2019–20 coronavirus pandemic

The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic is an

ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019
2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
(COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2). The
outbreak was identified in Wuhan, China, in
December 2019.[4] The World Health
Organization declared the outbreak a Public
Health Emergency of International Concern on 30
January, and a pandemic on 11 March.[6][7] As of
28 April 2020, more than 3.08 million cases of
COVID-19 have been reported in 185 countries
and territories, resulting in more than 213,000 Map of confirmed cases per capita as of 28 April 2020
deaths. More than 915,000 people have 5,000+ confirmed cases per million
recovered.[5] 2,000–5,000 confirmed cases per million

The virus is primarily spread between people 500–2,000 confirmed cases per million
during close contact,[c] often via small droplets 200–500 confirmed cases per million
produced by coughing,[d] sneezing, or 50–200 confirmed cases per million
talking.[8][9][11] The droplets usually fall to the
>0–50 confirmed cases per million
ground or onto surfaces rather than remaining in
the air over long distances.[8][12][13] People may No confirmed cases or no data
also become infected by touching a contaminated
Total confirmed cases map
surface and then touching their face.[8][9] In
experimental settings, the virus may survive on
surfaces for up to 72 hours.[14][15][16] It is most
contagious during the first three days after the
onset of symptoms, although spread may be
possible before symptoms appear and in later
stages of the disease.[17]

Common symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue,

shortness of breath, and loss of smell.[8][18][19]
Complications may include pneumonia and acute
respiratory distress syndrome.[20] The time from
exposure to onset of symptoms is typically around
five days, but may range from two to fourteen
days.[21][22] There is no known vaccine or specific
antiviral treatment.[8] Primary treatment is
symptomatic and supportive therapy.[23]
Map of total confirmed cases as of 27 April 2020
1,000,000+ confirmed cases
100,000–999,999 confirmed cases
10,000–99,999 confirmed cases
1,000–9,999 confirmed cases
100–999 confirmed cases

Recommended preventive measures include hand 1–99 confirmed cases

washing, covering one's mouth when coughing, No confirmed cases or no data
maintaining distance from other people, wearing a
face mask in public settings, and monitoring and Confirmed deaths per capita map
self-isolation for people who suspect they are
infected.[8][24] Authorities worldwide have
responded by implementing travel restrictions,
quarantines, curfews and stay-at-home orders,
workplace hazard controls, and facility closures.
Many organizations have also worked to increase
testing capacity and trace contacts of infected
persons. There is no evidence that recovered
people are immune, and multiple patients have
tested positive again after recovery.[25][26]
Map of confirmed deaths per capita as of
The pandemic has caused severe global 26 April 2020
socioeconomic disruption,[27] including the largest 100+ confirmed deaths per million
global recession since the Great Depression.[28] It
10–100 confirmed deaths per million
has led to the postponement or cancellation of
sporting, religious, political and cultural 1–10 confirmed deaths per million
events,[29] widespread supply shortages 0.1–1 confirmed deaths per million
exacerbated by panic buying, [30][31] and decreased >0–0.1 confirmed deaths per million
emissions of pollutants and greenhouse
No confirmed deaths or no data
gases.[32][33] Schools, universities and colleges are
closed either on a nationwide or local basis in 194 Confirmed cases per capita
countries, currently affecting approximately 98.5 interactive timeline
per cent of the world's student population.[34]
Misinformation about the virus has spread
online,[35] and there have been incidents of
xenophobia and discrimination against Chinese
people and against those perceived as being
Chinese, or as being from areas with high
infection rates.[36][37][38]

Contents
Timeline map of confirmed cases per capita
Epidemiology (drag circle to adjust; may not work on mobile)
Cases See larger version
Deaths 1000+ confirmed cases per million
Duration 100–1000 confirmed cases per million
Signs and symptoms 10–100 confirmed cases per million
Cause >0–10 confirmed cases per million
Transmission No confirmed cases or no data
Virology
Diagnosis
Viral testing
Imaging
Prevention
Hand washing
Surface cleaning
Face masks and respiratory hygiene
Social distancing
 Self-isolation
Management
Containment and mitigation
Health care
Treatment
History
National responses
Asia
Europe (clockwise from top)

North America Hospitalised patients in Tehran · Disinfection vehicles in

Taipei · Low stocks at an Australian supermarket due to
South America
panic buying · Health checks at Linate Airport in Milan ·
Africa
The Italian government's outbreak task force
Oceania
International responses Disease Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-
Travel restrictions 19)
Evacuation of foreign citizens Virus strain Severe acute respiratory syndrome
International aid coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2)[a]
WHO response measures Source Likely bats, possibly via
Economic and social policy responses pangolins[2][3]
Impact Location Worldwide (list of locations)
Politics First outbreak China[4]
Education
Index case Wuhan, Hubei, China
Socioeconomics
30°37′11″N 114°15′28″E
Culture
Date 1 December 2019[4] – present
Environment and climate
(4 months and 4 weeks)
Xenophobia and racism
Confirmed 3,083,467[5][b]
Information dissemination
cases
Misinformation
Active cases 1,953,655[5]
See also
Recovered 915,988[5]
Notes
Deaths 213,824[5]
References
Territories 185[5]
External links
Health agencies
Directories
Data and graphs
Medical journals

Play media
Video summary (script) on the coronavirus disease
Epidemiology
Health authorities in
Wuhan, Hubei, China,
reported a cluster of
pneumonia cases of
unknown cause on 31
December 2019,[321][322]
and an investigation was
launched in early January
2020.[323] These cases
mostly had links to the
Huanan Seafood
Wholesale Market and so
the virus is thought to
have a zoonotic
origin. [324] The virus that
caused the outbreak is
known as SARS‑CoV‑2, a
newly discovered virus
closely related to bat
coronaviruses,[325]
pangolin
coronaviruses,[326][327]
and SARS-CoV.[328] The
analysis of of
SARS‑CoV‑2 RNA
sequence found no
evidence that the virus
was made in a laboratory
or engineered.[329][330]

According to the initial

reports by Chinese
government, the earliest
known patient had onset
of symptom on
8 December 2019,
meaning that the first
human infections took
place in November 2019
because of the incubation
period[331] The case had
no visible connections
with the later wet market
cluster.[331][332] Of the
early cluster of cases
reported that month, two-
thirds were found to have
a link with the
market. [333][334][335] On
13 March 2020, South 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic by country and territory
China Morning Post
reported that a 55-year-
old from Hubei has been Countries and territories[e] Cases[b] Deaths[f] Recov.[g] Ref.
the first person to contract
225 3,083,467 213,824 915,988 [5]
Covid-19 on 17
November 2019, and one United States[h] 1,026,634 58,412 116,979 [45]

to five new cases have Spain 210,773 23,822 102,548 [46]

been reported to Chinese Italy 201,505 27,359 68,941 [47][48]

government each day United Kingdom[i] 161,145 21,678 — [50]

since then.[336][337] Germany[j] 159,239 6,177 110,041 [51][52]

France[k] 129,859 23,660 46,886 [53]

Turkey 114,653 2,992 38,809 [54]

Cases Russia[l] 93,558 867 8,456 [55]

Iran 92,584 5,877 72,439 [56]

Cases refers to the China[m] 82,836 4,633 77,555 [57]
number of people who Brazil 68,188 4,674 31,142 [58][59]
have been tested for Canada 49,816 2,852 19,050 [60]
COVID-19, and whose Belgium[n] 47,334 7,331 10,943 [62]
test has been confirmed
Netherlands[o] 38,416 4,566 — [64]
positive according to [65]
India 29,974 937 7,027
official protocols.[338] As [66][67]
Switzerland 29,264 1,380 22,200
of 23 April, the countries [68][69]
Peru 28,699 782 8,425
that made public their [70]
Portugal 24,322 948 1,389
testing data have on [71][72]
Ecuador 24,258 871 1,557
average performed a
Saudi Arabia 20,077 152 2,784 [73]
number of tests equal to
Ireland 19,877 1,159 9,233 [74]
only 1.3 per cent of their [47][75]
Sweden 19,621 2,355 1,005
population, while no
country has tested Israel[p] 15,589 208 7,375 [76]

Mexico 15,529 1,434 2,627 [77]

samples equal to more
Austria 15,256 569 12,580 [78][79]
than 13.4 per cent of its
Singapore 14,951 14 1,128 [80][81]
population.[339] Many
Pakistan 14,612 312 3,233 [82]
countries have had official
policies to not test those Chile[q] 14,365 207 7,710 [88]

with only mild Japan[r] 13,895 413 3,187 [89][90]

[340][341] Poland 12,218 596 2,655 [47][91]
symptoms. An
Belarus 12,208 79 1,993 [92]
analysis of the early phase
Qatar 11,921 10 1,134 [93]
of the outbreak up to 23
Romania 11,616 650 3,404 [94][95]
January estimated 86 per
United Arab Emirates 11,380 89 2,181 [96]
cent of COVID-19
South Korea 10,752 244 8,854 [97]
infections had not been
Indonesia 9,511 773 1,254 [98]
detected, and that these
undocumented infections Ukraine[s] 9,410 239 992 [99]

were the source for 79 per Denmark[t] 8,851 434 6,121 [100]

cent of documented Serbia[u] 8,497 168 1,260 [101]

cases.[342] Several other Philippines 7,958 530 975 [102]

studies, using a variety of Norway[v] 7,599 205 — [105]

methods, have estimated Czech Republic 7,486 225 2,942 [106]

that numbers of infections Australia[w] 6,731 84 5,626 [107]

Bangladesh 6,462 155 139 [108]

in many countries are
Dominican Republic 6,416 286 1,165 [109]
 Panama 6,021 167 455 [110]
likely to be considerably
greater than the reported Malaysia 5,851 100 4,032 [111]

cases.[343][344] Colombia 5,597 253 1,210 [112]

Egypt[x] 5,042 359 1,304 [113]

On 9 April 2020, South Africa 4,996 93 2,073 [114]
preliminary results found Finland[y] 4,740 199 2,800 [115]
that 15 per cent of people Morocco[z] 4,252 165 778 [118][119]
tested in Gangelt, the Argentina[aa] 3,990 197 1,129 [121]
centre of a major infection Luxembourg 3,741 89 3,123 [122]
cluster in Germany, tested Algeria 3,649 437 1,651 [123][124]
positive for Moldova[ab] 3,638 104 975 [125]
antibodies.[345] Screening Kuwait 3,440 23 1,176 [126][127]
for COVID-19 in Kazakhstan 3,027 25 774 [128]
pregnant women in New Thailand 2,938 54 2,652 [129]
York City, and blood Bahrain 2,810 8 1,246 [130]
donors in the Netherlands, Hungary 2,649 291 516 [131]
has also found a number Greece 2,534 136 577 [132][133]
of positive tests that may Oman 2,131 10 364 [134]
indicate infections may be Croatia 2,047 63 1,232 [135]

higher than Uzbekistan 1,939 8 958 [136]

reported. [346][347] Iraq 1,928 90 1,319 [137]

However, such antibody Armenia 1,867 30 866 [138]

surveys can be unreliable Afghanistan 1,828 58 228 [139]

due to a selection bias in Iceland 1,795 10 1,636 [140]

who volunteers to take the Azerbaijan[ac] 1,717 22 1,221 [141]

tests, and due to false Cameroon 1,705 58 805 [142]

positives. Some results Estonia 1,660 50 240 [143]

(such as the Gangelt Bosnia & Herzegovina 1,585 63 682 [144]

study) have received Ghana 1,550 11 155 [145]

substantial press coverage Lithuania 1,449 41 474 [146]

without first passing Cuba[ad] 1,437 58 575 [147]

through peer review.[348] North Macedonia 1,421 71 589 [148][149]

Slovenia 1,408 86 223 [150][151]

Analysis by age in China Puerto Rico 1,400 86 — [152][45]

indicates that a relatively Bulgaria 1,399 58 222 [153]

low proportion of cases Slovakia 1,384 20 423 [154]

occur in individuals under Nigeria 1,337 40 255 [155]

20.[349] However, it is not Ivory Coast 1,164 14 499 [156][157]

yet clear whether this is Guinea 1,163 7 246 [158]

because young people are New Zealand[ae] 1,124 19 1,214 [159]
actually less likely to be Hong Kong 1,038 4 787 [160]
infected, or less likely to Djibouti 1,035 2 477 [161]
develop serious Bolivia 1,014 53 98 [162]
symptoms, and thus seek Tunisia 967 39 279 [163]
medical attention and be Cyprus[af] 837 15 148 [164]
tested.[350] Latvia 836 13 267 [47][165]

Senegal 823 9 296 [166]

Initial estimates of the [167]
Kosovo 780 22 201
basic reproduction [168]
Albania 750 30 431
number (R0) for COVID- [169]
Andorra 743 40 385
19 in January were [170]
Lebanon 717 24 145
between 1.4 and 2.5,[351] [171]
Kyrgyzstan 708 8 416
 Honduras 702 64 73 [172]
but a subsequent analysis
Niger 701 29 385 [173]
has concluded that it may
Costa Rica 697 6 287 [174]
be about 5.7 (with a 95-
per-cent confidence Burkina Faso 632 42 453 [175]

interval of 3.8 to 8.9).[352] Uruguay[ag] 620 15 386 [176]

