Rotational Mechanics Introduction ‘The previous chapter we are studied only the translational motion of objects. The most general motion of rigid body includes rotational as well as translational motions. Thus to study this general motion appro- priate kinematics as well as dynamics must be studied in detail. Any body in general interacts with its surroundings through four basic interactions strong, electromagnetic, weak and gravitational, Not all forces produce rotational motion inthe body. Iti only certain conditions on force and its position and orientation that can produce rotational effects. The rotational variables have a definite relation with corresponding linear variables. This is studied under rotational kinematics. The causes of rotational motion and the factors governing changes in rotational state of motion are subject matter of rotational dynamics. The subject matter of this chapter includes kinematics and dynamics of rotational motion. There can be pure rotation of a body or can be rotation with translation. We begin with pure rotational ‘cases, go on developing the basics of rotational motion and subsequently deal with rolling motion which isa combination of rotational as wel as translational motion. Rotational kinematics Rigid body : Rigid body is defined as system of particles in which distance between each pair of partices remain constant (with respect to time) that means the shape and size do not change, during the motion Eg : Fan; Pen, Table, stone and so on. Our body is nota rigid body, two blocks with a spring attached between them is also not a rigid body. For every pair of particles in a rigid body, there is no velocity of seperation or approach between the particles. In the figure shown A velocities of A and B with respect ground re V,, and V,, respec "Fy scot, tively. B B v Ifthe above body is rigid Vysind V, sind, Vycon8 V, cos 8, = V, cos 8, Vas Felative velcoity of B with respect oA. ‘Types of Motion of rigid body Pure Translational Pure Rotational Combined Translational and bon Motion Rotational MotionPure Translation Motion : Ex: A body is said to be in pure traslational motion ifthe displacment of each particle is same during any time interval howsoever small or large. In this motion all the particle have same §, 7 & @ at an instant. A box is being pushed on a horizontal surface. 0 5 60 +65 Vou = Vof any particle a i ga = Gof any particle AS... = ASof any particle Pure Rotational Motion : A body is said to be in pure rotational motion if the perpendicular distance of each particle remains cconstat from a fixed line or point and do not move parallel o the line, and that line is known as axis of rotation. In this motion al the particles have same Gd & @ atan instant, Eg :~a rotating ceiling fan, arms ofa clock. For pure rotation motion - o-* Where 0 ~ angle rotated by the particle length of are traced by the particle. = distance of particle from the axis of rotation Where «= angular speed of the body a- ‘Where a = angular acceleration of the body. AAllthe paramenters 0, «»and a are same forall the particles. Axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of rotation of particles. Specila case : a= constant, =o, +at Where on, = initial angular speed 1 O=0,t+ 5 at't=time interval y+ 208 tice ise ‘The motor of an engine is rotation about its axis with an angular velocity of 100 rev/minute. It comes to rest in 15s, after being switched off. Assuming cosntant angular decelaration, calculate the number of revolutions made by it before coming to rest. Starting from rest, a fan takes five seconds to attain the maximum speed of 400 rpm (revolutions per minute). Assuming constant acceleration, find the time taken by the fan in attaining half the maximum speed.Ql 12.5rev Q2 25sec. Kinetic Energy of Rotating Body ‘The rotating blade ofa fan has some kinetic energy due to rotational motion which can not be expressed 1 directly as K.E ~ 5 mV" since all te points do not have same speed. To find rotational K.E. we take the fan’s blade as a collection of different very small particles called ‘elements. One such element has mass dm and is at distance r from the rotational axis as shown. Its kinetic energy can be given as ‘The rotational kinetic energy of the body is given by summing ice. imtergrating the kinetic energy of all the elements ofthe body. KE. Jali) = J (am)e'a? Since «wis same for every element of a rigid body so we take co outside the integral K.E.- fo'fram lig? wemay write K.E. = > leo 1 2 31M’ i.e. Kinetic energy ofa body having translational motion, Here «is analogous tov. Also I is analogous to mass mie. I plays the same role in rotational ‘motion as that of mass in translational motion, In other words as the inertia to the translational motion is due to the mass, inertia to the rotational motion is due to the quantity Moment of Inertia.Moment of Inertia Definition Itis the property of a rigid body by virtue of which it opposes change in its rotational motion. * This is always taken w.r. a axis of rotation. * This plays same role in rotational motion as mass plays in translational motion * Difference between mass & M.I. (Moment of Inertia) is that mass is property of body & is indepen- dent of any reference axis choosen but MI depends on the mass as well as its distribution about the given axis of rotation. In other words it depends on (i)axis of rotation (ii) shape of the body (iii) size of the body (iv) density of the material of the body ] mss depends ontyon tee two things 1 of a point mass : ris perpendicular distance from mass to axis of rotation yy’ Mlustration : Sol. Two particles of masses 2 kg and 3 kg are separated by 4 m as shown, Find Ml. of the system of particle about axis. (A) AA® (B) BB'(C) CC" (D) DD" A BC (A) 1, = OP + 3A? = 48 kgm (kg lies on the axis only) (B) Igy = 20F +3027 = 20 hgm? we] ake a & C (OV Mee. * 2BP + HOP = 18 kgm pI, loo. = 2 (Of + 307 =0 (as both lies on the axis)Mlustration: Find M.1. of a system of three particles lying on an equilateral triangle as shown about the axis (A) Which is 1 to AB and passes through its centre. ¢c (B) Passing through the side AC (©) Passing through centroid and -L to the plane of ABC. m Sol (A)T=1,+1, +1, =m (LAY +m (L2y + mx0 = mL? (B) [yy 0+0+mh? 3mL? 4 (l= 3% mr 12 cosh + = ml a L2 Mlustration: Find the moment of inertia about C.0.M. system of two particles of mass m & M_ separated by distance |. Sol. Position C.O.M. from m is m(0)+ MQ) __ MI m+M —om+M ml m+M from Mis, r, = 1-of MI J em( ml } m+M M +m. [= mr} + Mr; “(aeny M1 of continuous rigid body ‘As we have discussed in previous topic for a continuous rigid body, I= f r'dm To solve for above equation, we take dm in terms of variable r/dr or both rand dm in terms of another variable. To substitute dm, we take linear, areal and volume mass