REFRIGERATION AND AIR

CONDITIONING

MODULE III

NISHA SHERIEF
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 SYLLABUS
• Multi pressure systems - multi compression and multi
evaporator, systems. Inter cooling - flash inter cooling and
flash gas removal- Different combinations of evaporator and
compressor for different applications, Cascade system

• Refrigerants and their properties-Eco-friendly Refrigerants,

mixed refrigerants, selection of refrigerants for different
applications

• Vapour absorption systems - Ammonia – water system -

simple system- drawbacks-Lithium Bromide water system-
Electrolux- comparison with vapour compression system-
steam jet refrigeration
 METHOD OF IMPROVING VAPOUR COMPRESSION SYSTEM USING A

FLASH CHAMBER

• The partial evaporation of the liquid refrigerant is known as flash.

• When the high pressure liquid refrigerant from the condenser passes through the expansion
valve, it gets evaporated partially.
• Partial vaporization of certain amount of fluid while expanding is called flashing
• Flash is defined as the mass of vaporized refrigerant per kg leaving the expansion/throttle
valve. This formed vapour, which cannot produce any refrigerating effect, is bypassed
around the evaporator and supplied directly to the compressor through a Flash chamber
• The flash chamber is located between the evaporator and the expansion valve. The flash
chamber is an insulated container and separates the liquid and vapour due to centrifugal
effect
• Flash chamber- insulated container-centrifugal effect.

• Reduction in the mass of refrigerant flowing through the evaporator results reduction in
the size of evaporator.
• No effect on the thermodynamic cycle.
• The power (P) and COP will remain same as a simple saturation cycle.

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 ACCUMULATOR OR PRE-COOLER

• The refrigerant effect, COP and Power (P) required are same as the simple
saturation cycle.

• The accumulator protect the liquid refrigerant to flow into the compressor
and thus dry compression is always assured.

• Compressor-additional work of evaporating and raising the temperature of

liquid refrigerant.

• Accumulator or pre-cooler- insulated chamber

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 MULTIPRESSURE SYSTEMS

• More than two pressure-due to multistage or compound

compression to minimise work or due to feeding of a refrigerant
to a multi-evaporator system.
• Cascade systems
• For a given condensation temperature, the lower the evaporator
pressure, the higher becomes the compressor pressure ratio. For a
reciprocating compressor, a high pressure ratio across a single
stage means low volumetric efficiency.
• Dry compression higher pressure ratio high compressor
discharge temperature which may damage the refrigerant
• High head pressure cause oil breakdown at the valve plates,
hardening of neoprene O-rings used on valve plates, cylinder
sleeves etc, thereby rendering the sealing ineffective.
• To reduce the work of compression and improve the COP,
multistage compression with intercooling may be adopted.
• For low temperature applications where the compression ratios
are high, two or more multistage compression system is adopted.
• Single stage operation-maximum compression ratio of nine.
• Generally where the compression ratio exceeds seven multistage
system is adopted.
• Vapour refrigerant is required to be delivered at a very high
pressure as in the case of low temperature refrigerating systems.

• Either we should compress the vapour refrigerant by employing

a single stage compressor with a very high pressure ratio
between the condenser and evaporator or compress it in two or
more compressors placed in series.
• The compression carried out in two or more compressors is
called compound or multistage compression.
• COP of a refrigeration system is the ratio of refrigerating effect to
the compression work, therefore the COP can be increased either
by increasing the refrigerating effect or by decreasing the
compression work.
• In a vapour compression system, the compression work is greatly
reduced if the refrigerant is compressed very close to the saturated
vapour line. This can be achieved by compressing the refrigerant
in more stages with intermediate intercooling.
• It is economical only where the pressure ratio is considerable;
when very low evaporator temperatures are desired or when high
condenser temperature may be required.
• The compound compression is generally economical in large
plants.
• The refrigerating effect can be increased by maintaining the
condition of the refrigerant in more liquid state at the entrance to
the evaporator. This can be achieved by expanding the refrigerant
very close to the saturated liquid line.
• By subcooling the refrigerant and by removing the flashed
vapour, during multistage expansion, the expansion can be
brought close to the liquid line.
 MULTI-EVAPORATOR SYSTEMS