Sri Lanka 619 7 134 [177]

San Marino 538 41 64 [178]

Guatemala 530 15 49 [179]

Somalia[ah] 528 28 19 [180]

Georgia[ai] 511 6 168 [181]

Palestine 501 2 71 [182]

DR Congo[aj] 471 30 56 [183]

Malta 458 4 303 [184][185]

Jordan 449 7 342 [186]

Taiwan[ak] 429 6 307 [188]

Mali 424 24 122 [189]

Jamaica 364 7 29 [190]

Kenya 374 14 124 [191]

El Salvador 345 8 97 [192]

Mauritius 334 9 302 [193]

Venezuela 329 10 142 [194]

Montenegro 321 7 189 [195]

Sudan 318 25 31 [196]

Equatorial Guinea 315 1 9 [197]

Isle of Man[al] 308 20 248 [198]

Tanzania 299 10 48 [199]

Jersey 284 20 185 [200]

Vietnam 270 0 222 [201]

Maldives 250 0 17 [202][203]

Guernsey 247 13 191 [204]

Paraguay 230 9 95 [205]

Gabon 211 3 43 [206]

Congo[am] 207 8 19 [207]

Rwanda 207 0 93 [208][209]

Faroe Islands 187 0 181 [210]

Myanmar 149 5 16 [211]

Gibraltar 141 0 131 [212]

Liberia 141 16 45 [213][214]

Guam[an] 141 5 128 [45][215]

Brunei 138 1 124 [216][217]

Madagascar 128 0 71 [218]

Ethiopia 126 3 50 [219]

Cambodia 122 0 119 [220]

Trinidad & Tobago 116 8 59 [221]

Cape Verde 113 1 2 [222]

Bermuda 110 6 44 [223]

Northern Cyprus[ao] 108 3 52 [224]

Sierra Leone 104 4 12 [225]

Aruba 100 2 73 [226]

Togo 99 6 62 [227]

Monaco 95 4 42 [228]

Zambia 89 3 42 [229]
Liechtenstein 82 1 55 [230][231]

Bahamas 80 11 22 [232]

Barbados 80 6 39 [233]

Uganda 79 0 47 [234][235]

Mozambique 76 0 9 [236]

Sint Maarten 75 13 33 [237]

Guyana 74 8 12 [238]

Haiti 74 6 7 [239]

Guinea-Bissau 73 1 18 [240]

Cayman Islands 70 1 10 [241]

Donetsk PR[ap] 67 1 2 [242]

Eswatini 65 1 10 [243]

Benin 64 1 33 [244]

Libya 61 2 18 [245]

French Polynesia 57 0 43 [246]

U.S. Virgin Islands 57 4 51 [247]

Chad 52 2 19 [248]

Nepal 52 0 16 [249][250]

Central African Republic 50 0 10 [251]

Luhansk PR[ap] 48 0 7 [252]

Macau 45 0 32 [253]

Syria[aq] 43 3 19 [254]

Eritrea 39 0 11 [255]

Mongolia 38 0 9 [256]

Malawi 36 3 5 [257]

Zimbabwe 31 4 5 [258]

Angola 27 2 6 [259]

East Timor 24 0 2 [260]

Antigua & Barbuda 23 3 3 [261]

Botswana 22 1 0 [262]

Laos 19 0 4 [263]

Belize 18 2 5 [264]

Fiji 18 0 12 [265]

Grenada 18 0 7 [266]

New Caledonia 18 0 17 [267]

Curaçao 16 1 12 [268]

Dominica 16 0 13 [269]

Namibia 16 0 8 [270][271]

Saint Kitts & Nevis 15 0 2 [272]

Saint Lucia 15 0 15 [273]

Saint Vincent[ar] 15 0 5 [274]

Northern Mariana Islands 14 2 11 [275]

Falkland Islands 13 0 11 [276]

Nicaragua 13 3 7 [47][277]

Turks & Caicos Islands 12 1 5 [278]

Åland Islands 11 0 0 [279]

Burundi 11 1 4 [280]

Greenland 11 0 11 [281]

Montserrat 11 0 2 [282]

Seychelles 11 0 7 [283]

The Gambia 10 1 8 [284]

Suriname 10 1 7 [285]
 Vatican City 10 0 2 [286]

Papua New Guinea 8 0 0 [287]

Artsakh[as] 7 0 0 [288]

Bhutan 7 0 5 [289]

Mauritania 7 1 6 [290]

British Virgin Islands 6 1 3 [291]

Somaliland[at] 6 0 1 [292]

South Sudan 6 0 0 [293]

São Tomé & Príncipe 4 0 0 [294]

Abkhazia[au] 3 0 2 [295][296]

Anguilla 3 0 3 [297]

Bonaire 2 0 1 [298]

Saba 2 0 0 [299]

Sint Eustatius 2 0 1 [300]

Saint Pierre & Miquelon 1 0 0 [301]

Yemen 1 0 1 [302]

International conveyances
Charles de Gaulle[av] 1,081 0 0 [303]

USS Theodore Roosevelt[an] 856 1 112 [307]

Diamond Princess [r] 712 13 651 [89][308]

Costa Atlantica 148 0 0 [309]

Greg Mortimer [ag] 128 0 — [310]

USS Kidd 47 0 0 [307]

MS Zaandam[aw] 13 4 — [313][314]

Coral Princess [ax] 12 2 — [316]

HNLMS Dolfijn [ay] 8 0 — [317]

Leopold I 1 0 0 [320]
As of 20:17, Tuesday, April 28, 2020 (UTC) · History of cases: China, international
For notes, see the Notes section.
Total confirmed cases of COVID-19 per Epidemic curve of COVID-19 by date of
million people[353] report

Semi-log graph showing the total Semi-log plot of daily new cases of Covid-19
(cumulative) number of confirmed cases (three-day average) in the world and top five
from the first reported date for the ten countries (mean with deaths)
most affected countries[354]

Semi-log plot of cases in some countries Daily confirmed cases per million by
with high growth rates (post-China) with country[355]
three-day projections based on the
exponential growth rates
 Linear plot of worldwide COVID-19 cases, COVID-19 total cases per 100 000
recoveries, and deaths[356] population from selected countries[357]

Deaths

Most people who contract COVID-19 recover. For those who do not, the time between the onset of
symptoms and death ranges between 6 and 41 days, typically about 14 days.[358] As of 28 April 2020,
approximately 213,000[5] deaths had been attributed to COVID-19. In China, as of 5 February, about 80 per
cent of deaths were recorded in those aged over 60, and 75 per cent had pre-existing health conditions
including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.[359]

The first confirmed death was in Wuhan on 9 January 2020.[360] The first death outside China occurred on
1 February in the Philippines,[361] and the first death outside Asia was in France on 14 February.[362]

Official deaths from the COVID-19 generally refer to people who died after testing positive according to
official protocols. This may ignore deaths of people who die without testing, e.g. at home or in nursing
homes.[363] Conversely, deaths of people who had underlying conditions may lead to overcounting.[364]
Comparison of statistics for deaths for all causes versus the seasonal average indicates excess mortality in
many countries including most European countries, [365] [366] China,[367] the U.S.,[368] Iran,[369]
Russia,[370] and Brazil.[371] In the worst affected areas, mortality has been several times higher than
average. In New York City, deaths have been four times higher than average, in Paris twice as high, and in
many European countries deaths have been on average 20 to 30 per cent higher than normal.[365]

Several measures are commonly used to quantify mortality.[372] These numbers vary by region and over
time, and are influenced by the volume of testing, healthcare system quality, treatment options, time since
initial outbreak, and population characteristics, such as age, sex, and overall health.[373] Some countries
(like Belgium) include deaths from suspected cases of COVID-19, whether or not the person was tested,
resulting in higher numbers when compared to countries that include only test-confirmed cases.[374]

The death-to-case ratio reflects the number of deaths attributed to COVID-19 divided by the number of
diagnosed cases within a given time interval. Based on Johns Hopkins University statistics, the global death-
to-case ratio is 6.9 per cent (213,824 deaths for 3,083,467 cases) as of 28 April 2020.[5] The number varies
by region.[375]

Other measures include the case fatality rate (CFR), which reflects the percentage of diagnosed people who
die from a disease, and the infection fatality rate (IFR), which reflects the percentage of infected (diagnosed
and undiagnosed) who die from a disease. These statistics are not timebound and follow a specific
population from infection through case resolution. Our World in Data states that as of 25 March 2020 the
IFR cannot be accurately calculated.[376] The World Health Organization estimated the IFR at 0.37 per cent
to 2.9 per cent.[377] The University of Oxford's Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) estimates a
global CFR of 0.72 per cent and IFR of 0.1 per cent to 0.36 per cent.[378] According to CEBM, random
antibody testing in Germany suggests an IFR of 0.37 per cent.[378]

Total confirmed deaths due to COVID-19 per

million people[379]

Semi-log plot of daily deaths due to Covid-19 (three-day

average) in the world and top five countries (mean with
cases)
Case fatality rate of COVID-19 by country and
confirmed cases

Ongoing case fatality rate of COVID-19 by country

 COVID-19 deaths per 100 000 population from
selected countries[380]

Duration

The WHO said on 11 March 2020 the pandemic could be controlled.[7] The peak and ultimate duration of
the outbreak are uncertain and may differ by location. Maciej Boni of Penn State University said, "Left
unchecked, infectious outbreaks typically plateau and then start to decline when the disease runs out of
available hosts. But it's almost impossible to make any sensible projection right now about when that will
be".[381] The Chinese government's senior medical adviser Zhong Nanshan argued that "it could be over by
June" if all countries can be mobilised to follow the WHO's advice on measures to stop the spread of the
virus.[381] On 17 March, Adam Kucharski of the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine said
SARS‑CoV‑2 "is going to be circulating, potentially for a year or two".[382] According to the Imperial
College study led by Neil Ferguson, physical distancing and other measures will be required "until a vaccine
becomes available (potentially 18 months or more)".[383] William Schaffner of Vanderbilt University said, "I
think it's unlikely that this coronavirus—because it's so readily transmissible—will disappear completely"
and it "might turn into a seasonal disease, making a comeback every year". The virulence of the comeback
would depend on herd immunity and the extent of mutation.[384]

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of COVID-19 can be relatively non-
specific and infected people may be asymptomatic.
The two most common symptoms are fever (88 per
cent) and dry cough (68 per cent). Less common
symptoms include fatigue, respiratory sputum
production (phlegm), loss of the sense of smell
(initially estimated at 30 per cent[386] but later at
only 15 per cent[387]), shortness of breath, muscle
and joint pain, sore throat, headache, chills,
vomiting, hemoptysis, and diarrhea.[388][18] Symptoms of COVID-19[385]
The WHO says approximately one person in five becomes seriously ill and has difficulty breathing.[8] The
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists emergency symptoms as difficulty breathing,
persistent chest pain or pressure, sudden confusion, difficulty waking, and bluish face or lips; immediate
medical attention is advised if these symptoms are present.[19]

Further development of the disease can lead to potentially fatal complications including pneumonia, acute
respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, septic shock, and kidney failure.[389]

Some of those infected may be asymptomatic, with no clinical symptoms but test results that confirm
infection, so researchers have issued advice that those with close contact to confirmed infected people
should be closely monitored and examined to rule out infection.[390] Chinese estimates of the asymptomatic
ratio range from few to 44 per cent.[391] The usual incubation period (the time between infection and
symptom onset) ranges from one to 14 days; it is most commonly five days.[392][8]

Cause

Transmission

Some details about how the disease is spread are still being
determined.[9] The disease is believed to be primarily spread during
close contact and by small droplets produced during coughing,
sneezing, or talking;[8][9][11] with close contact being within 1 to
2 metres (3 to 6 feet).[8][9] Both sputum and saliva can carry large
viral loads.[393] Studies have found that an uncovered cough can
lead to droplets travelling up to 4.5 metres (15 feet) to 11.4 metres
(37 feet).[394][395][10] Some have proposed the virus may also be Respiratory droplets, produced
transmitted by small droplets that stay for more prolonged periods in during a sneeze
the air, as may be generated during speech.[396]

These small droplets are also produced during breathing out,

including when talking, although they usually fall to the ground or
surfaces, as opposed to being infectious over large distances.[8][397]
The droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are
nearby or possibly be inhaled into the lungs.[398] Some medical
procedures such as intubation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation
(CPR) may cause respiratory secretions to be aerosolised and thus
result in airborne spread.[397] It may also spread when one touches a Play media
contaminated surface, including skin, and then touches their eyes, A video discussing the basic
nose, or mouth.[8] While there are concerns it may spread by faeces, reproduction number and case
this risk is believed to be low.[8][9] The Government of China denied fatality rate in the context of the
pandemic
the possibility of faecal–oral transmission of SARS‑CoV‑2.[399]

The virus is most contagious during the first three days after onset of
symptoms, although spread has been reported before symptoms appear and in later stages of the
disease.[9][400][401] There have been reports of transmission during the three days preceding symptoms.[401]
During this period, people have also tested positive for the disease, suggesting transmission is possible
before symptoms develop.[400][401][402] Laboratory-confirmed asymptomatic cases have been detected.[401]
The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) says while it is not entirely clear how
easily the disease spreads, one person generally infects two to three others.[11]
The virus survives for hours to days on surfaces.[11][403] Specifically, the virus was found to be detectable
for up to three days on plastic (polypropylene) and 304 stainless steel, for one day on cardboard, and for up
to four hours on copper.[14] This, however, varies based on the humidity and temperature.[404]

