Reservoir Flow Simulation

----------
History Matching

Etienne MOREAU
© IFP

Outline

Introduction
Pressure Match (cont’d)

General Overview
Wells’ Static Pressures

Basic Methodology
Wells’ Flowing Pressures

HM Preparation
Saturation Match

Data to Match
Wells’ GOR & Water Cut

Matching Parameters

End Point Scaling

Material Balance Analysis

Trial & Error Process

General Overview

Some Advices

Pressure Match

Field Pressure

Wells’ Pressures
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Notes

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Notes
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 Introduction

General Overview
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History Matching

Goals

Reproduce a field production history with a model

Data to reproduce

Field data:
Oil, gas and water productions

 WOC and GOC displacements

Well data

 Oil, gas and water productions

 Pressures

Methodology

Identification of matching parameters

Modification of these parameters in case of mismatch
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 History Matching

Key points

Improve the reservoir characterization
 By comparing performance of the model with historical performance (rates,
pressures, saturations)

Identify the sensitivity to main unknown parameters
 By identifying the possible ranges for these parameters
 By realizing a series of sensitivity runs within these ranges

Method

The model should be modified in a rational way
Change the global parameters first (e.G., Aquifer)

 If necessary, change the reservoir characterization locally

Thus at the end of the history match

 Reservoir characterization is really improved

 Model can be used for prediction with more confidence
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History Matching

The model should be modified in a rational way

Change the global parameters first (e.g., aquifer)
 Change the reservoir characterization locally only when global parameters are
matched

Look at stabilized flow regimes first
 Look at transient flow regimes only when stabilized flow regimes are correctly
represented
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 History Matching: Available Information

Validated Reservoir Model

Structural model and reservoir layering

Identification of facies properties and distribution

Original Volume In Place calculation

Field Production

Oil, Gas and Water

Wells behaviour (producers or injectors)

Choke, Well head pressure and temperature

Oil, Gas and Water productions allocated per well

Wells behaviour (producers, injectors or observation wells)

Bottom Hole flowing pressure

Static Reservoir Pressure

Inflow and outflow performance
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History Matching: Available Information

Well Testing

Permeability Thickness and skin

Drainage radius and no flow boundaries

Interference between wells

Production Logging

Producing intervals, fluids produced by interval

Reservoir pressure per interval

Cased Hole Logging

Saturation behind casing

Identification of swept and unswept intervals at wells
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 History Matching: Summary

Observed flows are imposed on wells during the history period.

One expect to reproduce :

Pressure evolution

WOR and GOR

WOC and GOC contacts

This is not a simple work as :

Many data are unknown (no information is available far from wells)

All data act together

Some artefacts must be corrected (grid size, grid orientation,…)

It is possible to distinguish between two main types of problems :

Pressure match

Saturation match
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Introduction

Basic Methodology
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 History Matching: Basic Methodology

4 main steps

Step 1: Data Review
Geological model

 Fluid & SCAL data
 Wells Properties & Recurrent Data

Step 2: Selection of Data to Match

 Identification of the most relevant data to Match

Step 3: Selection of matching parameters
 Identification of main parameters attached to main drive mechanisms

Step 4 : Adjustment of matching parameters
 Trial & error process

Reminder

G&G must work hard to help the reservoir engineer to maintain the consistency
of the geological model

It is better to have rough, consistent matching than matching which is accurate
but destroys the model
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History Matching: Basic Methodology

Step 1: Data Review

Geological model:
Adapt data to grid size

 Identify major structural events
 Identify major reservoir heterogeneity
 Identify zones where flow will be important and zones were flow will be small

Fluid & SCAL data:

 Control data coherency; identification of major uncertainty

Wells Properties
 Identify wells locations of wells and perforated intervals

Step 2: Selection of Data to Match

Identify major events in the field life
 Plateau duration, new wells, water & gas encroachment

Identify major events in the wells’ life
 Work over, new perforations, wells interventions
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 History Matching: Basic Methodology

Step 3: Selection of matching parameters

Identification of major drive mechanisms

Identification of main parameters attached to these mechanisms

Identification of probable range for each matching parameter

Step 4 : Trial & error process

Investigate in priority parameters impacting reservoir pressure

Organize the process
Do not go at random, Realize systematic screenings

 Try to limit as much as possible the number of runs

At each step during the match process

Identify the most influential parameters (At early, middle or late time)