• A situation arises when varied types of cooling loads are

connected to the same refrigeration system.
• Each load may require an evaporator working at a different
refrigeration temperature.
• The whole system may, therefore be operated either at a
suction pressure equal to the lowest evaporator pressure
leading to a single-compressor system or at various suction
pressures with individual compressors for each evaporator
leading to a multi-compressor system.
TWO-STAGE COMPRESSION WITH INTERCOOLING AND
SUB-COOLING BY EXTERNAL COOLING SOURCE
 THE COMPOUND COMPRESSION WITH WATER
INTERCOOLER AND SINGLE EXPANSION VALVE

• The compression work can be reduced considerably by using

intercooling between the stages.
• The intermediate cooling leads to reduction in degree of
superheat at the suction of each compressor and specific volume
resulting in less capacity compressor requirement.
• Since the compression process is maintained near the suction
vapour line the total work done/kg will be reduced.
• It is not possible in actual practice, to have the complete
desuperheating of the vapour after every stage of compression as
the cooling water temperature is not available sufficiently low to
desuperheat the vapour completely.
• There is no effect on the refrigeration per kg of refrigerant.
 COMPOUND COMPRESSION WITH FLASH
INTERCOOLING WITH SINGLE EXPANSION VALVE
ALONG THE FLOW LINE TO EVAPORATOR

• Complete intercooling of superheated vapour after every stage of

compression is not possible because of non-availability of water
at low temperature.
• This difficulty can be removed by using the flash intercoolers in
which the cooling is carried out by using the liquid refrigerant
itself.
SINGLE EVAPORATOR WITH MULTI-EXPANSION
VALVES AND FLASH CHAMBER

• With the use of multi-expansion valves, the throttling

operation is maintained near liquid line, and by using flash
chambers the total work done per kg of refrigerant is reduced.
• This cycle thermodynamically, will give more COP compared
to the saturation cycle for the same operating pressure range,
because of total work done per kg is reduced without affecting
the refrigerating effect.
COMPOUND COMPRESION WITH MULTIPLE EXPANSION
VALVES IN SERIES WITH FLASH CHAMBERS BUT NO
INTERCOOLING
COMPOUND COMPRESION WITH MULTIPLE EXPANSION
VALVES AND FLASH INTERCOOLING SYSTEM
MULTIPLE EVAPORATOR AND COMPRESSOR SYSTEMS
TWO EVAPORATORS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES AND
INDIVIDUAL COMPRESSOR
TWO EVAPORATORS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
WITH COMPOUND COMPRESSION
TWO EVAPORATORS AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
WITH COMPOUND COMPRESSION AND PERFECT
INTERCOOLING
TWO EVAPORATORS WITH INDIVIDUAL COMPRESSORS,
WITH MULTI-EXPANSION VALVES AND FLASH CHAMBER
TWO EVAPORATORS WITH COMPOUND COMPRESSION, WITH
MULTIPLE EXPANSION VALVES AND WITH FLASH
INTERCOOLING
MULTI-EVAPORATORS AND MULTI-EXPANSION VALVES WITH
COMPUND COMPRESSION AND FLASH INTERCOOLING
MULTI-EVAPORATORS AND MULTI-EXPANSION VALVES AND
INDIVIDUAL COMPRESSORS
 CASCADE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
(UQ DEC 2011)

• When the vapour compression system is to be used for the production

of low temperature, the common alternative to stage compression is
the Cascade System.
• In the Cascade System, the condenser for low temperature cycle works
as an evaporator for the high temperature cycle.
• In cascade system, a series of refrigerants with progressively low
freezing points is used in a series of single stage units.

Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (Sreejith K./

APME)
•In a cascade system a series of refrigerants with progressively lower boiling points
are used in a series of single stage units.

• The condenser of lower stage system is coupled to the evaporator of the next
higher stage system and so on.

•The component where heat of condensation of lower stage refrigerant is supplied

for vaporization of next level refrigerant is called as cascade condenser.

•As shown, this system employs two different refrigerants operating in two
individual cycles. They are thermally coupled in the cascade condenser.

•The refrigerants selected should have suitable pressure-temperature characteristics.

•An example of refrigerant combination is the use of carbon dioxide (NBP = -78.4o
o C, Tcr = 31.06 C) in low temperature cascade and ammonia (NBP = -33.33o o
C, Tcr = 132.25 C) in high temperature cascade.

