DISSERTATION SYNOPSIS

ON
DESIGNING CRITERIA FOR PLUMBING
SYSTEMS IN A HIGH RISE HOUSING COMPLEX.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the

Requirement for the award of degree of
Masters of Architecture

Submitted by
ASHHAR SALEEM

Guided by
ER. V K JAIN
AR. MOHD. MUSHAHID ANWAR

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE & EKISTICS

JAMIA MILLIA ISLAMIA
 NEW DELHI-110025
2019-2020

1.1 AIM

The aim is to understand the design parameters and working of plumbing services for a
high rise residential tower.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

The major aspects of this study are-

 Literature Review of the study. Study of various literature documents

regarding water supply and drainage systems in housing complex for
e.g. NBC-2016 chapter (part-9) Local bye-Laws & Various standards.
 Study of various types of water supply and sewerage systems.
 Selection of a particular water supply and sewerage systems.
Calculations involved for requirement of tank and other components.

1.3 SCOPE

The scope of this study would be the literature study, its application in buildings,
different types of the plumbing systems and standards & codes involved if any while
designing.

1.4 LIMITATION

The study would be limited to the theoretical and research part only and not the
design.

1.5 WORK METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 1: PREFACE................................................................................................................. 5
1.1 Aims............................................................................................................................ 5
1.2 Objectives................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Scope and limitations.................................................................................................. 5
1.4 Research methodology............................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND................................................................ 7
2.1 Plumbing System......................................................................................................... 7
2.2 Modern Plumbing........................................................................................................ 7
2.3 Plumbing systems for high rise buildings..................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 3 : DEFINITIONS AND BASIC PLUMBING PRINCIPLES............................................ 8
3.1 Water supply requirements for buildings..................................................................... 8
3.2 Plumbing system......................................................................................................... 8
3.3 Water supply system................................................................................................... 9
3.4 Drainage system.......................................................................................................... 9
3.5 Sanitary drainage and vent piping system.................................................................. 9
3.6 Sanitary drainage pipes.............................................................................................. 9
3.7 Ventilation system....................................................................................................... 9
3.8 Soil pipe...................................................................................................................... 9
3.9 Waste pipe.................................................................................................................. 9
3.10 Traps......................................................................................................................... 10
 3.11 Bottle traps................................................................................................................ 10
3.12 Nahani / floors traps.............................................................................................. 11
3.13 Gully traps.................................................................................................................. 11
3.14 Grease traps.............................................................................................................. 11
3.15 Sewer trap................................................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER 4: DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS...................................................................................... 12
4.1 Direct supply system................................................................................................... 12
4.2 Direct pumping............................................................................................................ 12
4.3 Gravity feed System.................................................................................................... 13
4.4 Advantages of gravity system...................................................................................... 13
4.5 Disadvantages of Gravity System................................................................................ 14
4.6 Hydro-pneumatic pressure system.............................................................................. 14
 4.7 Advantages of Hydro-pneumatic pressure system........................................................15
4.8 Disadvantages of Hydro-pneumatic pressure system................................................... 15
4.9 Pressure requirements in Plumbing Hydraulics............................................................ 16
4.10 Pressure and velocity effects on plumbing system...................................................... 16
CHAPTER 5: DRAINAGE SYSTEMS........................................................................................... 17
5.1 One-pipe system............................................................................................................17
5.2 Two-pipe system........................................................................................................... 18
5.3 Single stack system....................................................................................................... 18
5.4 Single stack system (partially ventilated)..................................................................... 19
5.5 Drainage........................................................................................................................ 19
5.6 Venting..........................................................................................................................19
CHAPTER 6: VACUUM PLUMBING............................................................................................ 20
6.1 The Basic Differences between Vacuum Plumbing and Gravity Plumbing................20
6.2 Advantages of vacuum plumbing.................................................................................20
6.3 Vacuum Plumbing Systems Basic Components............................................................21
6.4 Vacuum Piping Network...............................................................................................21
6.5 Fixtures..........................................................................................................................21
6.6 Electronic Valve Control System..................................................................................22
6.7 Sizing and Design Considerations................................................................................ 22
CHAPTER 7: STORM WATER DRAINAGE................................................................................. 23
7.1 Design factors................................................................................................................ 23
7.2 Rain-water Harvesting....................................................................................................23
7.3 Objectives of RWH....................................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 8: SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN............................................................................... 26
8.1 Primary Settlement........................................................................................................26
8.2 Secondary Treatment.................................................................................................... 26
8.3 Flow diagram................................................................................................................ 27
CHAPTER 9: CASE STUDY: Group Housing at G. Noida (West)........................................ 28

9.1 About the project...........................................................................................................28

9.2 Location & connectivity................................................................................................28
9.3 Basis of design............................................................................................................... 28
9.4 Land use pattern............................................................................................................ 29
 9.5 Code & regulation.........................................................................................................29
9.6 Water supply system.....................................................................................................30
9.7 Flushing Water system.................................................................................................. 30

9.8 Sewerage......................................................................................................................30

9.9 Basis of design for sewerage system........................................................................... 31

9.10 Basement drainage....................................................................................................... 31
9.11 Design basis for sewage treatment plant..................................................................... 32
9.12 Storm water drainage system.......................................................................................35
9.13 Swimming pool/water bodies filtration plant..............................................................35
9.14 Iirrigation system......................................................................................................... 37
9.15 Total water requirement.............................................................................................. 38
9.16 Storage........................................................................................................................42
9.17 Soil, waste, vent & rain water disposal pipe system.................................................. 42

CHAPTER 10: DESIGN CALCULATIONS.................................................................................. 44

10.1 Design objectives.........................................................................................................44
10.2 Design Population....................................................................................................... 44
10.3 Water balance.............................................................................................................. 48
10.4 Storm water calculation............................................................................................... 49
10.5 Rain water harvesting pit structure..............................................................................49
BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................. 50
Table of Figures:

Figure 1:Raw water treatment............................................................................................... 8

Figure 2: Soil water pipe and waste water pipe....................................................................... 10

Figure 3: TYPICAL TRAP DETAIL......................................................................................................... 10

Figure 4: Direct pumping system......................................................................................................... 13

Figure 5: Gravity Feed system.............................................................................................. 14

Figure 6: Hydro-pneumatic pressure system....................................................................... 15

Figure 7: Hydro Pneumatic System...................................................................................... 16

Figure 8: One Pipe System................................................................................................... 17

Figure 9: Two Pipe System................................................................................................... 18

Figure 10: Accumulator........................................................................................................ 21

Figure 11: Pipe Accumulator................................................................................................ 21

Figure 12: Extraction Valve & Operation diagram.......................................................................... 21

Figure 13: Vacuum Pump.............................................................................................................. 22

Figure 14: Vacuum System Machines.................................................................................. 22

Figure 15: pictorial View of Rain Water Harvesting............................................................... 24

Figure 16: Rain Water Diagram............................................................................................ 25

Figure 17: Typical Rain Water Harvesting Pit....................................................................... 25

Figure 18: STP Flow Diagram............................................................................................... 27

Figure 19: STP Schematic Drawing............................................................................................... 27

Figure 20: Site Plan.............................................................................................................. 45

CHAPTER 1:

PREFACE

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

Plumbing is any system that conveys fluids for a wide range of applications. Heating and
cooling, waste removal, and potable water delivery are among the most common uses for
Plumbing. Plumbing utilizes pipes, valves, Plumbing fixtures, tanks, and other apparatuses to
convey fluids.

