIELDS OF SPECIALIZATION,

EXPANDED ROLE OF NURSES, NURSING ASSOCIATIONS

Overview

This module deals with the basic introduction to the nursing profession which you need to understand in order for you
to learn more what professional adjustment is. It also covers some fields of nursing and fields of specializations that a
nurse can specialize in after he/she passes the nursing board. It also gives some concepts on the different
organizations available for nurses nationally and internationally.

Objectives

Upon completion of this module, you should be able :

1. To define the following terms:
> Profession
>Professional Nurse
> Professional Nursing
>Professional Adjustments

2.to identify the characteristics of a profession,

3. to name the essential features of professional nursing,
4. to make out the image of a professional nurse,
5. to name the qualifications and abilities of a professional nurse, and
6. to describe the BSN curriculum
7. To characterize the different fields of nursing
8. To illustrate the expanded role of nurses
9. To name some associations in nursing
10. To explain the fields of specialization of nurses

Learning Focus

NURSING PROFESSION
A. NURSING AS A PROFESSION

Definition of the following terms:

1. Profession
• An occupation or calling requiring advance training
• Experience in some specific or specialized body of knowledge
• Provides service to society in that special field
• The term profession is honoric and should be carried with pride and honour

CRITERIA OF A PROFESSION:

A. ACCORDING TO WILLIAM SHEPARD:

 1. A profession must satisfy an indispensable social need and must be based upon well
established and socially accepted scientific principles
2. It must demand adequate pre-professional and cultural training.
3. It must demand the possession of a body of specialized and systematized training.
4. It must give evidence of needed skills which the public inherent and partly acquired.
5. It must develop a scientific technique which is the result of tested experience.
6. It must require the exercise of discretion and judgment as to time and manner of the
performance of duty. This is in contrast to the kind of work which is subject to standardization
in terms of unit performance or time element.
7. It must have a group of consciousness designed to extend scientific knowledge in technical
language.
8. It must have sufficient self-impelling power to retain its members throughout life. It must not be
used as a mere stepping stone to other occupation.
9. It must recognize its obligations to society by insisting that its members live up to an
established code of ethics
B. ACCORDING TO FLEXNER:
1. A profession applies its body of knowledge in practical services that are vital to human welfare,
especially suited to the tradition of seasoned practitioners shaping the skills of newcomers to the
role.
2. It constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses and subsequently imposes on its members a
lifelong obligation to remain current in order to “do no harm”.
3. A profession functions autonomously in the formulation of professional policy and in monitoring its
practice and practitioners.
4. It utilizes in its practice a well defined and well organized body of knowledge that is intellectual in
nature and describes its phenomena of concern.
5. A profession has a clear standard of educational preparation for an entry into practice.
6. A profession is distinguished by the presence of specific culture, norms, and other values that are
common among its members
C. ACCORDING TO GENEVIEVE AND BIXLER
1. Utilizes in its practice a well defined and well organized body of knowledge which is on the
intellectual level of higher learning.
2. Constantly enlarges the body of knowledge it uses, and improves its techniques of education and
service by the use of scientific method.
3. Entrust the education of its practitioners to institutions of higher education
4. Applies its body of knowledge in practical services which are vital to human and social welfare.
5. Functions autonomously in the formulation of professional policy and in the control of professional
activity.
6. Attracts individuals of intellectual and personal qualities who exalt service above personal gain and
who recognize their chosen occupation as a life work.
7. Strives to compensate its practitioners by providing freedom to act on opportunity for continuous
professional growth.

The constant search for better services to patients, the improvement of educational programs in nursing,
and the formulation of its own code of ethics are but a few factors that point to the professionalization of
NURSING.
Remember that the term “profession” is honorific and should be carried with pride and honor.

2. Professional Nurse
• Completed a basic nursing education program
• Licensed in his/her country or state to practice professional nursing
3. Professional Nursing

• According to the Phil. Nursing Act – the performance for a fee, salary, or other reward or compensation, of
professional nursing services to individuals, families and communities in various stages of development
toward the promotion of health, prevention of illness, restoration of health, and alleviation of suffering
through the following
(a) utilization of the nursing care;

(b) establishment of connections withy community resources and coordination of services with
other members of the health team;

(c) participation in teaching, guidance and supervision of students in nursing education programs,
as well as administering of nursing services in varied settings such as hospitals, homes,
communities and like settings, undertaking consultation services and engaging in such other
activities that require the use of knowledge and decision-making skill of a registered nurse; and

(d) Undertaking nursing and health manpower development training and research and soliciting
finances therefore, in cooperation with the appropriate government or private agency.

• Nursing Care includes traditional and innovative approach, therapeutic use of the self-executing nursing
techniques and procedures, comfort measures, health teaching and administration of legal and written
prescriptions for treatment, therapies, medications, and hypodermic, intramuscular, or intravenous
injections.

4. Professional Adjustments
• The preparation of a nursing student for the responsibilities of the professional and social life by the
developments of her capabilities in a way that would make her fit to enter upon the practice of nursing

B. CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROFESSION

1. ALTRUISM- work for the good of society

• Is an ethical doctrine that holds that individuals have a moral obligation to help, serve, or benefit others, if
necessary at the sacrifice of self interest?
• Concern for the welfare of others
• Action intentionally aimed at helping or enabling others
• Auguste Comte's version of altruism calls for living for the sake of others. One who holds to either of
these ethics is known as an "altruist."
• The ethical doctrine of altruism has also been called the ethic of altruism, moralistic altruism, and ethical
altruism.
• Behaviors:

– Mentors others in the discipline

– Demonstrates understanding of cultures, beliefs and perspectives of others

– Role of Advocate
2. AUTONOMY- self- determination

• Professional nurse autonomy is defined as belief in the centrality of the client when making responsible
discretionary decisions, both independently and interdependently, that reflect advocacy for the client.
• Critical attributes include caring, affiliative relationships with clients, responsible discretionary decision
making, collegial interdependence, and proactive advocacy for clients. Antecedents include educational and
personal qualities that promote professional nurse autonomy
• Capacity to exercise choice; the right to self determination
• Behaviors:
– Honors the rights of the discipline to make decisions about ‘best practice’ approach
– Honors the rights of patients and families to make decisions about health care

3. ACCOUNTABILITY- answerable for their conduct and responsible for their practice.

• Accountability is the primary consequence of professional nurse autonomy. Associated feelings of

empowerment link work autonomy and professional autonomy and lead to job satisfaction, commitment to
the profession, and the professionalization of nursing

4. HUMAN DIGNITY- Inherent worth and uniqueness of individuals and populations

• A term used in moral, ethical, and political discussions to signify that a being has an innate right to respect
and ethical treatment.
• It is an extension of enlightenment-era beliefs that individuals have God-given, inviolable rights, and thus
is closely related to concepts like virtue, respect, self-respect, autonomy, human rights, and enlightened
reason.
• Dignity is generally proscriptive and cautionary: in politics it is usually synonymous to 'human dignity', and
is used to critique the treatment of oppressed and vulnerable groups and peoples, though in some case
has been extended to apply to cultures and sub-cultures, religious beliefs and ideals, animals used for
food or research, and even plants.
• In more colloquial settings it is used to suggest that someone is not receiving a proper degree of respect,
or even that they are failing to treat themselves with proper self-respect.
• Behaviors:
– Preserves the confidentiality of patients and health care providers
– Designs care with sensitivity to individual patient needs

5. INTEGRITY - Acting in accordance with an appropriate code of ethics and accepted standards of practice.

• Is consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations and outcome? As a holistic
concept, it judges the quality of a system in terms of its ability to achieve its own goals.
• A value system's abstraction depth and range of applicable interaction may also function as significant
factors in identifying integrity due to their congruence or lack of congruence with empirical observation. A
value system may evolve over time while retaining integrity if those who espouse the values account for and
resolve inconsistencies.
• Integrity may be seen as the quality of having a sense of honesty and truthfulness in regard to the
motivations for one's actions.
• The term "hypocrisy" is used in contrast to integrity for asserting that one part of a value system
demonstrably conflicts with another, and to demand that the parties holding apparently conflicting values
account for the discrepancy or change their beliefs to improve internal consistency.
• Behaviors:
– Acts on an ethical framework accepted by the profession
 – Communicates/Documents accurately and honestly
– Demonstrates accountability for own actions

6. SOCIAL JUSTICE- Upholding moral, legal and humanistic principles

• Social justice, sometimes called civil justice, refers to the concept of a society in which "justice" is achieved
in every aspect of society, rather than merely the administration of law.
• It is generally thought of as a world which affords individuals and groups fair treatment and an impartial
share of the benefits of society. (Different proponents of social justice have developed different
interpretations of what constitutes fair treatment and an impartial share.)
• It can also refer to the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within a society.
• Behaviors:
– Supports fairness and non-discrimination in the health care system
– Encourages legislation and policy consistent with the advancement of nursing care and health care

C. ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF PROFESSIONAL NURSING

1. Provision of a caring relationship that facilitates health and healing.

2. Attention to the range of human experiences and responses to health and illness within the physical and
social environments.
3. Integration of objective data with knowledge gained from an appreciation of the patient's or group's
subjective experience.
4. Application of scientific knowledge to the processes of diagnosis and treatment through the use of
judgment and critical thinking.
5. Advancement of professional nursing knowledge through scholarly inquiry.
6. Influence on social and public policy to promote social justice.

D. IMAGE OF A PROFESSIONAL NURSE

1. SELF ASSESSMENT- is a process by which you learn more about yourself -- what you like, what you
don't like, and how you tend to react to certain situations. Knowing these things can help you determine
which occupations and work situations could be a better fit for you. You may recognize some of these tools
if you ever worked with a career counselor or consultant.

1.a. Types of Assessments

There are many varieties of assessment tools, easy measuring a particular facet of you, like your
interests, skills, personality, and values. Self-assessment tools are also either Self-Directed or
Requiring Interpretive Assistance.

Self-Directed means the tool is designed so you can use it and review your results without a
licensed or trained professional interpreting the data for you. Even though they do not require
intervention to read the results, you may still find you have questions. If that is the case, the
service offering the tool may offer a way for you to follow-up or you can turn to our list of
counseling associations for help in finding a counselor.

Tools Requiring Interpretive Assistance mean your results will have to be discussed with a
 person licensed or trained in this particular tool so you can understand what the data is saying.
The cost of the tool will include this interpretive assistance in some form.

Sometimes the problem is finding the right tool to help you in a particular situation. For example,
you were just promoted and want to learn how to be a more effective manager. An interest
inventory would not be your best option here, but what would be? Career-Intelligence.com has put
together a nice table identifying which assessment tools are best for which learning situations.

2. SELF AWARENESS- includes recognition of our personality, our strengths and weaknesses, our likes
and dislikes. Developing self-awareness can help us to recognize when we are stressed or under pressure.
It is also often a prerequisite for effective communication and interpersonal relations, as well as for
developing empathy for others.

Being self aware is knowing:

 what you want in your life

 your strengths and weaknesses
 what motivates you and  makes you happy
 what you want to change about yourself or about your life
 your achievements so far
 how you relate to others
 you need to improve as a person
 your most important beliefs and values
 how you see yourself as a person  

There are other factors that could be added. The last one above has a direct relation to your sense of self
value and self esteem.