 Use analytical model to better understand the influence of these parameters
 Take care with gridding effects
 Run sensitivity cases on the most influent parameters

Adjust the primitive analysis when the match remains poor
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History Matching: Schematic Workflow

NEW GEOLOGICAL
INITIAL MODEL
MODEL

MODIFICATION OF
SIMULATION RUN
PARAMETERS
YES

NO

GOOD NO
MODIFICATION OF
MATCH ? GEOLOGICAL MODEL ?

YES

FORECAST RUNS
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 HM Preparation

Data to Match
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Data to Match

Field Data

Field Production (oil, gas and water)

Field Voidage

Field Average Pressure

Average Fluid composition

Reminder

Field production is measured on a daily basis, but is generally matched on a
monthly basis.

Field voidage is the total field expressed in reservoir conditions. It is defined as

Q res = Qo . Bo (P) + {Qg - Rs (P) . Qo (P)}. Bg (P) + Qw . Bw (P)

Field average pressure cannot be measured.
 It is generally estimated by looking at reservoir pressures measured at
individual wells (pressure synthesis approach)
 What must be matched is the trend.
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Field Average Pressure

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Field Average Pressure

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 Data to Match

Production Data per Well

Allocated production per well (oil, gas and water)

Allocated production per set of perforations (if PLT available)

Fluid composition

Reminder

Determine the accuracy and frequency of measurements
Which kind of separator (gas-
 (gas-liquid, 3 phase separator)
 Frequency of measurements (weekly, monthly?)
 Activity factor (% of activity of the wells)

Allocate rates to perforated intervals

 Completion and well status (casing, cement) to be known

 Production logging is the best tool to allocate rate
 If no production logging, estimate the accuracy of allocation to intervals
 When possible, draw maps of injected fluid breakthrough for each interval
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Data to Match

Pressures

PBU test
 Identification of reservoir pressures

RFT in wells drilled after the start of production
Identification of differential depletion by interval

 Communication through faults

Observation wells

 Closed wells should be changed in observation wells

BHP or WHP measurements
 Not used as data to be matched in priority (flow in tubing difficult to match
exactly, interference with surface flow lines)

Saturations

Logs through casing,
 Matching these saturations will improve the model
 But : not very frequent measurement
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 Data to Match

Reminder

It is not worthwhile to match oil, gas and water productions if the voidage is not
matched.

Voidage depends on allocated production, PVT functions and reservoir pressure.

The first parameter to match is the reservoir pressure
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Data to Match:
Match: Pressures at Well
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Wells’ Pressure Calculations

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Wells’ Pressure Match

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 Wells’ Pressure Calculations

Well Cell Pressure

Calculated by solving the pressure over all the cells.

Bottom Hole Flowing pressure

Obtained from well cell pressure and numerical PI

Pw,f = Pw,b − Q PI num

Reservoir Pressure

Obtained from bottom hole flowing pressure and natural PI

Pw,s = Pw,f + Q PI nat

Pressure match is obtained when

Flowing, reservoir and well cell pressures are correct

Flowing Pressure match depend on numerical PI

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Wells’ Pressure Match

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Wells’ Pressure Match

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Wells’ Pressure Match

Let’s consider a well test with following data

Q = 200 m 3 /d ; Pw,s = 420 b ; Pw,f = 320 b
Skin = 0 ; rw = 0.1 m ; re = 800 m

Problem

Calculate the natural PI

Calculate the ratio numerical PI / natural PI and the corresponding numerical PI
for a cell having a Peaceman radius of 20 m.

Calculate the corresponding well cell pressure.