AIM:

To understand Plumbing systems, their components and functioning, installed in a highrise

residential building.
To study and gather information on overall plumbing design practices to ensure efficient and
adequate supply of water.

1.2 OBJECTIVES:

 Understanding terminologies associated with plumbing system

 To study different types and components of plumbing system
 To study how a plumbing system operates
 To understand design and planning considerations for plumbing system
 To study the NBC as per plumbing requirements in the building

1.3 METHODOLOGY:

 Formulate the scope of dissertation and adopting a focused approach

 Observation from the live case study.
 Collection of information from secondary source like net, books,codes.
 Analysing the data collected.
 Taking out inferences on the basis of the whole study
1.4 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS:

 This report is limited to general overview of elements and systems of plumbing systems in
highrise residential building.
 Water distribution system
 Waste water disposal systems and their comparison
 Maintenance, cost and energy efficiency of the building will not be discussed.
CHAPTER 2:

INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND

2.1 PLUMBING SYSTEM

The plumbing system shall include the water supply and distribution pipes; plumbing
fittings and traps; soil, waste, vent pipes and anti-siphonage pipes; building drains and
building sewers including their respective connections, devices and appurtenances
within the property lines of the premises; and water-treating or water-using equipment.

2.2 MODERN PLUMBING:

Present-day water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes
are now made of copper, brass, plastic, or other nontoxic material.
Drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-iron, and lead.
The "straight" sections of plumbing systems are pipes or tubes. A pipe is typically
formed via casting or welding, where a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe normally
has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, where tubing is thinner-walled and
requires special joining techniques such as brazing compression fitting crimping or
for plastics, solvent welding etc.

2.3 PLUMBING SYSTEMS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

For plumbing purposes, the term “high rise” is applied to buildings that are
too tall to be supplied throughout by the normal pressure in the public water
mains. These buildings have particular needs in the design of their sanitary
drainage and venting systems. Water main supply pressures of 8–12 metres (25–
40 feet) can supply a typical two-storey building, but higher buildings may need
pressure booster systems.
Where a building of three or more storeys is proposed a certificate should be
obtained from the drinking-water supply authority guaranteeing that the present and
future public drinking-water supply pressure will be adequate to serve the building. If
the public water pressure is inadequate, suitable means shall be provided within the
building to boost the water pressure.
CHAPTER 3 :
DEFINITIONS AND BASIC PLUMBING PRINCIPLES

3.1 WATER SUPPLY REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDINGS

 A minimum of 70 to 100 liters per head per day is required.

 Maximum of 150-200 lpcd can be considered for HIG including flushing needs.
 In Residential Building water demand = 135 lpcd.
 In Commercial Building water demand = 45 lpcd
 In hospitals for less than 100 bed = 340 lpcd
 In hospitals for more than 100 bed = 450 lpcd
 In hotels generally water demand = 180 lpcd
 In five stars hotel (Delhi) water demand = 600-1500 lpcd

No matter from where

raw water is taken it
needs to be purified to
make it compatible for
drinking. Various
treatments are done
according to need.

Figure 1: RAW
WATER
TREATMENT

3.2 PLUMBING SYSTEM:

The plumbing system of a building includes the water supply distributing pipes; the
fixture and fixture traps; the soil, waste and vent pipes; the building drain and building
 sewer; the storm water drainage, with their devices, appurtenances and connections
within the building and outside the building within the property line.

3.3 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM:

 A system in plumbing which provides and distributes water to the different parts of the
building or structure, for purposes such as drinking, cleaning, washing, culinary use,
etc.; it includes the water distributing pipes, control devices, equipment, and other
appurtenances

3.4 DRAINAGE SYSTEM:

All the piping within public or private premises which conveys sewage, rainwater or
other liquid wastes to a point of disposal. A drainage system does not include the
mains of public sewer systems or a private or a public sewage treatment or disposal
plant.

3.5 SANITARY DRAINAGE AND VENT PIPING SYSTEM:

The sanitary drainage and vent piping system are installed by the plumber to remove
wastewater and water-borne wastes from the plumbing fixtures and appliances, and
to provide circulation of air within the drainage piping.

3.6 SANITARY DRAINAGE PIPES:

Pipes installed to remove the wastewater and water-borne wastes from plumbing
fixtures and convey these to the sanitary sewer and other point of disposal.

3.7 VENTILATION SYSTEM:

A system of pipes, fittings and other devices installed for the purpose of providing
circulation of air and creating balanced atmospheric condition within the system
thereby preventing siphonage and backpressure

3.8 SOIL PIPE:

A pipe that conveys the discharge of water closets or similar fixtures containing
faecal matter, with or without the discharge of other fixtures to the building drain or
building sewer.

3.9 WASTE PIPE:

A pipe that conveys only liquid waste free of faecal matter. A waste pipe is generally
smaller than a soil pipe because of the nature of matter being discharged into the
system. A waste pipe may be connected directly or indirectly depending on the type of
fixture.
 Figure 2- SOIL WATER PIPE AND WASTE WATER PIPE
3.10 TRAP
S:

Trap plays a very important part where drainage is concerned, it is a part of sanitary
appliance which is designed to hold a quantity of water. This part of water
is called a trap seal, trap seal acts as a barrier to prevent air from passing out from
water and in to the room

Figure 3: TYPICAL TRAP DETAIL

The primary purpose of the trap is to prevent the passage of air, odours or vermin through it from
the sewer in to the buildings. The requirement of the ideal rap is as follows.
I. It must be able to pass used water freely without mechanical help.
II. It must be self-cleansing.
III. It must have seal, preferably more than 50 mm deep.
IV. It must have strong and proof against leakage from it of gas or liquid.
V. It must have no moving parts
VI. It must be provided with a clean out to access to the interior in the event of
Choking.
VII. It must have no recess or cavities or pockets.
VIII. It must have no internal projections to catch hold hair, lint, bits of matches.

3.11 BOTTLE TRAPS:

This device is provided that receives wastes from washbasins, kitchen sinks and
other appliances where the appliances do not have built in traps in it.

3.12 NAHANI / FLOORS TRAPS:

The waste water from floors, wash basins and sinks are often taken to waste pipe
through floor traps. The depth of water seal provided is about 50 mm.