Importance of self awareness

o If you want to change your life in any way you need to know yourself before you can act. You need
to know what you need to do to head in the right direction and you can't do that until you know
yourself.
o In addition, being self aware will mean that you will be better able to choose a suitable career
which will satisfy you. Self awareness can enrich your life because you can then move closer to
living your values and realizing your dreams.
o Becoming self aware does not mean being selfish though. Discovering the inner you will enable
you to give more of yourself to others and this will benefit your relationships as well as helping to
build your self esteem and confidence as you become truer to yourself ...

E. QUALIFICATIONS AND ABILITIES OF A PROFESSIONAL NURSE

1. PROFESSIONAL PREPARATION

For his/her professional preparation a nurse must:

> have a license to practice nursing in the country
> have a BSN degree
> be physically and mentally fit
 2. PERSONAL QUALITIES AND PROFESSIONAL PROFICIENCIES

The personal qualities and professional proficiencies of a nurse include:

> interest and willingness to learn and work with individuals/ groups in a variety of settings
> a warm personality and concern for people
> resourcefulness and creativity as well as a well-balanced emotional condition
> capacity and ability to work cooperatively with others
> initiative to improve self and service
> competence in performing work through the use of nursing process
> skill in decision-making, communicating, and relating with others and being research oriented
> active participation in issues confronting nurses and nursing

F. BASIC EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM IN NURSING

1983 -Four years collegiate degree program leading to the BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN NURSING
- The basic three years hospital based program leading to the title GRADUATE IN NURSING was
phased out
- The revision of the program continues as seen fit by the:
- Council of deans
- Philippine Colleges of Nursing
- Department of Education and nursing practitioners may also add courses that will enrich their
curriculum.
1998-1999- the curriculum for the two years Associate in Health Science Education was enforced.

THE BSN CURRICULUM

Offers a competency-based community oriented curriculum to educate future nurse practitioners to assume their
roles and responsibilities in the Philippine health care system.

Aim: to prepare nurses for entry level positions in any health care setting in the country.

It expects a nurse graduate to:

- utilize the nursing process in the care of individuals, families, and community
- communicate effectively at all levels of health care in various settings
- utilize the elements of management in any health care setting
- utilize research findings in the care of clients
- assume responsibility for personal and professional growth and development

Overall, the BSN program intends to produce a professional nurse who demonstrates the following behaviors:
> Caring behavior(compassionate, competent, and committed)
> Ability to practice legal, ethico-moral, social responsibilities,
> Critical and creative thinking
> Skill in practicing S-K-A and values for the promotion of health, prevention of illness, restoration of health,
alleviation of suffering, assisting clients to face death with dignity and peace.

II. THE DIFFERENT FIELDS OF NURSING

A. CLASSIFICATIONS OF NURSES IN GENERAL

1. ACCORDING TO FIELDS OF NURSING:

a. Institutional nurses – are those employed in hospitals and similar institutions.

b. Public health nurses – those who provide nursing care and counsel to persons and families, either to
individuals or groups in clinics, in their homes, in school, and at place of work, and cooperates with
others in the health and professions and allied technical and citizen groups in studying, planning, and
carrying out the community health program for the prevention and control of diseases, the care and
rehabilitation of the sick and the disabled, and the promotions of healthful living.

The professional title of “public health nurse” has metamorphosed to “community health nurse”.

A Community Health Nurse (CHN) is a nurse whose work combines elements of both nursing and public health
practice and takes place outside the therapeutic institution. Community health nurses are more independent, more
autonomous. More forthright in their dealings with patients, supervisors, and members of other health care
disciplines; they are risk takers, eager to try new ways.

The primary responsibility of the CHN is the population as a whole, she has responsibility in areas of health
practice for:
(a) determining health needs of the individual, the family; and the community;
(b) assessing health status;
(c) implementing health planning;
(d) evaluating health practices; and
(e) providing primary health care.

2. ACCORDING TO TYPES OF DUTY

1. General-duty nurse - is responsible for planning the nursing care of her patients, she evaluates their
needs, applies scientific principles in carrying out nursing procedures, performs prescribed therapeutic
measures, and helps interpret them to the patients.

2. Private-duty nurse or a nurse in private practice- is a registered nurse who independently contracts with a
patient; responsible for the total nursing care of the patient during the period she is with him.

3. ACCORDING TO TYPES OF POSITIONS HELD:

1. Nursing personnel in hospitals and colleges of nursing:

a. Administrator or assistant administrator – participates in formulating the policy of the institution in

devising procedures essential to the achievement of objectives, and in developing and evaluating
nursing services and programs of nursing care; she has full authority and responsibility for the
development of nursing services policies; the responsibilities attached to the position of nursing
service administrator are: to plan, organize, direct, coordinate and evaluate activities of the nursing
service staff.

b. Nurse Consultant – is a consulting health worker who acts in an advisory capacity.

c. Clinical nurse specialist – is a nurse with particular competence in certain areas, such as intensive
care, cardiology, oncology, obstetrics, or psychiatry. She holds a master’s degree in nursing,
preferably with emphasis in clinical nursing.
 d. Supervisor or assistant supervisor is one who directs and evaluates the performance of others. In a
health care setting, the supervisor has the knowledge and skills to provide the same services as
those being directed, such as supervisor of maternity nursing.

e. Nurse Instructor is a nurse who teaches in a school or college of nursing.

f. Head nurse or charge nurse is a nurse in charge of a group of patients, usually a unit in a hospital or
other like institutions, and the nursing staff required to care for the patients.

g. General duty nurse of staff nurse

4. ACCORDING TO PROFESSIONAL STATUS:

1. Active nurses – are those in actual practice of nursing or those actually employed as nurses in
government or private organizations, institutions, or agencies.

2. Inactive nurses – are those who are either engaged in the practice of the nursing profession, institution,
or agency. It also includes nurses engaged in work or services other than nursing.

B. CLASSIFICATION OF NURSES IN THE GOVERNMENT

In the Philippines, the nursing personnel of hospitals, schools of nursing, and other institutions and agencies of the
Government are classified according to the nature and duties of the positions they hold;

I. Nurses in the Department of Health

1. Nursing Consultant
2. Department Training Nurse II
3. Department Training Nurse I
4. Regional Training Nurse
5. Asst. regional Training Nurse
6. Supervising Nurse Instructor
7. Nurse Instructor II
8. Nurse Instructor I

II. Nurses in Hospitals and other Institutions

1. Chief Nurse IV
2. Asst. Chief Nurse IV
3. Chief Nurse III
4. Asst. Chief Nurse III
5. Chief Nurse II
6. Asst. Chief Nurse II
7. Chief Nurse I
8. Prison Nurse Supervisor
9. Supervising Operating Room Nurse
10. Operating Room Nurse
11. Nurse Anesthetist
12. Supervising Nurse
13. Senior Nurse
14. Staff Nurse
 III. Nurses in Public Health
1. Public Health Nurse Supervisor
2. Regional Nurse Supervisor
3. Regional Public Health Nurse
4. Supervising Public Health Nurse II
5. Supervising Public Health Nurse I
6. Senior Public Health Nurse
7. Public Health Nurse

IV. Nurses in Schools of Nursing

1. Nursing School Principal III
2. Nursing School Principal II
3. Nursing School Assistant Principal III
4. Nursing School Principal II
5. Nursing Program Supervisor

C. OTHER FIELDS OF NURSING

1. INSTITUTIONAL/HOSPITAL NURSING

- nursing in hospitals and related health facilities such as extended care facilities, nursing homes, and
neighborhood clinic, comprises all of the basic components of comprehensive patient care and family health.

FUNCTIONS OF THE NURSE

- participates in all phases of patient care of the acutely ill, the convalescing and the ambulatory patient

- cares for the patient in the hospital or in the out-patient department

- plans for the nursing care needs of the patient about to be discharged

- performs nursing measures that will meet the patient’s physical, emotional, social and spiritual health needs while
in the institution and helps him and his family plan for his further health care needs when he returns home.

ADVANTAGES OF STAFF NURSING IN HOSPITALS

- There is always a supervisor whom one can consult if problem exist

- Nurses are updated with new trends in medicine and in the nursing care of patients.

- They undergo rotation to different units and have a chance to determine their special area of choice before they
are assigned permanently in one area.

DISADVANTAGES OF STAFF NURSING IN HOSPITALS

- There is a great possibility of understaffing.

- Because of the bulk of work, some staff nurses do not find time to improve their skills
- Administrative problems and overwork may tend to dissatisfy the staff nurse.

2. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING

- Public health nursing is the practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations using knowledge from
nursing, social, and public health sciences.

- Public health nursing is population-focused and community-oriented.

- The goal is the prevention of disease and disability for all people.

FUNCTIONS OF A PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE

- Public health nurses most often partner with nations, states, communities, organizations, and groups, as well as
individuals, in completing health assessments, policy development, and assurance activities.

- Public health nurses assess the needs and strengths of the population, design interventions to mobilize
resources for action, and promote equal opportunity for health.

ADVANTAGES OF PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING

- The focus of nursing care is only on family and community health rather than on an individual basis.

- It gives the nurse a better perspective of the health conditions of the community and the health programs
conceived and implemented by the government, and to appreciate the nurses’ role in nation building.

- It maximizes efforts to improvise where there are no sufficient facilities, supplies, and equipment.

DISADVANTAGES OF PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING

- Cases found in public health nursing are limited mostly to chronic and/ or communicable diseases.

- There are more hazards in public health than in hospital nursing

- There are no fixed hours of work.

3. NURSES IN THE IN-SERVICE EDUCATION PROGRAMS

- Many tertiary hospitals and public health agencies have nursing staff in charge of staff development training and
research.

- Nurses in this field need:

- skills in nursing practice, therefore they must have experience of at least two years in basic nursing practice

- understanding of skills in teaching, supervision, and consultation

- understanding of the relationship of these persons to the process of the administration and research

- understanding of the broad problems and desirable practices in patient-care planning

4. PRIVATE DUTY NURSING

- a private duty nurse is a registered nurse who undertakes to give comprehensive nursing care to a client on a
one-on-one ratio.

QUALIFICATIONS

- be a registered nurse in the Philippines

- have the following documents for the current year:

> Professional Tax Receipt

> Professional Regulation Commission Card
> Residence Certificate

- have at least two years of bedside nursing experience as a professional nurse in a general hospital
immediately prior to application

- be acceptable to the Director of Nursing Service as suitable for orientation to do private duty nursing

ADVANTAGES OF PRIVATE DUTY PRACTICE

- the chance to see life as it really is, to study human nature and to know at close range interesting people of
different nationalities, cultures, religion, and status

- the opportunity to make real friends through close association with the p[patient and his family

- the chance to travel and see the world

- the ability to own time

DISADVANTAGES OF PRIVATE DUTY PRACTICE

- Some private duty nurses create a situation in which the patients become totally dependent on them

- Many private duty nurses graduated co long ago and have not upgraded their knowledge and skills

- There are not enough nurses for evening and night shifts, for holiday, week-ends, and vacation periods

- Some private duty nurses resent supervision by hospital staff

5. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSING/INDUSTRIAL NURSING

An occupational-health or industrial nurse is a registered nurse who is a member of a team, which also includes
medical safety, and industrial hygiene specialists, employed to conserve and promote the health and effectiveness
of workers at their place of employment.