•It is possible to use more than two cascade stages, and it is also possible to
combine multi-stage systems with cascade systems.
Advantages of cascade systems:

i. Since each cascade uses a different refrigerant, it is possible to select a

refrigerant that is best suited for that particular temperature range.

ii. Very high or very low pressures can be avoided

iii. Migration of lubricating oil from one compressor to the other is prevented

Applications of cascade systems:

i. Liquefaction of petroleum vapours

ii. Liquefaction of industrial gases
iii. Manufacturing of dry ice
iv. Deep freezing etc.
Optimum cascade temperature:
For a two-stage cascade system working on Carnot cycle, the optimum
cascade temperature at which the COP will be maximum,

where ,

Te: the evaporator temperature of low temperature cascade

Tc: condenser temperature of high temperature cascade, respectively.

 VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM

•Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Systems (VARS) belong to the class of vapour

cycles similar to vapour compression refrigeration systems.

• However, unlike vapour compression refrigeration systems, the required input

to absorption systems is in the form of heat. Hence these systems are also
called as heat operated or thermal energy driven systems

•Since these systems run on low-grade thermal energy, they are preferred when
low-grade energy such as waste heat or solar energy is available. Since
conventional absorption systems use natural refrigerants such as water or
ammonia they are environment friendly.

•It consist of an absorber, a pump, a generator and a pressure reducing valve to

replace the compressor of VCRS.
The desirable properties of refrigerant-absorbent mixtures for VARS
• The refrigerant should exhibit high solubility with solution in the absorber.

• There should be large difference in the boiling points of refrigerant and absorbent
(greater than 200o C), so that only refrigerant is boiled-off in the generator

• It should exhibit small heat of mixing so that a high COP can be achieved

• The refrigerant-absorbent mixture should have high thermal conductivity and low
viscosity for high performance

• It should not undergo crystallization or solidification inside the system

• The mixture should be safe, chemically stable, non-corrosive, inexpensive and should
be available easily.
The most commonly used refrigerant-absorbent pairs in commercial systems are:

1. Ammonia-Water (NH3-H2O) system :Ammonia as refrigerant water as absorbent

2. Water-Lithium Bromide (H2O-LiBr).:Water is the refrigerant and lithium bromide is the

absorbent.
 ADVANTAGES OF VAPOR ABSORPTION SYSTEM OVER VAPOUR
COMPRESSION SYSTEM

•No moving Parts ,so operation is noiseless

•Low maintenance cost, less wear

•Any ready source of thermal energy can be used (eg: Solar, steam atc)

•The load variations cannot effect the performance.Can be effectively

operated at part load by controlling generator temperature

•Smaller condenser is required

•No leakage since there is no compressor or any reciprocating part.

•Can be used at remote area ( No electricity is required)

LIMITATIONS OF SIMPLE VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM

1.Its operating efficiency is low

{Some amount of heat is added in the generator and heat should be rejected
in the absorber. It can be improved if temperature of rich solution entering
in to the generator is increased and temperature of weak solution entering in
to the absorber is increased. It can be done by employing a heat exchanger}

2.Chances of presence of absorbent vapour leaving the generator and going

to the refrigerant circuit. It may enter in to condenser and then evaporator as
a result the required low temperature will not be reached

3.Not very economical

PRATICAL VAPOUR ABSORPTION SYSTEM
Since operating efficiency of simple system is low it is filled with fitted with
following accessories a for improving performance and make it more economical:

Analyser
Rectifier
Heat exchangers

Analyser:

•It is a direct contact heat exchanger consisting of series of trays mounted

above the generator
•It’s function is to prevent the unwanted water particles associated with
ammonia vapour from entering in the condensor.

•Strong solution from the absorber flows downward over the trays to cool the
outgoing vapours.
•Heat input to the generator is decreased
Rectifier: (dehydrator)

•Water-cooled heat exchanger which condenses water vapour (and some ammonia) and
send back (by a drip return pipe) to the generator.
•It may be Double pipe, shell and coil or shell and tube type.
•The final reduction or elimination of the percentage of water vapour takes place in the
rectifier.

