CHAPTER 3 ARTS, SCIENCES, TECHNOLOGY,

MEDICINE, CULTURE, MUSIC AND EVEN

THE TOURISM SYSTEM
BASIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF
TOURISM
1. Institutional Approach
-BUSINESS SIDE OF TOURISM.
INSTITUTIONS THAT OPERATE UNDER
THE TOURISM INDUSTRY SUCH AS
TRAVEL AGENCIES, HOTELS, AIRLINES
ETC. RISK FACTORS AND OPERATIONAL
METHODS
2. Historical Approach
-DEVELOPMENTAL MANNER. OBSERVES
THE INDUSTRY AS IT STARTS AND
EVEOLVES THROUGH TIME
3. Managerial Approach
-MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES LIKE
PLANNING, RESEARCH, ADVERTISING,
PRICING, CONTROL AND OTHER
OPERATIONS
4. Economic Approach
-CONTRIBUTION OF TOURISM TO THE
NATIONAL ECONOMY IS MEASURED
AND MONITORED. ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT AND FINANCES
POLITICS
7. Systems Approach
-BRING TOGETHER DIFFERENT
COMPONENTS OR PARTS THAT ARE
SOMEHOW LINKED TO EACH OTHER BY
COMMON PRINCIPLE/GROUP. IT
SIMPLIFIES COMPLEX IDEAS AND
PRESENT THEM IN AN
ORGANIZED/SYNTHESIZED MANNER
8. Geographical or Demographic Approach
-ENVIRONMENT AND THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF PEOPLE. RURAL
OR URBAN SETTING, MOUNTAINOUS
OR COASTAL, DEVELOPING, HIGLY
DEVELOPED OR UNDERDEVELOPED.
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, AGE
GROUP, POPULATION SIZE
9. Product Approach
-PRODUCT OF TOURISM, COMPONENTS
AND COMPATIBILITY TO TOURISTS
PREFEFENCES. COMPONENTS INCLUDES
THE 5 A’s

5. Sociological Approach

-HOST-GUEST INTERACTIONS.
BEHAVIOUR OF TOURISTS, COMMUNITY
THAT RECEIVES THE TOURISTS AND
EFFECTS OF VISITORS TO COMMUNITY.
IMPACT OF TOURISM TO THE
COMMUNITY BASED ON BEHAVIOUR,
HABITS, TRADITIONS AND CUSTOMS

6. Interdisciplinary Approach

-FUSION OF DIFFERENT FIELDS THAT

CROSS AND BROUGHT TOGETHER IN
ORDER TO BRING ABOUT TOURISM.
LEIPER’S MODEL: THE TOURISM MODEL  Discomfort reliability

 Attractions

 Stopover points

 Security

Tourist Destination Regions (TDRs)

Features and Conditions

 Attractions

 Accessibility

 Tolerance

 Security

 Life-support and comfort systems

Explanation:  Cost and benefit advantage

TGRs are the places where trips begin, where  Information diffusion
people who will later be described or counted
GOELDNER & RITCHIE’S FRAMEWORK ON THE
as tourists start their journey.
TOURISM SYSTEM
TR This is an intermediate zone where the
-A complex diagram that detailed the different
principal travel activity of tourism occurs,
components and the relationships of the
distinct from visit activity in destinations.
tourism phenomenon
An efficient TR is a path where access is easy
Components of Tourism Phenomenon
for large numbers of travelers.
 Tourists
TDR A person chooses to stay a while in order
to experience some feature or characteristic.  Natural resources and environment
Transit Routes (TR)  Built environment
Factors affecting tourism as per Leiper:  Operating sectors
 Travel Time  Public and private sector
 Fares and other travel costs  Catalyst, planning, development,
promotion and management
 Availability of a carrier and other transport
organizations
facilities

 Capacity

 Frequency of services on public carriers

 Changes in transit