- is the specialty practice that provides and delivers health care services to workers.

- the practice focuses on promotion, protection, and supervision or workers’ health within the context of a safe and
healthy work environment

REQUIREMENTS

- A Bachelor’s degree in Nursing

- a year or more in emergency nursing

- skills like the ability to take and read ECGs, eye screening, audiometer testing, laboratory tests, and x-ray

- Must be a member of Occupational Health Nurses Association of the Philippines.

- Trained & certified First Aider with CPR

- Trained & Certified by OSHA

ROLES
- Clinician
- Specialist
- Manager
- Coordinator
- Adviser
- Health educator
- Counselor
- Researcher

ADVANTAGES

- OH nursing is autonomous and OH nurses make independent nursing judgments in providing health services

- OH nurses work only during day hours

- there are usually seniority wage increases, pensions, and insurances

DISADVANTAGES

- OH nurses often work alone, and must therefore posses maturity, experience, and wise judgment

- Most OH nurses have to bargain individually for their salaries.

6. NURSING EDUCATION

NURSING EDUCATION PROGRAM

The nursing education program shall provide sound general and professional foundation for the practice of
nursing. The learning experiences shall adhere strictly to specific requirements embodied in the prescribed
curriculum as promulgated by the Commission on Higher Education's policies and standards of nursing education

REQUIREMENT FOR INACTIVE NURSES RETURNING TO PRACTICE

Nurses who have not actively practiced the profession for five (5) consecutive years are required to undergo one
(1) month of didactic training and three (3) months of practicum. The Board shall accredit hospitals to conduct the
said training program.

QUALIFICATIONS OF THE FACULTY

A member of the faculty in a college of nursing teaching professional courses must:

(a) Be a registered nurse in the Philippines;

(b) Have at least one (1) year of clinical practice in a field of specialization;

(c) Be a member of good standing in the accredited professional organization

of nurses; and

(d) Be a holder of a master's degree in nursing, education, or other allied medical and health sciences conferred
by a college or university duly recognized by the Government of the Republic of the Philippines.

In addition to the aforementioned qualifications, the dean of a college must have a master's degree in nursing.
He/she must have at least five (5) years of experience in nursing.

QUALIFICATIONS OF THE DEAN

(a) Possess a Master’s Degree in Nursing

(b) Must have at least five (5) years of experience in teaching and supervision

(c) Those teaching at the Graduate Programs for nurses must possess post-Master’s Degree or a Doctoral Degree
in Nursing.

7. MILITARY NURSING

FUNCTIONS OF THE NURSE CORPS, AFP

- to meet the nursing needs of today’s patients in AFP medical facilities

- to prepare each Nurse Corps officer for future assignments at a higher level of responsibility in the different
station and general hospitals in times of peace and war

- to teach and train enlisted personnel who perform nursing functions under supervision.

QUALIFICATIONS OF THE MILITARY NURSE

(1) Qualifications for Commission in the Reserve Force Nurse Corps

> BSN degree

> license to practice nursing

> natural born- Filipino citizen

> single or has never been married for both male and female candidates
> mentally and physically fit for military service and cleared by appropriate security agencies

> pleasing personality and good moral character

> not be more than 32 years of age at the time of commission

> ht. requirements for:

- males> minimum of 62 inches
- females> minimum of 60 inches

(2) Qualifications for Commission in the Regular Force, Nurse Corps

- In addition to the requirements for commission in the Reserve Force, one must

> successfully pass the rigid screening and battery exams for the purpose

> satisfy the ht requirements of

- minimum of 64 inches for males
- minimum of 62 inches for females

> not be more than 26 years of age at the time of regular commission

(3) Qualifications for general Duty Nurse

> must have the rank of Second Lieutenant

> must have adequate knowledge of general nursing theory and practice

> must have knowledge of new developments in the nursing field

> must demonstrate ability to perform comprehensive nursing care

8. SCHOOL HEALTH NURSING

> Primary function is education

- A school nurse is a registered nurse whose duties are to supplement the work of the physician in providing for
the medical needs of students while they are in school. She is responsible for the health of children, adolescent
and young adults in school.

SCHOOL HEALTH NURSES

- are those responsible for the school’s activities in the areas of health sciences, health education and
environmental health and safety. They often work alone, out of reach with other nurses, the hospital and all
professional supports

FUNCTIONS

- perform a wide variety of services including basic screening for vision, hearing, and risk factors that would
interfere with the development of a healthy lifestyle.
- organizes and implements the school health program

- coordinates school health programs

- undertakes functions directly related to pupil’s health

- educate the students and faculty regarding the health program of each school which is geared toward making
them (students and faculty) understand their programs which emphasize health promotion, prevention of disease
and follow- through of any findings that may indicate a need for medical care and treatment.

- The school nurse should have a team relationship with other members of the school staff and participation in
their activities will depend on the size of the school, the community, the health needs of the pupils and availability
of other personnel such as the social workers or guidance counselors.

- Evaluates school health programs.

- Carry out functions related to the health of the school personnel

-

ADVANTAGES

- school nursing affords one the opportunity to watch children advance from grade to grade in school health.

- hours are usually good

- there is no shift duty

DISADVANTAGES

- many school nurses do not update themselves on the current issues in nursing

- they should enjoy working with children and should be able to work through, and with others to achieve their
objectives.

9. CLINIC NURSING
 
A registered nurse who serves as a lead worker to clinic nursing staff under the direction and supervision of a
medical doctor.

TYPICAL TASK

- Plans, assigns and schedules and may supervise the day-to-day activities of a major medical clinic.

ABILITIES

- Evaluate and assess medical needs of the patients and determine medical urgency and necessity.

FUNCTIONS

- Provide holistic nursing assessments and education to medical, patients through direct and/or telephone contact;
make follow-up calls and referrals for patients.
- Assist medical team members in the coordination of patient care through patient intake, assessments, treatments
and procedures.

- Prepares equipment and aids practitioners during treatment, examination and testing of patients; takes x-rays
and ECG’s’, autoclaving of instruments, change dressing and gives injections such as BCG, DPT and Measles
Vaccine.

- Observes, records, and reports patient’s condition and reaction to drugs and treatment to as physicians, nurse
practitioners, physician assistants, and midwives, dispense medications as directed.

- acts as a receptionist, answers phone, does the billing, takes x-rays and ECGs, change dressings, gives
injections, and assists in physical examination.

- keep records, order and store supplies, make follow-up calls and referrals for patients

- Assist in the development and implementation of policies, protocols, standing orders and quality assurance
standards.

- Develop and maintain working relationships with healthcare and social service professionals in the community
serving patients.

- Work cooperatively with student nurses, modeling and directing clinic nurse activities.

- Participate actively in staff in-service trainings and nurse meetings.

- Provide nursing services to special population when needed ( correctional facilities, treatment centers, senior
citizens, etc.)

- Work in coordination with other staff to develop education programs for patients and staff.

- Maintain organized, clean, efficient and confidential work area.

- Represent in local meetings as requested.

- Perform related work and other tasks as requested.

KNOWLEDGE

- Thorough knowledge of nursing principles, practices and procedures;

- Working knowledge of technical nursing procedures, and medical terminology;

- Working knowledge of the administration of medications, treatment and therapies, and the uses, effects and
adverse reactions to medications and drugs;

- Working knowledge of the care and use of medical supplies and equipment;

- Working knowledge of clinic routines;

- Working knowledge of interviewing, counseling and teaching techniques in a medical setting;

- Working knowledge of prevention, detection, reporting and treatment of child abuse and neglect;

- Working knowledge of epidemiologic investigation, control and care of chronic and communicable
diseases and illnesses, handicapping conditions and mental illness;

- Some knowledge of availability of community resources, specialist and services.

CHALLENGES

- Deal with sensitivity to the needs of people with different cultural, environmental and social backgrounds.

- Nurses in this field must have excellent teaching and communication skills, exhibit organizational and leadership
ability, possess good assessment skills, and have good insight in order to anticipate and interpret the needs of
their patients

- Requires prolong walking and standing, frequent bending, stooping or stretching.

- May involve lifting or positioning patients.

- Requires corrected vision and hearing to normal range.

- Requires full range of body motion including manual and finger dexterity and eye-hand coordination.

- Required to work under stressful conditions and with patients who are often in discomfort and/or pain.

- May be exposed to communicable diseases and bodily fluids.

- Requires ability to sustain concentration in a noisy and fast-paced environment.

- Clinic nurses receive a slightly lower salary than hospital nurses.

ADVANTAGES

- favorable working hours

- the satisfaction of working with people they know and like

- they are trusted in their judgment and share in planning the care of the patient

DISADVANTAGE

- receive a slightly lower salary the hospital nurses

11. INDEPENDENT NURSING PRACTICE

- the nurse is self-employed and provides professional nursing services to clients and their families.

FUNCTIONS
- they reach out and offer their services rather than expect clients to seek their help

- perform both independent and collaborative roles

- they do health care assessment, formulating plans for health maintenance, prevention strategies, continuation of
supportive activities in critical and complex health problems

- they make referrals and collaborate with physicians and other disciplines as needed by the client of family

CHALLENGES

- it will encourage professional nurses to extend their capabilities and assume greater responsibilities for
designated areas of generalized nursing practice

- the amount of health care will be more increased and accessible to people
the nurse’s involvement in the client’s family or community will increase the nurse’s sensitivity and response to
their client’s needs

- improvement of health services will help prevent serious illnesses and maintain positive community health
programs

- it will provide data for nursing education, to validate and legitimize extended role practices for nurses

12. TELE NURSING

- refers to the use of telecommunications and information technology for providing nursing services in health care
whenever a large physical distance exists between patient and nurse, or between any number of nurses.

- As a field it is part of telehealth, and has many points of contacts with other medical and non-medical
applications, such as telediagnosis, teleconsultation, telemonitoring, etc.

- Telenursing is achieving a large rate of growth in many countries, due to several factors: the preoccupation in
driving down the costs of health care, an increase in the number of aging and chronically ill population, and the
increase in coverage of health care to distant, rural, small or sparsely populated regions. Among its many benefits,
telenursing may help solve increasing shortages of nurses; to reduce distances and save travel time, and to keep
patients out of hospital. A greater degree of job satisfaction has been registered among telenurses.

- One of the most distinctive telenursing applications is home care. For example, patients who are immobilized, or
live in remote or difficult to reach places, citizens who have chronic ailments, such as chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, diabetes, congestive heart disease, or disabilitating diseases, such as neural degenerative
diseases (Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, ALS), etc., may stay at home and be "visited" and assisted
regularly by a nurse via videoconferencing, internet, videophone, etc. Still other applications of home care are the
care of patients in immediate post-surgical situations, the care of wounds, ostomies, handicapped individuals, etc.
In normal home health care, one nurse is able to visit up to 5-7 patients per day. Using telenursing, one nurse can
“visit” 12-16 patients in the same amount of time.

- A common application of telenursing is also used by call centers operated by managed care organizations, which
are staffed by registered nurses who act as case managers or perform patient triage, information and counseling
as a means of regulating patient access and flow and decrease the use of emergency rooms.