densities as we had taken in previous chapter. MLL of a ring Let mass of the ring is M and radius is R. ML. of small element of mass dm is dl = (dm)R® I= JR°(dm) a but here distance of each element from the axis is same (=R)and so can be taken out of integral 1=R? [dm I= MR? MLL of uniform rod (i) About one ofits end MLL. of the element which is at distance r from the end is Where, mass of the dement, dm = (mass per unit length)(length of the element) w(t) esNote: here M.I. can be fround out by integrating the above from left end to rigth end 1H few [T" -3 (-G] _ ML 2 Here we can observe M.l. about the axis passing through C.O.M is less then that about end. In fact for various axis which are parallel to each other MLL is minimum about the axis which passes through C.O.M. This is also proved later on in this chapter only. MLL. of a uniform disc Mass—M, Radius R. Lets taken an clementary ring of radius rand thickness dr. dl = (dm)e (for ring) ‘Also ‘dm = (mass per unit area) x (area of alimentary ring) Where area of elementary ring, dA = x ((r+ dr)? -r] =n([2rdr + (dry] dA ~2nrdr [neglecting (dr¥ being a ring small quantity) M dm= Ti <2erdr= po drMLL. of solid sphere (Mass-M, Radius - R) Let taken n elemntary disc of radius r and at distance from the centre. Let its thikness is dy. => Ki 1 3M 4 M.L. of elementary disc is dl = 2 (dm)r = aR?) ‘dy Abo F=RP-y'=9t=(R?-y'=Ri+y'—2R?y? 3M ps dl = gpr(R ty" -2MLL of the sphere is a-ae| for fram fra] mleorelt] eft] i= 2MR? 3 M.L of thin hollow sphere (mass - M; Radius - R) Here we take an elementary ring of radius rand thickness = Rd® Mass of elementary ring, dm = dA. dm 7 <(2mr)RdO _M © 4nR? M 5p 2M, dl=(dmyr = 53 dO Aso r= nO = dl = M sin’ado M ordl= OR (1 —cos’@) sin® d0 a Let cos0=x=> 4) ~~ sinO = sind dO =~ dx dl= M 1 -x?)(-dx)= Mie Id = op EOE N= 5p (x Vide Also When 0 varies from 0 to x ; x i.c. cos varies from | to— 1 M fos M = f(x? -Ndx = T= oR fo tx. R MR?M.1. of some common bodies Uniform ring (about an axis passing through centre and perpendicular to the plane.) Disc (about axis passing through centre and perpendicular to plane of disc). QD t Hollow cylinder (about yy’ axis) Note : Independent of length of cylinder of same mass. Solid cylinder (about yy’ axis) Hollow sphere (about a diameter) Solid sphere (about a diameter) Uniform rod mass M length (about axis passing through one end & perpendicular). L uniform rod (about an axis passing at _¢ from one end and perpendicular) uniform rod (about axis passing through rod) MR?Mtustration : Find M11. of a unifrom rod of mass M and langth L about an axis which is at angle Oto it as 4 two shown Sol. M.L of the element M an\ dl = (dm)? (Mai)? Also, r= 1sinO Mustration : A rod AB of length L has linear mass density (A) varying with distance (x) from the end A as ! = ax’ where a is a constant. Find M.I. of the rod about the end A. Sol. dm = ide -ax dr dl = dmx’ ~ ax! de. Jar oft = Niustration : Find M.1. of uniform traingular plate of mass M about its base as shown. Sol. o(mass per unit Area) * (Area of the element) = (0) (dy) Since each point of the dememtary strip is at distance At (H—y) from the axis Lo |, dl = (dm) (H-) ay = (o xdv) (Hf + y° -2Hy) [TaX x Los-(t Sd b oH Hd= 0% (y+ y'-2Hy')ay 1-0 plore asf’ y-amf) bf Ht HY 2H" HL 2°43 = gblt J 12 HW so Total mass M = _2M Al o= = = Total area ( et) bH = H=b2 co(82) Me Eo(S)] rods) Parallel axis Theorem Used to find moment of inertia about an axis which parallel tothe axis passing through C.M. , Ye CM. isat origin Iay—> Mlof the rigid body about an axis through CM 1, > Ml of the rigid body about an axis which is parallel to the above axis through CM & is at distance 4 from the axis through CM l= Lambe +y3) v 2 coordinates are not involved so m, can be replaced by sum of mass > y ‘of all particles placed on i= Dmbx-aF + by] ‘axis with co-cedinate (X,¥) = Em, (x? + y2) + Em, (a? +b) ~ E 2amx, - L2bmy, = Ig + (a? +b?) Em, ~ 2a Imx,~ 2Emy, 1, = ¢ Mit IfMLL ofa body of mass M about an axis passing through its C.0.M. is I, them M.l. of another axis which is parallel to the above central axis and is parallel to itis given by 1,,.= I, + Mh?Mlustration : Find M.J. of a uniform body of mass M and radius R about an axis passing through a point p on its periphery and is perpendicular to its plane. Take the body as (a) Ring () Dise Sol 1, =1.+ MRE Pi 3 apt (b) for disc, 1, = —,— + M(RP = > MR’ Mlustration : ML Find 1, of the uniform rod of mass M shown, knowing that M.J. about an end is A k Sol. where Mlustration : Find M.1. of thin semicircular wire of mass m about axis passing through point A and is perpen- dicular to its plane as shown. Sol. 1,= mR? By parallel axis theorem A 11+ mr, > kah-mr, Where r,.is distance of C.O.M. of the helf ring from its base ; 2R 3 r=wrton(Z) Again applying parallel axis theorem, now for axes through A and C.O.M. Laletm(R-r Pp = [mon 8) | +m (a- oe Perpendicular axis theorem This theorem is applicable only for the laminar bodies (ic. plane bodies). (e.g. ring, disc, not sphere) 1, & 1, are MI of body about a common pt. O in two mutually directions in the plane of body I, is MI of body about an axis 1 to X & Y axis & passing through pt. O Zz y 1=Em,y, 1,=Emx; 1, =m (x; yan, ‘The point of intersection of the three axis need not be centre of mass, it can be any point in the plane of body which lie on the body or even outside it. For relation from perpendicular axis theorem, 1, = I, +1, axis (3) must be perpendicular the plane of the body and axis (1) and axis (2) must be in the plane ofthe body. +t, Mlustration : Find M.1. of @ uniform rectangular plate of sides land b shown, obout the axes passing through (i) Point 1 i.e. corener ¥ (i) Point 2 i.e. centre Mb 3 By perpendicular axis theorem L=1+1, Mong yh teMlustation : Sol, Note Find M.I. of the ring and the disc about the axis passing through their diameters.) ¥ By perpendicular axis theorem Lo tht, WW x Also, since mass distrioution of the body about x and y axis are similar + (ii) For disc, 1,- +1 = we wai We can observe mass distrbution about the diamenteral axis shown in (i), (ii) and (iii) are similar Int ar ray wry for square plateMlustration : A hole of radius ‘ is made ina uniform ciruclar plate of radius R. The mass of remaining portion shaded is m. Find M-1. of this body about point O. Sol, To solve this, we use the concept. ML of the remaining postion = MJ. of the complete body before removed ~ MI. of the removed part. (A) Let ‘m' be the mass of reamining disc. Area of original disc = 7", Area of removed part = nr /2)', Therefore area of the remaining disc = m"— tr / 2 = (3/A)n Therefore the moment of inertia of the remaining disc tae” (5) 2) Frmating = | 24 Mlustration : A non-uniform bar AB of mass m has linear mass density A= 2, z («is calculated from one end). Find the (a) Mass of the rod (b) Moment of inertia of the rod aobut the end A. — (c) Momemt of inertia about centre of massSol. (ajdm = 2dx =A, (c) Position of C.0.M from end Ais Jo tes ime Ja ~ dm ~ (4) 2[L']_ 2 > ao plylS By paraell axis theorem, 1, = .