Alexandru Ioan Cuza

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Alexandru Ioan Cuza

Alexandru Ioan Cuza, lithography by Josef Kriehuber, 1861

Domnitor of Romania

Reign 5 February 1862 –

23 February 1866

Predecessor Himself as Prince of Moldavia and Wallachia

Successor Carol I

Prince of Moldavia

Reign 5 January 1859 –

5 February 1862
Predecessor Grigore Alexandru Ghica

Successor Himself as Domnitor of Romania

Prince of Wallachia

Reign 24 January 1859 –

5 February 1862

Predecessor Barbu Știrbei

Successor Himself as Domnitor of Romania

Born 20 March 1820

 Bârlad, Moldavia

Died 15 May 1873 (aged 53)

 Heidelberg, Baden, Germany

Burial Three Holy Hierarchs Church, Iași

Spouse Elena Rosetti

Issue Sașa Cuza

Dimitrie Cuza

House Cuza

Father Ioan Cuza

Mother Sultana Cozadini

Religion Eastern Orthodoxy

Signature

Styles of
 Alexandru Ioan Cuza

Reference style His Royal Highness

Spoken style Your Royal Highness

Alternative style Sir

Alexandru Ioan Cuza (pronounced [alekˈsandru iˈo̯an ˈkuza] ( listen), or Alexandru Ioan I, also

anglicised as Alexander John Cuza; 20 March 1820 – 15 May 1873) was Prince of
Moldavia, Prince of Wallachia, and later Domnitor (Ruler) of the Romanian Principalities. He
was a prominent figure of the Revolution of 1848 in Moldavia. He initiated a series of reforms
that contributed to the modernization of Romanian society and of state structures.

Contents

 1Early life
 2Reign
o 2.1Diplomatic efforts
o 2.2Reforms
 3Downfall and exile
 4Notes
 5External links

Early life[edit]
Born in Bârlad, Cuza belonged to the traditional boyar class in Moldavia, being the son
of Ispravnic Ioan Cuza (who was also a landowner in Fălciu County) and his wife Sultana (or
Soltana), a member of the Cozadini family of Greek Phanariote origins. Alexander received
an urbane European education, becoming an officer in the Moldavian Army (rising to the rank
of colonel). He married Elena Rosetti in 1844. In 1848, known as the year of European
revolutions, Moldavia and Wallachia fell into revolt. The Moldavian unrest was quickly
suppressed, but in Wallachia the revolutionaries took power and governed during the
summer (see 1848 Wallachian revolution). Young Cuza played a prominent enough part so
as to establish his liberal credentials during the Moldavian episode and to be shipped
to Vienna as a prisoner, where he made his escape with British support.
Hungarian newspaper Vasárnapi Ujság commented "with sympathy and respect" (Carol C. Koka) [1] Cuza's double
election in Moldavia and Wallachia

Returned during the reign of Prince Grigore Alexandru Ghica, he became Moldavia's minister
of war in 1858 representing also Galați in the ad hoc Divan at Iași. Cuza was acting freely
under the guarantees of the European Powers in the eve of the Crimean War for a
recognition of the Prince of Moldavia. Cuza was a prominent speaker in the debates and
strongly advocated the union of Moldavia and Walachia. In default of a foreign prince, he was
nominated as a candidate in both principalities by the pro-unionist Partida Națională (profiting
of an ambiguity in the text of the Treaty of Paris). Cuza was finally elected as Prince of
Moldavia on 17 January 1859 (5 January Julian) and, after "street pressure" changed the
vote in Bucharest, also Prince of Wallachia, on 5 February 1859 (24 January Julian). He
received the firman from the Sultan on 2 December 1861 during a visit to Istanbul. He was
recipient of the Order of Medjidie, Order of Osmanieh, Order of Saints Maurice and
Lazarus and Order of the Redeemer.
Although he and his wife Elena Rosetti had no children, she raised as her own children his
two sons from his mistress Elena Maria Catargiu-Obrenović: Alexandru Al. Ioan Cuza (1864–
1889), and Dimitrie Cuza (1865–1888 suicide).

Reign[edit]
Diplomatic efforts[edit]

Alexandru Ioan Cuza official portrait

The residence of Prince Cuza in Iași, one of the two capitals of the United Principalities between 1859 and 1862

Thus Cuza achieved a de facto union of the two principalities. The Powers
backtracked, Napoleon III of France remaining supportive, while the Austrian ministry
withheld approval of such a union at the Congress of Paris (18 October 1858); partly as a
consequence, Cuza's authority was not recognized by his nominal suzerain, Abdülaziz,
the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, until 23 December 1861, (and, even then, the union was
only accepted for the duration of Cuza's rule).
The union was formally declared three years later, on 5 February 1862, (24 January Julian),
the new country bearing the name of Romania, with Bucharest as its capital city.
Cuza invested his diplomatic actions in gaining further concessions from the Powers: the
sultan's assent to a single unified parliament and cabinet for Cuza's lifetime, in recognition of
the complexity of the task. Thus, he was regarded as the political embodiment of a unified
Romania.
Reforms[edit]
Assisted by his councilor Mihail Kogălniceanu, an intellectual leader of the 1848 revolution,
Cuza initiated a series of reforms that contributed to the modernization of Romanian society
and of state structures.