Solution

Natural PI is

Q
PI nat = = 2 m 3 /d/b
Pw,s − Pw,f
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 Wells’ Pressure Match

Solution (cont’d)

Theoretical ratio between numerical & natural PI is
PI num Ln re /rw + S + 0.81 Ln 800/0.1 + 0.81
= = = 1.60
PI nat Ln rb /rw + S + 0.81 Ln 20/0.1 + 0.81

Corresponding numerical PI is

PI num = 1.60 × PI nat = 3.2 m 3 /d/b

Corresponding well cell pressure is

Q 200
Pw,b = Pw,f + = 320 + = 382.5 bars
PI num 3.2
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Wells’ Pressure Match

Let’s consider the following well test data

Q = 2000 m 3 /d ; Pw,s = 420 b ; Pw,f = 375.6 b
Skin = 17 ; rw = 0.1 m ; re = 800 m

Problem

Well simulated results are

Q = 2000 m 3 /d ; Pw,b = 414 b ; Pw,f = 375.6 b

Skin = 17 ; rw = 0.1 m ; rb = 20 m

Is the well cell pressure correctly matched?

Solution

Natural and Numerical PI are

Pw,s − Pw,f Pw,b − Pw,f

PI nat = = 45 m 3 /d/b ; PI num = = 52 m 3 /d/b
Q Q
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 Wells’ Pressure Match

Solution (cont’d)

Ratio between numerical & natural PI must be equal to
PI num Ln re /rw + S + 0.81 Ln 800/0.1 + 17 + 0.81
= = 1.16
PI nat Ln rb /rw + S + 0.81 Ln 20/0.1 + 17 + 0.81

It is possible to check that

PI num 52
= = 1.16
PI nat 45

The well cell pressure is correctly matched

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Data to Match:
Match: Flow Rates at Well
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 Data to Match:
Match: Flow Rates at Well

Five different possibilities to control wells’ productions

Well
Constraint
Control
ORAT Oil Rate
WRAT Water Rate
LRAT Liquid Rate
GRAT Gas Rate
RESV Reservoir Voidage

Gas Oil and water rates are calculated using

Mobility, CF and pressures of cells connected to wells

The five controls are equivalent only if the production is correctly

matched
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Data to Match: Run 0

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 HM Preparation

Matching Parameters
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Matching Parameters

Two main steps

Identification of Matching Parameters

Selection of Matching Parameters

Identification of Matching Parameters

Identification of Unknown parameters than can have a strong impact on field
dynamic behaviour.

Identification of uncertainty ranges attached to each parameter.

Realisation of sensitivity runs to quantify the dynamic impact on data to match.

Selection of Matching Parameters

Identification of main drive mechanisms

Selection of parameters than have the strongest impact and are related to major
drive mechanisms
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 Matching Parameters

Matching Parameters should be investigated in the following order

Field Behaviour
One phase Flow (steady state & transient))

 Multiphase Flow

Individual Wells Behaviour

 One phase Flow (steady state & transient)

 Multiphase Flow

Field Behaviour

Field Horizontal Compartmentalisation
 Faults, pinch-
pinch-outs, facies variation

Field Vertical Compartmentalisation
 Flooding surfaces, impermeable layers

Aquifer Influx
 Location, Permeability, Net thickness, Extension, ...
 Density, Viscosity, Compressibility
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Matching Parameters

One phase Flow

Reservoir Properties
Net Permeability & porosity distributions, Permeability Anisotropy

 Reservoir Dip, Reservoir thickness; Pore compressibility

Fluid Properties

 Density, Viscosity, Compressibility

Multi Phase Flow

Reservoir Properties
Net Permeability & porosity distributions, Permeability anisotropy

 Reservoir Dip, Reservoir thickness; Pore compressibility

Fluid Properties

 Density, Viscosity, Compressibility (for each phase)

Multiphase Flow Properties
 Wettability, Relative permeability & Capillary pressure
 Mobility ratio & Density contrast
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 Matching Parameters

Individual Wells Behaviour

Inflow Performance
 Permeability Thickness, Skin factor, Quadratic effect

Coning (Critical Flow Rate)
 Horizontal permeability & Density contrast between fluids

Production Logging
 Inflow performance per connection

Breakthrough Times
Horizontal & vertical permeability

 Density contrast between fluids & Mobility ratio

Drainage Area

 Interference with other wells

 Local no flow boundaries
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Matching Parameters: Example (1/3)