+ Mx 2(O5) a Mas EN at 36 Radius of gyration (K) IfM.I. aobut an axis of a system of mass M is I, then we may write, | = MK? where k is called radius of it gyration of the body about that axis 4/4 In other words M.I. aobut an axis of system is same as M.I. of a particle of same mass placed the distance equal to K from the axis of a uniform disc of radius R. radius of gyration about an axis passing through its centre & is to its plane is . the disc will same rotational inertia as that of a particle of same mass placed R at distance Dy from the axisMlustration : Ahole of radius £ is made in a uniform ciruclar plate of radius R. The mass of remaining portion shaded is m. Find M-1. of this body about point O. Sol. To solve this, we use the concept. MLL of the remaining postion = ML. of the complete body before removed ~ M.I. of the removed part. (A) Let ‘m’ be the mass of reamining disc. Area of original dise = 1°, Area of removed part = nr 2), Therefore area of the remaining dise = mr— ntr/ 2 = (3A)me m 4 m © BAyn? 3 xr?’ Mass per unit area = 1. Mass of the removed part = 4 x1'a = V4 apt Moment of inertia of the complete disc (1,.) = 5%" iim ) mir Moment of inertia of the removed part (I...) = som(") + "(2) Mlustration : x non-uniform bar AB of mass m has linear mass density A= 2, | (xis calculated from one end). Find the (a) Mass ofthe rod (b) Moment of inertia of the rod aobut he end A. —, (c) Momemt of inertia about centre of massSol. (a) dm = idx = 2, * de M fam = 2 ras - At (b) About A, dl = (dm)x! = a de ta far face Ae (c) Position of C.0.M from end A is el 36 Radius of gyration (K) IfMAL aobutan axis ofa system of mass M is |, then we may write, = MK? where k is called radius of| ft gyration of the body about that axis ~ VM In other words M.L aobut an axis of system is same as M.L. of a particle of same mass placed t the distance equal to K from the axis of a uniform disc of radius R, radius of gyration about an axis passing through its centre & isto its plane isI I Note: In case of system of combitionation of various bodies k = Ma. Hlustration Each wheels has an outer ring having radius R and mass m. Other than outer ring the wheels comprise of some uniform rods (each of mass m and length R) Calculate radius of gyration about centre and perpendicular to plane. Sol. Mlustration : Find the MI of a ring about the chord which is parallel to the diameter of the ring ata distance R/2 from the diameter MI of Plate. Yr x zo 1. What would have happened if it was a square plate? 2. Prove that MI of square plate of mass m and side a about any axis passing through COM along the surface of plate is ma? /12 Nlustration: Find the moment of inertia of a Square plate about an edge in the plane a ‘"Practice Exercise. SCS Q.1. Find the moment of inertia of a pair of spheres, each having a mass m and radius r, kept in contact about the tangent passing through the point of contact. Q.2. The moment of inertia of a uniform rod of mass m = 0.50 kg and length /= | mis I= 0.10kg—m? about alline perpendicular to the rod. Find the distance of this line from the middle point of the rod. Q.3__ Find the moment of inertia of a uniform square plate of mass m and edge a about one of its diagonals. Q.4 —Theradius of gyration of a uniform disc about a line perpendicular to the disc equals its radius. Find the distance of the line form the centre. Q.5 Calculate the moment of inertia of a uniform rod of mass m & length /about an axis passing through one end & making angle 0 = 45° with its length. Q.6 — Thesurface density (mass/area) of a circular disc of radius a depends on the distance from the centre of (t)=A + Br. Find its moment of inertia about the line perpendicular to the plane of the disc through its centre. Q.3.ma/i2 Q4 2 4. Torque The quantitative measure of the tendency of.a force to cause or change the rotational motion of a body is called torque. Consider an example to understand this. Inthe figure below, the wrench is trying 10 open the nut. Now the ability of wremch to open the nut will depend not only on the applied force, but the distance at which force is applied. This gives birth to mew physical quantity called torque. Fsing >t oy Food Line of actionNote Ifonly radial force F, were present, the nut could not be tumed. Thus the force causing the rotation is, tangential force F, only. The magnitude of the torque about an axis due to a force is given by t= (Force causing the rotation)x(distance of point of application of foree from the axis) ie, = (Fsing)r we may also write t= F (r sing) =F (r, ) ot =rFsing=(rsing)F =rR=rF r.(d): moment arm, lever arm xF Direction of torque is found by sliding the force vector at the axis of rotation and using right hand thumb rule, Torque also follows superposition principle. 7 =f, +, +...+7, Torque & force are entirely diff. quantities. As torque is always defined with reference to point about which body is rotating, while force docs not depend on it. Like torque of F, about O is zero, while about Aor Bis not zero, ‘When equal & opposite force acts on a body having different line of action is called couple. F tos.Mlustration : A particle is falling freely along line y = d. Find torque on this particle due to gravity, about origin when it (i) Crosses x axis (iiyisaty ~d d Sol, (i) f+ ti) 4 ng t= med Mlustration : Find torque due to gravity at any time t about pt. of projection, ifa body is projected with velocity wat an angle 0. Sol. & Z-mg{ucoshh) Mlustration : Find out the torque about point A, O.and B for fig (i) & about 'O' for fig. (i) 10N x0 20N 30N «i Sol. 105 = 50 N-m 1,10 *5 = S0N-m Torque about 0 = -10%2~ 20 sin 30° x 2 + 30 x2 = 20N-mRelationship between torque and angular acceleration Rotational analog of Newton s second law Consider a particle of mass m rotating in a circle of radius r under the influence ofa tangential force F, and a radial force F,, as shown in figure. F=ma, Magnitude of torque about the center of circle is: tah ntsla DO ‘That is, the torque acting on the particle is proportional to its angular acceleration. ‘We can also understand that since torque is written about O, we should write’? also about O. =mar=m(ar)r=a(mr') =la ‘Torque on rigid body: Proof: Consider a rigid body shown. ‘Torque acting on ith particle will be: 7 = /@ =F xF : Thisis the general relation that we are going to use in this chapter. Torque due to imernal forces is alwys zeTo. ‘Torque duc to gravity is found by showing the gravitational force at the COM of the rigid body. Proof (a): Consider two particles as shown in figure. From Newton's third law, the forces exerted by these particles are equal and opposite. Fas Ra The sum of torques of these forces about origin O is t+ hah x Ry +h xh, Rhy tex CRD) = G- 8) Ry 3, is along the line joining the two particles, so F,,, is either parallel or antiparallel to (-) x Fy =0 So the imternal forces (torques) cancel in pairs.Proof (b): = torque of gravity about O He m8 +B xg +k, MGs = (MF + MAA + MAH Hn. MARIE (mf +m, f + mF +....4 Mh) (m,+m,+m,+....