Heat exchangers:

•Provided between the absorber (after pump) and the generator is used to cool the
weak hot solution returning from the generator to absorber.
•The heat removed from the weak solution raises the temperature of the strong solution
leaving the pump and going to the analyser and generator.
•This operation reduces the heat supplied to the generator and the amount of cooling
required for the absorber. Thus the plant economy is enhanced.
•Provided between the condenser and the evaporator may also be called sub-cooler
.
•Liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser is sub-cooled by the low temperature
ammonia vapour from the evaporator.
•The sub-cooled liquid is now passed to the expansion valve and then to the
evaporator.
 DOMESTIC ELECTROLUX REFRIGERATOR
(MUNTERS PLATEN SYSTEM)
(THREE FLUID ABSORPTION SYSTEM)
AMMONIA-HYDROGEN REFRIGERATOR
(UQ JUNE 2009, DEC 2011)
• Domestic absorption type refrigerator-invented by Carl Munters and Baltzer
Von Platen in 1925 developed by Electrolux Company England.
• ‘Three –fluids’- Ammonia, Hydrogen and water.
– Ammonia-refrigerant- though it is toxic, and not otherwise preferred in
domestic appliances, it is very safe in this system due to absence of any
moving parts in the system and, therefore, there is the least chance of any
leakage.
– Hydrogen being the lightest gas-used to increase the rate of evaporation
(the lighter gas, faster in the evaporation) of the liquid ammonia passing
through the evaporator. The hydrogen is also non-corrosive and insoluble in
water. This is used in the low-pressure side of the system.
– Water-used as solvent-it has the ability to absorb ammonia readily.
– Here no pump is used.
– The small energy supply is by means of a heater which may be electric or
gas.
 PRINCIPLE

• The principle involved makes use of the properties of gas-vapour

mixtures If a liquid is exposed to an inert atmosphere, it will
evaporate until the atmosphere is saturated with the vapour of the
liquid.
• An evaporation requires heat which is taken from the
surroundings in which the evaporation takes place.
• A cooling effect is thus produced. The partial pressures of the
refrigerant vapour (in this case ammonia) must be low in the
evaporator, and higher in condenser.
• The total pressure throughout the circuit must be constant so that
the only movement of the working fluid is by convection currents.
• The partial pressure of ammonia is kept low in requisite parts of
the circuit by concentrating hydrogen in those parts.
 WORKING
• Ammonia liquid leaving the condenser to evaporator evaporates into
hydrogen at the low temperature corresponding to its low partial
pressure (Mixture of ammonia+hydrogen) absorber admitted water
from the separator water absorbs ammonia and the hydrogen returns
to the evaporator In absorber ammonia ammonia circuit into water
circuit ammonia in water solution strong solution generator
heated (gas flame) and vapour given off rises to the seperator water
within the vapour is separated out weak solution of ammonia passed
back to the absorber thus completing the water circuit ammonia
vapour rises from the separator to the condenser it is condensed then
returned to the evaporator.
• The complete cycle is carried out entirely by gravity flow of the
refrigerant.
• The hydrogen gas circulates only from the absorber to the evaporator
and back.
• Machine efficiency is not important since the energy input is small.
• Not used for industrial applications as the C.O.P. of the system is very
low.
• Role of Hydrogen:
• By the presence of hydrogen it is possible to maintain uniform
total pressure throughout the system.
• It permit the refrigerant to evaporate at low temperature in the
evaporator corresponding to its partial pressure.
• In the condenser only ammonia is present, and the total pressure
is the condensing pressure.
• In the evaporator hydrogen and ammonia are present, their
relative masses are adjusted such that the partial pressure of
ammonia is the required evaporator pressure. They are achieved
without the use of pumps or valves.
 LITHIUM BROMIDE ABSORPTION
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
(UQ APRIL 2016, APRIL 2015, JUNE 2010, JUNE 2012,
APRIL 2013, APRIL 2014, NOV 2015)