Pets and other animals have tested positive for COVID-19.[405] There is no evidence animals can pass the
virus on to humans,[406] though British authorities advise washing one's hands after contact with animals,
like after contact with other potentially contaminated surfaces.[407][408]

Virology

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a

novel virus, first isolated from three people with pneumonia
connected to the cluster of acute respiratory illness cases in
Wuhan.[328] All features of the novel SARS‑CoV‑2 virus occur in
related coronaviruses in nature.[409]

SARS‑CoV‑2 is closely related to SARS‑CoV, and is thought to

have a zoonotic origin.[325] SARS‑CoV‑2 genetically clusters with
the genus Betacoronavirus, and is 96 per cent identical at the whole
genome level to other bat coronavirus samples[388] and 92 per cent Illustration of SARSr‑CoV virion
identical to pangolin coronavirus.[410]

Diagnosis
COVID-19 can be provisionally diagnosed on the basis of symptoms
and confirmed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
(rRT-PCR) testing of infected secretions or CT imaging of the
chest.[411][412]

Viral testing

The standard test for current infection with SARS-CoV-2 uses RNA
testing of respiratory secretions collected using a nasopharyngeal
swab, though it is possible to test other samples. This test uses real-
Demonstration of a swab for COVID- time rRT-PCR which detects presence of viral RNA fragments.[413]
19 testing
A number of laboratories and companies are developing serological
tests, which detect antibodies produced by the body in response to
infection.[414] As of 6 April 2020, none of these has been proved sufficiently accurate to be approved for
widespread use.[415]

Imaging

Characteristic imaging features on chest radiographs and computed tomography (CT) of people who are
symptomatic include asymmetric peripheral ground-glass opacities without pleural effusions.[416] The
Italian Radiological Society is compiling an international online database of imaging findings for confirmed
cases.[417] Due to overlap with other infections such as adenovirus, imaging without confirmation by rRT-
PCR is of limited specificity in identifying COVID-19.[416] A large
study in China compared chest CT results to PCR and demonstrated
that though imaging is less specific for the infection, it is faster and
more sensitive.[412]

Prevention
Strategies for preventing transmission of the disease include
maintaining overall good personal hygiene, washing hands, avoiding A CT scan of the chest of a person
touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands, and with COVID‑19. It shows light
coughing or sneezing into a tissue and putting the tissue directly into patches in the lungs.
a waste container. Those who may already have the infection have
been advised to wear a surgical mask in
public.[418][419] Physical distancing measures are also
recommended to prevent transmission.[420][421] Health
care providers taking care of someone who may be
infected are recommended to use standard precautions,
contact precautions, and eye protection.[422]

Many governments have restricted or advised against

all non-essential travel to and from countries and areas
affected by the outbreak.[423] However, the virus is
already spreading within communities in large parts of
the world, with many not knowing where or how they
were infected.[398]

Misconceptions are circulating about how to prevent

infection; for example, rinsing the nose and gargling
with mouthwash are not effective.[424] There is no
COVID-19 vaccine, though many organisations are
working to develop one.[425]

Hand washing

Hand washing is recommended to prevent the spread Infographic by the United States CDC, describing
of the disease. The CDC recommends that people how to stop the spread of germs
wash hands often with soap and water for at least
twenty seconds, especially after going to the toilet or
when hands are visibly dirty; before eating; and after blowing one's nose, coughing, or sneezing. This is
because outside the human body, the virus is killed by household soap, which bursts its protective
bubble.[24] CDC further recommended using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser with at least 60 per cent
alcohol by volume when soap and water are not readily available.[418] The WHO advises people to avoid
touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.[419][426]

Surface cleaning

Surfaces may be decontaminated with a number of solutions (within one minute of exposure to the
disinfectant for a stainless steel surface), including 62–71 per cent ethanol, 50–100 per cent isopropanol, 0.1
per cent sodium hypochlorite, 0.5 per cent hydrogen peroxide, and 0.2–7.5 per cent povidone-iodine. Other
solutions, such as benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate, are less effective.[427] The CDC
recommends that if a COVID case is suspected or confirmed at a facility such as an office or day care, all
areas such as offices, bathrooms, common areas, shared electronic equipment like tablets, touch screens,
keyboards, remote controls, and ATM machines used by the ill persons, should be disinfected.[428]

Face masks and respiratory hygiene

Health organisations recommended that people cover the mouth and

nose with a bent elbow or a tissue when coughing or sneezing, and
disposing of any tissue immediately.[419] Surgical masks are
recommended for those who may be infected, as wearing a mask can
limit the volume and travel distance of expiratory droplets dispersed
when talking, sneezing, and coughing.[429] The WHO has issued
instructions on when and how to use masks.[429]
Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen
Masks have also been recommended for use by those taking care of
wearing a mask
someone who may have the disease.[429] The WHO has
recommended healthy people wear masks only if they are at high
risk, such as those who are caring for a person with COVID-19.[429]
China and the United States, among other countries, have encouraged the use of face masks or cloth face
coverings more generally by members of the public to limit the spread of the virus by asymptomatic
individuals as a precautionary principle.[430][431][432] Several national and local governments have made
wearing masks mandatory.[431][433][434][435] Varying recommendations for wearing masks have been a
subject of debate.[436]

Social distancing

Social distancing (also known as physical distancing) includes

infection control actions intended to slow the spread of disease by
minimising close contact between individuals. Methods include
quarantines; travel restrictions; and the closing of schools,
workplaces, stadiums, theatres, or shopping centres. Individuals may
apply social distancing methods by staying at home, limiting travel,
avoiding crowded areas, using no-contact greetings, and physically
distancing themselves from others.[419][437] Many governments are
now mandating or recommending social distancing in regions
Physical distancing in Toronto, with
affected by the outbreak.[438][439] The maximum gathering size
limited number of customers allowed
inside the store
recommended by U.S. government bodies and health organisations
was swiftly reduced from 250 people (if there was no known
COVID-19 spread in a region) to 50 people, and later to 10.[440] On
22 March 2020, Germany banned public gatherings of more than two people.[441] A Cochrane review found
that early quarantine with other public health measures are effective in limiting the pandemic, but the best
manner of adopting and relaxing policies are uncertain, as local conditions vary.[442]

Older adults and those with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, respiratory
disease, hypertension, and compromised immune systems face increased risk of serious illness and
complications and have been advised by the CDC to stay home as much as possible in areas of community
outbreak.[443][444]
In late March 2020, the WHO and other health bodies began to
replace the use of the term "social distancing" with "physical
distancing", to clarify that the aim is to reduce physical contact
while maintaining social connections, either virtually or at a
distance. The use of the term "social distancing" had led to
implications that people should engage in complete social isolation,
rather than encouraging them to stay in contact with others through
alternative means.[445][446]
The pandemic in Peru resulted in
Some authorities have issued sexual health guidelines for use during
curfews enforced by the Peruvian
the pandemic. These include recommendations to have sex only with
Armed Forces.
someone you live with, and who does not have the virus or
symptoms of the virus.[447][448]

Self-isolation

Self-isolation at home has been recommended for

those diagnosed with COVID-19 and those who
suspect they have been infected. Health agencies
have issued detailed instructions for proper self-
isolation.[449][450]

Many governments have mandated or

recommended self-quarantine for entire populations
living in affected areas.[451][452] The strongest self-
quarantine instructions have been issued to those in
high risk groups. Those who may have been Transmission of COVID-19 depends on many factors,
exposed to someone with COVID-19 and those most obviously physical distance.
who have recently travelled to a country or region
with widespread transmission have been advised to
self-quarantine for 14 days from the time of last possible exposure.[8][21][453]

Management

Containment and mitigation

Strategies in the control of an outbreak are containment or suppression, and mitigation. Containment is
undertaken in the early stages of the outbreak and aims to trace and isolate those infected as well as
introduce other measures of infection control and vaccinations to stop the disease from spreading to the rest
of the population. When it is no longer possible to contain the spread of the disease, efforts then move to the
mitigation stage: measures are taken to slow the spread and mitigate its effects on the healthcare system and
society. A combination of both containment and mitigation measures may be undertaken at the same
time.[458] Suppression requires more extreme measures so as to reverse the pandemic by reducing the basic
reproduction number to less than 1.[383]

Part of managing an infectious disease outbreak is trying to delay and decrease the epidemic peak, known as
flattening the epidemic curve.[454] This decreases the risk of health services being overwhelmed and
provides more time for vaccines and treatments to be developed.[454] Non-pharmaceutical interventions that
may manage the outbreak include personal preventive measures, such as hand hygiene, wearing face masks,
and self-quarantine; community measures aimed at physical distancing such as closing schools and
cancelling mass gathering events; community
engagement to encourage acceptance and
participation in such interventions; as well as
environmental measures such surface cleaning.[459]

More drastic actions aimed at containing the

outbreak were taken in China once the severity of
the outbreak became apparent, such as quarantining
entire cities and imposing strict travel bans.[460]
Other countries also adopted a variety of measures
aimed at limiting the spread of the virus. South
Goals of mitigation include delaying and reducing peak
Korea introduced mass screening and localised
burden on healthcare (flattening the curve) and
quarantines, and issued alerts on the movements of
lessening overall cases and health impact.[454][455]
infected individuals. Singapore provided financial
Moreover, progressively greater increases in healthcare
support for those infected who quarantined
capacity (raising the line) such as by increasing bed
themselves and imposed large fines for those who count, personnel, and equipment, helps to meet
failed to do so. Taiwan increased face mask increased demand.[456]
production and penalised hoarding of medical
supplies.[461]

Simulations for Great Britain and the United States

show that mitigation (slowing but not stopping
epidemic spread) and suppression (reversing
epidemic growth) have major challenges. Optimal
mitigation policies might reduce peak healthcare
demand by two-thirds and deaths by half, but still
result in hundreds of thousands of deaths and
overwhelmed health systems. Suppression can be
preferred but needs to be maintained for as long as
the virus is circulating in the human population (or
Mitigation attempts that are inadequate in strictness or
until a vaccine becomes available), as transmission
duration—such as premature relaxation of distancing
otherwise quickly rebounds when measures are
rules or stay-at-home orders—can allow a resurgence
relaxed. Long-term intervention to suppress the
after the initial surge and mitigation.[454][457]
pandemic has considerable social and economic
costs.[383]

Contact tracing

Contact tracing is an important method for health authorities to determine the source of an infection and to
prevent further transmission.[462] The use of location data from mobile phones by governments for this
purpose has prompted privacy concerns, with Amnesty International and more than a hundred other
organisations issuing a statement calling for limits on this kind of surveillance.[463]

Various mobile apps have been implemented or proposed for voluntary use, and as of 7 April 2020 more
than a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions such as using Bluetooth to log a
user's proximity to other cellphones.[463] Users could then receive a message if they've been in close contact
with someone who has subsequently tested positive for COVID-19.[463]

On 10 April 2020 Google and Apple, jointly announced an initiative for privacy-preserving contact tracing
based on Bluetooth technology and cryptography.[464][465] The system is intended to allow governments to
create official privacy-preserving coronavirus tracking apps, with the eventual goal of integration of this
functionality directly into the iOS and Android mobile platforms.[466]
Health care

Increasing capacity and adapting healthcare for the needs of

COVID-19 patients is described by the WHO as a fundamental
outbreak response measure.[467] The ECDC and the European
regional office of the WHO have issued guidelines for hospitals and
primary healthcare services for shifting of resources at multiple
levels, including focusing laboratory services towards COVID-19
testing, cancelling elective procedures whenever possible, separating
and isolating COVID-19 positive patients, and increasing intensive
care capabilities by training personnel and increasing the number of
An army-constructed field hospital
available ventilators and beds.[467][468]
outside Östra sjukhuset (Eastern
hospital) in Gothenburg, Sweden,
Due to capacity limitations in the standard supply chains, some
contains temporary intensive care
manufacturers are 3D printing healthcare material such as nasal
units for COVID-19 patients.
swabs and ventilator parts.[469][470] In one example, when an Italian
hospital urgently required a ventilator valve, and the supplier was
unable to deliver in the timescale required, a local startup risked legal threats due to alleged patent
infringement and reverse-engineered and printed the required hundred valves overnight.[471][472][473] On 23
April 2020, NASA reported building, in 37 days a ventilator which is currently undergoing further testing.
NASA is seeking fast-track approval.[474][475]

Treatment

There are no specific antiviral medications approved for COVID-19, but development efforts are underway,
including testing of existing medications. Taking over-the-counter cold medications,[476] drinking fluids,
and resting may help alleviate symptoms.[418] Depending on the severity, oxygen therapy, intravenous
fluids, and breathing support may be required.[477] The use of steroids may worsen outcomes.[478] Several
compounds which were previously approved for treatment of other viral diseases are being investigated for
use in treating COVID-19.[479]

History
There are various theories about where the very
first case (the so-called patient zero) may have
originated.[481] The first known case may trace
back to 1 December 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei,
China.[331] Within a month, the number of
coronavirus cases in Hubei gradually increased.
According to official Chinese sources these were
mostly linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale
Market, which also sold live animals, and one
theory is that the virus came from one of these
animals.[324]