3.13 GULLY TRAPS:

These traps are constructed outside the building to carry waste water
discharge from washbasin, sinks, bathroom etc.and are connected to
the nearest building drain/sewer so that foul gases from sewer do not
come to the house. These are deep seal traps, the depth of water
seal should be 50 mm minimum.
Figure 4- GULLY TRAP
3.14 GREASE
TRAPS:

It is the device installed in the waste pipe from one or more fixtures for the purpose of
separating grease from the liquid and retaining the grease. A grease trap is required
in the waste pipe from sinks and other fixtures in which greasy and oily foods are
prepared and dishes are washed. Such as hotels, restaurants, food courts etc

3.15 SEWER TRAP:

This trap is installed where internal sewer line connects to the main (city sewer) sewer
line. So that the odour in the mains do not enter the internal sewer of the building.
CHAPTER 4:

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS:
There are four basic methods of distribution of water to multi-storeyed buildings.

i. Direct supply from mains to ablutionary taps and kitchen with WCs and urinals
supplied by overhead tanks.
ii. Direct Pumping Systems
iii. Overhead Tanks Distribution (gravity feed systems)
iv. Hydro-Pneumatic Systems

4.1 DIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM:

This system is adopted when adequate pressure is available round the clock at the
topmost floor. With limited pressure available in most city mains, water from direct
supply is normally not available above two or three floors, this system may not be
preferred.

4.2 DIRECT PUMPING:

Water is pumped directly into the distribution system without the aid of any overhead
tank, except for flushing purposes. The pumps are controlled by a pressure switch
installed on the line. Normally a jockey pump of smaller capacity installed which
meets the demand of water during low consumption and the main pump starts when
the demand is greater. The start and stop operations are accomplished by a set if
pressure switches are installed directly on the line. In some installation, a timer switch
is installed to restrict the operating cycle of the pump. Direct pumping systems are
suitable for buildings where a certain amount of constant use of water is always
occurring. These buildings are all centrally air conditioned buildings for which a
constant make up supply for air conditioning cooling towers is required. The system
depends on a constant and reliable supply of power. Any failure in the power system
would result in a breakdown in the water supply system.

The system eliminates the requirements of overhead tanks for domestic

purposes (except for flushing) and requires minimum space
 Figure 5: Direct pumping system

4.3 GRAVITY FEED SYSTEM:

Tanks must be sufficiently elevated to achieve required pressure. For proper
operation of the system, the gravity tank is located at least 30 ft or 10 m above the
highest outlet or consumer. In tall buildings it's necessary to use pressure reducing
valves in the lowest floors before the fittings.

4.4 ADVANTAGES OF GRAVITY SYSTEM:

i. Extreme simplicity : There are no complicated or sophisticated controls
ii. Most Reliable : It is the only system which has a available in the event of the
power or water supply failure
iii. Economical: Operating costs are much less and capital is usually no higher than
other systems.
iv. Minimum maintenance: Only requirement beyond terms is periodic cleaning and
possible repainting of the tank.
v. Fewer pressure regulating valves are required for the control system
vi. Provides additional reserve capacity for fire protection while domestic water is
available in addition to the fire reserve
vii. Use less energy: Pump head, therefore horse power is less than required in other
 systems. The pumps operate to replenish the tank and then shut off so that a
high horse power pump is not requires to satisfy light demands as is required for
the tank less booster pump system. The pumps operate on optimum duty point
on the pump curve for the greater efficiency and less energy wastage.
viii. Minimum pressure variations in the distribution systems.

Figure 6: Gravity Feed system

4.5 DISADVANTAGES OF GRAVITY SYSTEM

I. The tank must be elevated. Provision must be made on the roof of the building to
support the tank. A tank on the roof is unslightly and if it is enclosed and
dressed up, there is additional architectural expense.

II. The weight of the water and the tank can increase the structural costs.
III. Tanks require maintenance, periodic cleaning and painting Is required.
IV. If the tank ruptures. A large quantity of water is released which may cause
damage.
4.6 HYDRO-PNEUMATIC PRESSURE SYSTEM
i. This is a modernization of the older gravity tank method of water supply. Its main
purpose is to control or boost a limited supply pressure to a higher or more uniform
value so that a continuous and satisfactory water supply will be available at all
fixtures within the system.
ii. A suitable pump, a pressure tank and essential control devices for making the system
operate automatically with the least amount of supervision. The pump is
used for supplying the required amount of water into the tank at the proper pressure
while the tank acts as a storage vessel for the proper ratios of water and air within
 the pressures and levels maintained by the control devices.

iii. The expansion of air under reducing pressures regulates the amount of water which
can be used by the system before the pump is again called upon to replenish the
reserve that is desired to be maintained in the tank. This pressure and volume
relationship is a well known law of physics which states that at constant temperature
the volume of a given weight of gas varies inversely as the absolute pressure.

Figure 7: Hydro-pneumatic pressure system

4.7 ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO-PNEUMATIC PRESSURE SYSTEM:

I. Does not have to be elevated
II. Can be located anywhere in the building.
III. Can save valuable space by being located outside the building IV. It is not
exposed to the outer elements.

4.8 DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRO-PNEUMATIC PRESSURE

SYSTEM:
i. Inside corrosion of tank and piping is danger due to addition of air in the tank.
ii. A pressure variation of 20 psi is normal in the system pressure.
iii. Pumps of higher head are required.
iv. Higher initial and operating costs than gravity system due to pressure vessel
 type tank, higher head pumps and more sophisticated controls.
v. May take valuable space in the basement or other area.
4.9 PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS IN PLUMBING HYDRAULICS
Model plumbing codes limit the pressure supplied to a fixture to 80 psi
One feet head equates to pressure of 0.433 psi
1’(feet) = 0.433 psi (pound per square inch)
Any Building Over 100 ft tall will require more then one water Distribution -
104 x 0.433 = 45 psi
- 45 + 25 = 70 psi
- 10% safety factor and friction.

- Say 80 psi, therefore a system should never be designed above 80 psi.

The most demanding fixtures are:
e.g W.C = 25 psi , Shower = 20 psi
Pressure Zoning
Building Over 10 storeys in height requires multiple water piping zone
4.10 PRESSURE AND VELOCITY EFFECTS ON PLUMBING SYSTEM
i. Excessive pressures and velocities do present some very real dangers:
ii. Excessive wear or erosion of piping.
iii. Wire drawing of valve seats with resultant maintenance problems.
iv. Hydraulic shock and the resulting stresses that could rupture pipes or
damage equipment.
v. Damage to fixtures or equipment which are not designs for high pressure or
velocity.
vi. Wasted water at outlets due to high rates of flow in excess of required flow.
The nuisance of splashing that wets the walls and floors or the users.
vii. Reduced life expectancy of the system and equipment.
viii. Increased costs of equipment which require special construction for operation
at the higher working pressures

Figure 8: HYDRO
PNEUMATIC
SYSTEM
CHAPTER 5:

DRAINAGE SYSTEMS:

Drainage from a multiple dwelling may be designed on the one-pipe, two pipe or

single-stack principles.

In the one-pipe system all wastes from water closets, sinks, baths and other
fixtures are collected together and conveyed to the underground drainage pipes by
common stacks. All branches are ventilated to protect the traps from positive or negative
air pressure.In the two-pipe system the wastewater pipes (carrying human sewage) and
grey-water pipes are kept separate and discharged outside the building into gullies.
Wastewater from upper floors is conveyed to the gullies or trenches by vertical pipes
from the fixtures and is carried to a back inlet gully.
When vent pipes are omitted from the one-pipe system, it is called a single-stack
system.
5.1 ONE-PIPE SYSTEM
i. This system is suitable for buildings where the toilet layouts and the shafts are
repetitive.
ii. It requires less space, and is economical. Continuous flow of water in the pipe from
waste appliances makes it less prone to blockage and makes the system more
efficient.
iii. The system eliminates the need for a gully trap which requires constant cleaning.
iv. The system is ideal when the main pipes run at the ceiling of the lowest floor or in a
service floor. Two-pipe system may present space and crossing problems which this
system eliminates.