• Lithium bromide salt (highly hygroscopic) is employed as the

absorbent and water as the refrigerant.
• Lithium bromide solution has a strong affinity for water vapour
because of its very low pressure
• Since water is the refrigerant, the refrigerant operating
temperature in the evaporator has to be above the freezing point
(°C) of water.
• Lithium bromide solution is corrosive, inhibitor like lithium
chromate is often used to protect the metal parts of the system
against corrosion.
• Not below 0°C.
• Pressure inside the evaporator is maintained very low, therefore
the refrigerant water evaporates.
• Water vapour absorbed by strong lithium bromide solution
which is sprayed in the absorber weak lithium bromide solution
generator heated up by using steam or hot water in the heating
coils water evaporates Strong lithium bromide solution
absorber.
• Heat exchanger strong lithium bromide solution///weal lithium
bromide solution.
• Refrigerant water vapour condenser cooled by the cooling
water Pressure reducing valve evaporator
• Condenser pressure evaporator pressure
• Absorber and evaporator are housed in one cylindrical shell as
they operate at about the same pressure.
• The generator and condenser are enclosed in another cylindrical
shell as their operating pressures are near about the same.
• The evaporator contains refrigerant (water) and the absorber has a
charge of lithium bromide solution. The solution from the
absorber is pumped to the generator by the solution pump.
• Chilled water tube bundle passes through the evaporator section of
the shell, carrying the water to be cooled.
• The absorber and condenser section have water tube bundles
passing through, in which cooling water is circulated. The
condenser portion of the generator shell has tube bundle to
circulate cooling tower water to cool (and condensate) the
refrigerant (water) vapour.
• Refrigerant water is sprayed (through nozzles) over the chilled
water tube bundle by the evaporator pump.
• A heat exchanger is added to improve the cycle efficiency.
APPLICATIONS
 STEAM JET REFRIGERATION SYTEM
Principle
• This system uses the principle of boiling the water below 1000 C. If the pressure
on the surface of the water is reduced below atmospheric pressure, water can be
made boil at low temperatures.

• Water boils at 60 C, when the pressure on the surface is 5 cm of Hg and at 100 C,

when the pressure is 6.5 cms of Hg.
• Consider a flash chamber contains 100 kg of water. If suddenly 1 kg of water is
removed by boiling, as pressure is reduced due to throttling of steam through
nozzles. Approximately 2385 kJ of heat will be removed from the water, which is
equivalent to heat of evaporation of water. The fall in temperature of the
remaining water will be,
Q=m Cp dT
dT=Q/mCp = 2385/99x4.187 = 5.70C

Thus by continuing this process, the remaining water can be made to freeze.

• The very low pressure or high vacuum on the surface of the water can be
maintained by throttling the steam through jets or nozzles.
ADVANTAGES

• It is flexible in operation; cooling capacity can be easily and quickly changed

• .
• It has no moving parts as such it is vibration free.

• The weight of the system per ton of refrigerating capacity is less.

• ability to adjust quickly to load variations

• no hazard from the leakage of the refrigerant.

• It can be installed out of doors.

DISADVANTAGES

• The use of direct evaporation to produce chilled water is usually limited as

tremendous volume of vapor is to be handled.

• it is not practically feasible for water temperature below 40 C.

WORKING

• High pressure steam is supplied to the nozzle from the boiler and it is
expanded. Here, the water vapor originated from the flash chamber is
entrained with the high velocity steam jet and it is further compressed in the
thermo compressor.

• The kinetic energy of the mixture is converted into static pressure and mass
is discharged to the condenser. The condensate is usually returned to the
boiler. Generally, 1% evaporation of water in the flash chamber is sufficient
to decrease the temperature of chilled water to 60 C.

• The chilled water in the flash chamber is circulated by a pump to the point of
application. The warm water from the load is returned to the flash chamber.

• The water is sprayed through the nozzles to provide maximum surface area
for cooling. The water, which is splashed in the chamber and any loss of cold
water at the application, must be replaced by makeup water added to the cold
water circulating system.
 REFRIGERENTS

“Refrigerant can be defines as any substance that absorbs heat through expansion
or vaporisation and losses it through condensation in a refrigeration system”

• These substance absorb heat at one place at low temperature level and reject
the same other place having higher temperature level

• Replacement of an existing refrigerant by a completely new refrigerant, for

whatever reason, is an expensive proposition as it may call for several changes
in the design and manufacturing of refrigeration systems. Hence it is very
important to understand the issues related to the selection and use of
refrigerants.

• In principle, any fluid can be used as a refrigerant.

 DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF IDEAL REFRIGERENT

Thermodynamic properties
•Low boiling point
•Low freezing point
•Low specific volume
•High latent heat of vaporization

Physical properties
•High thermal conductivity
•Low viscosity
• low pressure ratio
•Ease of leak detection

Chemical properties
•Non toxicity Non inflammable and non explosive
•High chemical stabilty
•Less tendency for corrosion

Other properties
•Easily available
•Low cost
 CLASSIFICATION OF REFRIGERANT
I:Primary and secondary refrigerants:

Primary refrigerant:
• Primary refrigerants are those fluids, which are used directly as working
fluids, for example in vapour compression and vapour absorption
refrigeration systems.
• When used in compression or absorption systems, these fluids provide
refrigeration by undergoing a phase change process in the evaporator.
Eg:Ammonia, CO2, Freon groups, Methyal chloride etc

Secondary refrigerants:
• These are those liquids, which are first cooled with the help of primary
refrigerant and are then employed for cooling purposes.
• Unlike primary refrigerants, the secondary refrigerants do not undergo
phase change as they transport energy from one location to other
• The commonly used secondary refrigerants are the solutions of water and
ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or calcium chloride. These solutions are
known under the general name of brines
Primary refrigerants are further classified in to

▪ Halocarbon compounds
▪ Azeotrops
▪ Hydrocarbons
▪ Inorganic compounds
▪ Unsaturated organic compounds

Halocarbon Compounds

• This group contains one ore more halogens.

• Because of their outstanding merits they are widely used in domestic and industrial
purposes

• Examples are

R-11 :CCl3F :Trichloro monofluoro methane

R-12:CCl2F2:Dichloro difluoromethane
R-22:CHClF2::Mono chloro difluoromethane
Azeotrops

• This group of refrigerants consist of mixture of different substances. These substances

cannot be separated by distillation.

• They process fixed thermodynamic properties and does not undergoes any separation
with changes in temperature and pressure.

• Examples are

R-500:73.8% R-12 and 26.2% R152

R-502-48.8% R-22 and 51.2% R-115

Hydrocarbons

• This group Includes organic compounds. Most of them possess satisfactory

thermodynamic properties but are highly inflammable

• Examples are

R-50: Methane:CH4
R-600: Butane: C4H10
Inoragnic compouds

• These Include refrigerants which do not have carbon

• Widely used before the introduction of organic groups

• Examples are

R-717 Ammonia
R-718 Water
R729 Air

Unsaturated Organic compounds

• This group of refrigerants possess ethylene or propylene as their constiuents.

• Examples are

• R-1150 Ethylene C2H4

• R-1120 Trichloro ethylene C3H4Cl3
 DESIGNATION OF REFRIGERANTS

• Since a large number of refrigerants have been developed over the years for a
wide variety of applications, a numbering system has been adopted to
designate various refrigerants.

• From the number one can get some useful information about the type of
refrigerant, its chemical composition, molecular weight etc.

• All the refrigerants are designated by R followed by a unique number.

Refrigerants derived from saturated hydrocarbon

General chemical formula is

CaHbFcCld
Where,
b+c+d=2a+2
Examples: 1. Dichloro tetra fluoro ethane(C2Cl2F4)

CaHbFcCld

Two chlorine atoms : d=2

Four flourin atoms :c=4
No hudrogen atoms: b=0

b+c+d=2a+2

Number of carbon atoms : a=2

R (1-1) (0+1)4: R114

Exapmple 2:Trichloro mono fluoro methane (CCl3F)

a=1 b=0 c=1d=3

R(1-1) (0+1)1: R11

 Brominated refrigerants

• These are denoted by putting an additional B and a number to denote as to

how many chlorine atoms are replaced by bromine atoms

• Example 1: CF3Br

• Derived from CF3Cl

• we know, here one Cl atom is replace by bromine

• Designation for CF3Cl is

c=3, a=1,b=0

• R(1-1) (0+1) 3: R-13

• Designation for CF3Br is R-13-B1

 Unsaturated Compounds

b +c+d=2a are distinguished by putting the digit 1 before (a-1)

Example:

Ethylene C2H4

:CaHbFcCld

:a=2, b=4, c=0, d=0

:R 1(2-1) (4+1)0

: R1150
 Inorganic compounds

Numerical designation is given by R700+Mol.weight

Example:

Water :R718

Carbon dioxide :R744

Ammonia :R717

• In all these cases if “0” comes immediately after R. don’t write it

Eg: Methane :CH4

R (1-1) (4+1) 0 : R050 is wrong
: R50 is Correct