¢m,) ~ (MB) T= Kom (MB) Where ris PV of C.M. wrt. point O. Qi plied to a point whose radius vector relative to the origin of coordinates O is equal to r = ai + bj . where a, b& A, Bare constants, and j , j are the unit vectors of the x and y axes. Find the Torque due to force. Ql Z=(aB-bA) { Rotational. Equilibrium If net external torque acting on the body is zero, then the body is said to be in rotational equilibrium. ‘The centre of mass of a body remains in equilibrium if the total external force acting on the body is zero, Simi- larly, a body remains in rotational equilibrium ifthe total external torque acting on the body is zero. For translational equilibrium. ZF,-0 and SF,=0 IF,-0 ‘The condition of rotational equilibrium is 2Z,,-0 The equilibrium of a body is called stable if the body tries to regain its equilibrium position after being slightly displaced and released. Itis called unstable if it gets further displaced after being slightly dis-placed and refeased. If itcan say in equilibrium even after being slightly displaced and released, itis said tobe is neutral equilibrium. Mustration : A.uniform stick of mass M & length Lis suspended from the ceiling through two vertical strings of equal lengths fixed at the ends. A small object of mass m is placed on the stick at a distance of x from the left end. Find the tensions in the two strings, T, T Sol. Me mg By torque balancing about end's Tx =mg(L—x)+ Mex 5 L T,=mgx+Mg > oli) (@ x (MM (L-x) }s =[~+*m + m coe Te Mustration : A uniform rod of length I and mass m is hung from two strings of equal length from a ceiling as shown, Determine the tension in the string. Math —> +1 Mg Sol. Balancing Torque about its left end 3L L 7, xg ome x T, = 2 mg/3 T, + T, = 2mg/3 T, = mg/3 39Mustration : Sol. O8 Sol. Calculate hinge force in the following diagram. 1 13> By balancing torque about point where string is connected Ne nga 26 2 578 When a mass M hangs from a spring of length I, it stretches the spring by a distance x. Now the spring is cut in tow parts of lengths V3 and 213, and the two springs thus formed are connected to a straight rod of mass M which is horizontal in the configuration shown in figure. Find the stretch in each of the spring. x As it is given that the mass M stretches the original spring by a distance x, we have kx = Mg Mg. ok The new force constants of the two springs can be given by using equation k= 3k, Coney & Let we take the stretch in the two springs be x, and x, we have for the equilibrium of the rod Ax, hx, ~ Mg Sk Bkx, + Sx, ~ Mg From equation, we have yo yt peg As the rod is horizontal and in static equilibrium, we have net torque acting on the rod about any point on it must be zero. Thus we have torque on it about end A are wie 2k. 3kMustration = A uniform ladder of length rests against a smooth, vertical wall (figure). If the mass of the ladder is m and the coefficient of static friction between the ladder and the ground is y, = 0.375 and the minimum angle 8,,, at which the ladder does not slip ‘A uniform ladder at rest, leaning against a smooth wall. The ground is rough. Sol. N,= mg N, == UN, = yng By rotational equilibrium mg 00s? = N, (sind cor) p= = cot = 0.75 Mustration = Two small kids weighting 10 kg and 15 kg are trying to balance a see saw of total length 5.0m with the fulcrum at the centre. If one of the kids is sitting at an end, where should the other sit? Sol. By rotational equilibrium Ix = 105 ee 2 3 x= y= 17mMlustration : A block of height h is projected along a rough surface of coefficient of friction jx Find the point of application of the normal force on the block for 44, ~ 0.5. h Sol. HN 7 Ne = Hah "2 a) “"4 Mlustration : A cubical block of mass m and edge a slides down a rough inclined plane of inclination with a uniform speed. Find the torque of the normal force acting on the block about its centre. Sol. f= mg sind mg sind Torque due to friction = mg sin@a/2 =0.5mgasin 9 ‘Toppling Mustration : A uniform cube of side ‘a’ and mass m rests.6n.a rough horizontal table. A horizontal force F is applied normal to one of the faces at a point directly above the centre of the face, at a height 3a/ 4 above the base. What is the minimum value of F for which the cube begins to tip about an edge? Fes ja4 so ty mg Normal shift upto extreme Right then balancing toqure about that point 2mg NV x 3a/4 = mg * a/2 then N= Mlustration : ‘A uniform cylinder of height h and radius r is placed with its circular face on a rough inclined plane and the inclination of the plane to the horizontal is gradually increased. If 11 is the coefficient of friction, then under what conditions the cylinder will slide before topping. Sol. fener = wnb cnr a <7 BhQ.1 Assuming frictionless contacts, determine the magnitude of external horizontal force P applied at the lower end of equilibrium of the rod. The rod is uniform and its mass *m* Q.2. A.uniform metre stick of mass 200 g is suspended from the ceiling through two vertical strings of equal lengths fixed at the ends. A small object of mass 20 g is placed on the stick at a distance of 70 cm from the left end. Find the tensions in the two strings wers Ww P= -c0t0 or P= TBeoto Q.21.04N inthe left string and 1.12N in the right. 2 Rotation about fixed axis ‘Since torque is a rotational analong of force, therefore, Newton's second law for rotational motion is. given by t= la a) ‘Note that the above equation (i) is not a vector equation. Itis valid in two situation (i) The axis is fixed in position and direction. (ii) The axis passes through the center of mass and is fixed in direction only the equation i ) is valid even if the center of mass is accelerating. Mustration : A disc - shaped pulley has mass M = 4 kg and radius R = 0.5m. It rotates freely on a horizontal axis, as in figure. A block of mass m = 2 kg hangs by a string that is tightly wrapped around the pulley. (a) What is the angular velocity of the pully 3 s after the block is released ? (b) Find the speed of the block after it has fallen 1.6m. Assume the system starts at rest.Sol. Since the string is tangential to the pulley, the torque on it due to-the tension is t= TR. The two forms of Newton's second law for the block and the pulley yield Block (F = ma) mg - T= ma T | up? Pulley (t= Ia) TR =| MR |; Applying Newtons second Law me T wp? FRD.of beck EBD ofpulley For the dise, 