Can be Matching Can be Matching

influent parameter influent parameter
Hor. Compartm. ? ? Reservoir Petrophysics ? ?
Fauts Transmissivity ? ? Net to Gross ratio ? ?
Faults Vertical throw ? ? Porosity ? ?
Faults 28 ? ? Pore Compressibility ? ?
Faults 28 ? ? Hor. Avg Permeability ? ?
Fault 62 ? ? Vert. Avg Permeability ? ?
Faults 35 ? ? Kv / Kh anisotropy ratio ? ?
Faults 50 ? ? Reservoir Heterogeneity ? ?
Vertical Compartm. ? ? Aquifer Geometry ? ?
Max. Flooding Surfaces ? ? Aquifer inner radius ? ?
Local Barriers ? ? Aquifer outer radius ? ?
Faults' Geometry ? ? Aquifer thickness ? ?
Reservoir Geometry ? ? Aquifer Rock Properties ? ?
Reservoir Thickness ? ? Aquifer Net Thickness ? ?
Reservoir Dip ? ? Aquifer Porosity ? ?
Reservoir Sinuosity ? ? Aquifer Permeability ? ?
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 Matching Parameters: Example (2/3)

Can be Matching Can be Matching

influent parameter influent parameter
Oil properties ? ? Water Oil Displacement ? ?
Stock Oil Density ? ? WO Rel. Permeability ? ?
Stock Oil Viscosity ? ? WO Cap. Pressure ? ?
Oil Volume Factor ? ? WO Mobility Ratio ? ?
Oil Compr. above Pb ? ? WO Density Contrast ? ?
Oil Compr. below Pb ? ? Reservoir Dip ? ?
Gas properties ? ? Gas Oil Displacement ? ?
Stock Gas Density ? ? GO Rel. Permeability ? ?
Stock Gas Viscosity ? ? GO Cap. Pressure ? ?
Gas Volume Factor ? ? GO Mobility Ratio ? ?
Solution Gas Ratio ? ? GO Density Contrast ? ?
Gas Compressibility ? ? GO Wettability ? ?
Water properties ? ? Gas Water Displacement ? ?
Water Density ? ? GW Rel. Permeability ? ?
Water Viscosity ? ? GW Mobility Ratio ? ?
Water Compressibility ? ? GW Density Contrast ? ?
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Matching Parameters: Example (3/3)

Can be Matching Can be Matching

influent parameter influent parameter
Well pattern ? ? Inflow Performance ? ?
Perfs Location ? ? Well Productivity Index ? ?
Well Departure ? ? Connection factors ? ?
Well bore radius ? ?
Skin factor ? ?
Production constraints ? ? Outflow Performance ? ?
Liquid production Rate Min. Well Head Pressure ? ?
Gas production Rate Max. Well Head Pressure ? ?
Water production Rate ? ? Tubing Length ? ?
Voidage Replacement Rate ? ? Tubing Size ? ?
Maximum Water Cut ? ? Tubing Radius ? ?
Maximum Drawdown ? ? Prod. Water Cut ? ?
Production Uptime ? ? Prod. Gas-Oil ratio ? ?
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 HM Preparation

Material Balance Analysis

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Pressure Match : Material Balance (3)

Free Gas Rock Vp c p ∆P

Production Compaction

Free Gas
Expansion
[
G *i Bg − Bg,i ]
Dissolved Gas
Expansion
Ni [R s,i − R s ] Bg
Oil
N p Bo Production (G − R s N p ) Bg
Oil
Ni [Bo − Bo,i ]
p

Expansion

Aquifer
Expansion We

Water Water
Wp B w Production Injection
Winj B w
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 Pressure Match : Material Balance (4)

FORMR Vp c p ∆P Bo

[ ] B
G *i Bg − Bg,i o

FORMG + Ni [R − R ] B B
s,i s g o

− (G − R N ) B B
p s p g o

Ni [Bo − Bo,i ] Bo
Np
FOPT
FORME

Vp c w S w,i ∆P Bo
FORMW + We B o +
(W inj − Wp ) B w B o
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Pressure Match : Material Balance (5)

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 Field Pressure Match : Material Balance (4)