Figure 9: ONE PIPE

SYSTEM
5.2 TWO-PIPE SYSTEM
i. This system is ideal when the location of toilets and stacks for the WCs and
waste fittings is not uniform or repetitive.
ii. In large buildings and houses with open ground and gardens the sullage water
from the waste system can be usefully utilized for gardening and agriculture.
iii. In larger and multi-storied buildings, the sullage is treated within the building for re-
use as makeup water for cooling towers for air conditioning system and is also used
for flushing water-closets provided it has absolutely no connection with any
water supply line, tank or system used for domestic and drinking supply.

Figure 10: Two Pipe System

5.3 SINGLE STACK SYSTEM

i. The single stack system (without any vent pipe) is ideal when the toilet layouts are
repetitive and there is less space for pipes on the wall.
ii. In any system so selected there should be not more than two toilet connections per
floor
 iii. The system requires minimum 100 mm diameter stack for a maximum of five
floors in a building.

5.4 SINGLE STACK SYSTEM (PARTIALLY VENTILATED)

The system and the applicable safeguards under this system are the same as for
single stack system. The prime modification is to connect the waste appliances,
such as wash basin, bath tub or sink to a floor trap.

5.5 DRAINAGE
Flow conditions in plumbing Drainage:
The flow in the stack tends to cling to the wall of the pipe. There is a slight
spiral motion as the water flows down the pipe.
Terminal velocity occurs after 3 stories of flow.
VT = 3.0 (q/d)2/5
where :
q = flow rate in gpm
VT= terminal velocity in stack,
d = diameter in inches
Terminal velocity in drainage is same from 4th to 100 th storey.
Drainage in the stack is the same for a hotel or an office building.

5.6 VENTING:
It is important to understand that the sole purpose of venting is to relieve the pressure
fluctuations in the soil or waste stack it serves. A vent stack must connect to the base
of the drainage stack.
 The connection must be at or below the lowest horizontal branch.

The lowest floor would connect to the horizontal building drain after the hydraulic jump.

when more ten 10 storeys in height the relief vent is to be the same size of the vent.

Air movement is within the conventional stack, which pressures attempt to balance
between the floors.

Relief vent must be located every 10 ten branch intervals down from the top of stack for
conventional systems
CHAPTER 6:

VACUUM PLUMBING:
Vacuum plumbing systems use a powerful combination of differential pressure and
gravity to collect and transport waste and gray water

 From fixtures – toilets, sinks, showers, refrigerator cases, etc.

 Through a closed piping network flexibly located in the building, instead of
buried underground
 To a temporary collection center and then automatically to the sewer main or
water treatment center.

6.1 THE BASIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VACUUM

PLUMBING AND GRAVITY PLUMBING
Ordinary plumbing systems basically rely on gravity: digging, trenching for
underground piping and drains
 Vacuum plumbing systems rely primarily on vacuum pressure: piping routed
above grade, laid out horizontally or vertically
 Gravity plumbing involves waste stacks, and extensive venting involving roof
and floor penetrations
 Vacuum plumbing systems are virtually self-venting. No waste stacks. Air
removed from the piping network by the vacuum pumps becomes the vent for
the system
 Gravity plumbing - even with low flush toilets – require an estimated 1.2 -
1.6 gallons per flush, and splash with every flush
 Vacuum plumbing systems’ powerful, super-efficient flush requires ONLY
1/2 gallon of water per flush.
 NO splash! NO wasted water!
6.2 ADVANTAGES OF VACUUM PLUMBING
 Water Conservation and Sustainability

o Gravity plumbing requires average 1.6 gallons per flush

o Vacuum plumbing systems save extremely large amounts of water, requiring ONLY
.5 gallon per flush

 Health, Safety and Security

 Cost Reduction

 Design and Construction Flexibility

 6.3 VACUUM PLUMBING SYSTEMS BASIC COMPONENTS
1. Accumulator

Figure 12: Accumulator

Figure 11: Pipe Accumulator

 Operation
 Includes sensor
 Activates Extraction Valve

2. Extraction Valve and

 Controller– “Normally closed”

 pinch valve– Opened and closed by

Controller

 Toilets, activated by flush button

 Sinks, lavatories, etc. activated

automatically

6.4 VACUUM PIPING NETWORK

 System always under vacuum pressure Figure 10: EXTRACTION VALVE & OPERATION
diagram
 Materials – smaller diameter, smooth internal bore piping with standard sweep
style fittings.
 Risers, droppers, submains, mains
 Slope 1/8”, compared to gravity systems

6.5 FIXTURES
 Standard plumbing fixtures
  Designed to flush 0.5 gallon toilets

6.6 ELECTRONIC VALVE CONTROL SYSTEM

 Networked for Remote Visibility and Control Vacuum Center

 Pumps: liquid ring pumps create and maintain vacuum pressure, run only on
demand
 Tanks: temporarily collect wastewater. Discharge automatically or manually

 Controls: fully automated, redundant

6.7 SIZING AND

DESIGN
CONSIDERATIONS:

 Vacuum Center
 Automatic operation

 Location, delivery,
operation

 Sizing factors

 Lift Points, Equipment,

Other

Figure 13: Vacuum Pump

Figure 14: Vacuum System Machine
CHAPTER 7:

STORM WATER DRAINAGE:

Storm water piping is probably subjected to the most frequent movement of any
plumbing system, but not necessarily the maximum expansion. the movement is due
to the frequently changing difference in the outside temperature relative to the inside
temperature. Low temperature flow in the storm water piping will cause condensation
to form on the outside of the piping in the building. It is therefore advisable to insulate
all storm water offsets to prevent condensation from staining ceilings. The higher the
building the more economical its use becomes, but even far importance than the
economies realized, controlled flow roof drainage is one of the best way to combat
water flooding during heavy rainfalls.

7.1 DESIGN FACTORS

Estimate of the quantity that reaches the storm water drain depends on the following
factors:
i. Type of soil and its absorption capacity determined by its soil group.
ii. Ground slope and the time in which the area is drained.
iii. Intensity of the rainfall for a design period.
iv. Duration of the rain/storm.

For full circumference of pipe acting as weir, the roof area (RA) for drainage may be
worked out by using
RA = 0.084 × d5/2/I
where
d = Pipe diameter; mm
I = Intensity of rainfall (mm/h).

7.2 RAIN-WATER HARVESTING

To supplement the ever growing shortage of protected, pure and safe water supply for
human consumption rainwater is an ideal source which can be conserved and used in
a useful manner by the people. The amount of rainfall available varies from region to
region. Each area has to develop its own method and system to conserve, store and
use it to suit its requirements and local conditions. There are several methods by
 which rain-water can be stored, used and conserved. Each system depends on the
amount of precipitation, the period in which the rainfall occurs in a year and the
physical infrastructure for example, space available to store the water, etc.