1= > MR? MRa i TR=|—5-|* oT “i 2 2 Applying Newton's second Law on the block FL, ma mg-T = ma fii) Since the block and the rim of the pulley have the same speed (the string does not slip), we have v= aR. Thus, form equation (i) we find. 1 T-5Ma fii) (ii) and (iii) leads to veeliv) Putting m = 2 kg; M=4kg: R= 005m; we get a=Smis (a) To find ew after 3 s, we use equation = 0, +at=0+ (£)esoraas (8) T find the speed of the block we use vy ov + Jay = 0+ 2 (5 ms) (1.6m) Thus va=dmsMustration : For the arrangement shown in the figure, the string is slightly wrapped over the pulley. Find the acceleration of each when released from rest. The string is not slipping over the pulley. Sol. The free body diagrams of the pulley and the blocks shown in the figure. Note that tension on two sides of the pulley are different. Why ? Applying Newton's second law on the pulley, we ge t=T,R-T,R=(T,-T)R MR Since t-la= 2 a MR? Therefore, (T,-TyR= “2 a MR or T,-T,-| 5 J* Applying Newton's Law on the blocks, we get T, mg = ma, mg-T,=ma, Since the string is tightly wrapped over the pulley, therefore, a,-a,-aR-a Solving equation (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we obtain Ts T, T, T, I [s me meMlustration : A fly wheel of mass M = 2 kg and radius R = 40 em rotates freely at 600 rpm. Its moment of inert 1 : 3MR®. Abrake applies a force F = 10'N radially inward atthe edge as shown in the figure. Ifthe coefficient of frictions j4, = 0.5, how many revolutions does the wheel make before coming to rest ? f A wheel is slowed down by the application of force F. With the chosen positive sense, the fictional torque is negative. Sol, We choose the initial sense of the angular velocity as positive. The force of friction is f = yxF and oR. its (counterclockwise) torque is t Using t= la, we have 1 ae? = ipir = (jMR? ja uF 12.5 rad /s* MR or a- The angular rotation 0 of the wheel is given by w= a + 200 _ 20N _ 21(600) _ 565 rad/s 60 Here = “Gp = 20 nrad/sy + 2 (-12.5 rads')0 Thus = 16x rad. The number of revolutions (16x° rad) (1 rev/2n rad) = 8x revolutions.Mlustration : Sol. A uniform rod of length L and mass M is pivoted freely at one end as shown in the figure. (a) what is the angular acceleration of the rod when it is at angle O10 the vertical ? (b) What is the tangential linear acceleration of the free end when the rod is horizontal ? 1 ‘The moment of inertia of the rod about one end is 3 ML. The angular acceleration ‘of the rod is produced by the torque due to its weight. Figure shown the rod at an angle @ 10 the vertical. Net torque about the point O is Lo Mg sind Using law of motion ha Mel. ing = ME 2 3 _3gsind lL Thus, (b) When the rod is horizontal 0 = 3 and a= # . From equation the tangential linear accelera- tion is 3% 2 This is greater than the acceleration of an object in free-fall ! a, =aL =Practice Exercise Q.1 light rod of length | mis pivoted at its centre and two masses of S kg.and 2 kg are hung from the ends as shown in figure (a) Find the initial angular acceleration of the rod assuming that it was horizontal in the beginning. (b) If the rod has a mass of | kg distributed uniformly over its length. kg (j) Find the initial angular acceleration of the rod (Gi) Find the tension in the supports to the blocks of mass 2 kg and 5 kg. Q.2 — Ameter stick is held vertically with one end on a rough horizontal floor. It is gently allowed to fall on the floor . Assuming that the end the floor does not slip, find the angular speed of the rod when it hits the floor. Answers SSCS 2g(m,—m3) _ 60 Qi (@ (m,+m;) 7 2g(m,-m,) = (06) (my +m, + m3/3) 4 rad/s Q2 y Angular Monentum ‘The orbital angular momentum : Irrespective of the path or trajectory of the particle, be ita straight line, curved path ora closed orbital path, the orbital angular momentum {. of the particle at any position wrt. areference point is t =txP \Li_mpsing =rxmv m ‘The rsin fis know as the moment arm, or lever arm designated as r,. ‘The orbital angular momentum of particle in circular motion is expressed as Yi L=m'o Note that direction of angular momentum vector {. is parallel toangular velocity @.Figure shows the righthand thumb rule for deter- mining direction of angular momentum. Curl your finger in rotrational sense from vector to vector, then the thumb points in the direction ofangular momentum. Spin angular momentum of a rigid body We consider two cases: (i) Axis of rotation passes through centre of mass of the body, referred to as centroidal roation. (R (according to right hand thumb rule) (ii)Axis of rotation is shifted from centre of mass, but passes through the body, referred to as non- centroidal rotation. For non-centroidal rotation. L = eo Fornon-centroidal rotation. = 1a ‘Where I, is moment of inertia about centre of mass and | is momentof inertia about rotational axis, to be calculated with the help of parallel axis theorem, Simultancous spin and orbital motion ‘The total angular momentum is the vector sum of the spin and orbital angular momentum Dues Lon + Leta = low Bpig + MF? Angular momentum of an inverted conical pendulum Angular momentum about O, #=/sinOi + IcosOk G=(Isin®) cj L=Fxmv¥ = mi? sin? Owk - mia” sin @cos Oj é tap’ : wip Particle c to. ¥ N Velocity \ vector Massless /) inward i rod F oConcept : Angular momentum vector [. is perpendicular to position vector 7 as well as momentum vector p. The magnitude of [. is constant but its direction is continuously varying. As the particle swings, [vector sweeps out a cone. The 2-component of [is constant but the horizontal component travels around the circle with the particle. Torque and Angular Momentum ‘When a number of force act on a particle, the net torque about origin 0 is sum of the torques due to cach force. Taq = EXE HEX Asrate of change of angular momentum at 4 es FF iain ® ge PT As af 5=6xmb=0 a? Ths eqn. (i) becomes ai. dB ana iii) (On comparing eqns. (i) and (ii), we get aA ‘iy Ag si Mlustration = What is the angular momentum of a particle of mass m = 2 kg that is located 15 m from the origin in the direction 30° south of west and has a velocity v = 10 m/s in the direction 30° east of north ? Sol. Inthe figure, the x-axis points east, We know r = 15 m: p = mv = 20kg m/s. The angle between rand pis (180° — 30°) = 150° Thus, L = rp sin = (15)(20) sin 150° = 150kg m/s We could also have used the moment arm r 1 = 15 sin30° = 7.5 m L=r Lp =(7.5)*(20) = 150 kg m/s In unit vector notation, F = 15cos30° i -15sin30° jm B= 20sin 30° i+20cos30"j kgm/s Tay ba fond by ting wet eter tion Seth tinned he Therefore, Grevtan of herp hand re _15v3,_ 15; 2/2?Mlustration : A disc of mass M and radius R rotating at an angular velocity about an axis perpendicular to its plane at a distance R/2 from the center, as shown in the figure. What is its angular momentum ? I 2 The moment of inertia of a