Ni Bo,i
FORMR c p ∆P
So,i
[ ]
G *i Bg − Bg,i
FORMG + Ni [R − R ] B
s,i s g

− (G − R N ) B
p s p g

Ni [Bo − Bo,i ]
N p Bo
FOPT
FORME

Ni B o,i
c w S w,i ∆P
FORMW So,i
+ We + (Winj − Wp ) B w
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Material Balance Analysis: Energy Plot

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 Field Pressure Match : Material Balance (5)

Oil Produced by Rock Compaction

Ni Bo,i
FORMR = c p ∆P
So,i

Oil Produced by Gas Expansion

[ ]
FORMG = G *i Bg − Bg,i + Ni [R s,i − R s ] Bg − (G p − R s N p ) Bg

Oil Produced by Oil Expansion

FORME = Ni [Bo − Bo,i ]

Oil Produced by Water Expansion

Ni Bo,i
FORMW = c w ∆P + We + (Winj - Wp ) Bw
So,i
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Field Pressure Match : Material Balance (6)

Oil Recovery analysis

FOPT = FORME + FORMG + FORMR + FORMW

Pore volume analysis

FRPV = FOPV + FWPV + FGPV

Average Oil volume factor

Bo(t) = FOPV / FOIP

Average Water volume factor

Bw(t) = FWPV / FWIP

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 Trial & Error Process

General Overview
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Trial & Error Process

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 Trial & Error Process

Some Advices
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History Matching : Some Advices

Start with a geological model

Determine the level of uncertainty related to the different parameters

At each step during the match process

Note the influential parameters in order to limit the number of runs

Use analytical model to evaluate the effect of each parameter and determine the
most influent

Take care with gridding effects

Run sensitive cases for the influent parameters

Adjust the primitive analysis when the match remains poor

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History Matching: Some Advices

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History Matching: Some Advices

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History Matching: Some Advices

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History Matching : Some Advices

Flow directions are not correct if pressure is not matched

Don’t try to match in saturation if you are not matched in pressure

Early well behaviour correspond to area close to the wells

Concentrate on well Data to Match early production times

Late well behaviour correspond to area far from the wells

Don’t limit your analysis close to the wells to match late production times

Modification of matching parameters

Try to anticipate model reactions by using simple calculations

Don’t introduce new parameters without a look back to G&G
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 Pressure Match

Field Pressure Match

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Field Average Pressure

Objective

Get a correct evolution with time of the average reservoir pressure

Key Properties

Three different flow regimes
 Steady State, Semi Steady state, Transient

Each flow regime can be represented by one specific equation
 Matching parameters depend on flow regime

Important notice

Field voidage must be respected
 The match must be obtained by respecting the voidage

Average pressure is matched when Material Balance is satisfied
 Drive Mechanisms are correctly represented

Average field pressure is not measured
 The match is obtained by looking at pressure trend
The match should help to reduce uncertainty on field parameters
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Field Average Pressure

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Field Average Pressure: Steady State

Simplified Model
∂P ∆V
=0 ⇔ ∆P =
∂t cV0
----------
P = Average field pressure ; ∆V = Cumulative voidage
c = Reser voir compressibility; V0 = Connected Volume in Place

Main Parameters

Connected Volume in Place
Field Compartmentalisation

 Connected Aquifers

Reservoir compressibility

 Pore & Fluid Compressibility

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 Field Average Pressure: Pseudo Steady State

Simplified Model
∂P q aq (t) - q pr (t)
=
∂t cV0
----------
P = Average field pressure ; q pr (t) = Voidage rate ; q aq (t) = Aquifer influx rate
c = Reser voir compressibility; V0 = Connected Volume in Place

Main Parameters

Connected Volume in Place
Field Compartmentalisation

 Connected Aquifers

Reservoir compressibility

 Pore & Fluid Compressibility

Aquifer influx
 Aquifer Permeability, porosity, thickness, contact area, connected volume
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Field Average Pressure: Transient Flow

Simplified Model
∂P q aq (t) - q pr (t) kht
= with t D =
∂t c V(t ) φ µ c V0
----------
P = Average field pressure ; q pr (t) = Voidage rate ; q aq (t) = Aquifer influx rate
c = Reser voir compressibility; V(t ) = Depleted Volume
t D = Reduced time ; k h = Reservoir Permeability Thickness
φ = Reservoir Porosity ; µ = Fluid viscosity ; V0 = Connected volume in place