A pneumonia cluster of unknown cause was

Cases by country plotted on a logarithmic scale[480]
observed on 26 December and treated by the doctor
Zhang Jixian in Hubei Provincial Hospital, who
informed the Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27
December.[482][483]. On 30 December, a group of doctors at Wuhan Central Hospital alerted their colleagues
of a "SARS-like coronavirus". Eight of these doctors, including Li Wenliang,[484] were then admonished by
the police for spreading supposedly false rumours, and another, Ai Fen, was reprimanded by her superiors
for raising the alarm.[485]

The Wuhan Municipal Health Commission made the first public announcement of a pneumonia outbreak of
unknown cause on 31 December, confirming 27 cases[321][486][487]—enough to trigger an investigation.[323]

During the early stages of the outbreak, the number of cases doubled approximately every seven and a half
days.[488] In early and mid-January 2020, the virus spread to other Chinese provinces, helped by the Chinese
New Year migration and Wuhan being a transport hub and major rail interchange.[388] On 20 January, China
reported nearly 140 new cases in one day, including two people in Beijing and one in Shenzhen.[489] Later
official data shows 6,174 people had already developed symptoms by then.[490] A report in The Lancet on
24 January indicated human transmission, strongly recommended personal protective equipment for health
workers, and said testing for the virus was essential due to its "pandemic potential".[333][491]

On 27 January, the Dean of Medicine at HKU wrote that he suspected the number of cases in Wuhan "was
likely 15 times higher than had been officially reported". A global pandemic was likely, he said, and he
warned that: "substantial, draconian measures limiting population mobility should be taken
immediately."[492]

On 30 January, the WHO declared that the coronavirus was a public health emergency of international
concern.[492]

By 26 March, the United States had overtaken China and Italy with the highest number of confirmed cases
in the world.[493] Research on coronavirus genomes indicates the majority of COVID-19 cases in New York
came from European travellers, rather than directly from China or any other Asian country.[494]

As of 23 April 2020, more than 3.08 million cases have been reported worldwide; more than 213,000 people
have died and more than 915,000 have recovered.[495][496]

National responses
A total of 185[5] countries and territories have had
at least one case of COVID-19 so far. Due to the
pandemic in Europe, many countries in the
Schengen Area have restricted free movement and
set up border controls.[497] National reactions have
included containment measures such as quarantines
and curfews (known as stay-at-home orders,
shelter-in-place orders, or lockdowns).[498]

By 26 March, 1.7 billion people worldwide were Map of national and subnational lockdowns as of 30
under some form of lockdown,[499] which March 2020 (table; more details)
increased to 3.9 billion people by the first week of National lockdown
April—more than half the world's Subnational lockdown
population. [500][501]
No lockdown
By late April, around 300 million people were
under lockdown in various countries of Europe,
including but not limited to Italy, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom, while around 200 million people
were under lockdown in Latin America.[502] Nearly 300 million people, or about 90 per cent of the
population, were under some form of lockdown in the United States,[503] around 100 million people in the
Philippines,[502] about 59 million people in South Africa,[504] and 1.3 billion people have been under
lockdown in India.[505][506]

Asia

As of 16 April 2020, cases have been reported in all Asian countries except for Tajikistan[507] and
Turkmenistan, although some suspect such countries also have cases.[508][509]

China

The first confirmed case of COVID-19 has been

traced back to 1 December 2019 in Wuhan;[331]
one unconfirmed report suggests the earliest case
was on 17 November.[336] Doctor Zhang Jixian
observed a cluster of pneumonia cases of unknown
cause on 26 December, upon which her hospital
informed Wuhan Jianghan CDC on 27
December.[510][511] Initial genetic testing of patient
samples on 27 December 2019 indicated the
presence of a SARS-like coronavirus.[510] A public
notice was released by Wuhan Municipal Health
Commission on 31 December, confirming 27 cases
and suggesting wearing face masks.[487] The WHO
was informed on the same day.[321] As these
notifications occurred, doctors in Wuhan were Confirmed cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 inhabitants
warned by police for "spreading rumours" about the by province, as of 13 April
outbreak.[512] The Chinese National Health
Commission initially said there was no "clear
evidence" of human-to-human transmission.[513] In
a 14 January conference call, Chinese officials
stated privately that human-to-human transmission
was a possibility, and preparations for a pandemic
were needed.[514] In a briefing posted during the
night of January 14-15, the Wuhan Municipal
Health Commission stated that the possibility of
limited human-to-human transmission could not be
ruled out.[515]

On 20 January, the Chinese National Health Semi-log graph of new cases and deaths in China
Commission announced that human-to-human during the COVID-19 epidemic showing the lockdown
transmission of the coronavirus had already and lifting
occurred.[516] That same day, Chinese Communist
Party general secretary Xi Jinping and State
Council premier Li Keqiang issued their first public comments about the virus, telling people in infected
areas to practice social distancing and avoid travel.[517][518] During the Chinese New Year travel period in
late January, Chinese authorities instigated a lockdown of the City of Wuhan.[519] However, travellers from
Wuhan had already transported the virus to some Asian countries,[520][521][522] the Chinese government
launched a radical campaign described on 10 February by paramount leader and Chinese Communist Party
general secretary Xi as a "people's war" to contain the spread of the virus.[523] In what has been described as
"the largest quarantine in human history",[524] a cordon sanitaire was announced on 23 January stopping
travel in and out of Wuhan,[525][526] which was extended to a total of fifteen cities in Hubei, affecting a total
of about 57 million people.[527] Private vehicle use was banned in the city.[528] Chinese New Year (25
January) celebrations were cancelled in many places.[529] The authorities also announced the construction of
a temporary hospital, Huoshenshan Hospital, which was completed in ten days.[530] Another hospital,
Leishenshan Hospital, was built afterwards to handle additional patients.[531] In addition to newly
constructed hospitals, China also converted other facilities in Wuhan, such as convention centres and
stadiums, into temporary hospitals.[532]

On 26 January, the government instituted further measures to

Wuhan Leishenshan Hospital, an
emergency specialty field hospital
built in response to the 2019–20
coronavirus pandemic
contain the COVID-19 outbreak, including issuing health
declarations for travellers[534] and extending the Spring Festival
holiday.[535] Universities and schools around the country were also
closed.[536][537][538] The regions of Hong Kong and Macau
instituted several measures, particularly in regard to schools and
universities.[539] Remote working measures were instituted in
several Chinese regions.[540] Travel restrictions were enacted in and
outside of Hubei.[540][541] Public transport was modified,[542] and
museums throughout China were temporarily closed.[540][543][544]
Control of public movement was applied in many cities, and it has
been estimated that 760 million people (more than half the
population) faced some form of outdoor restriction.[545] In January
and February 2020, during the height of the epidemic in Wuhan,
about 5 million people lost their jobs.[546] Many of China's nearly
300 million rural migrant workers have been stranded at home in
inland provinces or trapped in Hubei province.[547][548]

After the outbreak entered its global phase in March, Chinese

A temporary hospital for treating mild
cases of COVID-19 in Wuhan, one of
more than ten such hospitals in the
city[533]
authorities took strict measures to prevent the virus re-entering
China from other countries. For example, Beijing imposed a 14-day
mandatory quarantine for all international travellers entering the
city.[549] At the same time, a strong anti-foreigner sentiment quickly
took hold,[550] and foreigners experienced harassment by the
general public[551] and forced evictions from apartments and
hotels.[38][552]

On 23 March 2020, China had only one case transmitted domestically in the five days prior, in this instance
via a traveller returning to Guangzhou from Istanbul. On 24 March, Chinese Premier Li Keqiang reported
that the spread of domestically transmitted cases has been basically blocked and the outbreak has been
controlled in China.[553] The same day travel restrictions were eased in Hubei, apart from Wuhan, two
months after the lockdown was imposed.[554]

The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced on 26 March that entry for visa or residence permit
holders would be suspended from 28 March onwards, with no specific details on when this policy would
end. Those wishing to enter China must to apply for visas in Chinese embassies or consulates.[555][556] The
Chinese government encouraged businesses and factories to re-open on 30 March, and provided monetary
stimulus packages for firms.[557]

The State Council declared a day of mourning to begin with a national three-minute moment of silence on
4 April, coinciding with Qingming Festival, although the central government asked families to pay their
respects online in observance of physical distancing to avoid a renewed COVID-19 outbreak.[558] On 25
April the last patients were discharged in Wuhan.[559]
South Korea

COVID-19 was confirmed to have spread to South Korea on 20

January 2020 from China. The nation's health agency reported a
significant increase in confirmed cases on 20 February,[560] largely
attributed to a gathering in Daegu of the Shincheonji Church of
Jesus.[560][561] Shincheonji devotees visiting Daegu from Wuhan
were suspected to be the origin of the outbreak.[562][563] As of 22
February, among 9,336 followers of the church, 1,261 or about 13
per cent reported symptoms.[564] A drive-through test centre at the
Gyeongju Public Health Centre
South Korea declared the highest level of alert on 23 February
2020.[565] On 28 February, more than 2,000 confirmed cases were
reported,[566] rising to 3,150 on 29 February.[567] All South Korean military bases were quarantined after
tests showed three soldiers had the virus.[562] Airline schedules were also changed.[568][569]

A banner in Seoul shares
coronavirus infection prevention tips.
South Korea introduced what was considered the largest and best-
organised programme in the world to screen the population for the
virus, isolate any infected people, and trace and quarantine those
who contacted them.[570][571] Screening methods included
mandatory self-reporting of symptoms by new international arrivals
through mobile application,[572] drive-through testing for the virus
with the results available the next day,[573] and increasing testing
capability to allow up to 20,000 people to be tested every day.[574]
South Korea's programme is considered a success in controlling the
outbreak without quarantining entire cities.[570][575]

South Korean society was initially polarised on President Moon Jae-in's response to the crisis. Many
Koreans signed petitions either calling for Moon's impeachment over what they claimed to be government
mishandling of the outbreak, or praising his response.[576] On 23 March, it was reported that South Korea
had the lowest one-day case total in four weeks.[574] On 29 March it was reported that beginning 1 April all
new overseas arrivals will be quarantined for two weeks.[577] Per media reports on 1 April, South Korea has
received requests for virus testing assistance from 121 different countries.[578]

Iran

Iran reported its first confirmed cases of SARS‑CoV‑2 infections on

19 February in Qom, where, according to the Ministry of Health and
Medical Education, two people died later that day.[580][581] Early
measures announced by the government included the cancellation of
concerts and other cultural events,[582] sporting events,[583] and
Friday prayers,[584] and closures of universities, higher education
institutions, and schools.[585] Iran allocated five trillion rials to
Disinfection of Tehran Metro trains
combat the virus.[586] President Hassan Rouhani said on 26 February
against coronavirus. Similar
2020 there were no plans to quarantine areas affected by the
measures have also been taken in
outbreak, and only individuals would be quarantined.[587] Plans to
other countries.[579]
limit travel between cities were announced in March,[588] although
heavy traffic between cities ahead of the Persian New Year Nowruz
continued.[589] Shia shrines in Qom remained open to pilgrims until 16 March.[590][591]
Iran became a centre of the spread of the virus after China during February.[592][593] More than ten countries
had traced their cases back to Iran by 28 February, indicating the extent of the outbreak may have been more
severe than the 388 cases reported by the Iranian government by that date.[593][594] The Iranian Parliament
was shut down, with 23 of its 290 members reported to have had tested positive for the virus on
3 March.[595] On 15 March, the Iranian government reported a hundred deaths in a single day, the most
recorded in the country since the outbreak began.[596] At least twelve sitting or former Iranian politicians
and government officials had died from the disease by 17 March.[597] By 23 March, Iran was experiencing
fifty new cases every hour and one new death every ten minutes due to coronavirus.[598] According to a
WHO official, there may be five times more cases in Iran than what is being reported. It is also suggested
that U.S. sanctions on Iran may be affecting the country's financial ability to respond to the viral
outbreak.[599] The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights has demanded economic sanctions to be eased
for nations most affected by the pandemic, including Iran.[600] On 20 April it was reported that Iran had
reopened shopping malls and other shopping areas across the country, though there is fear of a second wave
of infection due to this move.[601] On 27 April it was reported that 700 people had died from ingesting
methanol, falsely believed to be a cure.[602]

Europe

As of 13 March 2020, the World Health Organization

(WHO) considered Europe the active centre of the
pandemic. Cases by country across Europe had doubled
over periods of typically 3 to 4 days, with some
countries (mostly those at earlier stages of detection)
showing doubling every 2 days.[603]

As of 17 March, all countries within Europe had a

confirmed case of COVID-19, with Montenegro being
the last European country to report at least one case.[604]
At least one death has been reported in all European
countries, apart from the Vatican City.
Confirmed cases of SARS‑CoV‑2 infected people
As of 18 March, more than 250 million people are in in relation to the population of the country (cases
lockdown in Europe.[605] per million inhabitants).[496] The numbers are not
comparable, as the testing strategy differs among
countries and time periods.
Italy