- Telenursing can also involve other activities such as patient education, nursing teleconsultations, examination of
results of medical tests and exams, and assistance to physicians in the implementation of medical treatment
protocols.

13. ADULT MEDICAL-SURGICAL NURSING

- Medical-surgical nurses, also known as adult health nurses, specialize in the care of adults with a “known or
predicted physiological alteration” .

- The care provided is holistic and is rooted in health promotion, disease prevention, and health maintenance” and
may be carried out in community and institutional settings. Comprehensive, total patient care, rather than a focus
on a particular organ system or problem, is an important aspect of this specialty
Medical-surgical or adult health nurses may pursue advanced degrees and practice as clinical nurse specialists,
nurse practitioners, and researchers. They also may pursue certification at the basic and advanced levels

CHALLENGES

- Recent trends affecting nursing as a whole have also affected medical-surgical nurses, including the increasing
use of nursing case management, expansion of advanced practice nursing, total quality improvement,
development of clinical pathways, changes in the professional practice model to include greater numbers of
nonprofessional staff, health care reform, and the rise of managed care

14. AMBULATORY CARE NURSING

- registered nurse who provides nursing care on an episodic basis, in which a single or a series of encounters is
less than 24 hours in duration.

- Ambulatory care nursing practice occurs in diverse settings such as, but not limited to, health care facilities,
community-based settings, schools, workplaces, homes, and via multi-media communications

FUNCTIONS
-Ambulatory care nurses work with patients who seek care for health promotion, health maintenance, or health-
related problems.

- Ambulatory care patients provide their own care or have family or significant others as caregivers.

- Ambulatory care nursing encounters are episodic and are less than 24 hours in duration. Encounters may occur
singly or in a series lasting days/weeks/months/years.

- Ambulatory care nursing sites are community-based in hospitals, schools, workplaces, or homes.

- Ambulatory care nursing encounters may occur face-to-face or via telephone or other communication device.

- Ambulatory care nursing services focus on cost-effective ways to maximize wellness and to prevent illness,
disability, and disease.

- Ambulatory care nursing services also support patients in management of chronic disease to effect more positive
health states throughout the lifespan up to and including a peaceful death.

CHALLENGES

- use of the increasingly desirable and less invasive technologies

- an aging population

- the need for education

- clinical expertise

- competence in disaster preparedness and such workplace issues as the nursing shortage and the necessity of
adapting to doing more with fewer resources.

III. FIELDS OF SPECIALIZATION

1. HOLISTIC NURSING

One of the youngest specializations in the field of nursing. And what it means to be a holistic nurse is constantly
changing. Yet, the most functional of all definitions is to incorporate traditional nursing skills and knowledge with
methodologies, techniques, and ideologies to heal, the mind, body, and spirit. Although the majority of holistic
nurses work with terminally ill, severe burn and long term rehabilitation patients, the demand for holistic nurses is
growing. Holistic nursing requires the same initial qualifications as a traditional nurse, but also requires additional
certifications, which usually revolve around the psychological aspects of severe injuries, illnesses, and depression.

2. FORENSIC NURSES

The basic definition would be to use nursing knowledge and skills to provide care to victims of crimes while
collecting evidence

It is not uncommon for a forensic nurse to take a few seminars or training on the practices and procedures of
handling evidence. However, most have no other certification than the RN license. Forensic nurses can be found
in a variety of places, from hospitals to law firms.

3. INFECTION CONTROL NURSES

Considered a deviation from more traditional nursing specialties. Infection nurses work to identify, investigate, and
control infections that occur within a specific community, hospital, or particular area. Most commonly, infection
nurses work with STDs, HIV, TB, and childhood infections. Infection control nurses are usually found in hospital
settings, or as consultants to governmental agencies, municipalities, or large pharmaceutical companies. Aside
from the RN license, infection control nurses are required to have an additional infection control certification.

4. CASE MANAGEMENT NURSES

Coordinate all aspects of treatment for specific types of patients. Case management nurses often work with rehab
patients, long term care patients, and patients with serious work injuries. Also, nurse case managers act as a
liaison between the patient and a third party, such as an insurance company or employer. Case management
nurses can be found at a variety of places, some of which include schools, insurance companies, hospitals, and
rehabilitation centers. Nurse case management is also a specialty that can easily become its own private
business. There are additional certifications for case management nurses, but these added credentials will depend
heavily on the type of case management that you choose.

5. INTERNATIONAL NURSES

Those who decide to practice nursing in a different country than their own. Most of these nurses choose to work in
underdeveloped nations with dire medical needs

6. TRANS-CULTURAL NURSES

Those who choose to work with individuals from various cultures and with alternative beliefs to medicine and
treatments. Though there are no specific certifications other than a RN license, many of these nurses choose to
seek additional training in cultural sensitivity and beliefs, and also learn to speak a number of different languages.

7. DERMATOLOGY NURSES

They care for and provide information to those that are suffering from infections, serious wounds, and diseases of
the skin. There is an advanced certification for dermatology nurses, many of which can be found at hospitals and
dermatology clinics.

8. GENETIC NURSES

Provide care for patients with genetic diseases. These nurses are involved in various levels of genetic treatment,
from explaining treatment and conditions to patients, to risk identification, and screening. Genetic nurses are also
involved in genetic counseling and clinical trials. There are different levels of credentialing for genetic nurses. All
genetic nurses start with the RN license, they are then required to obtain either a Bachelors or Masters Degree in
nursing, at least 3 years of experience as a genetic nurse, a number of documented case histories, and letters of
recommendation.

9. NURSING CONSULTANTS

Can advise a variety of issues like injuries, medical costs and treatments. The most common businesses needing
the knowledge and skills of registered nurses are insurance companies, investigative firms, underwriters and
vocational organizations. Though consultation is not part of the traditional field of nursing, it gained its popularity
as the schedule they follow is that of business hours.

10. LABOR AND DELIVERY (L&D)

One of many fields of specialization in which a nursing graduate may choose to concentrate. L & D nurses are a
part of the labor and delivery team that cares for women and their newly born infants. They assist patients before,
during, and after the birthing process in several ways:

Coordinating with physicians to provide the best care plan for each patient.
Monitoring the mother and baby during labor
Teaching mothers how to care for themselves and the new infant
Providing emotional support to the mother and family
Nurses who train to become L & D nurses may assume different roles in that position.

These include:

Antepartum Nurse
The antepartum nurse cares for patients who have pregnancy complications which force them to be hospitalized.

Circulating Nurse
Circulating nurses handle care in the operating room when a cesarean section is being performed.

L&D Nurse
L&D Nurses care for patients in labor who may or may not have delivery complications.

Nursery Nurse
The nursery nurse cares for newborn infants in the nursery.

Postpartum Nurse
The postpartum nurse cares for patients after delivery.

Scrub Nurse
The scrub nurse directly assists the surgeon during a cesarean section.

L & D NURSE REQUIREMENTS

Education Requirements
L & D nurses must have an RN license with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN), Associate Degree in Nursing
(AND), or hospital diploma. Education in neonatal resuscitation and fetal monitoring is an additional requirement.
LPNs interested in this specialty may wish to consider an LPN to RN program which allows them to earn a BSN
degree on an accelerated basis.

GENERAL QUALIFICATIONS

Critical thinking, communication, and decision making skills are essential to L&D nursing. The job requires the
wisdom to assess and prioritize patient needs in an environment that is often rapidly changing and fast paced.
Stellar communication skills are also vital for this type of nursing. L & D nurses must communicate with other
medical staff members, the patients and the patient’s families.

PRACTICE SETTINGS

L & D nurse positions are found primarily in hospitals. Other settings in which they practice include clinics,
physician’s offices, and maternity and birthing centers.

11. NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (NICU) NURSE

NICU nurses specialize in caring for premature infants or full term infants with serious medical complications.
Infants in NICU usually suffer from multiple complications and often require medical or surgical intervention.
Nurses working in this area must be skilled in the ability to assess and care for these types of infants. NICU nurses
care not only for the infants, but also provide education, care, and support to the parents. Hospitals generally staff
NICU positions with registered nurses who already have experience in other areas of nursing. NICU nurses are
required to complete additional education and training provided by the employer before transitioning into a NICU
nursing position. NICU nurses work mainly in hospitals in conjunction with respiratory therapists, neonatologists,
and advanced practice nurses. An RN wishing to work as a Nurse Practitioner in this setting must first obtain a
Masters Degree in Nursing (MSN) or obtain additional professional certification.

12. CERTIFIED NURSE MIDWIFE

Certified Nurse Midwives (CNMs) are registered nurses who provide care and treatment to women before, during
and after childbirth. CNMs must complete an accredited program of study in addition to obtaining clinical
experience in obstetrical care.

They are trained to provide a variety of services which include:

Pap smears
Breast examinations
Advising women on matters of reproductive health
Monitoring the mother and fetus during pregnancy
Abdominal and pelvic examinations
Education about childbirth methods
Counseling on infant care and nutrition
When medical treatments and medications are necessary, CNMs work closely with obstetricians or other
physicians. CNMs can be credited with helping to reduce maternal and infant death rates in this country.

13. CERTIFIED REGISTERED NURSE ANESTHETIST (CRNA)

To become a CRNA, you have to take further studies in addition to your nursing degree. If you are already a
registered nurse, you will have to finish a graduate degree program and pass an examination to be a licensed
nurse anesthetist.

One of the main responsibilities of a nurse anesthetist is delivering anesthesia during surgery and works with an
anesthesiologist. It is an ideal option for those who are less inclined to patient interaction (since patients will be
unconscious most of the time) and are more interested in technical skills or surgery. This requires a more
impersonal role in contrast to most nursing duties especially since you are unlikely to see the same patient twice in
the surgical field.

14. NURSE PRACTITIONER (NP)

A nurse practitioner usually works under the supervision of a licensed physician and administers mid-level patient
care. NPs are usually authorized and qualified to do some minor procedures and examinations, depending on the
regulation imposed by the state. Some states allow NPs to practice independently of physicians while some states
legally require NPs to practice under supervision. Those who are allowed to work independently may prescribe
medications and provide primary care. Salaries of NP may vary from state to state but may approach the same
level as CRNAs. Unlike CRNAs, NPs care for patients directly and often build long-term relationships with patients.