There are several techniques available for catching and storing the rain-water. Most
of the techniques are applicable for large open areas, farms, sloping grounds etc,
with a low population base. Two major systems that are ideal for urban and semi-
urban developed areas are:
Artificial ground water recharge, and
Roof top rain-water harvesting.

Figure 15: pictorial View of Rain Water Harvesting

7.3 OBJECTIVES OF RWH:

 Augment Ground water Reservoir: - Ground water is important water
supply source during emergency.

 Avoid Flooding:-Due to rapid urbanization hard area & surface run off rates are
increasing- which results in flooding during rainy season.
 Reduce burden on Municipal storm water drainage system.

 Avoid wastage of rainwater-Recharge to Ground.

 Figure 16: Rain Water Diagram

Figure 17: Typical Rain Water Harvesting Pitt

CHAPTER 8:
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN (STP TECHNOLOGY & WASTE
WATER CHARECTERISTICS)

8.1 PRIMARY SETTLEMENT

Where larger solids settle into the bottom of the primary tank and are removed
periodically as sludge, and where other buoyant materials float upwards to be
removed usually by a scraping/screening method.

8.2 SECONDARY TREATMENT

Raw sewage is introduced into the MBBR Reactor where polyethylene biofilm carriers
operating in mixed motion within an aerated wastewater treatment basin. Each
individual bio-carrier increases productivity through providing protected surface area
to support the growth of heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria within its cells. Final
Settlement / Clarification
Where remaining solids (Humus) are settled out of the biological treated effluent.

Table 0-1: STP standards

PARAMETER INLET OUTLET

CHARACTERISTICS CHARACTERISTICS
pH 6.5 to 8.5 6.0 to 8.0
B.O.D 250 to 400 mg/l <10 mg/l
C.O.D 400 to 600 mg/l <20 mg/l
Total Suspended Solid 200 to 450 mg/l <5 mg/l
Bacterial Count Absent
8.3 STP FLOW DIAGRAM.

Figure 18: STP Flow Diagram

Figure 19: STP Schematic Drawing

CHAPTER 9:

CASE STUDY: Group Housing at G. Noida (West)

9.1 About the project:

This case study intends to highlight the details of the following `
proposed services, which are provided from the point view of Plumbing, services.
 Water Supply System
 Wastewater Disposal System
 Sewerage and drainage system including disposal

9.2 Location &

connectivity:
About the project
This housing is in Sector -1 , Tech Zone -IV , located at Greater Noida ( West ),
completed in 2016. The housing consist of 2BHK , 3 BHK , 3BHK+Study type
apartments whole site have 9 Tower s A to I . one commercial center is present on
front club house is located at the centre of the site . Central lawn is available at site.

9.3 Basis of Design:

Site Location : Greater Noida
Geographic location : 28.58 deg. N; 77.20 deg. E
Altitude : 216 M above mean sea level.

Outdoor Design Conditions:

Outdoor Design Conditions for Noida are based on Weather data compiled and
published by ISHRAE (WEDCO) for Delhi corresponding to 0.4% annual cumulative
frequency of occurrence and the outdoor design conditions have been considered as
follows:-

Summer

Dry Bulb Temperature : 107.2 Deg.F (41.77 Deg. C)

Mean Coincident Wet Bulb Temperature : 74.5 Deg F (23.6 Deg. C)
Monsoon

Wet Bulb Temperature : 83.1 Deg F (28.38 Deg. C)

Mean Coincident Dry Bulb Temperature : 91.9 Deg.F (33.27 Deg. C)
 Winter

Dry Bulb Temperature : 42.8 Deg.F (6.0 Deg. C)

Mean coincident Wet Bulb Temperature : 41.4 Deg F (5.2 Deg. C)

Indoor Design Conditions

Based on our past experience, indoor design condition for Club House & shopping
area is proposed as follows:
Dry Bulb Temperature : DB : 22+ 1 Deg C (72+ 2 Deg F)
Relative Humidity : Less than 60%

Rainfall:

Average Annual rain fall in MM - 780mm

9.4 Land use pattern

Total Area of Housing - 3 Acres App.

9.5 Code & regulation

Plumbing / Sanitary systems have been designed and installed conforming to the
following codes and standards:

 Regulations of the local authority.

 National Building Code (NBC) 2005 (Part-9)

 Manual on water supply and treatments published by Central Public

Health and Environment Engineering Organization under Ministry
of Urban Development, Govt. of India.

 Manual on sewerage and sewage treatment published by Central Public

Health and Environment Engineering Organization under Ministry of
Urban Development, Govt. of India.

 Manual on Norms and Standards for Environmental Clearance of Large

Construction Projects issued by Ministry of Environment and Forests,
Government of India.

 Relevant BIS Codes.

 Good Engineering Practice.
 9.6 Water supply system

 The water supply from City Water Supply (Municipal Main), Borewells & Truck fill
point shall be brought to underground fire storage tank and overflow from fire storage
tank shall be taken to raw water storage tank of respective building in
order to replenish the fire storage water.
 The water from raw water storage tank shall be pumped through dual media pressure
sand filter & activated carbon filter and shall be taken to the underground Domestic
water tank (Assuming the Borewell water & Municipal
water are of potable quality).
 Water (Non – Flushing) from Underground Domestic Water Storage Tank shall be
pumped through Domestic Water Lifting Pumps (1W+1S) to overhead fire water tanks
of respective buildings. Overflow from Fire Water tank shall be taken
into overhead Domestic Water tanks.
 Water (Non-Flushing) from overhead domestic water tank of respective
building/Tower shall be supplied /distributed to all toilet & kitchen area through
gravity system.
 The Domestic Water Supply to each drinking water cooler shall be provided
through water purifier unit.
 Domestic R.O unit shall be provided in kitchen area (optional).
9.7 Flushing Water System (Recycled Treated Water from STP) :
 Water from Flushing Water Storage Tank from STP Plant Room shall be pumped
through Flushing Water Lifting Pumps to Overhead Flushing Water Storage Tank
of respective building at Terrace where Flushing Water shall be distributed through
gravity system to all WC.

9.8 SEWERAGE:
 Drainage system for soil & waste is based on the most efficient, functional design, minimum
maintenance after installation and available side topography to minimize the excavation
work in laying the pipes, two pipe system (soil and waste) is proposed to carry soil and
waste separately from the building under gravity.
 Waste pipes are connected to sewerage manhole through gully trap and soil pipes are to be
directly connected to the sewerage manhole.
 The main sewage is carried through a battery of manholes and finally discharged into
Centralise Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) of respective building.
9.9 BASIS OF DESIGN FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEM:
 It has been considered that 80% of the domestic water supply (Non Flushing) & 100% of
Flushing Water demand shall find its way into the Proposed Sewage Treatment Plant.
 The sewer lines have been designed for peak demand/flow (three times of Av. Dry Weather
Flow in relation to the water supply demand).
 All the sewer line has been designed to run half full condition for pipes up to 250 mm dia.
 Necessary provisions for laying S.W. / R.C.C sewer lines and manholes etc. have been
made in the scheme.
 Grease trap for kitchens waste shall also provided before discharging the sewer line.

