3D Modeling of High Temperature Superconducting Hysteresis Motor

using COMSOL Multiphysics

Joyashree Das, Dr. Rup Narayan Ray

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering
NIT Agartala NIT Agartala
Agartala- 799046, India Agartala- 799046, India
joyashree_007@rediffmail.com rupnarayanr@yahoo.co.in

Abstract— This paper presents 3D modeling of hysteresis for more accurate and precise results. The magnetic fields
motor with high temperature superconducting material in around and inside the motor can be computed accurately with
the rotor using Finite Element based solver software the help of proposed three dimensional modeling of motor.
COMSOL Multiphysics. Due to the anisotropic property Therefore, a better precision may be obtained if three
of HTS material, magnetic flux distributions are non- dimensional modeling is incorporated for the purpose of
uniform in different axes. Therefore, analysis of HTS performance analysis, which is not reported until now.
hysteresis motor using two dimensional modeling cannot This report is organized as follows: Section 2 describes
provide high degree of accuracy. Thus, three dimensional about the modeling of hysteresis motor. In Section 3,
modeling is developed for more accurate, precise and simulation and experimental results are shown and finally,
realistic results. The magnetic fields around and inside the conclusions are drawn in Section 4.
motor can be computed accurately with the help of
proposed three dimensional modeling of motor. To
improve the performance in comparison of conventional II. 3D MODELING OF HTS HYSTERESIS MOTOR
hysteresis motors such type of motors are developed. The
measured parameters are compared with the experimental Due to the anisotropic property of HTS material,
results. Simulations are done with the help of MATLAB magnetic flux distribution of the motor is non-uniform in
and COMSOL Multiphysics software.
different axes. Hence 3D modeling of HTS hysteresis motor is
Keywords—Hysteresis Motor, High Temperature developed to get the precise results. The 3D view of HTS
Superconductor, Yttrium barium copper oxide, COMSOL hysteresis motor is shown in Figure 1. Superconducting
Multiphysics. hysteresis motor is almost identical with conventional
hysteresis motor but its rotor is made up of HTS materials
I. INTRODUCTION (YBCO). The rotor core is constructed with paramagnetic
materials. In this HTS hysteresis motor, aluminum is used as a
Recently, high temperature superconducting (HTS) paramagnetic material only for mechanical support of the HTS
hysteresis synchronous motors are getting more importance elements [5] and the shaft consists of steel.
because of their reasonable advantage as well as compact size,
noiseless operation, self-starting torque, light weight and
better environmental impact compared to the conventional
motors [1]. The possibility of integration of HTS into power
applications such as electrical motors, generators, bearings and
fault current limiters have concerned much attention.
Hysteresis motor with high temperature superconducting rotor
instead of rotor with conventional ferro-magnetic material has
been proved to be the most viable electrical machines with
HTS material [1]. Due to universal importance along with
industrial applications, the optimal performance study of the
motor is most important. In previous reported work, two
dimensional modeling has been generally adopted for the
analysis of the motor. But due to the anisotropic property of
HTS material, magnetic flux distributions are non-uniform in
different axes. Therefore, analysis of HTS hysteresis motor
using two dimensional modeling cannot provide good degree
of accuracy. Thus, three dimensional modeling is developed

978-1-5386-2215-5/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE

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 Fig. 1. 3-dimentional view of HTS hysteresis motor in conventional and HTS hysteresis motor is shown in Table
COMSOL Multiphysics. (1.2).
3D HTS Conventional
Dimensions hysteresis hysteresis
III. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
motor(mm) motor(mm)

Formulation of Electromagnetic Problem

Stator Outer Radius 40 60
The hysteresis loop is the most important Rotor Outer Radius 21.7 28
phenomenon of any hysteresis motor and E-H formulation is Rotor Inner Radius 18.2 26.25
the most useful expression of an electromagnetic field. Height of the motor 20 20
Therefore, the basic electromagnetic equation for the HTS Air-gap 1 1
hysteresis motor is
G
∇ × E = − ∂B ∂ t Table 1.2. Dimensions of HTS and conventional hysteresis
(1) motor
Where, E is electric field (V/m) and B is magnetic flux density
(T).
G G To discretize the HTS hysteresis motor into finite
2
(
Therefore, ∇ H − ȝı ∂H ∂t = 0 ) (2) elements, mesh statistics are applied. This makes the model
most accurate if a proper mesh is used. In order to have high
ª Hx º level of accuracy the automatic mesh diagram is not used and
Here, H is magnetic field (A/m), H = Hy
« » a mesh diagram is designed manually. The 3D FEM provides
« » also additional information regarding the leakage fluxes and
«¬ Hz »¼ 3D the end-winding inductances, which are difficult to evaluate
Where, ȝ is permeability (H/m), ı is conductivity (S/m) and otherwise. The solution time is differed due to change in the
values of various parameters but the number of elements and
Br is residual flux density (T) respectively. number of degrees of freedom will remain same if the
geometry is unchanged. Figure 2 shows the mesh of a 3D HTS
Three dimensional modeling of high temperature hysteresis motor.
superconducting hysteresis motor is numerically simulated
using COMSOL Multiphysics software which is based on
finite element method. The specifications of the high
temperature superconducting material used in the rotor of the
HTS hysteresis motor is shown in Table (1.1).

Table 1.1. Specifications of the HTS material used in the rotor.