15. CLINICAL NURSE SPECIALIST (CNS)

A clinical nurse specialist assists in specialized research, advocacy, education, and even management. It is an
advanced practice that requires a Master's of Science degree in Nursing and a CNS certification for the particular
field of interest (i.e. oncology, psychiatry, cardiology, etc). This type of job is ideal for those leaning towards
scholarly pursuits as it requires rigorous research, critical thinking, gathering of data, and other academic
engagements. The average salary for CNS is $70,000-$80,000 a year but can easily approach to over $90,000
with experience

16. GENETICS NURSE

A genetic nurse cares for patients with genetic diseases or problems such as hereditary breast cancer,
Huntington's disease, cystic fibrosis, spinocerebellar atrophy, and neuromuscular diseases. The responsibilities of
a genetic nurse include testing, screening, identifying risks, early detection, and administering treatment. Genetic
nurses may work in either inpatient or outpatient facilities and may work as case managers, counselors,
educators, researchers, program coordinators, and administrators. This type of specialization typically requires
long-term patient and ongoing care, as well as building relationships with the patient and the family. A genetic
nurse has to be able to deal with negative outcomes, handle disclosing and breaking sad news to the patient and
the family, and keep private and confidential information to his or herself. To be a genetics nurse, one must be a
registered nurse with a BSN, MSN and doctorate degree.
17. NEUROSCIENCE NURSE

A neuroscience nurse cares for patients who have a dysfunction or condition of the nervous system such as
alterations in cognition, communication, consciousness, rest and sleep, mobility, sensation, and sexuality. It
involves planning and implementing interventions to promote healing and support bodily functions. A neuroscience
nurse also educates patients and their family regarding the particular condition and helps the patient cope and
adapt to persistent neurological difficulties. Those who wish to pursue this specialization may work as a staff
nurse, nurse care manager, clinical nurse specialist, head nurse, or executive. Helpful characteristics include
patience, tact, people skills, understanding, flexibility, and medical-surgical assessment and related skills.

18. PEDIATRIC NURSE

A pediatric nurse primarily cares for children and adolescents. The responsibilities of a pediatric nurse go beyond
disease prevention and health promotion; he or she must be prepared to respond t the psychological and
emotional aspects of health and illness in children. A pediatric nurse also manages mental and physical
disabilities, as well as responds to chronic and acute illnesses in children. Possible roles in this field include nurse
practitioners, staff nurse, clinical nurse specialist, case manager, and nurse manager. To be a pediatric nurse, it
helps to be empathetic, patient, flexible, and be less prone to stress, and of course, have a fondness for children.

19. PSYCHIATRIC NURSE

A psychiatric nurse cares for patients of all ages who suffer from mental illness or mental distress such as bipolar
disorder, depression, psychosis, dementia, and schizophrenia. Various roles are available for this specialization
including staff nurse, therapist, counselor, case manager, or clinical nurse specialist. In this type of field, one must
undergo additional training in psychological therapies and must have a lot of patience and understanding.

20 OPERATING ROOM NURSE

Provides specialized nursing services to critically ill and the mentally disturbed patients and promote physical and
mental health within the medical treatment facility. The Operating Room nurse is basically responsible for assisting
the doctors in preparing patients and in the operating rooms for surgery. It calls for preparation and maintaining of
sterile medical supplies and helping with preoperative and postoperative procedures. You need to be prepared to
treat emergency cases without getting perturbed and with a lot of patience. The patient's medical history needs to
be examined along with his records while conducting basic duties like taking temperature, pulse and blood
pressure.

The patients undergoing surgery come completely under the care of the nurses attending the operating theater.
Their duties start with preparing and ensuring that the operating theater is ready for the operating procedures and
seeing to it that all the equipments and special procedures that are to be done before any operation are all taken
care off. Regular procedures and emergencies, if any. They are also responsible for all the equipments while the
operation is under progress and they need to ensure all the necessary tools are kept ready depending on the
operation that is to take place.

The OR Nurse also manages operating room activities like taking control of OR personnel and making sure they
have completed their routine checks and given responsibilities, which could be anything from ensuring the
equipments, are sterilized to keeping records and relevant documents updated. Other responsibilities include
maintaining correct and complete records and reports, and helping with ongoing, in house training programs by
continually updating already advanced knowledge and responsibilities of nursing personnel.

Operating room nurses, are also referred to as preoperative nurses, are usually qualified and registered nurses
who work in co ordination with patients who are to be operated upon. In today's world, nursing jobs are in demand
in hospitals, different types of clinics and surgical units that operate during the day. In hospitals, their work is to
interact directly with patients before the operation during the operation and post the operation.

The operating room nurses position in the operating theater is very crucial as the entire operating procedure
depends on her efficiency and job knowledge as they almost operate as secondary physicians in all respects. In
fact half the job like suturing the patients after the surgery and controlling the bleeding is an important part of a
operating nurses job. These nurses play the role of mediators and need to keep the patients informed about the
upcoming surgery and give them post surgical advice as well. Assisting them and changing the dressing when
necessary. The Operating Room Nurse works under the direction of the Manager while carrying out nursing
responsibilities and duties.

21. CIRCULATING NURSES

Responsible for everyone in the operating room on any particular day. They are responsible as patient spokesman
ensuring that the patient being operated on is the correct patient and that the doctor is performing the correct
procedure.

22. SCRUB NURSES

Their duty is to hand the medical instruments to the operating doctor during surgery while the circulating nurse
observes checks and monitors all the equipments during the operation and ensures that they run smoothly. The
nurses whose duty is in the operating theater are responsible to ensure that the operating room is ready in all
respects for the operating procedure. This would mean making sure, all the equipments are properly audited and
the patient's record is recorded in detail. The consent form is to be filled by the concerned family before the
operation begins.

23. NURSE PRACTITIONER

A nurse who has completed either as certificate program or a master’s degree in a specialty and is also certified
by the appropriate specialty organization. She is skilled at making nursing assessments, performing P. E.,
counseling, teaching and treating minor and self- limiting illness.

24. NURSE EDUCATOR

A nurse usually with advanced degree, who teaches in clinical or educational settings, teaches theoretical
knowledge, clinical skills and conduct research

25. NURSE ENTREPRENEUR

A nurse who has an advanced degree, and manages health-related business.

26. NURSE ADMINISTRATOR

A nurse who functions at various levels of management in health settings; responsible for the management and
administration of resources and personnel involved in giving patient care.

IV. EXPANDED ROLES OF NURSES

1. CAREGIVER/ CARE PROVIDER - the traditional and most essential role

 functions as nurturer, comforter, provider
“mothering actions” of the nurse
provides direct care and promotes comfort of client
activities involves knowledge and sensitivity to what matters and what is important to clients
shows concern for client welfare and acceptance of the client as a person

2. TEACHER - provides information and helps the client to learn or acquire new knowledge and technical skills

encourages compliance with prescribed therapy.

promotes healthy lifestyle
interprets information to the client
3. COUNSELOR- helps client to recognize and cope with stressful psycho logic or social problems; to develop an
improve interpersonal relationships and to promote personal growth

provides emotional, intellectual to and psycho logic support

focuses on helping a client to develop new attitudes, feelings and behaviors rather than promoting intellectual
growth.
encourages the client to look at alternative behaviors recognize the choices and develop a sense of control.

4. CHANGE AGENT- initiate changes or assist clients to make modifications in themselves or in the system of
care.

5. CLIENT ADVOCATE- involves concern for and actions in behalf of the client to bring about a change.

promotes what is best for the client, ensuring that the client’s needs are met and protecting the client’s right.
provides explanation in clients language and support clients decisions.

6. MANAGER - makes decisions, coordinates activities of others, allocate resources, evaluate care and personnel

plans, give direction, develop staff, monitors operations, give the rewards fairly and represents both staff and
administrations as needed .

7. RESEARCHER - participates in identifying significant researchable problems

participates in scientific investigation and must be a consumer of research findings

must be aware of the research process, language of research, a sensitive to issues related to protecting the
rights of human subjects.

V. NURSING ASSOCIATIONS

A. ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONS

The first association a nurse joins upon graduation.

OBJECTIVES

To provide graduates of institutions with opportunities for:

1. keeping abreast of school activities, programs and/or problems thus assisting the school to develop along
sound lines
2. becoming interested, well-informed and informed and active members of their professions or of other fields of
endeavor and being increasingly useful and helpful members of society
3. keeping school friendship alive. The joy of meeting schoolmates and recalling meaningful experiences are
precious moments money can’t buy
4. assisting individual members of the association in job placements or in other ways deemed necessary
5. assisting in securing endowment funds/money for a variety of purposes such as the establishment of
scholarships and procurement of loans
6. recognizing outstanding alumni through an achievement award program. This serves as inspiration to students
and young graduates
7. becoming part of an organization through which their alma mater continues to be of service to them after
graduation through cooperative programs of continuing education
8. helping to interpret the program of the school to recruitable students so that in return, only quality students can
be admitted for training

ACTIVITIES

The alumni association may

1. raise money for a new building and endowment funds
2. acquaint students with socially useful activities and help initiate them into the profession as graduates
3. assist students in socially useful activities and help initiate them into the profession as graduates
4. put up scholarships for the school
5. raise money to endow a room in the hospital for its sick members or scholarships for those who wish to continue
their graduate studies
6. conduct scientific meetings that update the knowledge of its members with regards to nursing
7. publish newsletters or magazines
8. present awards or citations to alumni or other persons for outstanding contributions to the school, the profession
or the community

B. PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS

1. ANSAP- ASSOCIATION OF NURSING SERVICE ADMINISTRATORS OF THE PHILIPPINES

Perla B. Sanchez, RN, MAN, Ph.D. – Re-founding President of ANSAP

In 1967, a group of Chief Nurses/Directors of Nursing Service of government/private hospitals and community
health organization in Metro Manila got together and re-founded the Association of Nursing Service Administrators
of the Philippines (ANSAP).

The “birth” of the Association did not give rise to a growth of expected proportion as the leaders who had
spearheaded the organization left one by one for abroad.

Mrs. Felicula C. Castaneda, Chief Nurse of the National Mental Hospital (now the National Center for Mental
Health) was a member of the Board of Directors of the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA). She was Chairman of
the Department of Nursing Service. Perla B. Sanchez, a Nursing Director of a private Children’s Hospital, was an
active member of PNA. The PNA Department of Nursing Service in its organizational meeting elected her as chair
of the program committee.

The committee organized a three a three day workshop with the theme: “Improved Nursing Service through Proper
Utilization of Personnel” that was held at the St. Lukes Hospital form April 25 to 27, 1973. The participants
represented the spectrum of government and private hospitals form all over the country.
The organization’s Vision-Mission-Strategies are regularly activated by the organization’s officers, past and
present Board of Directors with Dr. Perla B. Sanchez, its founding President and the Adivisers, headed by the
present officers and its incumbent president, Dr. Maria Linda G. Buhat.

Since that time ANSAP has come a long way. One of its major legacy to the nursing profession and to the Nursing
Service is its IV Training Program.

OBJECTIVES
1. provide dynamic leadership in the acquisition of knowledge and techniques in nursing service administration
2. uphold the highest standards of professional ethics, integrity, and dedication to the cause of nursing and nursing
service administration
3. initiate programs which will evaluate members to the highest level of competence in nursing administrative
practice
4. keep abreast of latest research findings, initiate and/or conduct research and/or disseminate results thereof for
information and/or improvement of nursing practice
5. pool resources through collaborative action with other national nursing associations for the promotion or
professional, social, and economic welfare of nursing service practitioners through legislative and/or other means
6. participate actively and stand courageously in support of vital issues affecting public welfare

2. PNA- PHILIPPINE NURSES ASSOCIATION

Founded in September 2, 1922 as Filipino Nurses Association (FNA) in a meeting of 150 nurses presided by then
Anastacia Giron (Mrs. Tupas), the FNA was incorporated in 1924. The International Council of Nurses accepted
the FNA as one of the member organizations during the congress held in Montreal, Canada on July 8-13, 1929.
The FNA became the PNA (Philippine Nurses Association) in 1966, which was the same year that the office at
1663 F.T. Benitez Street, Malate, Manila was inaugurated.