The outbreak was confirmed to have spread to Italy on

31 January, when two Chinese tourists tested positive for SARS‑CoV‑2 in Rome.[606] Cases began to rise
sharply, which prompted the Italian government to suspend all flights to and from China and declare a state
of emergency.[607] An unassociated cluster of COVID-19 cases was later detected, starting with 16
confirmed cases in Lombardy on 21 February.[608]

On 22 February, the Council of Ministers announced a new decree-law to contain the outbreak, including
quarantining more than 50,000 people from eleven different municipalities in northern Italy.[609] Prime
Minister Giuseppe Conte said, "In the outbreak areas, entry and exit will not be provided. Suspension of
work activities and sports events has already been ordered in those areas."[610][611]

On 4 March, the Italian government ordered the full closure of all schools and universities nationwide as
Italy reached a hundred deaths. All major sporting events, including Serie A football matches, were to be
held behind closed doors until April,[612] but on 9 March, all sport was suspended completely for at least
one month.[613] On 11 March, Prime Minister Conte ordered
stoppage of nearly all commercial activity except supermarkets and
pharmacies.[614][615]

On 6 March, the Italian College of Anaesthesia, Analgesia,

Resuscitation and Intensive Care (SIAARTI) published medical
ethics recommendations regarding triage protocols that might be
employed.[616][617][618] On 19 March, Italy overtook China as the
country with the most coronavirus-related deaths in the world after
reporting 3,405 fatalities from the pandemic.[619][620] On 22 March, Civil Protection volunteers carry out
it was reported that Russia had sent nine military planes with health checks at the Guglielmo
medical equipment to Italy.[621] As of 12 April, there were 152,271 Marconi Airport in Bologna on
confirmed cases, 19,468 deaths, and 32,534 recoveries in Italy, with 5 February.
the majority of those cases occurring in the Lombardy region.[622] A
CNN report indicated that the combination of Italy's large elderly
population and inability to test all who have the virus to date may be contributing to the high fatality
rate.[623] On 19 April it was reported that the country had its lowest deaths at 433 in seven days, some
businesses after six weeks of lockdown are asking for a loosening of restrictions.[624]

Spain

The pandemic was confirmed to have spread to Spain on 31 January

2020, when a German tourist tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in La
Gomera, Canary Islands.[625] Post-hoc genetic analysis has shown
that at least 15 strains of the virus were imported and community
transmission had begun by mid-February.[626] By 13 March, cases
had been confirmed in all 50 provinces of the country.

A state of alarm and national lockdown was imposed on 14

March.[627] On 29 March it was announced that, beginning the
Residents of Valencia, Spain,
following day, all non-essential workers were to stay home for the
maintaining social distancing while
next 14 days.[628] By late March, the Community of Madrid has queueing
recorded the most cases and deaths in the country. Medical
professionals and those who live in retirement homes have
experienced especially high infection rates.[629] On 25 March 2020, the death toll in Spain surpassed that
reported in mainland China and only Italy had a higher death toll globally.[630] On 2 April, 950 people died
of the virus in a 24-hour period—at the time, the most by any country in a single day.[631] The next day
Spain surpassed Italy in total cases and is now second only to the United States.[632]

As of 28 April 2020, there have been 210,773 PCR-confirmed cases with 102,548 recoveries and 23,822
deaths in Spain.[633] The actual number of cases, however, is likely to be much higher, as many people with
only mild or no symptoms are unlikely to have been tested.[634][635] The number of deceased is also
believed to be an underestimate due to lack of testing and reporting, perhaps by as much as 10,000
according to excess mortality analysis.[636]

United Kingdom

Before 18 March 2020, the British government did not impose any form of social distancing or mass
quarantine measures on its citizens.[637][638] As a result, the government received criticism for the perceived
lack of pace and intensity in its response to concerns faced by the public.[639][640]
 On 16 March, Prime Minister Boris Johnson made an announcement
advising against all non-essential travel and social contact,
suggesting people work from home where possible and avoid venues
such as pubs, restaurants, and theatres.[641][642] On 20 March, the
government announced that all leisure establishments such as pubs
and gyms were to close as soon as possible,[643] and promised to pay
up to 80 per cent of workers' wages to a limit of £2,500 per month to
prevent unemployment during the crisis.[644]

On 23 March, the prime minister announced tougher social

NHS Nightingale Hospital London,
temporarily established in a
distancing measures, banning gatherings of more than two people
converted convention centre to deal and restricting travel and outdoor activity to that deemed strictly
with the surge in patients necessary. Unlike previous measures, these restrictions were
enforceable by police through the issuing of fines and the dispersal
of gatherings. Most businesses were ordered to close, with
exceptions for businesses deemed "essential", including supermarkets, pharmacies, banks, hardware shops,
petrol stations, and garages.[645]

To ensure the health services always had sufficient capacity to treat COVID-19 patients, a number of
temporary critical care hospitals were built around the United Kingdom.[646] The first to be operational was
the 4000-bed capacity NHS Nightingale Hospital London, constructed within the ExCeL convention centre
over nine days.[647] On 24 April it was reported that one of the more promising vaccine trials had begun in
England; the government has pledged, in total, more than 50 million pounds towards research.[648]

France

The pandemic reached France on 24 January 2020, when the first

COVID-19 case in Europe was confirmed in Bordeaux. A key event
in the spread of the disease in the country was the annual assembly
of the Christian Open Door Church between 17 and 24 February in
Mulhouse, which was attended by about 2,500 people, at least half
of whom are believed to have contracted the virus.[649][650]

On 13 March, Prime Minister Édouard Philippe ordered the closure

of all non-essential public places,[651] and on 16 March, French
France has been transferring
President Emmanuel Macron announced mandatory home
COVID-19 patients from overloaded
confinement, a policy which has been extended at least until 11
hospitals to ones in other regions via
May.[652][653][654] As of 23 April, France has reported over 120,804
military helicopters, as seen here at
confirmed cases, 21,856 deaths, and 42,088 recoveries,[655] ranking Strasbourg Airport.
fourth in number of confirmed cases.[656] In April, there were riots
in some Paris suburbs.[657]

North America

The first cases in North America were reported in the United States in January 2020. Cases were reported in
all North American countries after Saint Kitts and Nevis confirmed a case on 25 March, and in all North
American territories after Bonaire confirmed a case on 16 April.[658]

On 26 March 2020, the U.S. became the country with the highest number of confirmed COVID-19
infections, with over 82,000 cases.[659] On 11 April 2020, the U.S. became the country with the highest
official death toll for COVID-19, with over 20,000 deaths.[660]
There are over 50,000 deaths along with 1 million confirmed cases in the U.S. as of 27 April 2020. Around
120,000 people have fully recovered.

United States

On 20 January, the first known case of COVID-19

was confirmed in the Pacific Northwest state of
Washington in a man who had returned from
Wuhan on 15 January.[661] The White House
Coronavirus Task Force was established on 29
January.[662] On 31 January, the Trump
administration declared a public health
emergency, [663] and restricted entry for travellers
from China who were not citizens of the United
States.[664]
Confirmed cases of COVID-19 per million inhabitants by
On 28 January 2020, the Centers for Disease
state, as of 22 April 2020
Control and Prevention—the leading public health
institute of the U.S. government—announced they
had developed their own testing kit.[665] Despite
this, the United States had a slow start in testing, which obscured the extent of the outbreak.[666][667] Testing
was marred by defective test kits produced by the federal government in February, a lack of federal
government approval for non-government test kits (by academia, companies and hospitals) until the end of
February, and restrictive criteria for people to qualify for a test until early March (a doctor's order was
required thereafter).[666][667] By 27 February, The Washington Post reported fewer than 4,000 tests had been
conducted in the United States.[666] By 13 March, fewer than 14,000 tests had been conducted.[668] On 22
March, the Associated Press reported that many people with symptoms and a doctor's order still had to wait
hours or days to be tested.[669]

After the first death in the United States was reported in Washington state on 29 February,[670] Governor Jay
Inslee declared a state of emergency,[671] an action soon followed by other states.[672][673] Schools in the
Seattle area cancelled classes on 3 March,[674] and by mid-March, schools across the country were shutting
down.[675]

On 6 March 2020, the United States was advised of projections for

President Trump signs the
Coronavirus Preparedness and
Response Supplemental
Appropriations Act into law on
6 March 2020.
the impact of the new coronavirus on the country by a group of
epidemiologists at Imperial College London.[676] On the same day,
President Trump signed the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response
Supplemental Appropriations Act, which provided $8.3 billion in
emergency funding for federal agencies to respond to the
outbreak.[677] Corporations imposed employee travel restrictions,
cancelled conferences,[678] and encouraged employees to work from
home.[679] Sports events and seasons were cancelled.[29]
On 11 March, Trump announced travel restrictions for most of
Europe for 30 days, effective 13 March.[680] The following day, he
expanded the restrictions to include the United Kingdom and
Ireland.[681] On 13 March, he declared a national emergency, which
made federal funds available to respond to the crisis.[682] Beginning
on 15 March, many businesses closed or reduced hours throughout the U.S. to try to reduce the spread of the
virus.[683] By 17 March, the epidemic had been confirmed in all fifty states and in the District of
Columbia.[684]

On 25 March, New York's governor said social distancing seemed to be working, as estimates of case
doubling slowed from 2.0 days to 4.7 days.[685] On 26 March, the United States had more confirmed cases
than any other country.[493] U.S. federal health inspectors surveyed 323 hospitals in late March; reporting
"severe shortages" of test supplies, "widespread shortages" of personal protective equipment (PPE), and
other strained resources due to extended patient stays while awaiting test results.[686]

As of 24 April, 889,309 cases have been confirmed in the United

States, and 50,256 people have died.[687] Media reports on 30 March
said President Trump had decided to extend social distancing
guidelines until 30 April.[688] On the same day, the USNS Comfort,
a hospital ship with about a thousand beds, made anchor in New
York.[689] On 3 April, the U.S. had a record 884 deaths due to the
coronavirus in a 24-hour period.[690] In the state of New York, cases
exceeded 100,000 people on 3 April.[691]
The hospital ship USNS Comfort
More than 26 million Americans lost their jobs and applied for arrived in Manhattan on 30 March
government aid,[692] including 3.4 million people in California.[693]
The White House has been criticised for downplaying the threat and
controlling the messaging by directing health officials and scientists to coordinate public statements and
publications related to the virus with the office of Vice-President Mike Pence.[694] Overall approval of
Trump's management of the crisis has been polarised along partisan lines.[695] Some U.S. officials and
commentators criticised U.S. reliance on importation of critical materials, including essential medical
supplies, from China.[696][697]

On 14 April, President Trump halted funding to the World Health Organization, stating they had
mismanaged the current pandemic.[698] In late April, President Trump said he would sign an executive order
to temporarily suspend immigration to the United States because of the pandemic.[699] There were American
claims that China had suppressed information, and on 22 April U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo alleged
on Fox News that China had denied U.S. scientists permission to enter the country to ascertain the origin of
the current pandemic, but he did not give details of any requests for such visits.[700] On 22 April it was
reported that two Californians died from the virus (not, as previously thought, influenza) three weeks before
the first official coronavirus case in the U.S. had been acknowledged.[701]

South America
The 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic was confirmed to have reached
South America, first reported on 26 February when Brazil confirmed
a case in São Paulo.[702] By 3 April, all countries and territories in
South America, including the French overseas department of French
Guiana, and the British Overseas Territory of the Falkland Islands,
have recorded at least one case. Brazil has the most number of
reported cases in South America. Ecuador may be particularly
strongly affected; it was described in April as emerging as the
"epicentre" of the pandemic in Latin America,[703] with thousand of
excess deaths reported in one province alone compared to the figures Workers being trained to disinfect
for a normal period.[704] buses in Olinda, Pernambuco, Brazil,
16 March 2020
Africa

Cases have been confirmed in most African countries and territories. According to Michael Yao, WHO's
head of emergency operations in Africa, early detection is vital because the continent's health systems "are
already overwhelmed by many ongoing disease outbreaks".[705][706] Advisers say that a strategy based on
testing could allow African countries to minimise lockdowns that inflict enormous hardship on those who
depend on income earned day by day to be able to feed themselves and their families. Even in the best
scenario, the United Nations says 74 million test kits and 30,000 ventilators will be needed by the
continent's 1.3 billion people in 2020.[707] As of 27 April, cases have been confirmed in all African
countries except for the Comoros and Lesotho. There have been no reported cases in the British Overseas
Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha.

Oceania

Cases have been confirmed in Australia, Easter Island, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Hawaii, New
Caledonia, New Zealand, the Northern Mariana Islands and Papua New Guinea. The first confirmed case
was in Melbourne, Victoria on 25 January.[708] Many small Pacific island nations have thus far avoided the
outbreak by closing their international borders.