Name of the sample YBCO

Outer radius(mm) 21.7
Inner radius(mm) 18.2

Thickness(mm) 3.5 3D
Fig. 2. Mesh of a 3D HTS hysteresis motor.
Critical current density(A/m2) 4 × 10
7

Critical electric field(V/m) In this simulation, the numbers of nodes are higher
10 −4 around the air-gap and hysteresis rotor. From this mesh
Initial Conductivity (S/m) 1016 statistics, various parameters are known, which is shown in
Table (1.3).
It is known that the dimension and losses of the HTS
Table 1.3. Mesh statistics of HTS hysteresis motor
hysteresis motor is less than the conventional hysteresis motor
for the same output [12]. Therefore, the power output of HTS
Mesh statistics 3-Dimentional
hysteresis motor is higher than the conventional hysteresis
motor for the same dimensions. The dimensions of the Mesh Tetrahedral
Number of elements 23564

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 Number of degrees of freedom 100531
Number of boundary elements 5012
Solution time (sec) 94.9282
Magnetic flux distribution in HTS hysteresis motor
The stator current produces rotating field in the air gap
between the stator and the rotor, which induces currents in the
superconductor and the HTS rotor is magnetized. Figure 3
shows the streamline plot of magnetic flux density in a 3D
HTS hysteresis motor. It is observed that two poles have been
produced in 3D HTS hysteresis motor and also three-
dimensional model calculates magnetic fields around and
inside the hysteresis motor. Because of the high current
carrying property of HTS rotor, maximum fluxes are trapped
in the HTS hysteresis rotor.
3D
Fig. 3. Streamline plot of magnetic flux density of a 3D HTS
hysteresis motor.
When a current of 112 mA is applied in the stator
conductors, then the variation magnetic flux density (B),
magnetic field intensity (H) of 3D HTS hysteresis motor at
different edges are shown in Figure 4. From these figures, it is
observed that magnetic flux concentration is more inside the
HTS rotor compared to the other region.
a loop is approximately proportional to the applied current that
b
Fig. 4 a. Magnetic flux density (B) b. magnetic field (H) plot
at level 3 of a 3D HTS hysteresis motor.
Hysteresis loop of HTS hysteresis motor
Due to the presences of stator currents of different
magnitudes in the non-HTS stator conductors, different flux
plots are obtained. The values of magnetic fields (H) and the
flux densities (B) at different positions on the HTS rotor have
been taken and then the hysteresis loops are plotted. For
different stator currents, the area of the hysteresis loop as
shown in Figure 5 is changed. When the applied currents in
the stator i.e. the rotating magnetic field in the air gap are
increased, more fluxes are trapped into the HTS material, as a
result of this the area of the hysteresis loops are increased and
thus the power density of the hysteresis motors are increased
[2] as well as hunting will be reduced [3].
0.8
0.6
0.4
Magnetic Flux Density (B) (T)
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-3 -2 -1 0 1
Magnetic Field (H) (A/m)
2 3
5
x 10
4
Fig. 5. BH loop of a 2D and 3D HTS hysteresis motor.
Effects of applied current on torque of a HTS hysteresis
motor
It is known that the torque is directly proportional to the
area of the hysteresis loop and it is calculated using the
relation, T = §¨ 1 ·¸ PVr A , [4] where, P is number of pole
© 2Ȇ ¹ h
pairs, Vr is volume of the HTS rotor and A is area of the
h
hysteresis loop in the HTS rotor. Again, the area of hysteresis
is calculated in the last section. Therefore, the torque is
directly proportional to the current. MATLAB program has
been developed to draw the hysteresis curves and the
corresponding torque developed in the motor. The torque
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changes almost linearly with current as shown in Figure 6 and
that is the common feature of any hysteresis motor [4]. It is
also observed that the value of torque in 3D HTS hysteresis
motor is higher than the conventional hysteresis motor. The
simulation result shows a good agreement with the
experimental results of a conventional hysteresis motor [4-6].
Fig. 6. Torque vs. current graph of a 3D HTS hysteresis motor.
Current density plot in a HTS hysteresis motor
The current density plot of a 3D HTS hysteresis rotor is
shown in Figure 7. Due to the trapped field in the HTS
hysteresis rotor, the current density also more in that region
but it is non- uniform due to the anisotropic conductivity [11]
of the superconducting material. When the trapped fields are
gradually decreased in the inner part of the HTS rotor, the
current density also gradually decreases and minimum in the
inner section of the rotor. In this HTS hysteresis motor, the
value of power index (n) is 15 and the value of integral of
current density in the 3D HTS rotor is 5.025041 × 10 A/m .
6 2
It is observed that the value of integral of current density is
7 and Halvaei Niasar (2009). Study on the Hunting in High
less compared to the critical current density (4 × 10 A/m 2 ).
Fig. 7. current density plot of a 3D HTS hysteresis rotor.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this work, 3D modeling of high temperature
superconducting hysteresis motors using COMSOL
Multiphysics is presented and the computed parameters are
compared with the experimental results of conventional
hysteresis motor. The simulation results shows a good
arrangement with the experimental results and it also shows
that the bulk HTS materials have the ability to trap the
magnetic field as high as possible compared to ferro-magnetic
materials. The magnetic fields around and inside the motor
can be computed accurately using the proposed three
dimensional modeling. Therefore, the computed results are
more precise, realistic and very useful in simulations. The
mechanical torque of HTS hysteresis motor is produced due to
the repulsion of the magnetic poles (in this case number of
rotor poles are two), induced into the HTS rotor by the
rotating field of the stator winding. The developed torque
increases almost linearly with the increase of the stator
current. The proposed 3D modeling of HTS hysteresis motor
provides better results compared to 2D modeling of HTS
hysteresis motor as well as the experimental results of
conventional hysteresis motor.
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