1865 stamp

Cuza in the 1860s; portrait by August Strixner

His first measure addressed a need for increasing the land resources and revenues available
to the state, by "secularizing" (confiscating) monastic assets in 1863.[2] Probably more than a
quarter of Romania's farmland was controlled by untaxed Eastern
Orthodox "Dedicated Monasteries", which supported Greek and other foreign monks in
shrines such as Mount Athos and Jerusalem (a substantial drain on state revenues). Cuza
got his parliament's backing to expropriate these lands. He offered compensation to
the Greek Orthodox Church, but Sophronius III, the Patriarch of Constantinople, refused to
negotiate; after several years, the Romanian government withdrew its offer and no
compensation was ever paid. State revenues thereby increased without adding any domestic
tax burden. The land reform, liberating peasants from the last corvées, freeing their
movements and redistributing some land (1864), was less successful. [2] In attempting to
create a solid support base among the peasants, Cuza soon found himself in conflict with the
group of Conservatives. A liberal bill granting peasants title to the land they worked was
defeated. Then the Conservatives responded with a bill that ended all peasant dues and
responsibilities, but gave landlords title to all the land. Cuza vetoed it, then held
a plebiscite to alter the Paris Convention (the virtual constitution), in the manner of Napoleon
III.

The Al.I. Cuza family residence in Ruginoasa

His plan to establish universal manhood suffrage, together with the power of the Domnitor to
rule by decree, passed by a vote of 682,621 to 1,307. He consequently governed the country
under the provisions of Statutul dezvoltător al Convenției de la Paris ("Statute expanding the
Paris Convention"), an organic law adopted on 15 July 1864. With his new plenary powers,
Cuza then promulgated the Agrarian Law of 1863. Peasants received title to the land they
worked, while landlords retained ownership of one third. Where there was not enough land
available to create workable farms under this formula, state lands (from the confiscated
monasteries) would be used to give the landowners compensation.
Despite the attempts by Lascăr Catargiu's cabinet to force a transition in which some corvées
were to be maintained, Cuza's reform marked the disappearance of the boyar class as
a privileged group, and led to a channeling of energies into capitalism and industrialization; at
the same time, however, land distributed was still below necessities, and the problem
became stringent over the following decades – as peasants reduced to destitution sold off
their land or found that it was insufficient for the needs of their growing families.
Cuza's reforms also included the adoption of the Criminal Code and the Civil Code based on
the Napoleonic code (1864), a Law on Education, establishing tuition-free, compulsory public
education for primary schools[2] (1864; the system, nonetheless, suffered from drastic
shortages in allocated funds; illiteracy was eradicated about 100 years later, during the
communist regime). He founded the University of Iași (1860) and the University of
Bucharest (1864), and helped develop a modern, European-style Romanian Army, under a
working relationship with France. He is the founder of the Romanian Naval Forces.

Downfall and exile[edit]

A French perspective on the situation after Cuza's toppling, caricature by Honoré Daumier in Le Charivari (May 5,
1866). A character symbolising the Danubian Principalities, looking on as the Foreign Powers charged with
overseeing him quarrel: "Oh, my! It looks as if they are no longer taking care of me at all!"

Cuza failed in his effort to create an alliance of prosperous peasants and a strong liberal
prince, ruling as a benevolent authoritarian in the style of Napoleon III. Having to rely on a
decreasing group of hand-picked bureaucrats, Cuza began facing a mounting opposition
after his land reform bill, with liberal landowners voicing concerns over his ability to represent
their interests. Along with financial distress, there was an awkward scandal that revolved
around his mistress, Maria Catargiu-Obrenović, and popular discontent culminated in a coup
d'état.
Cuza was forced to abdicate by the so-called "monstrous coalition" of Conservatives and
Liberals. At four o'clock on the morning of 22 February 1866, a group of military conspirators
broke into the palace, and compelled the prince to sign his abdication. On the following day
they conducted him safely across the frontier.
His successor, Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, was proclaimed Domnitor as Carol I
of Romania on 20 April 1866. The election of a foreign prince with ties to an important
princely house, legitimizing Romanian independence (which Carol came to do after
the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878), had been one of the liberal aims in the revolution of
1848.
Despite the participation of Ion Brătianu and other future leaders of the Liberal Party in the
overthrow of Cuza, he remained a hero to the radical and republican wing, who,
as Francophiles, had an additional reason to oppose a Prussian monarch; anti-Carol riots in
Bucharest during the Franco-Prussian War (see History of Bucharest) and the coup attempt
known as the Republic of Ploiești in August 1870, the conflict was eventually resolved by the
compromise between Brătianu and Carol, with the arrival of a prolonged and influential
Liberal cabinet.
Cuza spent the remainder of his life in exile, chiefly in Paris, Vienna and Wiesbaden,
accompanied by his wife and his two sons. He died in Heidelberg. His remains were buried in
his residence in Ruginoasa, but were moved to the Trei Ierarhi Cathedral in Iași after World
War II.

Notes[edit]
1. ^ (in Romanian) "Publicația Vasárnapi Ujság saluta la 1859 dubla alegere a lui Alexandru Ioan
Cuza"
2. ^ Jump up to:a b c Stoica, Vasile (1919). The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands.
Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Printing Company. pp.  69–70.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to:

Alexandru Ioan
Cuza (category)

Wikisource has original
works written by or about:
Alexandru Ioan Cuza

 Cuza, Alexandru Ioan (1820-1870), by Gerald J. Bobango and Paul E. Michelson, at

the Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions.

Alexandru Ioan Cuza

House of Cuza
Born: 20 March 1820 Died: 15 May 1873

Regnal titles
Domnitor of
Preceded by Romania Succeeded by
Title created 5 February 1862 – Carol I
22 February 1866
Preceded by Prince of
Succeeded by
Grigore Moldavia
Title
Alexandru 24 January 1859 –
abandoned
Ghica 5 February 1862
Prince of
Preceded by Succeeded by
Wallachia
Barbu Title
24 January 1859 –
Știrbei abandoned
5 February 1862