9.10 BASEMENT DRAINAGE:

 All upper basements shall be provided with drain pipes and these drain pipe shall discharge in
to the drains/channel in the basement below.
 The lowest level basement shall be provided with a network of drain channels, with
following details:
· Minimum 250-300 mm width.
· Minimum 150 mm deep at start and general slope of 1:250 to 1:300 accordingly a
minimum filling of approx 450 mm is required and the final location /layout of channel
shall be depending upon the architectural plans and proposed structural details.
· The drain channels shall be provided with proper grating as per architectural details.
 Drain channel shall be provided at the starting points of all ramps in to the basements.
 The drain channels shall be discharging in to drainage sumps, which shall be having the
following details:-
· Minimum size of 2000 x 2000 mm for basement parking drainage.
· Minimum size of 1500 x 1500 mm for plant room drainage.
· The sump shall be equipped with fixed type submersible sump drainage pumps, which
shall be automatically operated based on level indicator through level switches and
controller system.
 Any wet areas for toilets shall be identify by the Architect/Client in the planning stage itself
and the location confirmed on the drawings. For such areas, a sewerage sump with
automatic submersible sewage sump pumps shall be provided.
 Dedicated sumps with automatic submersible sewage pumps are to provided at lower
basement levels as per the requirement.
9.11 DESIGN BASIS FOR SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT:

Sewage Treatment Plant of 124 m3/day shall be provided.

In order to conserve water, Sewage Treatment Plant has been designed to ensure that treated
effluent (water) characteristics are well below the permissible limits of local/national pollution
control norms even under varying flow conditions which are typical for such systems. This implies
that the selected process shall be able to withstand the shock load situation.
We propose to use Moving bed aerobic bioreactor working on the principles of attached growth
process after some pretreatment operation. This has the following advantages:

a) The process has long retention time and can absorb shock load situation.
b) The process produces a well-oxidized sludge in small quantities only, which can be removed
and used as manure.
The sewage treatment plant has been designed with a capacity 124 m3/day of soil waste including
kitchen waste. Entire sewage treatment plant is underground & consists of Equalization and
collection sump with horizontal centrifugal pumps, bioreactors tanks, Tube setting tank, sludge
holding tank and Treated Effluent tank, filter feed pumps, drainage pump for plant room drainage,
Dual Media filter, activated carbon filter, S.S/MS/GI/HDPE pipe and fitting, valves and associated
electrical works.
The STP unit shall be aerobic system based for better efficiency and space conservation. The basic
design parameters of the STP are as follows:

a) Effluent
pH 6.5 - 8.5
Suspended solids 350 – 400 Mg/L
BOD 300 – 400 mg/L
COD 600 – 650 mg/L
Oil & greases 50 mg/l

b) Treated Effluent
pH 6.0 – 8.5
Suspended solids < 20 mg/L
BOD < 20 mg/L
COD < 100 mg/L
Oil & greases < 5 mg/L
PROCESS DESCRIPTION:

 Sewage treatment plant should be designed to ensure that treated effluent (water)
characteristics are well below the permissible limits, even under varying flow conditions.
This implies that the selected process shall be able to withstand the shock load situation.
 It is proposed to use Moving bed aerobic bioreactor working on the principles of attached
growth process.
 The treatment plant shall be designed with a capacity to handle 124 m3/day of waste water.
 Screens will be provided in screen chambers and it will be manually cleaned by going down to
a platform. Fully submersible centrifugal non clog sewage handling pump will be provided
in the collection cum equalization tank to pump the collected waste water to the next MBBR
tanks. Automatic level controller will be provided in the tank to turn the pump off at the low
water level in the tank and to start the pump when water level is high automatically. Air will
be introduced in this tank to prevent any potential foul smell problem & to provide the
mixing of wastewater to avoid the sedimentation of solids in this tank. Air Grid used for
aeration purpose shall be non-clog.
 The waste water from equalization tank is pumped to the moving bed bio reactor. There shall
be two nos. of bioreactors in series for the efficient working and removal of BODs for the
required retention time. The process inside the moving bed bioreactors consists of adding
small cylindrical-shaped polyethylene/polypropylene carrier elements in aerated basins to
support biofilm growth. The small cylinders are provided with a cross inside the cylinder
and longitudinal fins on the outside. The biofilm carriers are maintained in the reactor by the
use of a perforated plate with appropriate slot at the tank outlet. Air agitation or mixers are
applied in a manner to continuously circulate the packing. The packing may fill 25 to 50
percent of the tank volume. Specific surface area of the packing is about 450- 500M2/M3 of
bulk packing volume. The waste water from first bioreactor flows by gravity through the
perforated plate/mesh to the next bioreactor kept in series. Inside the bioreactors, aerobic
bacteria grow in an attached growth from around the moving plastic media inside the
reactors. The bacteria have to reduce BOD & COD of waste water in the presence of oxygen
provided through the air grids located at the bottom of the reactors. The Process does not
require any return activated sludge flow or backwashing.
 From the bio-reactors, the effluent passes by gravity into the clarifier (Tube Settling Tank).
Clarifier will be a hopper bottom sedimentation tank provided with appropriate size PVC
tube deck media. The suspended solids will settle at the bottom of the tank & clear
 supernatant will overflow to filter feed tank through outlet launder. The collected sludge at
bottom shall be transferred through pumps to sludge holding tank.
 The clear supernatant after clarifier will be collected in to filter feed tank. This tank will act
as housing tank for filter feed pumps. The clarified & dis-infected water will be then fed
to filtration unit.
 Filtration unit consisting of Dual Media sand filter, activated carbon filter and ultra filtration
system (optional) will remove the residual impurities such as odor/color, suspended solids,
BOD/COD. The treated water after the filtration unit will be collected in Irrigation cum
Flushing water storage tank from where it is transferred to flushing water tank at terrace &
Irrigation System.
 Excess sludge from the bottom of the settling tank will be removed and transferred to sludge
holding tank. Air grid shall be provided in this tank to avoid conversion into anaerobic
conditions, thickening of sludge and keep sludge in homogenous condition. The digested &
thickened sludge shall be further thickened through Sludge Dewatering System (Filter press
with screw pump) and disposed off periodically through closed tanker or can be reused as
manure.

Re-Use & Disposal of Treated Effluent

Considering the site planning and various conditions of the project, the various opting available for
re-use of the treated wastewater from the Sewage Treatment Plant are:

Flushing Purpose

 Use for Flushing purpose for Water Closet (WC) and Urinals. The Treated Effluent from
Irrigation cum Flushing Water Storage Tank pumped into the Flushing Water overhead
water tank through water lifting pumps and supplied to all WC & Urinals through
gravity system.