disc about the central axis is MR" Sol, The moment of inertia of the disc about the given axis may be found from the parallel axes theorem, equation | = |, + Mh’, where h is the distance between the given axis and a parallel axis through the center of mass. R ! Here h= >, therefore, Hl 2 1 1 RY _ 34): = MR RY _3 up: ° ro MRM ( 2 ) 4 WF The angular momentum is T H i 3 pt The axis of rotation ata distance b= lo= GMB R.2 from the center of the dise Mlustration : Two blocks with masses m, = 3 kg and m, = 1 kg are connected by a rope that passes over a pulley of radius R = 0.2 mand mass M = 4 kg The moment of inertia of the pulley about its cen- 1 : ter is 1= MR’ 2 y Use the concept of angular momentum to find the linear acceleration of the blocks. There is no fric- me The torque due 10 the weight of m produces the tion. Assume that the c.m. of the block of mass change in angular momentum of the system im, is at a distance R above the center of the pul- ley. Sol. If we take the origin at the center of the pulley, the angular momenta of the block are m,vR and ‘mR and that of the pulley is 10x Therefore, the angular momentum is L=myR + myR + lo ) If the rope does not slip, then v = oR. L= im, +myr + By = (m, + mR + > The net external torque about the center of the pulley is due to the weight of m, 1, =r LF=Rimg) evelli)a Applying equation, ¢,,= We obtain MR Rm.g = (m, +m) Ra+ a m8 or a m+ my + M2 putting m, = 3kg;m,= Vkg: M=4kg R= 0.2m da = =Sms? gee ™ Conservation of Angular Momentum Ifthe next externa torque on a systme is zero, the total angular momentum is constant in magnitude and direction. aL at That is, ifs, ‘Thus, L = constant For rigid body rotating about a fixed axis, Lek, or Ly@,=1,0, Angular Impulse Incomplete analogy with the linear momentum, angular impulse is defined as t= frat Using Newton's second law for rotation motion, _ db Ne dt tt=aL, -L, ‘The net angular impulse acting on a rigid body is equal to the change in angular momentum of the body. This is called the impulse — momentum theorem for rotational dynamics.Mlustration : A disc of moment of inertia 4 kg m? is spinning freely at 3 rad/s. A second disc of moment of inertia 2 kg m? slides down the spindle and they together. (a) What is the angular velocity of the combination ? (b) What is the change in kinetic energy of the system ? Sol. Since there are no external torques acting, we may apply the conservation of angular momentum, dpe, = 1, 60, = 4x3 @,~ 2rad/s (b) The kinetic energies before and after the collision are A 18S: 12d 8 j . Disc A. initially not rotating. slip The change is down a spindle into disc B that AK =K,-K, initially rotating freely In order for the two discs to spin together at the same rate, there had to be friction between them, The lost kinetic energy is converted with thermal energy: ‘Mlustration : A man of mass m = 80 kg runs.at a.speed u = 4 m/s along the tangent to dise-shaped horizontal plasform of mass M = 160°kg and Fadius R = 2m. The platform is initially at rest but can rotate freely about an axis through its center. 1 I=—MR? ---> Take 1= 5 (a) Find the angular velocity of the platform after the man jumps on it. (b) He then walk to the center. Find the new angular velocity. Treat the man as a point particle. Sol. Can we apply the conservation of linear momentum ? No, it con not be applied because the axle exerts an external force on the system man + plaiform. Can we apply the conservation of angular momentum ! Yes, since the axle dose not exert any torque, we may use the conservation of angular momentum. Can we apply kinetic energy for the collision between that man and the platform ? Why ? (a) We choose the origin at the center of platform as shown in figure. When the man runs in a straight line, his initial angular momentum about this origin is L = r-Lp, where in this case r 1 = R sol, = muR Afier he jump on, one must take into account his contribution mR? to the moment of inertia. The final angular momentum, L = la, isL- (gar: +mk*}o When we use set L, = L,. we find _ mu ~ (M/2+mR Putting m = 80 kg: M= 160 kg: w= 4 m/s ; R= 2m o (80)(4) We get = (1%? +s0)2 =1 rad/s (b) When the man reaches the center, his contribution to the moment of inertia is zero. The final angular momentum of part (a) is the initial value for (b): L= (fxn: «ma Jo, = 640 kg m’/s (tt we get w, = 2 rad/s ‘Table : Analogy between Rotational Dynamics and Linear Dynamics. Quantity Linear LL Inertia m or 2. Newton's Second Law FL,=ma 3. Work ; La? 4. Kinetic Enengy K_= 5m $. Work Energy Theorem W,, = 4K, 6. Impulse I= fF dt 7. Momentum p=mv 8. Impulse momentum Theorem i=ap 9. Power P=FNxercise Q.1__A wooden long of mass M and length L is hinged by a frictionless nail at. | A bullet of mass m strikes with velocity vand sticks wit. Find angularvelocity of the system, immediately after the collision, about O. m v Q.2._Adisc of mass M and radius r is rotating about its axis with angular velocity «. Now ifjamass m falls vertically on its rim and sticks to it. Then find final angular velocity of the combined system. Q.3 Aman of mass 100 kg stands at the rim ofa turn-table of radius 2m, moment of inertia 4000 kg-m? mountedon a vertical frictionless shaft at its centre. The whole system is initially at rest. The man walks along the outer edge of the turn-table with a velocity of Im/s relative to the earth. (a) With what angular velocity and in what direction docs the turn-table rotate? (b) Through what angle will it have rotated when the man reaches his intial position on the tum-table? (c) Through what angle will it have rotated when the man reaches his initial position relative to earth? Q.4 _ Inhorizontal smooth plane. If particle sticks after collision to the rod, find. 1 7 —— t m (a) Final angular velocity (b) The impuilse on particle Q.5 _ Aparticle having mass 2 kg is moving along straight line 3x + 4y = with speed 8 mvs. Find angular ‘momentum of the particle about origin. x and y are in meters. Q.6 A particle having mass 2 kg is moving with velocity (2j + 3})mvs. Find angular momentum of the particle about origin when itis at(1, 1,0). Q.7Awheel of moment of inertia 0.500 kg-m? and radius 20.0 cm is rotating about its axis at an angular speed of 20.0 rad/s. It picks up a stationary particle of mass 200 g at its edge. speed of the wheel. =m Qi L(M+3m) Q2 3m,u immu (m,+3m,) © m,+3m, 1 2x. no - Q3 (a) 29 Bs ) i" radian (c) 8, 5 radian Q4 (a)o= QS lokgms Q.6 9; kgmis Q7 19.7 radsInstantaneous Axis of rotation (TAOR or ICR) Its the axis about which the motion of a rigid body undergoing plane motion is assumed to be pure rotational motion, It is always perpendicular to the plane of motion of rigid body and instantaneously remains at rest. The point of intersection of instantaneous axis of rotation with the plane of motion of the remains