President Carlos P. Garcia proclaimed the last week of October as Nurses' Week and authorized FNA to take
charge of its observance in Proclamation 593 done on October 17, 1958.

President Fidel V. Ramos declared 1997 as the "Nurses Diamond Jubilee Year" under Proclamation No. 1060.

The PNA was awarded the Most Outstanding Accredited Professional Organization by the Professional Regulatory
Commission in 2003 besting 40 other professional associations and was five time nominee for the same award.

LIFE PURPOSE
To promote professional growth towards the attainment of highest standards of nursing.

PURPOSES
1. To attain optimal level of professional standards
2. to work for the welfare of member nurses
3. To respond to the changing health needs of the Philippine society
4. to establish linkages with government, national and international agencies in th attainment of the national health
goals and welfare of member nurses.

VISION
The caring and fortifying light giver committed to providing opportunities for the professional growth and
development of world class Filipino nurses.

MISSION
1.   Zealously provide strategic directions and programs that enhance the competencies of nurses to be globally
competitive.
2. Passionately sustain the quality work life and collegial interactions with and among nurses
3. Continuously strengthen the internal capacity and capabilities for quality care and services to the nurses.
4. Enthusiastically explore possibilities of collaboration towards unification of nurses.

CLASSIFICATION OF MEMBERS
1. Regular membership is conferred upon a nurse who has paid the required fee for the current year.

2. Life membership is conferred upon a nurse who has been a regular member for three (3) consecutive years and
who shall have paid the required fees.

3. Honorary membership is conferred upon a person who is not qualified under Article II, Section 2, paragraph a
and be hereof, but who has rendered distinguished service to the Association in the attainment of its goals subject
to the approval of the Board of Governors.

4. Associate membership is conferred upon nurses residing abroad upon compliance of requirements for
membership.

BENEFITS
1. Obtain professional advice or assistance in matters related to nursing and conditions affecting the practice of
the profession;
2. Attend meetings, accredited CPE seminars workshops, conferences, and other educational activities sponsored
by PNA.
3. Avail copies of the Philippine Journal of Nursing;
4. The beneficiary/beneficiaries receive death benefits through the Mutual Aid Program;
5. Receive legal and moral assistance in administrative and labor cases whenever possible
6. Be recommended (If qualified) for local and international scholarship, nursing award or travel grants
7. Access to Education and Training Center (ETC), auditorium, library and dormitory facilities
8. Receive Professional guidance for work overseas

AWARDS
The Anastacia G. Tupas Award- recognizes outstanding nurse in the fields of nursing administration, nursing
education, and community health nursing.

3. NLPGN- NATIONAL LEAGUE OF PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT NURSES

A duly incorporated organization of professional nurses employed by the government of the Philippines.

Formerly known as the Department of Health National League of Nurses (DHNLN), it was founded by the Annie
Sand, then Nursing Consultant of the Department of Health on January 16, 1961.

AWARDS
Annie Sand Leadership Award- is given to an outstanding nurse or retiree who has contributed to the improvement
of nurses and nursing agencies.

OBJECTIVES
1. To promote and maintain the highest standards of nursing in the government
2. To address problems concerning nurses and nursing though participation in formulation of all policies,
guidelines, programs and laws affecting nurses and nursing practice in the Philippines.
3. To continuously upgrade professional competence through research, training, scholarship grants both foreign
and local, and dissemination of information through nursing publications
4. To collaborate with government, non-government and other allied professional groups for the promotion of
health services
5. To foster national and international goodwill among nurses and harness all energies towards the attainment of
common goals
6. To help advance the science and art of Nursing in the Philippines to meet the needs of a changing society
7. To recognize the exemplary performance and accomplishments of members.

CATEGORIES OF MEMBERSHIP
1. Regular Members
Nurses employed in the government service and retirees who have rendered a minimum of 5-year service in any
government agency

2. Life Members
Nurses who have been regular members for at least 3 successive years and who have paid the required life
membership fee

3. Honorary members
Persons who, because of their outstanding service to the cause of nurses and nursing, are elected to such
honorary membership by the Board but have no voting privileges

BENEFITS
1. He/She may attend updates, seminars, conventions organized by the organization and earn continuing
education units for license renewal.
2. HE/She may be represented to the proper authorities on matters concerning nursing practice
3. He/She may be recognized for exemplary performance with such awards as the Annie Sand Leadership Award,
and others
4. He/ She may be given assistance- in cash or in kind- when sick or when he/she becomes victim of calamities
and national disasters.
5. He/She may receive a copy of the Newsletter, the NLGN’s official publication
6. The member’s family will receive P3, 000 for regular members and P5, 000 for lifetime members as death
benefits.
7. He/She may vote and be voted upon.
8. He/ She may avail of a copy of its own published books at a discounted price
9. He/ She may be helped in the renewal of his/her PRC license upon request
10. He/She may avail of postgraduate scholarship offered by the DOH through the recommendation of the
National League of Government Nurses.

4. ORNAP- OPERATING-ROOM NURSES OF THE PHILIPPINES

PURPOSE
To promote the highest professional standard of Perioperative Nursing.

VISION STATEMENT
We envision ourselves as an organization of competent and dynamic perioperative nurses committed to innovation
and provision of optimum perioperative services locally and internationally.

MISSION STATEMENT
We commit to:
Develop/cultivate the highest professional standard in perioperative nursing through education and research
activities.

Collaborate with health care partners and other associations for development and training.

Sustain a harmonic professional relationship among members.

Enhance value centered decision making strategies.

OBJECTIVES
1. To develop standards of nursing care for all patients before, during, and after operation
2. To provide opportunities for professional and personal growth through:
a. an exchange program, within the country and with other countries
b. seminars and conferences designed to keep its members abreast with the new techniques in operating room
management and the use of modern and sophisticated instruments and apparatus
c. cooperation and coordination in all its projects and activities

MEMBERSHIP
1. Regular
A registered nurse who currently manages, teaches, or practices perioperative nursing either full time or part time.

A perioperative nurse enrolled in a formal nursing education or engaged in perioperative research.

Regularly pays the annual association dues.

2. Associate
A former regular perioperative nurse engaged in formal nursing education, teaching, or engaged in perioperative
research.

Regularly pays the annual dues.

3. Life member
Any active perioperative nurse who signifies membership for life and pays the dues in the amount determined by
the board and has been a regular member for three consecutive years.

RIGHTS OF A MEMBER
REGULAR:
1. Vote and be voted upon.
2. Hold an elective office.
3. Participate in all activities of the association.
4. Examine the books of the association following the set of procedures.
5. The mutual aide fund of Php 1,000.00.
6. Subscription of the ORNAP Newsletter.
ASSOCIATE:
All of the above, except to hold an elective office.

LIFE MEMBERS:
1. Entitled to all of the privileges of the regular member.
2. Entitled to the Mutual Fund of Php 5,000.00.

BENEFITS
 1. Opportunities to attend seminars sponsored by ORNAP.
2. Opportunities to attend the Annual ORNAP Convention.
3. Scholarship, awards, or recognition.
4. Mutual Aide.
5. Quarterly copy of newsletter.
6. Legal assistance.

ORNAP’S KEY HISTORIC EVENTS

YEAR KEY PERSPECTIVES
1973 OR Supervisors in greater Manila hospitals organized the ORNAP through the leadership of Mrs.
Consuelo Gomez-Arabit. Dr. Antonio Oposa, president of the Philippine College of Surgeons (PCS)
and Medical Director of Johnson & Johnson (Phils.), Inc. served as the Godfather of the newly found
association. Constitution and By-Laws was formulated by Mrs. Consuelo Gomez Arabit, Ms.
Perfecta Nicolas, and Mrs. Rosario Domingo of UP-PGH, Mrs. Lourdes Medina of J.F. Cotton
Hospital, Mrs. Norma Dizon of UERM-MMC and Capitol Medical CEnter and Mrs. Alma Mosque of
ABM Sison Hospital. Atty. German Arabit was the legal adviser. First convention and election of
Board Members was held at the Manila Polo Club with 144 members.

1974 The Philippine Nurses Association recognized ORNAP as a chapter.

1977 The Association of periOperative Registered Nurses (AORN) Board of Directors voted to sponsor a
world conference for OR Nurses in conjunction with AORN’s International Symposium to the Far
East in the fall of 1978. AORN’s First World Conference was held in Manila with the theme
“Together we can make it happen”. The late President Ferdinand E. Marcos acted as guest speaker.
Local chapters were organized in Baguio, Iloilo, Cebu and Davao.

1978 As per AORN National By-Laws, ORNAP was officially recognized as Chapter on September 5.

1979 The By-Laws of AORN of the Philippines was approved by the National AORN Committee on By-
Laws.

1990 Inter-Hospital Case Presentation was launched through the support of Johnson & Johnson Medical
Philippines.
The Consuelo Gomez Arabit Award for excellence in perioperative nursing also commenced. Mrs.
Leonila A. Faire then was the chairperson of the Committee on Continuing Education. She was the
brain behind the two mentioned endeavours which until now perioperative nurses are enjoying.

1991 There was a clamour to standardized perioperative nursing practice through the country. A seminar
workshop was held on April 6 at the Manila Doctors Hospital. Mrs. Antonieta D. Palafox was then
the chairperson of the Committee on Continuing Education.

1992 ORNAP Mini-Olympic was initiated. Management seminar kicked-off with B. Braun as the major
sponsor.
Joint project of PCS and ORNAP to come up with a Standardized Guidelines on Infection Control for
the OR.

1993 Birth of sisterhood for PCS and ORNAP.

1996 An addendum to the Constitution and By-Laws regarding the creation of an Advisory Council was
unanimously approved by the body.
1997 Birth of Cavite and Misamis Occidental Chapters.

1998 Davao chapter was revived.

Proposed increase of membership fee from 100 to 150 Php was rejected by the body during the
Annual Convention.

1999 Northern Luzon Chapter was reinstalled. Pangasinan chapter was born.
Thrust on Perioperative Nursing Research was intensified through a three-day session to enhance
research capabilities of OR nurses.
ORNAP Vision and Mission was formulated.
November 26 - Pampanga chapter was reactivated.
December 11 - Iloilo chapter was reactivated.
ORNAP have a total of 10 chapters.
To have harmonious relationship, implementing guidelines have been developed on attendance,
chapters (reactivation & reorganization), vacancies of offices and responsibilities of Standing
Committee. ORNAP enrolled as a member of an International Organization known as “International
Federation of Perioperative Nurses” whose administrative headquarters is located in Harrogate
Yorkshire, United Kingdom whose purpose is to represent and be the voice of perioperative patient
care.

2000 ORNAP was invited for the first time to work with ASEAN congress of Neurological Surgery and the
4th ASEAN Neurological Nursing Congress held on October 17-20. ORNAP was the moderator of
the Scientific Meeting. After the convention, ORNAP became a member of the ASEAN Neurological
Nursing Congress.
September 3 – ORNAP office was b
ught and was blessed last October
7, feast of Our Lady of the Rosary; with postal Address: Unit 915 Le Gran Condominium, 45
Eisenhower S
reet, Greenhills, San Juan, Metr
Manila.