Horticulture Purpose

 Use horticultural purposes in the campus for watering the lawn hydrants and planters etc.
The treated effluent from the STP shall be pumped into the Garden Hydrant Ring, which
shall be laid for the entire site.
 9.12 STORM WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM:

 Storm water drainage systems will be designed based on 35 mm/hour rainfall intensity (as per
Manual on norms and standards for Environmental Clearance of Large Projects issued by
Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India). Rainwater harvesting pit of
3.0 m dia x 3.5 m depth shall be provided.
 Storm water drainage system will be combined for the building roof drainage and the site
drainage.
 The Storm water will be collected by gravity and connected to main storm water drainage
system comprising of catch basin, storm water manhole and RCC pipe and finally
discharged to the Rainwater Harvesting Pit thru desilting chamber for underground aquifer
charging. Basement/Plant Room drain shall be pumped and connected into Storm Water
drain and finally it is discharged into Rain Water Harvesting Pit thru Oil separation
chamber.
 Overflow from rainwater harvesting pit shall be discharged into city storm water drain/storm
water sump in case of excessive rains.

9.13 SWIMMING POOL/WATER BODIES FILTRATION PLANT:

Design Standards and Codes:

The following codes and design guideline shall be used in the design of the Swimming Pool
Filtration and Circulation System:-
 The treatment and quality of Swimming Pool Water by the Department of Environment.
 Swimming Pool Disinfection System by the Department of the Environment.
 Pool Water Guide by Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group 1995.
 Safety in the Swimming Pool by Health and Safety Commission Sports Council.
 British Standards and Code of Practice.
 Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide by the Institute of Plumbing, U.K.
 CIBSE Guide G – Public Health Engineering.
 The Swimming Pool and Allied Trade Association [SPATA].
The design criteria adopted from the above guide lines :-

 Turn over rate : 6-8 hours (Considering 6 hours for Residential Pool & Water Bodies)
 Filtration rate/Filtration Velocity through Filter : 30 m3/hr/m2

Pipe Velocity :

a) Suction Side : 1.2 – 1.5 m/s

b) Discharge : 2.1 – 2.4 m/s
c) Side Gravity : 0.8 m/sec
d) Drain : 0.5 m/s
Type of Pool : Outdoor Swimming Pool
with overflow channel on all
sides.
Residual Chlorine to be maintained : 1.2 - 1.5 mg/l
pH to be maintained : 7.2 – 7.6 mg/l

System Description:

 The filtration system shall consist of sand filter, recirculation Pumps, chemical dosing
system in the Filtration Pump Room. Sand Filter shall be proposed for its better efficiency,
lesser maintenance.

 Balancing tank is proposed of adequate volume (capacity). Water displaced from the
Swimming Pool shall overflow into the balancing tanks to be pumped back to the respective
filtration system.

 Back wash shall be carried out periodically for the Sand Filter to maintain the efficiency of
the Filtration Plant. The back wash water shall be stored in the sump located in the Plant
Room and shall be discharged into external storm water drainage system.

 Duty and standby Pumps shall be arranged in parallel to be provided the filtration and
backwash requirement.
  Chemical treatment system shall consist of chlorination with the use of Naocl, Sodium
bicarbonate H+ ion as PH control agent to maintain PH range of 7.2 to 7.6. Chemical
dosing pump shall be provided the injection of these chemicals into the water for treatment.

 The treated water enters in to the pool through water inlets.

The swimming pool will be provided with following Pumps, equipment & accessories.
Swimming Pool recirculation Pumps.
Pressure sand filters.
Chlorine and PH dosing.
Pool Basin fitting & accessories.
Pool Maintenance Fitting & accessories.
Pool light fixtures, fitting and accessories.
Balancing Tank of adequate capacity.
Heat Pumps for Swimming Pool Heating (if required.)

9.14 IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Irrigation Area
The premises comprises of irrigable area such as lawns, gardens etc.

Source of Water
The irrigation water shall be made available from STP/Borewells.

Distribution System
A network of distribution system is to be designed to supply irrigation water at all locations where
green patches are to be developed. The irrigation water is to be supplied through pressure lines by
pumping (Pressure requirement /Residual pressure at outlet of farthest fixtures shall be confirmed
by landscape Architect/Consultants).

Irrigation water requirement for lawns, garden and trees etc. shall be confirmed by landscape
Architect/Consultants.
 9.15 TOTAL WATER REQUIREMENT

The water requirement as per I.S. specifications, Govt. manuals and general practice
in India shall be as per this table

S.No. Description Domestic Flushing Non-flushing

water water water
requirement requirement requirement
@ 150 L/D/P @45 L/D/P @ 105 L/D/P
Liter/Day Liter/Day Liter/Day
1 Residential 1,44,000 43,200 1,00,800
occupancy –
192 DU X 5P
= 960
Total water 1,44,000 43,200 1,00,800
requirement liter/day liter/day liter/day

WATER REQUIREMENT FOR SWIMMING POOL FILTRATION SYSTEM :

 Total Volume of Swimming Pool = 324 m3

 Considering Recirculation period/Turnover period 6 Hour/Day.
 Recirculation Flow rate = 324/6 m3/Hour

= 54.0 m3/Hour
[a] Water Requirement for Filter Back Wash :

Considering 15 minute (0.25 Hr) Backwash period/duration.

Water required for Filter Backwash Operation = Recirculation period x backwash

du ration
= 54.0 m3/Hr x 0.25 Hr
= 13.50 m3

Say = 14.0 m3/day-------------------[a]

[b] Makeup Water Requirement Due to Evaporation Losses :

 Considering 1% evaporation losses of total water body volume.

 Makeup Water Requirement = 0.01 x 324 m3
= 3.24 m3/Day

Say = 3.50 m3/day-------------------[b]

 => Total Water Requirement for Back
Wash Operation/Makeup = [a]+[b]
= 14.0 + 3.50 m3/Day
= 17.50 m3/Day

Water requirement for Water

Bodies Filtration System = 17.50 M3/Day----------------[A]

IRRIGATION/ LANDSCAPE WATER REQUIREMENT

Total Green/ Landscape Area = 6642 sqm.

Landscape / irrigation Water Requirement @ 6.0 Liter/ Sqm/ day = 6642 X 0.6

= 3985.2 LPD

Say = 4000 LPD

Considering 10% safety margin for leakage Total Water Requirement = 0.10 X 4000

= 400 LPD

Say = 400 LPD

Total water requirement = 4000 + 400

= 4400 LPD

Say = 5000 LPD

Irrigation/ landscape water requirement =5,000 LPD

WATER BALANCE & STP CAPACITY

WATER BALANCE

Total Water Requirement = 208.0 KLD

Effluent /Treated Water Recovered from

STP (as per Water Balance diagram) = 124 KLD

Recycled Water used for Flushing,

Horticulture = 44 + 5
= 49 KLD
Fresh Water Requirement from
Municipal supply = 208 – 49
= 159 KLD

Fresh Water Requirement = 159 KLD

STP CAPACITY

Total Domestic Water Requirement = 101 KLD

Waste Water/ Effluent Generated = 80% of total Domestic/
non-Flushing water
80% of 101
= 80 KLD
100% of Flushing Water goes to STP = 44 KLD
Total Waste Water Generated = 80 + 44 KLD
= 124 KLD
STP Capacity considering = 1.05 x Total Waste Generated
= 1.05 x 124 = 130.2 KLD
Say = 130 KLD