at rest. The point of intersection of instantaneous axis of rotation with the plane of motion of the rigid body is called instantaneous centre of rotation (ICR) about which all points of the rigid body are assumed to be going in circles of different radii equal to their respective distances from ICR with the ‘same wand aas that about CM of the rigid body at that instant. . Velocity of IAR =0 iev=0 By finding the position of AR, we can easily find the velocity of any point of rigid body at that instant. ¥, = Oxia We can also find the acceleration of any point P of rigid body at that instant provided the acceleration of IAR should be know. a ati, () Kinetic energy of the rigid body is K = pao? (i) Angular momentum of rigid body about IAR is L, = Ico (it, = Ia, where r, includes the torque of pseudo force acting on the CM about IAR also. How to find the position of ICR ‘The position of ICR can be fund out in the following cases. Casel: Ifthe velocity of a point of the body and angular velocity are given. Draw line perpendicular to ¢, the instantaneous centre must be lying on this line a distance given by r= v/a Case I: Ifthe lines of action of two non-parallel velocities of two points of the rigid boy are given. Draw the normals on the two non-parallel velocities ¥p and ¥o at points Pand Q, respectively. The point of intersection of these normals isthe instantaneous centre at that instant. Case-IIl: If magnitudes and direction of two parallel velocities are given. In figure (i), if the two velocities Vp and Vg are in the opposite direction, then IC must be lying in between P and Q.lt " of andr, +174 { y (i) In figure (i), ifthe two velocities ¥p and Vg are in the same direction, the IC must be lying outside PQ < é {near P if v, ¥,) Vp _ te ro a and, Rolling Motion Pure rolling means no sliding. Now, the motion of any body can be divided into pure translation & pure rotation. And we can sec rotation about any axis. So; for a wheel rolling on a horizontal surface, | m taking its COM as reference point to study its motion. If C is the reference point, then the wheel can be considered rotating about C. And the point C'Would be translating with velocity ve. Sliding refers to the condition under which two bodies in contact have relative velocity. And under pure rolling, the relative velocity at point of contact should be zero. tok Ly. —oR c= Coy + Ce a —v, oR = pre-oR P Now for the wheel shown, point Ps in contact with the ground, The point P on the ground has zero velocity. Thus, the point Pon the wheel should also have zero velocity. ‘Trajectory of a point on a periphery of the wheel is a cycloid oF f asi + FoF =v (1+ coscx)i+ sinor(—)] y 7 = fdr =v{[(1+cosox)i +sinax(—j)]ar =or(1+ Leiner} + | coset) © o = R[ (r+ sincx)i + coser(j)]= a, (i)+ar(3)+ ¥ (-i) Kinematics of Boby in pure Rolling 1 Velocity wrt centre wnt ground oR +9 oo” ok = of . oR Mlustration: A disc of radius r rolls without slipping on a rough horizontal floor. If velocity of its center of mass is vo, then find the velocity of point P, (OP = r/2. and ZQOP = 60") 9 Ans: 7vo/2Mustration: Ans, A disc is rolting without slipping with angular velocity «a P and Q are two points equidistant from the centre C. Find the order of magnitude of velocity ? vp Me? My Constraint Equation: Written at contact points where no slipping takes place velocity of a contact ] _ [velocity of same contact point on 1* rigid body || point on 2~ rigid body Write contraint equation for following exmaples: Mlustration : Sol. oe Given velocity of C.M. w.rt. ground is V, and V, is velocity of platform (wrt. ground). Find «, is angular velocity of body about CM. V,-a@,R=V, Friction and. rolling (a) (b) To get the direction of friction in pure rolling, we set two criteria's: Acceleration : It direction should be such that vector sum all forces comply with it. ‘Angular acceleration: Its direction should be such that vector sum all torques comply with it So, from above point we understand that if we show wrong direction of friction in our free body dia- ‘gram, we will geta negative answer. So, direction of friction force in pure rolling should not be cause of concem. Here it is also to be noted that in case of sliding, (kinetic friction) we can not take any arbitrary direction of friction and solve that question. In case of rolling static friction is unknown so after sloving, its value ‘comes out negative if taken wrongly, but in case of kinetic friction its value is known beforehand (= N), so there is no case of value of a known quantity coming negative after solving. Here are few examples wherein, one might try to guess the direction of friction force.Rolling with sliping Case-I Note: Vo > OR CS) ground TV oR The friction will be kinetic in nature & its magnitude can be determined using f, = 1, N. Direction will be opposite to V.,., (because pt. of contact A is moving forward wr. ground) (This is how barkes stop a car) Case-2 0 V,, y.a- J, well) For (i) and (ii) we get, mg sind mR? + T | Putting the value of 0. and I we get f= mg/6 Kinetic Energy of a Rolling Body Since the rolling motion is a combination of linear velocity of the center and rotational motion about the center. Therefore, the total kinetic energy of a rolling body is given by 1 mitt he? @ itjle @ z 1 > Where = mv; is the translational kinetic energy andI 2 3 |." isthe rotational kinetic energy about the center of mass In pure rolling motion, v,=oR 1 sty K= ;moRF + 5 Lo! or K=(,+ mR) 0° Using parallel axes therem, the term I, + mR® given the moment of inertia about the point of contact, therefore, I= 1+ mR? Ve and K= 5107 w Note that equation (ii) give the rotational kinetic energy of the wheel aobut the point of contact. Mtustration A solid cylinder of mass m and radius r starts rolling down an inclined plane f inclination @ JSriction is enough to prevent slipping. Find the speed of tis centre of mass when. its centre of mass has fallen a height h. Sol. Consider the two shown positions of the cylinder. As it does not slip, total mechanical energy will be conserved. Energy at position 1 is mgh Mlustration : A sphere of radius r starts rolling down an incline of inclination. Find the speed of its CM when it has covered a distance |. to. do, Sol, mg tsin = tea’ +, mvveor By sloving we get Mlustration : A ball of radius Rand mass m is rolling without slipping on a horizontal surface with velocity of its centre of mass v: It then rolls without sloping up a hill to a height h before momentarily coming to rets. Find h. lw? ste? @ Sol, yrmv’ +5 eo” = meh . lb 2 v= aR, f= 5 mR? Mlustration: Figure shows a rough track: a portion of which is in the form of a cylinder of radius R. With what minimum linear speed should a sphere of radius r be set rolling on the horizontal part so that it completely goes round the circle