International responses

Travel restrictions

As a result of the
pandemic, many
countries and regions
have imposed
quarantines, entry bans,
or other restrictions for
citizens of or recent
travellers to the most
affected areas.[709] Other
countries and regions
have imposed global
restrictions that apply to
all foreign countries and
territories, or prevent
their own citizens from Some of the countries that have imposed a global travel ban in response to the
travelling overseas.[710] COVID-19 pandemic, as of April 5, 2020
Current ban on foreign travellers
Together with a decreased Former ban on foreign travellers
willingness to travel, the
restrictions have had a
negative economic and
social impact on the travel sector in those regions. A possible long-term impact has been a decline of
business travel and international conferencing, and the rise of their virtual, online equivalents.[711] Concerns
have been raised over the effectiveness of travel restrictions to contain the spread of COVID-19.[712]
The European Union rejected the idea of suspending the Schengen
free travel zone and introducing border controls with Italy,[713] a
decision which has been criticised by some European
politicians.[714][715] After some EU member states announced
complete closure of their national borders to foreign nationals,[716]
the European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen said that
"Certain controls may be justified, but general travel bans are not
seen as being the most effective by the World Health The near-empty arrival hall of Seoul–
Organization."[717] A few days later the EU closed its external Incheon International Airport in South
borders.[718] Korea on 6 March 2020

A study in Science found that travel restrictions had only modest

effects, delaying the initial spread of COVID-19, unless combined with infection prevention and control
measures to considerably reduce transmissions.[719] Researchers came to the conclusion that "travel
restrictions are most useful in the early and late phase of an epidemic" and "restrictions of travel from
Wuhan unfortunately came too late".[720]

Evacuation of foreign citizens

Owing to the effective quarantine of public transport in Wuhan and

Hubei, several countries evacuated their citizens and diplomatic staff
from the area, primarily through chartered flights of the home
nation, with Chinese authorities providing clearance. Canada, the
United States, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, France, Argentina,
Germany, and Thailand were among the first to plan the evacuation
of their citizens.[721] Brazil and New Zealand also evacuated their
own nationals and some other people.[722][723] On 14 March, South Ukraine evacuates Ukrainian and
African repatriated 112 South Africans who tested negative for the foreign citizens from Wuhan, China.
virus from Wuhan,[724] while four who showed symptoms were left
behind to mitigate risk.[724] Pakistan said it would not evacuate
citizens from China.[725]

On 15 February, the U.S. announced it would evacuate Americans aboard the cruise ship Diamond
Princess,[726] and on 21 February, Canada evacuated 129 Canadian passengers from the ship.[727] In early
March, the Indian government began evacuating its citizens from Iran.[728][729] On 20 March, the United
States began to partially withdraw its troops from Iraq due to the pandemic.[730]

International aid

Phase I: Aid to China

On 5 February, the Chinese foreign ministry said 21 countries (including Belarus, Pakistan, Trinidad and
Tobago, Egypt, and Iran) had sent aid to China.[731] Some Chinese students at American universities joined
together to help send aid to virus-stricken parts of China, with a joint group in the greater Chicago area
reportedly managing to send 50,000 N95 masks to hospitals in the Hubei province on 30 January.[732]

The humanitarian aid organisation Direct Relief, in coordination with FedEx, sent 200,000 face masks along
with other personal protective equipment, including gloves and gowns, by emergency airlift to the Wuhan
Union Hospital by 30 January.[733] On 5 February, Bill and Melinda Gates announced a $100 million
donation to the WHO to fund vaccine research and treatment efforts along with protecting "at-risk
 populations in Africa and South Asia".[734] Interaksyon reported that
the Chinese government donated 200,000 masks to the Philippines
on 6 February, after Philippine senator Richard Gordon shipped
3.16 million masks to Wuhan.[735] On 19 February, the Singapore
Red Cross announced that it would send $2.26 million worth of aid
to China.[736]

Several countries donated

masks, medical equipment or
Digital billboard conveying support
with the words "Be Strong China" in
money to China, including
various languages at Shibuya in
Japan (one million face
Tokyo on 10 February 2020 masks),[737] Turkey,
Russia,[738] Malaysia
(18 million medical
gloves), [739] Germany (10,000 Hazmat suits), [740] and Tehran's Azadi Tower lights in the
Canada. [741][742] The U.S. State Department said on February 7 it colours of the flag of China.
has facilitated the transportation of nearly 17.8 tons of medical
supplies to China, including masks, gowns, gauze, respirators, and
other vital materials.[743] On the same day, U.S. Secretary of State Pompeo announced a $100 million
pledge to China and other countries to assist with their fights against the virus,[744] though on 21 March,
China said it had not received epidemic funding from U.S. government and reiterated that again on
3 April.[745]

Several corporations have also donated money or medical equipment to China, including Apple,[746] 3M,
Bayer, BD, J&J, Medtronic, Qiagen, and other medtech companies including Varian, Roche, ResMed, GE
Healthcare, Danaher Corp. and Cepheid.[747]

Phase II: Aid to the globe

After cases in China stabilised, the country began sending aid to other nations.[748][749] In March, China,
Cuba and Russia sent medical supplies and experts to help Italy deal with its coronavirus outbreak;[750][751]
China sent three medical teams and donated over forty tons of medical supplies to Italy.[752] The Spectator
USA, citing an unnamed senior Trump administration official, claimed China had sold back to Italy the same
PPE Italy had donated to China.[753] Businessman Jack Ma sent 1.1 million testing kits, 6 million face
masks, and 60,000 protective suits to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia for distribution by the African Union.[754] He
later sent 5,000 testing kits, 100,000 face masks and 5 ventilators to Panama.[755]

The Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, Georgia, and the Czech Republic expressed their concerns over Chinese-
made masks and test kits.[756] For instance, Spain withdrew 58,000 Chinese-made coronavirus testing kits
with an accuracy rate of just 30 per cent, meanwhile, the Netherlands recalled 600,000 Chinese face masks
which were claimed to defective,[757] although this could have been due to misuse of these products.[758]
Belgium recalled 100,000 unusable masks, thought to be from China, but were in fact from Colombia.[759]
The Philippines had to stop using the test kits donated by China due to their 40 per cent accuracy.[760] The
Chinese government says many issues might be caused by not following product instructions, and that some
products were not purchased directly from qualified companies certified by the Chinese
government,[761][762] On the other hand, Chinese aid has been well-received in parts of Latin America and
Africa.[763][764] On 2 April, the World Bank launched emergency support operations for developing
countries.[765]

WHO response measures

The WHO has commended the efforts of Chinese authorities in managing and containing the epidemic.[766]
The WHO noted the contrast between the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak, where Chinese authorities were
accused of secrecy that impeded prevention and containment efforts, and the current crisis where the central
government "has provided regular updates to avoid panic ahead of Lunar New Year holidays".[767] Critics
have said the WHO handled the pandemic inadequately, the public health emergency declaration and
pandemic classification coming too late.[768]

December 2019

China and Taiwan both notified the WHO of a new virus on 31 December 2019.[769] Taiwan and the WHO
later got into a dispute about the content of Taiwan's message and the WHO's lack of response to the state,
which is not a WHO member due to diplomatic pressure from China.[770][771]

January 2020

The WHO issued its first technical briefings on 10 and 11 January,

warning nations about a strong possibility of human-to-human
transmission and urged precautions due to the similarity to earlier
SARS and MERS outbreaks.[772][773] On 20 January, the WHO said
it was "now very clear" that human-to-human transmission of the
coronavirus had occurred, given that healthcare workers had been
infected.[774] On 27 January, the WHO assessed the risk of the
outbreak to be "high at the global level".[775]
WHO Director-General Tedros
Adhanom
On 30 January, the WHO declared the outbreak a Public Health
Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC), warning that "all
countries should be prepared for containment, including active
surveillance, early detection, isolation and case management, contact tracing and prevention of onward
spread" of the virus.[6][776] The announcement came after an increase in the number of cases outside China.
This was the sixth-ever PHEIC since the measure was first invoked during the 2009 swine flu pandemic.
WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom said the PHEIC was due to "the risk of global spread, especially to
low- and middle-income countries without robust health systems [and] there is no reason for measures that
unnecessarily interfere with international travel and trade. WHO doesn't recommend limiting trade and
movement. We call on all countries to implement decisions that are evidence-based and
consistent."[6][777][778]

February 2020

On 11 February, the WHO in a press conference established

COVID-19 as the name of the disease. On the same day, Tedros said
UN Secretary-General António Guterres had agreed to provide the
"power of the entire UN system in the response". A UN Crisis
Management Team was activated as a result, allowing coordination
of the entire United Nations response, which the WHO states will
allow them to "focus on the health response while the other agencies
can bring their expertise to bear on the wider social, economic and WHO representatives with Tehran
developmental implications of the outbreak".[779] city managers
On 25 February, the WHO declared that "the world should do more to prepare for a possible coronavirus
pandemic," stating that while it was still too early to call it a pandemic, countries should nonetheless be "in a
phase of preparedness".[780]

On 28 February, WHO officials said the coronavirus threat assessment at the global level would be raised
from "high" to "very high", its highest level of alert and risk assessment. Mike Ryan, executive director of
the WHO's health emergencies program, warned that "This is a reality check for every government on the
planet: Wake up. Get ready. This virus may be on its way and you need to be ready," urging that the right
response measures could help the world avoid "the worst of it". Ryan further stated that the current data did
not warrant public health officials to declare a global pandemic, saying such a declaration would mean
"we're essentially accepting that every human on the planet will be exposed to that virus."[781]

March 2020

On 11 March, the WHO declared the coronavirus outbreak a pandemic.[782] The Director-General said the
WHO was "deeply concerned both by the alarming levels of spread and severity, and by the alarming levels
of inaction".[7]

Economic and social policy responses

International governmental organisations are addressing the economic and social impacts of the COVID-19
crisis. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has launched a platform to provide
timely and comprehensive information on policy responses in countries around the world, as well as
viewpoints and advice. From policies to strengthen health systems and the world economy to addressing the
effects of lock-down and restrictions on travel, the digital hub includes a Country Policy Tracker, and aims
to help countries learn from each other and to facilitate a co-ordinated global response to the coronavirus
challenge.[783]

Impact

Politics

The pandemic has affected the political systems of multiple countries, causing suspensions of legislative
activities, isolations or deaths of multiple politicians, and rescheduling of elections due to fears of spreading
the virus.

China

The Chinese government has been criticised by the United States

government,[784] UK Minister for the Cabinet Office Michael
Gove,[785] and others[786] for its handling of the pandemic. A
number of provincial-level administrators of the Communist Party of
China were dismissed over their handling of the quarantine efforts in
central China, a sign of discontent with their response to the
outbreak. Some commentators believed this move was intended to Chinese Communist Party general
protect Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping from secretary Xi Jinping (left) with State
the controversy.[787] Some Chinese officials, including Zhao Lijian, Council Premier Li Keqiang
rejected an earlier acknowledgement of the coronavirus outbreak
starting in Wuhan, in favour of conspiracy theories that the virus
originated in the U.S. or Italy.[788][789] The United States government has referred to the coronavirus as
"Chinese virus" or "Wuhan virus", which has been criticised for being racist[790][791] and "distract[ing] from
his administration's failure to contain the disease".[792] The Daily Beast obtained a U.S. government cable
outlining a communications strategy with apparent origins in the National Security Council, quoted as
"Everything is about China. We're being told to try and get this messaging out in any way possible".[793]

The U.S. intelligence community says China intentionally under-reported its number of coronavirus
cases.[794] Some outlets such as Politico and Foreign Policy have said China's efforts to send aid to virus-
stricken countries is part of a propaganda push for global influence.[795][796] EU foreign policy chief Josep
Borrell warned there is "a geo-political component including a struggle for influence through spinning and
the 'politics of generosity'".[797] Borrell also said "China is aggressively pushing the message that, unlike the
U.S., it is a responsible and reliable partner."[798] China has also called for the U.S. to lift its sanctions from
Syria,[799] Venezuela[800] and Iran,[801] while reportedly sending aid to the latter two countries.[802][803]
Jack Ma's donation of 100,000 masks to Cuba was blocked by U.S. sanctions on 3 April.[804] U.S.
authorities have also been diverting aid meant for other nations to their own country.[805][806] There have
been mask-related disputes reported between other countries as well, including Australia, Austria, Germany,
the Netherlands, Switzerland,[807] Turkey, the Czech Republic and Italy.[808]

Italy

In early March, the Italian government criticised the European Union's lack of solidarity with coronavirus-
affected Italy,[809][810] with Maurizio Massari, Italy's ambassador to the EU, saying that "only China
responded bilaterally", not the EU.[795] On 22 March, after a phone call with Italian Prime Minister
Giuseppe Conte, Russian president Vladimir Putin had the Russian army send military medics, disinfection
vehicles, and other medical equipment to Italy.[811] President of Lombardy Attilio Fontana and Italian
Foreign Minister Luigi Di Maio expressed their gratitude for the aid.[812] Russia also sent a cargo plane with
medical aid to the United States.[813] Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said "when offering assistance to
U.S. colleagues, [Putin] assumes that when U.S. manufacturers of medical equipment and materials gain
momentum, they will also be able to reciprocate if necessary."[814]

Other countries

The planned NATO "Defender 2020" military exercise in Germany,

Poland, and the Baltic states, the largest NATO war exercise since
the end of the Cold War, will be held on a reduced scale.[815][816]
The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament's general secretary Kate
Hudson criticised the exercise, saying "it jeopardises the lives not
only of the troops from the U.S. and the many European countries
participating but the inhabitants of the countries in which they are
operating."[817] UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson
(left) tested positive for COVID-19 in
The Iranian government has been heavily affected by the virus, with March 2020. Russian President
around two dozen parliament members infected as well as fifteen Vladimir Putin (right) began working
other current or former political figures.[594][818] Iran's President remotely from his office at Novo-
Hassan Rouhani wrote a public letter to world leaders asking for Ogaryovo after meeting with an
help on 14 March 2020, saying his country was struggling to fight infected doctor.
the outbreak due to lack of access to international markets as a result
of the United States sanctions against Iran.[819] Saudi Arabia, which
launched a military intervention in Yemen in March 2015, declared a ceasefire.[820]
The outbreak prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy
countries, including universal health care, universal child care, paid sick leave, and higher levels of funding
for public health.[821] Political analysts anticipated it may negatively affect Donald Trump's chances of re-
election in the 2020 presidential election.[822] Beginning in mid April 2020, protests were held in several
U.S. states over state government-imposed business closures and restrictions on personal movement and
association.[823]

Diplomatic relations between Japan and South Korea worsened due to the pandemic.[824] South Korea
criticised Japan's "ambiguous and passive quarantine efforts" after Japan announced anyone coming from
South Korea would be placed in quarantine for two weeks at government-designated sites.[825] South
Korean society was initially polarised on President Moon Jae-in's response to the crisis; many Koreans
signed petitions either calling for Moon's impeachment or praising his response.[576]

Some countries have passed emergency legislation in response to the pandemic. Some commentators have
expressed concerns that it could allow governments to strengthen their grip on power.[826][827] In the
Philippines, lawmakers granted president Rodrigo Duterte temporary emergency powers during the
pandemic.[828] In Hungary, the parliament voted to allow the prime minister, Viktor Orbán, to rule by decree
indefinitely, suspend parliament as well as elections, and punish those deemed to have spread false
information about the virus and the government's handling of the crisis.[829] In some countries, including
Egypt,[830] Turkey,[831] and Thailand,[828] opposition activists and government critics have been arrested for
allegedly spreading fake news on coronavirus.[832]

Education

The pandemic has affected

educational systems worldwide,
leading to the near-total closures
of schools, universities and
colleges.