2002 June - ORNAP launched website (www.filnurse/ornap.com)

2003 March - Tarlac chapter was revived.

2004 Resolution Launching Research

5. MCNAP- MATERNAL AND CHILD NURSES ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

IN line with the thrust of the International Council of Nurses (ICN) to organize nurses into various interest groups,
the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA) called on the countrys pediatric and maternal nurses to unite in order to
attain their objectives and in 1980, the first general assembly of practicing maternal and child nurses was held.
Thus was born the Maternal and Child Nurses Association of the Philippines (MCNAP) with the primary goal of
providing a mechanism for the exchange of information related to issues that affect maternal and child health
nursing practice.

When MCNAP was incorporated with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 1997, the SEC advised a
change in name to Mother and Child Nurses Association of the Philippines as the original name was similar to that
of the Maternal and Child Health Association of the Philippines (MCHAP). The MCNAP has since provided a forum
for discussion of ideas to improve mother and child nursing in the areas of clinical practice, research, and
education. It has also served as an advocate for the mother and child nurse. It has involved the mother and child
nursing specialist in the development of programs on mother and child nursing. And it continues to promote
nursing research to encourage the practice of mother and child nursing practice as well as develop mother and
child specialist.

6. ADCPN- ASSOCIATION OF DEANS OF COLLEGES OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES

The association was first established in April 1959 with the Deans of colleges of Nursing as its members. In 1965
schools of nursing were included.

Purpose
1. To promote, elevate, and maintain the standards of clinical instruction program of nursing students and to
improve nursing service and facilities of the clinical field in hospital and public health agencies.
2. To participate in the formulation of the legislations affecting nursing education
3. To make representations in discussions of problems and solution of the same to the DOH, Evaluation
Committee on Accreditation of Training and the Student Affiliation, Budget Office/ Congress, as the case may be.

7. MNAP- THE MILITARY NURSES ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

It was officially organized on September 5, 1965 in V. Luna Hospital AFP in Quezon City by a group of dynamic
nurses and corps officers both active, inactive and retired who felt the need for putting up a medium wherein they
can express their ideals and aspirations to better serve their country

OBJECTIVES

1. To establish and maintain the highest standard of military nursing in the AFP, both in peace and in war
2. To develop the social, cultural, and educational well-being of its members in line with the current tends in
nursing
3. To cultivate and maintain the spirit of camaraderie and promote the general welfare of its members
4. To encourage active participation in the activities of both local and national nursing organizations and to
promote effective cooperation and coordination among the military nurses and members of other allied
professionals.
5. To publish periodicals and bulletins as sources of information and guidance
6. To establish a code of conduct for its members
7. To promote reciprocity between military nurses of the Philippines and those of allied countries
8. To undertake activities that are geared toward social action and community development

8. OHNAP- THE OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSES ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

November 21, 1950- the industrial Nursing Unit of the Philippine Nurse Association through the initiative of Mrs.
Magdalena Valenzuela of the DOH

September 20, 1969- it was renamed the Occupational Health Nurses Association of the Philippines

PURPOSES
1. To contribute to the promotion of public health through the conservation and promotion of the industrial worker’s
health and that of his family
2. To keep up with modern methods and techniques of public health nursing in general and of industrial nursing in
particular in order to promote the quality and quantity of nursing service
3. To provide expert nursing guidance for industrial health workers
4. To attain good relationship and understanding among industrial nurses in particular and all nurses in general
5. To provide a medium whereby common problems of industrial nurses may be threshed out for the benefit of all
6. To raise the insight of industrial nurses beyond the walls of their industrial clinics so they may see their place
not only in the nursing service but in the total public health programs as well
7. To gain support from agencies employing nurses

9. PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING FACULTY

This association was organized in September 1961 and is dedicated in the maintenance of high standards of
objectives to standardize and broaden instruction in Public Health Nursing and to undertake that which will
enhance professional growth

10. PNSI- PSYCHIATRIC NURSING SPECIALISTS FOUNDATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

Views mental health and illness as states of adaptation used by the individual in coping with the circumstances in
life. Every individual has areas of relative health and illness at a given moment and adapts according to his/her
capacity.

The PNSI subscribes to the belief that the psychiatric nurse ( a registered nurse possessing at least a Master’s
Degree in Psychiatric Nursing) can interact with an individual, family and community and assist

them to use their own resources to maintain mental health, and to acquire a healthy state of adaptation when
mental illness occurs.

OBJECTIVES
1. to provide therapeutic and supportive services needed to help the client and his family in the former’s relearning
to live in the community
2. to help the client identify and develop his inherent potentials and latent abilities and to utilize these efforts
toward self-reliance and success
3. to undertake research studies in the field of mental health and psychiatric nursing
4. to offer educational programs in mental health- psychiatric nursing

SERVICES OFFERED

1. NURSING SUPPORTIVE CARE

a. Child Day Care- The Child Day Care Program’s main objective is to create an opportunity for each child client to
develop emotionally, socially, intellectually, physically and spiritually. Each child’s uniqueness and needs will
determine the appropriate therapeutic supportive technique/ approaches.

b. Adult Day Care- The program’s main goal id the provision of a healthy, therapeutic milieu to its adult client by
giving him/her the opportunity to develop his/her potential thus facilitating his/her integration into the relevant
social system particularly his home and the larger community.

2. CONTINUING EDUCATION
The PNSI sponsors regular seminar- workshops in the fields of mental health and psychiatric nursing such as
group dynamics, integrating psychiatric nursing concepts etc.

3. PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND EVALUATION

The PNSI offers testing and evaluation, which involve the administration of battery of psychological tests to the
client to determine his aptitude, abilities and personality traits, profile, including career counseling
4. NURSING RESEARCHES
Periodic nursing research studies and explorations on this field are undertaken for professional growth and
development.

5. TRAINING AND EXTENSION SERVICES

Training and extension programs and sharing of various development programs are offered in the areas of
education and practice through affiliation program.

6. LIBRARY
The PNSI library facilities are open to members and non-members

7. PUBLICATIONS
The official publications of the PNSI are Perspective in Mental Health Psychiatric Nursing, Proceedings: First
Seminar Workshop on Teaching Mental Health Psychiatric Nursing and PNSI History

11. THE CATHOLIC NURSES GUILD

Headquarters: 988 General Solano Street, San Miguel, Manila
Official Organ: Catholic Nurses Guild Magazine

PURPOSES
1. to promote the spiritual welfare of the nurses and to aid them in promoting the spiritual welfare of those under
their care
2. to participate and encourage the members to strive always to advance in professional and technical
competence along the lines of scientific progress following Christian principles
3. to study and coordinate governmental legislations affecting hospitals and colleges of nursing, public health and
to be alert to meet the problems arising from such legislations

C. INTERNATIONAL NURSING AND ALLIED ORGANIZATIONS

1. ICN- INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF NURSES

MISSION
To represent nursing worldwide, advancing the profession and influencing health policy.

The International Council of Nurses is a federation of national nurses’ associations (NNAs), representing nurses in
more than 128 countries. Founded in 1899, ICN is the world’s first and widest reaching international organization
for health professionals.  Operated by nurses for nurses, ICN works to ensure quality nursing care for all, sound
health policies globally, the advancement of nursing knowledge, and the presence worldwide of a respected
nursing profession and a competent and satisfied nursing workforce.

ICN GOALS AND VALUES

Three goals and five core values guide and motivate all ICN activities. 

THE THREE GOALS ARE:

•    to bring nursing together worldwide;
•    to advance nurses and nursing worldwide;
•    to influence health policy.

THE FIVE CORE VALUES ARE:

•    Visionary Leadership
•    Inclusiveness
•    Flexibility
•    Partnership
•    Achievement.

The ICN Code for Nurses is the foundation for ethical nursing practice throughout the world. ICN standards,
guidelines and policies for nursing practice, education, management, research and socio-economic welfare are
accepted globally as the basis of nursing policy.
ICN advances nursing, nurses and health through its policies, partnerships, advocacy, leadership development,
networks, congresses, special projects, and by its work in the arenas of professional practice, regulation and
socio-economic welfare. ICN is particularly active in:

Professional Nursing Practice

International classification for nursing practice - ICNP
Advanced nursing practice
Entrepreneurship
HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria
Women’s health
Primary health care
Family health
Safe water
Nursing Regulation
Regulation and Credentialing
Code of ethics, standards and competencies
Continuing education
Socio-economic Welfare for Nurses 
Occupational health and safety
Human resources planning and policy
Remuneration
Career development
International trade in professional services

Icn’s partnerships and strategic alliances with governmental and non-governmental agencies, foundations,
regional groups, national associations, and individuals, assist ICN in advancing nursing worldwide.
ICN is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

MEMBERSHIP
ICN is a federation of 129 national nurses' associations (NNAs), representing millions of nurses worldwide.

ICN works directly with these member associations on the issues of importance to the nursing profession.
There is no individual membership to ICN. The nurses who are part of their national nurses' association are
automatically part of ICN.

2. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

WHO is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system. It is responsible for
providing leadership on global health matters, shaping the health research agenda, setting norms and standards,
articulating evidence-based policy options, providing technical support to countries and monitoring and assessing
health trends.
In the 21st century, health is a shared responsibility, involving equitable access to essential care and collective
defense against transnational threats.

HISTORY
When diplomats met to form the United Nations in 1945, one of the things they discussed was setting up a global
health organization.

WHO’s Constitution came into force on 7 April 1948 – a date we now celebrate every year as World Health Day.

AGENDA
WHO operates in an increasingly complex and rapidly changing landscape. The boundaries of public health action
have become blurred, extending into other sectors that influence health opportunities and outcomes. WHO
responds to these challenges using a six-point agenda. The six points address two health objectives, two strategic
needs, and two operational approaches. The overall performance of WHO will be measured by the impact of its
work on women's health and health in Africa.

1. Promoting development

During the past decade, health has achieved unprecedented prominence as a key driver of socioeconomic
progress, and more resources than ever are being invested in health. Yet poverty continues to contribute to poor
health, and poor health anchors large populations in poverty. Health development is directed by the ethical
principle of equity: Access to life-saving or health-promoting interventions should not be denied for unfair reasons,
including those with economic or social roots. Commitment to this principle ensures that WHO activities aimed at
health development give priority to health outcomes in poor, disadvantaged or vulnerable groups. Attainment of
the health-related Millennium Development Goals, preventing and treating chronic diseases and addressing the
neglected tropical diseases are the cornerstones of the health and development agenda.

2. Fostering health security

Shared vulnerability to health security threats demands collective action. One of the greatest threats to
international health security arises from outbreaks of emerging and epidemic-prone diseases. Such outbreaks are
occurring in increasing numbers, fuelled by such factors as rapid urbanization, environmental mismanagement,
the way food is produced and traded, and the way antibiotics are used and misused. The world's ability to defend
itself collectively against outbreaks has been strengthened since June 2007, when the revised International Health
Regulations came into force.

3. Strengthening health systems

For health improvement to operate as a poverty-reduction strategy, health services must reach poor and
underserved populations. Health systems in many parts of the world are unable to do so, making the
strengthening of health systems a high priority for WHO. Areas being addressed include the provision of adequate
numbers of appropriately trained staff, sufficient financing, suitable systems for collecting vital statistics, and
access to appropriate technology including essential drugs.