Main Parameters

Connected Volume in Place
 Field Compartmentalisation
 Connected Aquifers
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 Field Average Pressure: Transient Flow

Main Parameters (cont’d)

Reservoir compressibility
 Pore & Fluid Compressibility

Aquifer influx
 Aquifer Permeability, porosity, thickness, contact area, connected volume

Reservoir Properties
 Porosity, Permeability Thickness

Fluid Viscosity
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Field Average Pressure

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Field Average Pressure

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Field Average Pressure

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Field Average Pressure

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Field Average Pressure

Reservoir voidage calculation

Q res = Qo . Bo (P) + {Qg - Rs (P) . Qo (P)}. Bg (P) + Qw . Bw (P)

Important notice.

ECLIPSE keyword for reservoir voidage is RESV

Material balance should address the whole reservoir voidage (no

material balance per fluid in surface conditions)

It is useful to get an energy balance to have an estimation of the

importance of each individual production mechanisms (pore volume
contraction, fluid expansion, water sweep, gas sweep …)
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Field Average Pressure

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Pressure Match

Wells’ Static Pressures

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 Wells’ Static Pressures

Objectives

Get a correct static pressure on each individual well.

Get good interferences between wells.

Get a correct flow lines geometry between wells.

Get a correct pressure drop along each flow line.

Key Properties

Wells PBU and PFO are not simulated in a full field model
 Static reservoir pressure are not directly available

Static reservoir pressure can be derived from well cell pressure
 By using the concepts of numerical and natural PI

Q Q
Pw,s = Pw,b − +
PI num PI nat
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Wells’ Static Pressures Match

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Wells’ Static Pressures Match

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Wells’ Static Pressures Match

Simplified Model
∂ 2P ∂ 2P ∂ 2P k ∂P
+ + =
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2 φµc ∂t
----------
k = Permeability ; φ = Porosity
µ = Fluid viscosity ; c = Total compressibility

Main parameters

Hydraulic Diffusivity
 Permeability, Porosity, Fluid Viscosity, Reservoir Compressibility

One phase flow
 Transmissivity distribution

Multi phase flow
 Transmissivity distribution
 Transfer functions (relative permeability & capillary pressure)
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Wells’ Static Pressures Match

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Pressure Match

Wells’ Flowing Pressures

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 Wells’ Flowing Pressure Match

Objective

Get correct relationships between flow rate, reservoir pressure and bottom hole
flowing pressure and tubing head pressures

Get correct flowing pressures

Main parameters

Wells’ Drainage areas
Transmissivity distribution

 Fluids’ viscosities
 Transfer functions (relative permeability & capillary pressure)

Wells’ cells

Connection Factors

 Pseudo relative permeability

Wells’ outflow

 Vertical Lift performance

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81 Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

Wells’ Flowing Pressure Match

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82 Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

© IFP
Wells’ Flowing Pressure Match

83 Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

Wells’ Flowing Pressure Match

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84 Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

 Wells’ Flowing Pressure Match

Connection Factor

Numerical PI attached to one connection can be expressed as
kr
PI num = × CF
Bµ

CF is called the connection factor and is equal to

2π K H
CF =
r
Ln b + S + Cte

Reminder rw

The Connection Factor depends on the size of the grid

The Connection factor does not depend on pressure and saturation
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85 Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

Wells’ Flowing Pressure Match

Isotropic Reservoir – Square Grid

rw,b = 0.20 ∆x

Isotropic Reservoir – Rectangular Grid

rw,b = 0.14 ∆x 2 + ∆y 2

Anisotropic Reservoir – Rectangular Grid

(k y k x ) ∆x 2 + (k x k y ) ∆y 2
12 12

rw,b = 0.28
(k y k x ) + (k x k y )
14 14
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86 Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

 Wells’ Flowing Pressure Match

Connection Factor
K DZ
CF = 8.257 ×10-3
r
(UPF)
Ln w,b + Smod
rw
K = kxk y ; DZ = Cell Height
rw,b = Equivalent well cell radius ; rw = well radius

Equivalent well cell radius (Peaceman formula)

