DISCUSSION (for shear force, bending moment & inde beam)

- Shear force -
For this experiment, we are using a load of 2N, 4N, 6N, 8N and 10N. We have to find
the shear force at the cut section on a beam experimentally and theoretically. The
experimental values of the shear force are 0.4 Nm, 1.2 Nm, 2.0 Nm, 3.0 Nm and 4.0
Nm, respectively. Meanwhile, the theoretical values of the shear force are 0.8 Nm,
1.6 Nm, 2.4 Nm, 3.2 Nm and 4.0 Nm, respectively. Both values show that the shear
force at the cut section increases as the load applied increases. The graph shows the
relationship between shear force and load as the graph indicates the comparison of
theoretical value and experimental value of shear force at the cut section on a beam.
The differences in percentage error between the theoretical and experimental value
decreases, and it reached zero value of percentage error when a load of 10 N
applied.

Some error may cause the differences in the value of shear force theoretically and
experimentally. The shear force apparatus was disturbed during conducting this
experiment which can cause an error in reading of shear force dynamometer.
Furthermore, screwing or unscrewing the beam also had affected the balance level.
One of the improvement to avoid those errors is by preventing the disturbance while
conducting this experiment. So, the results will become more accurate.

- Bending Moment -
For this experiment, we are using a load of 2N, 4N, 6N, 8N and 10N. We have to find
the bending moment at the cut section on a beam experimentally and theoretically.
The experimental values of the bending moment are -0.234 Nm, -0.558 Nm, -0.810
Nm, -1.098 Nm, and -1.386 Nm, respectively. We have to multiply the forces that we
get from the digital indicator with 0.18 metre, which represents the distance of the
load cell from the centre of the beam cross-section. Meanwhile, the theoretical values
of the bending moment are 0.280 Nm, 0.560 Nm, 0.840 Nm, 1.120 Nm and 1.400
Nm, respectively. Both of the experimental value and theoretical value of the bending
moment at the cut section increases as the load applied increases. The graph shows
that the bending moment at the cut section is directly proportional to the load applied.
The percentage error between the theoretical and experimental value for a load of 4N
shows the lowest percentage error, which is 0.35 %, while, the highest percentage
error is 16.43 % for a load of 2N.
Some error may cause the differences in the value of bending moment theoretically
and experimentally. The bending moment apparatus was disturbed during conducting
this experiment which can cause an error in reading of bending moment
dynamometer. Furthermore, screwing or unscrewing the beam also had affected the
balance level. One of the improvement to avoid those errors is by preventing the
disturbance while conducting this experiment. So, the results will become more
accurate.

- Indeterminate Beam -
For this experiment, we have to find the fixed end moment at each support
experimentally and theoretically. We are using the superposition method to find the
theoretical value. The method of superposition is useful for the reactions at the
support of statically indeterminate beam, where, the statically indeterminate beam is
a beam with redundant supports. In order to calculate the reaction, the equation of
the equilibrium is not sufficient to determine all the reactions. So, we have to
determine the force imposed by redundant support using the method of superposition
and use this information to supplement the equilibrium equations.

We are using a load of 1N, 2N, 3N, 4N and 5N for this experiment. Based on the
analysis of data, the value of the reaction at support A is higher than the value of the
reaction at support B. This may be due to the distance of the load applied from
support A is longer than the distance of the load applied from support B. The
experimental values of the fixed end moment at support A are 55.0 Nmm, 110.0
Nmm, 176.0 Nmm, 137.5 Nmm and 275.0 Nmm, respectively. Meanwhile, the
theoretical values of the fixed end moment at support A are 147.0 Nmm, 294.0 Nmm,
441.0 Nmm, 588.0 Nmm and 735.0 Nmm, respectively. Besides that, the
experimental values of the fixed end moment at support B are 5.5 Nmm, 27.5 Nmm,
49.5 Nmm, 44.0 Nmm and 88.0 Nmm, respectively. The theoretical values of the
fixed end moment at support B are 63.0 Nmm, 126.0 Nmm, 189.0 Nmm, 252.0 Nmm,
and 315.0 Nmm, respectively. The following formula has been used to calculate the
fixed end moment for both experimental and theoretical value:

MF (Experimental) MF (Theoretical)
W x a2 x b
Vat support x 55
L2
The differences in percentage error between the theoretical and experimental value
for both support are inconsistent. The graph shows the relationship between fixed
end moment and load as the graph indicates the comparison of theoretical value and
experimental value of the fixed end moment at each support of the beam. From the
graph itself, we can see that the fixed end moment is directly proportional to the load
applied.

Some error may cause the differences in the value of fixed end moment at each
support theoretically and experimentally. The apparatus was disturbed during
conducting this experiment which can cause an error in reading of dial gauge.
Furthermore, screwing or unscrewing the beam also had affected the balance level.
One of the improvement to avoid those errors is by preventing the disturbance while
conducting this experiment. So, the results will become more accurate.