on the cylindrical part? Sol. = mg2(R — 1) + Lm? + ao By solving we get [27g(R —r)/77Angular momentum of a rigid body in planar motion about O i =m, (xi) = Sm[G, +7), +6x4)] = Dim x5, )+ Fx Sm, xe, + Dm FV) Sy [E Gxz, ] sexton a, [Sm }s +m [F =M(F,xv,)+ OY m, EMEFXV) they @ Angular momentum of a rigid body in planar motion about O: T = M (7, x1.) + Icy @ Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum For a rigid body undergoing linear and rotational motion, the total angular momentum may be split into two pals — the orbital angular momentum and the spin angular momentum. The orbital angular momentum Lis the angular momentum relative to the center of mass. ‘The orbital term treats the system asa point particle at the center of mass, where as the spin term is the sum of the angular momenta of the particles relative to the center of mass. The total angular momentum relative to the origin O in an inertial frame is the sum: L=Ly+Log Mlustration : Sol. A solid sphere of mass M and radius R rolls without slipping on a horizontal surface as shown in the figure. Find the total angular momentum of the sphere with respect to the origin O fixed on the ground. Let us assume the clockwise sense of rotation positive. Orbital angular momentum about O is L, = MvR Spin angular momentum about c.m. is ¥ 2 1, = 10 == MR'o al 5 oxThe total angular momentum is 2 L=Lg+L,, = MvR + sR 7 For pure rolling, v = eaR, therefore, L= 5 MR Mlustration : Sal. A wheel is held by a handle on its axle and given initial angular velocity ay The wheel is then placed in contact with the ground. At first the wheel remains stationary, spraining in place. After @ short time it begins to move forward and eventually reaches the point where it rolls without slipping. Find the final velocity of the wheel in terms of the initial angular velocity Wy MR? Take I~ We assume that wheel is initially rotating clockwise. Let the wheel starts rolling afier a time t Then, Using Impulse - Momentum Theorem For translation v=oR (a) A spinning whee! is placed on a horizontal surface with 2er0 initial velocity. The friction force acts forward. (b) After atime t the wheel starts rolling. Impulse = Ap =p, =p, or ft=My-0 @ For rotation Angular Impulse = AL = L,-L, orf Rt= lo lay Note that clockwise angular momentum is considered as positive. MR MR? Since 1 = —>~. therefore, Rt = —>~ (o~ o%) 7) condition of pure rolling oR (ili) Using equations (i), (ii) and (iti), we get > _ MR? ~ MwR? = > (a ay % own Fy The linear momentum of the wheel is v= aRMustration : Aunifrom disc of mass m and radius r is projected horizontally with velocity von a routh horizoinal Noor so that it starts off with a purely sliding motion att = 0, Att =, seconds it acquries a purely rolling motion. (a) Calculate the velocity of the centre of mass of the disc at t = (b) Assuming coefficient of friction to be calculate t, (c) The work done by frictional force as a function of time (d) Total work done by the frictional over a time t much longer than t, Sol. F.B.D. of the disc. mg. When the dise is projected it starts sliding and hence there is relative motion between the points of contact: Therefore frictional force acts on the disc in the direction opposite to the motion. (a) Now for translational motion S= WN (as it slides) =m ug, negative sign indicates that a, . is opposite v._ vet, uy 5 »—¥) where Vong )=¥ 0 For rotational motion about centre mr? yt ah @ > pmgr= a fi)2mg - Therefore a, = 0+ “E1, using @, = 0, + at (iii) using (i) Mustration : A uniform solid cylinder of radius R =15 cm rolls over a horizontal plane passing into an inclined plane forming an angle a = 30° with the horizontal, Find the maximum value of the velocity v, which still permits the cylinder to roll onto the inclined plane section without a jump. The sliding is assumed to be absent. 1 Sol. Initial energy E,= 5 1, + he + mek For rolling =o 3 1 SMG + 5h we + mek cosa From COE (conservation of energy) > m-m, 4 zmaR (1-cosap FB.D. of the cylinder when it is at the edge. Centre of mass of the cylinder describes circular motion about P. Hence mg cosa~N = mv'/R => N=mgcosa—mv /R = mv ee ti = mg cosa — ~p°—, mg +, mg cosa j For no jumping, N20 : tng ™* 20 >

cmp cosa— Lg — , 4 3 1g cosa ge R oF V3 38Q2 Q3 Qs A discof mass and radius R is rolling with slipping ona rough horizontal © surface which has coefficient of friction yi At some instant the velocity Ww of its center of mass is v and angular speed about center of mass is «2. The torque of the frictional force about the point which is instantancously at rest at this moment is ? ‘A uniform circular disc of radius r placed on a rough horizontal surface au has initially a velocity v, and angular velocity «as shown in the figure. “The disc comes to rest (ncither translates nor rotates) after moving some Yo . se distance. Then jy, is? A ball of radius R = 10.0 cm rolls without slipping down an inclined plane so that its centre moves with constat acceleration a= 2.50 cms? ;1= 2.00 after the beginning of motion its position corresponds to that shown in figure. Find : (A) the velocities ofthe points A, Band O; (B)the acceleration of these its cylinder rolls without slipping over a horizotal plane. Th¢ radius of the cylinder is equal to r. Find the curvature radii of trajectories traced out by the points A and B in figure. A sphere kept on a rough inclined plane is in equilibrium by a string wrapped over it. Ifthe angle of inclination is 8, the tension in the string will be equal to ‘A whee! of radius R is rolling without slipping on a stationary horizontal surface. Find the acceleration of point of contact Pat the instant shown. y L.Q.7_ Auniform circular disc of radius R rolls without slipping with a constant velocity ona stationary horizontal surface. Find the distance covered by a point P on its circumference in one fill rotation. e Q.8 — Auniform cylinder rolls from rest from A down the side of a trough whose vertical dimension y si given by the equation y = kx?, The cylinder does not slip form A to B but the surface of trough is frictionless from B to C. Then height of ascent of cylinder towards C is 9 Asphere of mass M and radius r slips on a rough horiozntal plane. At some instant it has translational velocity v, and rotational velocity about the center v,/2r. The rotational velocity when the sphere starts, pure rolling Q.10 A solid cylinder of mass M and radius R lying on a rough horizontal surface for which coefficient of friction is is pushed by applying a horizontal force P at a distafice R/2 from the center as shown in figure. “The frictional force acting a the contact is = —””~—“‘ ARSwERS”™”™~<“=*~“sS*S*S*SOSSSS mia) | Q3 (A)v,=10cmis,v,=7. lems v,=0(B)a, = 5.6 cms’, a, = 2.5 cm/s", a, = 2.5 emis? Q4 R= V2r QS mand Q6 a =0'R} Q7 aR 2 6 Qs > Qs Yo Q.10 zero