4. Harnessing research, information and evidence

Evidence provides the foundation for setting priorities, defining strategies, and measuring results. WHO generates
authoritative health information, in consultation with leading experts, to set norms and standards, articulate
evidence-based policy options and monitor the evolving global heath situation.

5. Enhancing partnerships
WHO carries out its work with the support and collaboration of many partners, including UN agencies and other
international organizations, donors, civil society and the private sector. WHO uses the strategic power of evidence
to encourage partners implementing programmes within countries to align their activities with best technical
guidelines and practices, as well as with the priorities established by countries.

6. Improving performance

WHO participates in ongoing reforms aimed at improving its efficiency and effectiveness, both at the international
level and within countries. WHO aims to ensure that its strongest asset - its staff - works in an environment that is
motivating and rewarding. WHO plans its budget and activities through results-based management, with clear
expected results to measure performance at country, regional and international levels.

THE ROLE OF WHO IN PUBLIC HEALTH

WHO fulfils its objectives through its core functions:
providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging in partnerships where joint action is needed;

shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation and dissemination of valuable
knowledge;

setting norms and standards and promoting and monitoring their implementation;

articulating ethical and evidence-based policy options;

providing technical support, catalyzing change, and building sustainable institutional capacity; and

monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.

These core functions are set out in the 11th General Programme of Work, which provides the framework for
organization-wide programme of work, budget, resources and results. Entitled "Engaging for health", it covers the
10-year period from 2006 to 2015.

3. ICRC- THE INTERNATIONALCOMMITTEE OF THE RED CROSS

The ICRC has a permanent mandate under international law to take impartial action for prisoners, the wounded
and sick, and civilians affected by conflict.

With its HQ in Geneva, Switzerland, the ICRC is based in around 80 countries and has a total of more than 12,000
staff.

In situations of conflict the ICRC coordinates the response by national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies and
their International Federation.

The ICRC is at the origin of both the International Red Cross / Red Crescent Movement and of international
humanitarian law, notably the Geneva Conventions.

THE MISSION
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is an impartial, neutral and independent organization whose
exclusively humanitarian mission is to protect the lives and dignity of victims of war and internal violence and to
provide them with assistance. It directs and coordinates the international relief activities conducted by the
Movement in situations of conflict. It also endeavors to prevent suffering by promoting and strengthening
humanitarian law and universal humanitarian principles.

The ICRC has a legal mandate from the international community. That mandate has two sources:

the 1949 Geneva Conventions, which task the ICRC with visiting prisoners, organizing relief operations, re-
uniting separated families and similar humanitarian activities during armed conflicts;

the Statutes of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (Movement), which encourage it to
undertake similar work in situations of internal violence, where the Geneva Conventions do not apply.

The Geneva Conventions are binding instruments of international law, applicable worldwide. The Statutes of the
Movement are adopted at the International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, which takes place
every four years, and at which States that are party to the Geneva Conventions take part, thereby conferring a
quasi-legal or “soft law” status on the Statutes.

THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE INTERNATIONAL RED CROSS AND THE RED CRESCENT
MOVEMENT

Proclaimed in Vienna in 1965, the seven Fundamental Principles bond together the National Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies, The International Committee of the Red Cross and the International Federation of the Red
Cross and Red Crescent Societies. They guarantee the continuity of the Red Cross Red Crescent Movement and
its humanitarian work.

1. Humanity
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, born of a desire to bring assistance without
discrimination to the wounded on the battlefield, endeavors, in its international and national capacity, to prevent
and alleviate human suffering wherever it may be found. Its purpose is to protect life and health and to ensure
respect for the human being. It promotes mutual understanding, friendship, cooperation and lasting peace
amongst all peoples.

2. Impartiality
It makes no discrimination as to nationality, race, religious beliefs, class or political opinions. It endeavors to
relieve the suffering of individuals, being guided solely by their needs, and to give priority to the most urgent cases
of distress

3. Neutrality
In order to continue to enjoy the confidence of all, the Movement may not take sides in hostilities or engage at any
time in controversies of a political, racial, religious or ideological nature.

4. Independence
The Movement is independent. The National Societies, while auxiliaries in the humanitarian services of their
governments and subject to the laws of their respective countries, must always maintain their autonomy so that
they may be able at all times to act in accordance with the principles of the Movement.

5. Voluntary service
It is a voluntary relief movement not prompted in any manner by desire for gain.

6. Unity
There can be only one Red Cross or one Red Crescent Society in any one country. It must be open to all. It must
carry on its humanitarian work throughout its territory
7. Universality
The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, in which all Societies have equal status and share
equal responsibilities and duties in helping each other, is worldwide.

PNRC- PHILIPPINE NATIONAL RED CROSS

Born officially in 1947, but with roots that traces back to the revolutionary days, the Philippine National Red Cross
has truly become the premier humanitarian organization in the country, committed to provide quality life-saving
services that protect the life and dignity especially of indigent Filipinos in vulnerable situations.
 
The story of the Philippine National Red Cross is the story of men and women from all walks of life who have
dedicated themselves to the service of humanity. It is the tale of hundreds of thousands of ordinary people who
devoted their time and resources to help the poorest of the poor. Professionally trained and truly compassionate,
these men and women are ready to lend a helping hand to those in need – whoever, whenever and wherever they
may be.

In all its 60 years of reputable existence, the PNRC has lived through many changes that were intended to help
more people. Where it used to be involved only in providing blood and in disaster-related activities, the PNRC now
focuses on a holistic approach to uplift the condition of the most vulnerable. Where it used to offer short-term
palliatives, it now offers a wider array of humanitarian services ranging from preventive medicine to therapeutic
counseling to youth leadership.    
 
MAJOR SERVICES

1. Blood Services

The blood program of the Philippines operates in accordance with the provisions of the National Blood Services
Act of 1994 or RA 7719. In tripartite cooperation with the DOH and the Philippine Blood Coordinating Council, the
PNRC is one of the key organizations tasked to provide safe blood to the country through its active role in
advocacy, promotion of voluntary blood donation, donor retention and care and the operation of a network of 72
Blood Service Facilities all over the country.

2. Disaster Management
The Philippine Archipelago occupies the western rim of the Pacific Ocean, a most active part of the earth
characterized by an encircling belt of active volcanoes and fault lines. Typhoons, earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions are common. Human-induced disasters like bombing and armed conflict are not infrequent either.

The roles of the Disaster Management Services (DMS) are to provide relief in times of disasters and to carry on
measures to minimize the suffering caused by them. Disaster preparedness is also a major component of its
program that aims to prepare especially the vulnerable communities in the event of calamities.

3. Safety Services

The Safety Services is tasked with a nationwide educational campaign to ensure the health and safety of the
Filipino people. To effectively carry out these tasks, the Safety Services program includes the conduct of training
in:
 First Aid
 Basic Life Support - Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
 Water Safety (Swimming, Aquatic Lifesaving & Lifeguarding)
 Accident Prevention and
  Other basic rescue courses (EMT-Basic, Rope Rescue Technician, Vehicular Extrication, etc.)
The Safety Services also renders first aid, ambulance, beach patrol, life guarding and basic rescue services. It
also encourages physical fitness and practice of skills learned through its First Aid Olympics and Swim and Stay-fit
programs.

4. Community Health and Nursing

The Community Health and Nursing Services (CHNS) is aware that more effort are still to be done to significantly
increase the scale and scope of its work in health care and show the results and impact of its actions. With its
mission of "Improving the health situation of the most vulnerable communities", CHNS continues to expand its
service outlets in accordance to the emerging and continuing health needs of these most vulnerable population.

5. Social Services
On August 6 1945, the Home Service Department was organized to maintain professional relationships with the
government and private welfare agencies in serving civilians, servicemen and veterans with respect to government
benefits as well as health and welfare inquiries of displaced relatives and friends.
On March 18 1946, in consonance with one of the charter obligations of the PNRC which states that “To act as a
medium of communication between the people of the Republic of the Philippines and that of the Armed Forces of
the Philippines, in time of war and in time of peace,” the Military Welfare Service was set up with the signing of the
interim agreement between the PNRC and the Chief of Staff of the Philippine Army. This later served as the
operating basis for the employment of Red Cross personnel by the AFP.

6. The Red Cross Youth

The Red Cross Youth is one of the six major services of the Philippine National Red Cross. Its mission is to
educate and empower the children and youth in the spirit of Red Cross through constructive trainings and effective
leadership, and provide opportunities for directing and harnessing their energy and idealism into worthwhile
humanitarian activities.

RCY MAJOR OBJECTIVES

1.    Advocacy and inculcation of humanitarian values and character building.

2.    Protection of life and promotion of community health.
3.    Service and solidarity.
4.    National/International friendship, understanding and education for peace.
5.    Dissemination of the Red Cross seven fundamental principles and International Humanitarian Law

All of them embody the fundamental principles of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement –
humanity, impartiality, neutrality, independence, voluntary service, unity and universality. These values guide and
inspire all Red Cross staff and volunteers, to whom being a Red Crosser is more than just a philosophy but a way
of life.
Learning Activities

Activity 1
This is an individual work. Follow the instructions following this direction.

Word Therapy
Get a pad of paper and pen/pencil 
Be in a relaxed mode
Write down a starter word, i.e., barrel
Ask yourself what this word means to you intellectually...write it down
Ask yourself for a personal experience regarding this word and one that you can recall...write it down
Think of some other words and repeat Step 4 & 5 for each one, i.e., computer, beach, money, marriage

This is a lesson in objectivity and subjectivity for self-awareness and communication.  

Every single person in the world will have different feelings that stem from their own personal perceptions.
That’s a valuable tool when you want to communicate your own views or see someone else’s as a way of working
with others rather than against them.
It helps you to recognize a communication breakdown and learn to rephrase or reiterate the statement.

Activity 2
Divide the class into 6 groups. Interview nurses listed below and ask about the most challenging experience/s
that they have encountered in their field including their day-to-day activities. Make a role play depicting the
experiences and present it in class.

Group 1
Institutional nurse
Public health nurse

Group 2
Nurses in in-service education programs
Private duty nurse

Group 3
Occupational nurse
Nurse educator

Group 4
Military nurse
School health nurse

Group 5
Clinic nurse
Independent nurse practitioner

Group 6
Telenurse
Ambulatory care nurse

Activity 3
In a panel discussion, present in class the different fields of specialization emphasizing on the pros and the
cons of each specialization. This is a free style panel discussion so you device your own pattern of presentation.

Activity 4
Construct a logo for each nursing organization using recyclable materials. Do not copy the logo of each
organization. Make your own keeping in mind the ideals of the organization as well as its objectives. You should
be able to explain in class the meaning of the logo which you have constructed. The class will be divided into 5
groups. The groupings are as follows:

GROUP 1 ANSAP, PNA, NLPGN

GROUP 2 ORNAP, MCNAP, ADPCN
GROUP 3 MNAP, OHNAP, PAPHNF
GROUP 4 PNSI, CNG, ICN
GROUP 5 WHO, ICRC, PNRC