As of 27 April 2020,
approximately 1.725 billion
learners are currently affected
due to school closures in
response to the pandemic.
According to UNICEF
monitoring, 186 countries are
currently implementing Learners affected by school closures caused by COVID-19 as of
nationwide closures and 8 are 22 April 2020
implementing local closures, Country-wide school closures
impacting about 98.5 percent of Localized school closures
the world's student No school closures
population.[833] On 23 March
No data
2020, Cambridge International
Examinations (CIE) released a
statement announcing the
cancellation of Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge O Level, Cambridge International AS & A Level, Cambridge
AICE Diploma, and Cambridge Pre-U examinations for the May/June 2020 series across all countries.[834]
International Baccalaureate exams have also been cancelled.[835]
School closures impact not only students, teachers, and families, but have far-reaching economic and
societal consequences.[836][837] School closures in response to COVID-19 have shed light on various social
and economic issues, including student debt,[838] digital learning,[839][840] food insecurity,[841] and
homelessness,[842][843] as well as access to childcare,[844] health care,[845] housing,[846] internet,[847] and
disability services.[848] The impact was more severe for disadvantaged children and their families, causing
interrupted learning, compromised nutrition, childcare problems, and consequent economic cost to families
who could not work.[34][849]

In response to school closures, UNESCO recommended the use of distance learning programmes and open
educational applications and platforms that schools and teachers can use to reach learners remotely and limit
the disruption of education.[850]

Socioeconomics

Supply impacts

The coronavirus outbreak has been blamed for several instances of

supply shortages, stemming from globally increased usage of
equipment to fight outbreaks, panic buying (which in several places
led to shelves being cleared of grocery essentials such as food, toilet
paper, and bottled water), and disruption to factory and logistic
operations.[851] The technology industry, in particular, has warned of
delays to shipments of electronic goods.[852] According to WHO
director-general Tedros Adhanom, the demand for personal
protection equipment has risen a hundredfold, leading to prices up to
Coronavirus fears have led to panic
buying of essentials across the
twenty times the normal price and also delays in the supply of
world, including toilet paper, dried medical items of four to six months.[853][854] It has also caused a
and/or instant noodles, bread, rice, shortage of personal protective equipment worldwide, with the
vegetables, disinfectant, and rubbing WHO warning that this will endanger health workers.[855]
alcohol.
The coronavirus outbreak has had various impacts around the world.
The virus created a shortage of precursors used in the manufacturing
of fentanyl and methamphetamine. The Yuancheng Group, located in Wuhan, China, is one of the leading
suppliers of these chemical raw materials.[856] Price increases and shortages in these illegal drugs have been
noticed on the street of the UK.[857] U.S. law enforcement also told the New York Post Mexican drug cartels
were having difficulty in obtaining precursors.[858]

Economic impacts

The outbreak is a major destabilising threat to the global economy. Agathe Demarais of the Economist
Intelligence Unit has forecast that markets will remain volatile until a clearer image emerges on potential
outcomes. In January 2020, some analysts estimated the economic fallout of the epidemic on global growth
could surpass that of the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.[859] One estimate from an expert at Washington
University in St. Louis gave a $300+ billion impact on the world's supply chain that could last up to two
years.[860] Global stock markets fell on 24 February due to a significant rise in the number of COVID-19
cases outside China.[861][862] On 27 February, due to mounting worries about the coronavirus outbreak,
various U.S. stock indexes posted their sharpest falls since 2008, with the Dow falling 1,191 points (the
largest one-day drop since the financial crisis of 2007–08)[863] and all three major indexes ending the week
down more than 10 per cent.[864] On 28 February, Scope Ratings GmbH affirmed China's sovereign credit
rating, but maintained a Negative Outlook.[865] Stocks plunged
again due to coronavirus fears, the largest fall being on 16
March.[866] Many consider an economic recession likely.[867][868]

Tourism is one of the worst affected sectors due to travel bans,

closing of public places including travel attractions, and advice of
governments against travel. Numerous airlines have cancelled flights
due to lower demand, and British regional airline Flybe
collapsed.[869] The cruise line industry was hard hit,[870] and several
train stations and ferry ports have also been closed.[871] A food basket for the needy and for
those impoverished by the
The retail sector has been impacted globally, with reductions in store Coronavirus recession hung from a
hours or temporary closures.[872] Visits to retailers in Europe and building in Bologna in April 2020.
Latin America declined by 40 per cent. North America and Middle
East retailers saw a 50–60 per cent drop.[873] This also resulted in a
33–43 per cent drop in foot traffic to shopping centres in March
compared to February. Shopping mall operators around the world
imposed additional measures, such as increased sanitation,
installation of thermal scanners to check the temperature of
shoppers, and cancellation of events.[874]

According to a United Nations Economic Commission for Latin

America estimate, the pandemic-induced recession could leave 14–
22 million more people in extreme poverty in Latin America than
would have been in that situation without the pandemic.[875] The A highway sign on the Highway 417
pandemic has disrupted global food supplies and threatens to trigger in Ottawa discouraging non-essential
a new food crisis.[876][877] David Beasley, head of the World Food travel
Programme (WFP), said "we could be facing multiple famines of
biblical proportions within a short few months."[878]

Oil and other energy markets

In early February 2020, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) "scrambled" after a
steep decline in oil prices due to lower demand from China.[879] On Monday, 20 April, the price of West
Texas Intermediate (WTI) went negative and fell to a record low (minus $37.63 a barrel) due to traders'
offloading holdings so as not to take delivery and incur storage costs.[880] June prices were down but in the
positive range, with a barrel of West Texas trading above $20.[880]

Culture

The performing arts and cultural heritage sectors have been profoundly affected by the pandemic, impacting
organisations' operations as well as individuals—both employed and independent—globally. Arts and
culture sector organisations attempted to uphold their (often publicly funded) mission to provide access to
cultural heritage to the community, maintain the safety of their employees and the public, and support artists
where possible. By March 2020, across the world and to varying degrees, museums, libraries, performance
venues, and other cultural institutions had been indefinitely closed with their exhibitions, events and
performances cancelled or postponed.[881] In response there were intensive efforts to provide alternative
services through digital platforms.[882]
 Another recent and rapidly accelerating fallout of the disease is the
cancellation of religious services, major events in sports, and other
social events, such as music festivals and concerts, technology
conferences, and fashion shows. The film industry has also
experienced disruption.[883][884]

The Vatican announced that

Holy Week observances in
The closed entrance to the Shah Rome, which occur during
Abdol-Azim Shrine in Ray, Iran. the last week of the Christian
Cultural sites and other public penitential season of Lent,
spaces throughout the world were have been cancelled.[883]
closed to slow the spread of the
Many dioceses have
pandemic.
recommended older
Christians to stay at home
rather than attending Mass Door of a public library in Island Bay,
on Sundays; some churches have made church services available via New Zealand
radio, online live streaming or television while others are offering
drive-in worship.[885][886][883] With the Roman Catholic Diocese of
Rome closing its churches and chapels and St. Peter's Square emptied of Christian pilgrims,[883] other
religious bodies also cancelled services and limited public gatherings in churches, mosques, synagogues,
temples and gurdwaras.[883] Iran's Health Ministry announced the cancellation of Friday prayers in areas
affected by the outbreak and shrines were later closed,[584][591] while Saudi Arabia banned the entry of
foreign pilgrims as well as its residents to holy sites in Mecca and Medina.[887][888]

The pandemic has caused the most significant disruption to the worldwide sporting calendar since the
Second World War. Most major sporting events have been cancelled or postponed, including the 2019–20
UEFA Champions League,[889] 2019–20 Premier League,[890] UEFA Euro 2020, 2019–20 NBA season,[891]
and 2019–20 NHL season.[892] The outbreak disrupted plans for the 2020 Summer Olympics, which were
originally scheduled to start at the end of July; the International Olympic Committee announced on 24
March that they will be "rescheduled to a date beyond 2020 but not later than summer 2021".[893][894]

The entertainment industry has also been affected, with various music groups suspending or cancelling
concert tours.[895][896] Many large theatres such as those on Broadway also suspended all performances.[897]
Some artists have explored ways to continue to produce and share work over the internet as an alternative to
traditional live performance, such as live streaming concerts[898] or creating web-based "festivals" for artists
to perform, distribute, and publicise their work.[899] Online, numerous coronavirus-themed Internet memes
have spread as many turn to humour and distraction amid uncertainty.[900]

Environment and climate

The worldwide disruption caused due to the coronavirus pandemic has resulted in numerous impacts on the
environment and the climate. The severe decline in planned travel[902] has caused many regions to
experience a drop in air pollution. In China, lockdowns and other measures resulted in a 25 percent
reduction in carbon emissions,[903] which one Earth systems scientist estimated may have saved at least
77,000 lives over two months.[904] However, the outbreak has also disrupted environmental diplomacy
efforts, including causing the postponement of the 2020 United Nations Climate Change Conference,[905]
and the economic fallout from it is predicted to slow investment in green energy technologies.[906]

Xenophobia and racism

Racism against Chinese and other Asians

Since the outbreak of COVID-19, heightened prejudice, xenophobia,

and racism have been noted toward people of Chinese and East
Asian descent, and against people from hotspots in Europe, the
United States and other countries. Incidents of fear, suspicion, and
hostility have been observed in many countries, particularly in
Europe, East Asia, North America, and the Asia-Pacific
region.[907][908][909] Reports from February (when the majority of
the cases had still been confined to China) documented racist
sentiments expressed in various groups worldwide about Chinese Images from the NASA Earth
people deserving the virus,[910][911][912][913] or it being justified Observatory show a stark drop in
retribution.[914][915][916] Some countries in Africa have also seen a pollution in Wuhan, China, when
rise in anti-Chinese sentiment.[917][918] Many residents of Wuhan comparing NO2 levels in early 2019
and Hubei have reported discrimination based on their regional (top) and early 2020 (bottom).[901]
origin. [919][920][921] There has been support for the Chinese, both on
and offline, and towards those in virus-stricken areas.[922][923]
Following the progression of the outbreak to new hotspot countries, people from Italy, the first country in
Europe to experience a serious outbreak of COVID-19, were also subjected to suspicion and
xenophobia.[924][925]

Citizens in countries including Malaysia,[927] New Zealand,[928]

Singapore,[929] and South Korea initially signed petitions lobbying
to ban Chinese people from entering their countries in an effort to
stop the disease.[930] In Japan, the hashtag
#ChineseDontComeToJapan trended on Twitter. [931] Chinese people
as well as other Asians in the United Kingdom and the United States
have reported increasing levels of racist abuse and
assaults.[932][37][933] U.S. president Donald Trump has been
Houston's Chinatown experienced a criticised for referring to the coronavirus as the "Chinese Virus",
reduction in business early during the which critics say is racist and anti-Chinese.[790][934] Protesters in
outbreak when there were still few Ukraine attacked buses carrying Ukrainian and foreign evacuees
cases.[926] from Wuhan to Novi Sanzhary.[935] Discrimination against Muslims
in India escalated after public health authorities identified an Islamic
missionary group's large gathering in New Delhi in early March
2020 as a source of coronavirus contagion.[936][937] A number of hotels and guesthouses in Vietnam have
hung signs on their doors saying Chinese guests are not welcome and many Vietnamese have demanded the
closure of all border crossings with China.[938] Paris has seen riots break out over police treatment of ethnic
minorities during the coronavirus lockdown.[939]

