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College Physics
College Physics
College Physics
06: Force and Motion - Newton’s Laws 08: Momentum and Collisions
• Static Equilibrium: A motionless state where all the • Momentum: A vector quantity that is the product of mass
forces acting on an object yield a net force of zero. and velocity of an item. It may be considered as inertia in
• Dynamic Equilibrium: A condition of constant motion.
motion/zero acceleration where all the forces acting on an • Impulse: A change in momentum. The product of force
object yield a net force of zero. and the time through which the force acts.
• Friction Force: A force that acts to resist motion of • Conservation of Momentum: The momentum of a system
objects that are in contact. will remain constant. Momentum isn’t created or destroyed
• Normal Force: Support force that acts perpendicular to a unless an outside force is acting on the system.
surface. If the surface is horizontal, this force balances the • Elastic Collision: A collision where there is no kinetic lost,
weight of the object. momentum is still conserved, the object have no
• Force: A vector quantity that tends to accelerate an object; deformation.
a push or a pull. • Inelastic Collision: A collision where kinetic energy is lost
• Net Force, Fnet: : A combination of all the forces that act due to heat, deformation, or other methods. However,
on an object momentum is still conserved for the system.
• Fnet=ma • P=mv
• µ=Ff/FN • Ft=m∆v
• Fnet=ΣF = the sum of all forces • J=Ft
• Newton’s 1st law : An object at rest wants to stay at • Explosion: one object breaking into more objects.
rest, an object in motion tends to stay in motion; inertia. 0=mv+mv+…
• Newton’s 2nd law : Fnet=ma. • Hit and stick: one object striking and joining to the other.
• Newton’s 3rd law: For every force that is an equal and m1v1+m2v2=(m1+m2)v3
opposite force; action and reaction. • Hit and rebound: one object striking and bouncing off of
the other. m1v1+m2v2=m1v3+m2v4
An inclined A
plane showing FN
all the forces Ball A strikes
acting on the m A B motionless ball B.
object: F┴ After the collision
Ff they move off as
shown.
W
B
Note how momentum is conserved. In the X direction, the
momenta add up to the original momentum before the
θ F║ collision. In the Y direction, the momenta cancel out since
there was no momentum in that direction initially.
10: Rotational Motion and Equilibrium 12:Temperature and Kinetic Theory of Gases
• Pressure: Force of gas molecules colliding with surfaces
• Torque: The rotational quantity that causes rotation; the
1 atm = 101300 Pa = 101.3 kPa = 760 mm Hg = 14.7 psi
product of force times lever arm.
• Standard Temperature and pressure: 1 atm (or anything
• Lever Arm: The distance from the axis of rotation to the
it’s equal to) and 0°C (273 K)
location where the force is applied.
• Ideal Gas: all assumptions of the kinetic molecular theory
• Moment of Inertia: The rotational equivalent of linear
are true.
inertia; a measure of the ease of rotating some object.
• Real Gas: real gases have significant particle volume and
• Angular Momentum: The rotational equivalent of linear
significant attractions/repulsions
momentum that describes the tendency of an object to
continue rotating.
• Rotational Equilibrium: The situation when the net Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT
torque on an object equals zero. P = Pressure
• Radian: A unit of rotational displacement; one revolution V = Volume
equals 2 ∏ radians. n = moles
T = Temperature (in Kelvin)
• I=Σmr2 R = Gas constant = 8.31 L × kPa or L × atm
0.0821
• L=Iω mole × K mole × K
• Ƭ=F l
• Root-Mean-Square Speed (Vrms): one measure of
Linear motion formula Rotational motion average particle speed in a gas
formula 3RT
d
vrms =
v= ∆θ M
ω=
t ∆t
∆v ∆ω • Average Translational Kinetic Energy (KEave): average
a= α=
∆t ∆t kinetic energy (energy due to motion) of each particle
3
d = v i t + at 2 /2 θ = ωi t + αt 2 /2 For the entire gas: KE ave = RT
2
v 2f = v i2 + 2ad ω2f = ωi2 + 2αθ Per molecule:
K ave =
3 R
T
2 NA
• θ= angular displacement • Diffusion: The rate at which a gas travels through a
• ω=angular speed container
• α=angular acceleration • Effusion: The rate at which a gas escapes through a tiny
hole
• Ƭ=torque
Attacking Strategy for Gas Laws
• I=rotational inertia 1. Identify quantities by their units
• Draw a diagram if needed. Identify all given information. 2. Write known and unknown quantities symbollicaly
Be sure to make diagrams or calculations with direction in 3. Choose equation based upon list of quantities
mind. Draw all forces and components. Plug quantities into equation and solve.
Here the conducting loop begins to pass into the magnetic • There is no net flow of energy in the medium.
field that goes into the page. An induced emf, and current • Node: The points of no displacement when standing waves
are created. The current flows so that the newly created B are formed.
field opposes the change in the original B field. While totally • Antinodes: The points along the medium which vibrate
immersed, no current would flow since there would be no back and forth with maximum displacement.
change in the B field flux. • Echo : The sound obtained by reflection at a wall, cliff or a
mountain is called an echo.