12 12
 ky  k 
  DX 2 +  x  DY 2
k 
 kx   y
rw,b = 0.28 14 14
 ky  k 
  +  x
k 
 kx   y
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87 Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

Saturation Match

Wells’ GOR & Water Cut

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88 Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

© IFP
Data to Match:
Match: Flow Rates at Well (Mono Cell)

Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

89

Data to Match:
Match: Flow Rates at Well (mono cell)

Flow Rates
Mo  Mg M  M
Qo = × CF × ∆Pnum ; Qg =  + Rs o  × CF × ∆Pnum ; Q w = w × CF × ∆Pnum
Bo B 
Bo  Bw
 g
--------- -
Q o , Q g , Q w = Oil, Gas and Water Flowrate
M o , M g , M w = Oil, Gas and Water Mobility
Bo , Bg , B w = Oil, Gas and Water Volume factor
CF = Connection Factor ; ∆Pnum = Numerical Drawdown

GOR and Water Cuts

Qg M g Bg Qw M w Bw
GOR = = Rs + ; WCUT = =
Qo M o Bo Q o + Q w M o Bo + M w B w

GOR and water-cut depend only on mobility at wells

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90
© IFP
Data to Match:
Match: Flow Rates at Well (multi cell)

Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

91

Data to Match:
Match: Flow Rates at Well (multi cell)

Flow Rates
n
M o, k n M g,k n
M w,k
Qo = ∑ CFk × (Pk − Pf ) ; Q g = Rs × Q o + ∑ CFk × (Pk − Pf ) ; Qw = ∑ CFk × (Pk − Pf )
k =1 Bo, k k =1 Bg, k k =1 B w,k
----------
Q o , Q g , Q w = Oil, Gas and Water Flowrate
M o,k , M g,k , M w,k = Oil, Gas and Water Mobility in cell " k"
PI k = Well Productivity Index in cell " k"
Pk = Reservoir Pressure in cell " k" ; Pf = Flowing Pressure

GOR and Water Cuts

n n

∑ (M
k =1
g, k Bg,k )× CFk × (Pk − Pf ) ∑ (M
k =1
w, k B w,k )× CFk × (Pk − Pf )
GOR = Rs + n
; WCUT = n

∑ (M
k =1
o, k Bo,k )× CFk × (Pk − Pf ) ∑ (M
k =1
o, k Bo,k + M w,k B w,k )× CF × (Pk − Pf )

GOR & water-cut depend on CF, mobility and pressure at well cells
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 Saturation Match

End Point Scaling

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93 Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

SCAL Normalization / Denormalization

SCAL Normalization

Sw − Swc Sg
S*w = ; S*g =
1 − Swc − Sorw 1 − Swc − Sorg
Kr Pc
Kr * = ; Pc* =
Krmax Pc max

SCAL Denormalization

Sw = Swc + (1 − Swc − Sorw )× S*w ; Sg = (1 − Swc − Sorg )× S*g

Kr = Krmax × Kr * ; Pc = Pc max × Pc*

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94 Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

© IFP
SCAL Normalization / Denormalization

95 Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

SCAL Normalization / Denormalization

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96 Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

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End Point Scaling : Two Points Scaling

97 Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

End point scaling : Two points scaling

Principle

Main data

Unscaled Kr Scaled Kr
SW KRW KRO PC SW KRW KRO PC
Connate Water Sat. Swirr 0 Kromax Pc max SWL 0 KRO PCW
Critical Water Sat. Swcr 0 Kror * SWCR 0 KROR *
Maximum Water Sat. Swmax Krwmax 0 0 SWU KRW 0 0
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98 Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

 © IFP
End Point Scaling : Three Points Scaling

99 Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.

End point scaling : Three points scaling

Principle

Main data

Unscaled Kr Scaled Kr
SW KRW KRO PC SW KRW KRO PC
Connate Water Sat. Swirr 0 Kromax Pc max SWL 0 KRO PCW
Critical Water Sat. Swcr 0 Kror * SWCR 0 KROR *
Residual oil Sat. 1-Sorw Krwr 0 * SWOCR KRWR 0 *

Maximum Water Sat. Swmax Krwmax 0 0 SWU KRW 0 0

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100 Reservoir Simulation Introduction to H.M. - E.M.