Racism against non-Asians

In China, xenophobia and racism against non-Chinese residents has been inflamed by the pandemic, with
foreigners described as "foreign garbage" and targeted for "disposal".[940] Some black people were evicted
from their homes by Chinese police and given 24 hours to leave the country, with no place to sleep, due to
misconceptions and disinformation that they and other foreigners were spreading the virus.[941] Chinese
racism and xenophobia directed towards them during the outbreak received a strong response from foreign
governments and diplomatic corps,[942] and resulted in apologies from China for discriminatory practices
such as for restaurants excluding black customers.[943] Despite this, accusations of harassment,
discrimination and eviction of black people in China continued, as they described "No blacks" signs,
essentials like water being turned off, and being forcibly moved into hotels by police.[944]
Information dissemination
Many newspapers with paywalls have removed them for some or all of their coronavirus coverage.[945]
Many scientific publishers made scientific papers related to the outbreak available with open access.[946]
Some scientists chose to share their results quickly on preprint servers such as bioRxiv.[947]

Misinformation
The pandemic has resulted in conspiracy theories and misinformation regarding its origin, scale, and the
prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19.[948][949][950] False information, including intentional
disinformation, has been spread through social media,[949][951] text messages,[952] and mass media,[953]
including the state media of countries such as China,[954] Russia,[955][956] Iran,[957] and
Turkmenistan.[949][958] It has been propagated by celebrities, politicians[959][960] (including heads of state in
countries such as the United States,[961][962] Iran,[963] and Brazil[964]), and other prominent public
figures.[965] Commercial scams have claimed to offer at-home tests, supposed preventives, and "miracle"
cures.[966][967] Other actors have claimed the virus is a bio-weapon with a patented vaccine, a population
control scheme, or the result of a spy operation.[950][951][968] The World Health Organization has declared
an "infodemic" of incorrect information about the virus, which poses risks to global health.[949]

See also
2019–20 coronavirus pandemic articles
Curfews and lockdowns related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
Coronavirus § Outbreaks
Emerging infectious disease – Infectious disease of emerging pathogen, often novel in its
outbreak range or transmission mode
Globalisation and disease
List of epidemics and pandemics
Wildlife smuggling and zoonoses – Health risks associated with the trade in exotic wildlife
Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19

Notes
a. In summary, this article is about the coronavirus pandemic, which is caused by the disease
COVID-19, which is caused by the virus SARS‑CoV‑2.[1]
b. This number shows the cumulative number of confirmed human cases reported to date. The
actual number of infections and cases is likely to be higher than reported.[39]
The total number of cases may not necessarily add up due to the frequency of values being
updated for each location.
Reporting criteria and testing capacity varies between countries.
c. Close contact is defined as one metre (three feet) by the WHO[8] and two metres (six feet) by
the CDC.[9]
d. An uncovered cough can travel up to 8.2 metres (27 feet).[10]
e. Countries, territories,and international conveyances where cases were diagnosed. The
nationality of the infected and the origin of infection may vary. In some countries, cases are
split into several territories and noted accordingly.
f. Total deaths may not necessarily add up due to the frequency of values updating for each
location. Reporting criteria varies between countries.
g. Reported recoveries. May not correspond to actual current figures and not all recoveries may
be reported. Total recoveries may not necessarily add up due to the frequency of values
updating for each location.
"—" denotes that no reliable or up-to-date data is currently available for that territory, not that
the value is zero.
h. United States
1. Figures include cases identified on the Grand Princess.
2. Not all states or overseas territories report recovery data.
3. Cases include clinically diagnosed cases as per CDC guidelines.[40]
4. Recoveries and deaths include probable deaths and people released from quarantine as
per CDC guidelines.[41][42][43]
5. Figures from the United States Department of Defense are only released on a branch-by
branch basis since April 2020, without distinction between domestic and foreign
deployment, and cases may be reported to local health authorities.[44]
6. Cases for the USS Theodore Roosevelt, currently docked at Guam, are reported separate
from national figures but included in the Navy's totals.
i. United Kingdom
1. Excluding all British Overseas Territories and Crown dependencies.
2. As of 23 March 2020, the UK government does not publish the number of recoveries. The
last update on 22 March reported 135 recovered patients.[49]
j. Germany
1. Not all state authorities count recoveries.[51]
2. Recoveries include estimations by the Robert Koch Institute.[51][52]
k. France
1. Including French overseas regions Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.
2. Excluding collectivities of New Caledonia, French Polynesia and Saint Pierre and
Miquelon.
3. Recoveries only include hospitalized cases.[53]
4. Figures for total confirmed cases and total deaths include data from both hospital and
nursing home (ESMS: établissements sociaux et médico-sociaux).[53]
l. Russia
1. Including cases from the disputed Crimea and Sevastopol.
2. Excluding the cases from Diamond Princess cruise ship which are classified as "on an
international conveyance".
m. China
1. Excluding 997 asymptomatic cases under medical observation as of 27 April 2020
2. Asymptomatic cases were not reported before 31 March 2020.
3. Excluding Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macau.
4. Excluding Taiwan.
n. Belgium
The number of deaths also includes untested cases and cases in retirement homes that
presumably died because of COVID-19, whilst most countries only include deaths of tested
cases in hospitals.[61]
o. Netherlands
1. All four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (i.e. the country of the
Netherlands [in this table row], Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten) and the special
municipalities of the Caribbean Netherlands (Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius) are listed
separately.
2. The Dutch Government agency RIVM, responsible for the constituent country the
Netherlands, does not count its number of recoveries.[63]
p. Israel
1. Including cases from the disputed Golan Heights.
2. Excluding cases from the State of Palestine.
q. Chile
1. Including the special territory of Easter Island.
2. Chilean authorities define a person as "recovered" after 14 days since the detection of the
virus because "they are no longer contagious".[83] Initially, patients who have died of
coronavirus were counted as recovered, following the same criteria, according to Health
Minister Jaime Mañalich;[84][85][86] however, this was changed later and Chilean reports
inform the number of recovered separated from the deceased.[87]
r. Diamond Princess and Japan
The British cruise ship Diamond Princess was in Japanese waters, and the Japanese
administration was asked to manage its quarantine, with the passengers having not
entered Japan. Therefore, this case is included in neither the Japanese nor British official
counts. The World Health Organization classifies the cases as being located "on an
international conveyance".
s. Ukraine
1. Excluding cases from the disputed Crimea and Sevastopol. Cases in these territories are
included in the Russian total.
2. Excluding cases from the unrecognized Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics.
t. Denmark
The autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland are listed separately.
u. Serbia
Excluding cases from the disputed Kosovo.
v. Norway
Estimation of the number of infected:
As of 23 March 2020, according to figures from just over 40 per cent of all GPs in
Norway, 20,200 patients have been registered with the "corona code" R991. The figure
includes both cases where the patient has been diagnosed with coronavirus infection
through testing, and where the GP has used the "corona code" after assessing the
patient's symptoms against the criteria by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health.[103]
As of 24 March 2020, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health estimates that between
7,120 and 23,140 Norwegians are infected with the coronavirus.[104]
w. Australia
Excluding the cases from Diamond Princess cruise ship which are classified as "on an
international conveyance". Ten cases, including one fatality recorded by the Australian
government.
 x. Egypt
Includes cases identified on the MS River Anuket.
y. Finland
1. Including the autonomous region of the Åland Islands.
2. As of 28 April 2020, according to a preliminary estimate, at least 2,800 people have
recovered from the disease. The estimate is based on reported cases which were reported
at least two weeks ago and there is no other monitoring data on the course of the
disease.[115] The exact number of recoveries is not known, as only a small proportion of
patients have been hospitalized.[116]
z. Morocco
Including cases in the disputed Western Sahara territory controlled by Morocco. There are
no confirmed cases in the rest of Western Sahara.[117]
aa. Argentina
Excluding confirmed cases on the claimed territory of the Falkland Islands. Since 11 April,
the Argentine Ministry of Health includes them in their official reports.[120]
ab. Moldova
Including the disputed territory of Transnistria.
ac. Azerbaijan
Excluding the self-declared state of Artsakh.
ad. Cuba
1. Includes cases on the MS Braemar.
2. Excluding cases from Guantanamo Bay, which is governed by the United States.
ae. New Zealand
The number supplied here for total cases includes probable cases of COVID-19.
af. Cyprus
1. Including the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.
2. Excluding de facto state of Northern Cyprus.
ag. Greg Mortimer and Uruguay
Although currently anchored off the coast of Uruguay, cases for the Greg Mortimer are
currently reported separately. Six have been transferred inland for hospitalization.
ah. Somalia
Excluding the de facto state of Somaliland.
ai. Georgia
Excluding the de facto state of Abkhazia.
aj. DR Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo.
ak. Taiwan

Including cases on ROCS Pan Shi.[187]

 al. Isle of Man
Recoveries are presumed. Defined as "An individual testing positive for coronavirus who
completes the 14 day self-isolation period from the onset of symptoms who is at home on
day 15, or an individual who is discharged from hospital following more severe
symptoms."[198]
am. Congo
Also known as the Republic of the Congo and not to be confused with the DR Congo.
an. Guam and USS Theodore Roosevelt
Cases for the USS Theodore Roosevelt, currently docked at Guam, are reported
separately.
ao. Northern Cyprus
Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Cyprus.
ap. Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republic
Note that these territories are distinct from the Ukraine-administered regions of the Donetsk
and Luhansk Oblasts.
aq. Syria
Excluding cases from the disputed Golan Heights.
ar. Saint Vincent
The sovereign state of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
as. Artsakh
Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Azerbaijan.
at. Somaliland
Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Somalia.
au. Abkhazia
Cases from this de facto state are not counted by Georgia.
av. Charles de Gaulle
1. Including cases on the escort frigate Chevalier Paul.
2. Florence Parly, Minister of the Armed Forces, reported to the National Assembly's National
Defense and Armed Forces Committee that 2010 sailors of the carrier battle group led by
Charles de Gaulle had been tested, with 1081 tests returning positive so far.[303] Many of
these cases were aboard Charles de Gaulle, some of the cases were reportedly aboard
French frigate Chevalier Paul, and it is unclear if any other ships in the battle group had
cases on board.[304][305][306]
aw. MS Zaandam
1. Including cases from MS Rotterdam.
2. The MS Rotterdam rendezvoused with the Zaandam on March 26 off the coast of Panama
City to provide support and evacuate healthy passengers. Both have since docked in
Florida.[311][312]
3. MS Zaandam and Rotterdam's numbers are currently not counted in any national figures.
ax. Coral Princess
1. The cruise ship Coral Princess has tested positive cases since early April 2020 and has
since docked in Miami.[315]
2. Coral Princess's numbers are currently not counted in any national figures.
ay. HNLMS Dolfijn
1. All 8 cases currently associated with Dolfijn were reported while the submarine was at sea
in the waters between Scotland and the Netherlands.[317]
2. It is unclear whether the Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the
Environment (RIVM) is including these cases in their total count, but neither their daily
update details nor their daily epidemiological situation reports appear to have mentioned
the ship, with a breakdown of cases listing the twelve provinces of the country of the
Netherlands (as opposed to the kingdom) accounting for all the cases in the total
count.[318][319]
3. As RIVM does not report recoveries, and militaries are generally less transparent than
most government agencies due to operations security concerns, it is assumed that no
official report on recoveries is forthcoming.

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External links

Health agencies
COVID-19 (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019) (Questions &
Answers (http://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses), instructional videos (htt
ps://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLbpi6ZahtOH5PLTT1yfXxcxDsNM40N1uG)) by the World
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Data and graphs

Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports (https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseas
es/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/) and map (https://who.sprinklr.com/) by the World
Health Organization
 Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases (https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html
#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6) and historical data (https://github.com/CSSEGISand
Data/COVID-19) created by Lauren Gardner at Johns Hopkins University
Historical data about COVID-19 cases (https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/downl
oad-todays-data-geographic-distribution-covid-19-cases-worldwide) published by the
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)
World Travel Restrictions (http://unwfp.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/42b8
837bb25049b9b1f69a9555d55808) based on WFP data
Coronavirus Observer (https://covid.observer) based on Johns Hopkins University data
Covid-19 coronavirus pandemic (https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/) published by
Worldometer
Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Statistics and Research (https://ourworldindata.org/coronavir
us) published by Our World in Data
COVID-19 Projections (https://covid19.healthdata.org/united-states-of-america) for many
countries published by Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Historical data with additional computations and graphs in user-friendly spreadsheet format (htt
ps://sites.google.com/site/pandemicdata/) created by Dianelos Georgoudis (https://commons.w
ikimedia.org/wiki/User:Dianelos)
Epidemic Calculator (https://gabgoh.github.io/COVID/index.html)

Medical journals
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/pages/coronav
irus-alert) by JAMA
Coronavirus: News and Resources (https://www.bmj.com/coronavirus) by BMJ Publishing
Group
Novel Coronavirus Information Center (https://www.elsevier.com/connect/coronavirus-informati
on-center) by Elsevier
COVID-19 Resource Centre (https://www.thelancet.com/coronavirus) by The Lancet
SARS‑CoV‑2 and COVID-19 (https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/campaigns/coro
navirus) by Nature
Coronavirus (Covid-19) (https://www.nejm.org/coronavirus) by The New England Journal of
Medicine
Covid-19: Novel Coronavirus (https://novel-coronavirus.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/) by Wiley
Publishing

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