Capacity of STP Proposed = 130.0 KLD

Fresh water Potable water (Non @80%
Flushing) 101 KLD STP+capacity
80 44 = 124
requirement from
KLD
municipal supply (130 KLD)
119 KLD
Swimming pool

18 KLD
44 KLD

Recovery 95%
Flushing water 44 44 KLD

KLD
123 KLD

Horticulture 5 KLD

5 KLD

WATER BALANCE DIAGRAM

9.16 STORAGE:
They Considered minimum requirement of storage for two day the capacity in
underground tanks and overhead tanks be as follows:

Under Ground Tanks

3
(a) Raw water tank 120 m
3
(b) Domestic water tank 120 m
3
(c) Fire water tank 100 m

Overhead Tank at Terrace Level 3

(a) Fire water tank 20 m

(b) Domestic water tank 20 m3

(c) Flushing water tank 30 m3

9.17 SOIL, WASTE, VENT & RAIN WATER DISPOSAL PIPE SYSTEM
The system has been designed based on two pipes (stack) system.

Minimum dia of pipes adopted as:

 All main soil pipes -- 100mm

 All branch soil pipes -- 100mm
 All main waste pipes -- 100mm

 All branch waste pipes -- 50mm/75mm

 All main soil and waste pipes stack -- 100mm/100mm
 Wash basin/Sink waste connection to floor trap -- 32/40mm

All soil, waste, vent & rain water pipes running vertically, shall be exposed and
approachable, in vertical shafts as per architectural design.

o Each connection from the fixtures shall be provided with access

doors for cleaning (door junctions).

o Where two or three fixtures are connected to a single horizontal pipe

leading to a vertical stack (in toilets), clean-out plugs are provided at
starting point.

 The clean-out plugs shall be flush with the top of floor.

o
All traps shall be with a minimum water seal of 50mm.
CHAPTER 10:
DESIGN CALCULATIONS
10.1 DESIGN OBJECTIVES:
A site has been chosen of area 7 acres which is located at sector - Zeta,G. Noida, UP,
for the understanding of various components of design under plumbing services, listed
below.
1. Design population
2. Total water demand,
3. STP capacity,
4. Equalization tank
5. Water balance diagram
6. Waste water management,
7. Fire tank capacity,
8. Storm water & No of RWH pit calculation

Average annual rainfall of Delhi=780 mm

10.2 DESIGN POPULATION

Area of site = 28386 sqm.

= 7.0 Acre

FAR = 300
Total built-up area = 85158 sqm.
Ground coverage = 30%
= 8515.8 sqm.
No. of DU per floor = 56
No. of floors = 14
No. of Towers = 6
Total No. of DU = 784
Total population = 784 X 5
= 3920
Site Plan
 WATER REQUIREMENT

S.No. Description Domestic Flushing Non-flushing

water water water
requirement requirement requirement @
@ 150 L/D/P @45 L/D/P 105 L/D/P
Liter/Day Liter/Day Liter/Day
1 Residential 1,44,000 43,200 1,00,800
occupancy –
192 DU X 5P
= 960
Total water 1,44,000 43,200 1,00,800
requirement liter/day liter/day liter/day

WATER REQUIREMENT FOR SWIMMING POOL FILTRATION SYSTEM :

 Total Volume of Swimming Pool = 318 m3

 Considering Recirculation period/Turnover period 6 Hour/Day.
 Recirculation Flow rate = 318/6 m3/Hour

= 53.0 m3/Hour
[a] Water Requirement for Filter Back Wash :
Considering 15 minute (0.25 Hr) Backwash period/duration.
Water required for Filter Backwash Operation = Recirculation period x
backwash
du ration
= 53.0 m3/Hr x 0.25 Hr
= 13.25 m3

Say = 14.0 m3/day-------------------[a]

[b] Makeup Water Requirement Due to Evaporation Losses :

 Considering 1% evaporation losses of total water body volume.
 Makeup Water Requirement = 0.01 x 318 m3
= 3.18 m3/Day
Say = 3.50 m3/day-------------------[b]
 => Total Water Requirement for Back
Wash Operation/Makeup = [a]+[b]
= 14.0 + 3.50 m3/Day
= 17.50 m3/Day

Water requirement for Water

Bodies Filtration System = 17.50 M3/Day----------------[A]

IRRIGATION/ LANDSCAPE WATER REQUIREMENT

Total Green/ Landscape Area = 17030sqm.

Landscape / irrigation Water Requirement @ 6.0 Liter/ Sqm/ day = 17030 X 0.6

= 10218 LPD

Say = 11000 LPD

Considering 10% safety margin for leakage Total Water Requirement = 0.10 X 11000

= 1100 LPD

Say = 2000 LPD

Total water requirement = 11000 +

2000

= 23000 LPD

Say = 23000 LPD

Irrigation/ landscape water requirement =23,000 LPD

10.3 WATER BALANCE & STP CAPACITY

WATER BALANCE

Total Water Requirement = 630.0 KLD

Effluent /Treated Water Recovered from

STP (as per Water Balance diagram) = 481 KLD

Recycled Water used for Flushing,

Horticulture = 177 + 23
= 200 KLD
Fresh Water Requirement from
Municipal supply = 630 - 200
= 430 KLD

Fresh Water Requirement = 430 KLD

STP CAPACITY

Total Domestic Water Requirement = 532 KLD

Waste Water/ Effluent Generated = 80% of total Domestic/

non-Flushing water
80% of 412
= 330 KLD

100% of Flushing Water goes to STP = 177 KLD

Total Waste Water Generated = 330 + 177 KLD

= 507 KLD

STP Capacity considering = 1.05 x Total Waste

Generated
= 1.05 x 507 = 532.3 KLD
Say = 532 KLD

Capacity of STP Proposed = 532

10.4 STORM WATER CALCULATION:

Total site area= 28386 sqm

RAIN WATER HARVESTING

Open/Green
Particulars Road/Paved Area Area Roof Top Area
Area (Sq.m.) 7525 12346 8515
Runoff coefficient 0.75 0.20 0.90
Rainfall (m) 0.780 0.780 0.780
Harvesting potential
(cu.m.) 4402.1 1925.9 5977.5
Net water availability
and potential for
12305.5
recharge (cu.m.) per
year

10.5 RAIN WATER HARVESTING PIT STRUCTURE:

Rain Water Harvesting Pit Design

Particulars Values
Peak hourly rate taken @ 45 mm/hr for 15 min 303.64/4
duration =75.91
Volume of recharge pit 66 m3
No. of recharge pit required 1.15

SAY 2
BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://www.klmtechgroup.com/

 http://kspcb.kar.nic.in/STP-Guide-web(Lo).pdf

 http://www.nj.gov/dep/stormwater/bmp_manual/NJ_SWBMP_5%20print.pdf

 http://tharakansproperties.com/happyhome/?p=199

 http://www.plumbingengineer.com/content/high-rise-plumbing-design-
and- plumbing-codes

 http://www.wsd.gov.hk/filemanager/en/content_150/HBonPIB.pdf

 National building code

 plumbing made easy for common man, author- Deepak daiya