c


p

"
   

 
 "p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
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"
   
  " p
p
4-1 INTRODUCTION:p

The objective of the design project is to illustrate how to dimension a WCDMA

system with respect to both coverage and capacity. An Erlang B table is available in
the end of the design project.

4-1-1 CIRCUIT SWITCHED DATA:

Here only one circuit switched service is taken into account and hence the
calculations can use the standard Erlang blocking probabilities.

4-1-2 PACKET SWITCHED DATA:

The packet data service offered is of the type Π  Jt is therefore difficult to
provide a dimensioning of packet data stating an exact average throughput. However.
For dimensioning we can assume that only the 64 kbps bearer will be available in the
speech Busy Hour (BH).

4-1-3 MULTIPLE CARRIERS:

p
Jf the network is capacity limited it is usually more cost efficient to add carriers
instead of adding base stations. The Ericsson RBS 3202 can be configured with up to
four carriers per cell. Another possibility is to add carriers in order to improve the
coverage. This gain is achieved due to that the interference per carriers is reduced.
Practically, it can be assumed that the capacity gain is linear with the number of
carriers, For a site with three carriers per cell, the Mpolc for the cell would then be
three times the capacity given for a one-carrier cell.

Jn this design project no addition of carriers is allowed.

Jn the Figure below a sample RAN dimensioning process is shown. This method is by
no means the only way to dimension a network but it is a common method of doing
so.
p
pNaturally, the process is dependent on the particular scenario being dimensioned. The
process illustrated in the Figure below merely attempts to cover the most important
aspects.

p
p p
p
"
   
  " p
p

The uplink iteration process is designed to find the number of sites and loading that
produces a balance between the number of sites needed for coverage and capacity. As
the uplink load increases the number of sites required for capacity reduces since more
channels are available. However since the uplink interference margin (BJ
)
increases with load the number of sites for capacity increases. This convergence of
site numbers is depicted in Figure below.
p
p

p
p

p  pp

p
p p
p
"
   
  " p
p

p

  p
pp pp
p

p
p p
p
"
   
  " p
p
1- CALCULATE AVERAGE TRAFFIC PROFILE:
p
1-1 TRAFFIC:
p
Traffic theory attempts to obtain useful estimates, for example, the number of
channels needed in a cell. These estimates depend on the selected system and the
assumed or real behavior of the subscribers.

Traffic refers to the usage of channels and is usually thought of as the holding time
per time unit (or the number of "call hours" per hour) for one or several circuits
(trunks or channels). Traffic is measured in Erlangs (E).

An 'Erlang' is defined as one busy circuit for one hour. Jf the Mean Holding Time
(MHT) and Busy Hour Call Attempts (BHCA) of a system can be determined then
traffic per sub for the Busy Hour (BH) can be determined using the Equation below:


ppp
p p
p
p
Where

BHCH = Busy Hour Call Attempts

MHT = Mean Hold Time (in hours)
p
p
1-2 AVERAGE TRAFFICE PROFILE FOR CIRCUIT SWITCH:

The average traffic profile must be calculated for dimensioning purposes. The BH
traffic per sub for the CS services is given by the Equation below:

p
p ppppp pp
 p


The weighting factor is required in cases where the number of subscribers using the
different services is not the same.

Weighting factor = NO of subs for service/ No. of MTS subscribers

We achieved our calculations on MAT
AB for two services (video and speech calls):
p
p
p

 
   


 p
 p


 ! p
pp

" # 

# 
 p
 p

"
" ! p
pp


 pp
p"
 $%& p
"!'( 
 #)!'( #)  p

p
p p
p
"
   
  " p
p
pp
!'( #)!'( #) p
pp

#)$
" "&*$
 &p p!)p
 p
pp

 +,$!$
#)-+&& p
p p!)
pp
 pp p
!pp+ p

#)
 
#)*
  p
pp
$+& p


#)!'( #)p .!/p0 1
2p3
p
 p
p
p
p
p
p
p
p
1-3 AVERAGE TRAFFIC PROFILE FOR PACKET SWITCH:
For dimensioning purposes it is necessary to calculate the average PS traffic profile
per sub, for the BH.

The BH average KB per sub is given in the Equation below:

Ê ppp
pppp
ppp
 p


The Weighting factor is required in cases where the number of subscribers using the
PS services is different from the total MTS subscribers

Weighting factor = No. of subs for service/No, of MTS subscribers.

We achieved our calculation on MAT
AB for the uplink and down link as the
following:pp
p
p
p
'454

#)#6'454

#)#
$789&p .6 /p5p:! p'4*54 p
p
54

#)#6'454

#)#6$*

'454
& p
p
'4

#)#654

#)#6
'
454
 p
pp
"!'( "#)!'( #) p
'4"'4

#) #6 " p
54"54

#)#6 " p

p
p p
p
"
   
  " p
p
2- ASSUME AN UPLINK LOAD:
We do not dimension for loads less than 20% and the maximum allowed load in this
network is 70% for
and D
. An initial loading figure of40% (a noise rise of 2.2
dB) is probably a good starting value.

'4;9p p;8<'4<;= p

3- SITES REQUIRED FOR UPLINK CAPACITY:

We know that the conversational load (Qc) is equal to the number of speech channels
(M) divided by Mpole. Where Mpole is the theoretical limit for the number of Es
that a cell can support ( plinkMpo1e for Speech for a 3-sector urban site is 70),
therefore the number of channels can be derived from the formula below:

p pp!p
p
Assuming a GOS 2% the offered traffic for M channels can be calculated from the
Erlang table. Then we can calculate the number of subscriber per cell by the equation
below:

" ppp p!!p# $p
%
p pp

p
Now we can calculate the number of subscriber per site by multiplyingthe number of
subscribers per cell by three (the number of sectors).

The number of capacity sites equal to the result of dividing the number of network
subscribers over the number of subscriber per site.

( '4= p
pppp!( '4'4 p
pppp>2 
 8* p
pppp?#
$ @A4 0B@&p
pppp
$!*->& p
pppp!#)  $
$
#);&& p
pppp!#)# # !#)  p
ppppp
pppp!#  $!'( #)!#)# &p p
pppp p
pppp p

p
p p
p
"
   
  " p
p
4-UPLINK LINK BUDGET CALCULATION:

The margins that are relevant in the uplink are listed below:
‡p plink Jnterference margin (BJ
) [dB]
‡p
og-Normal Fading margin (B
NF) [dB]
‡p Power Control margin (BPC) [dB]

Jf an ASC is used the relevant losses are listed below:

‡p Body
oss (
B
) [dB]
‡p Car Penetration
oss (
CP
) [dB]
‡p Building Penetration
oss (
BP
) [dB]
‡p Jumper
oss (
J) [dB]

And the relevant gain is:

‡p Antenna gain (Gant) [dBi]

4-1 UPLINK MAXIMUM PATH LOSS:

The maximum uplink path loss (r
) is given by the Equation below:

r
ppÊp&p !p&p !p&p !p p'p p&pr!p&pr!p &pr!p&pr p (p)
 p

p
p
4-2 UPLINK SYSTEM SENSITIVITY (Sul):

The uplink system sensitivity is given by the equation below:

!pp"p(p"p(p*+!p, p(p %"p(prp ppp-$ .p

p
Where

Nt is thermal noise power density (-174 dBm/Hz)

Nf is the noise figure (2.3 dB with or 3.3 dB without an ASC)
Rinfo is the information bit rate [bps]
Eb/No is energy per bit / noise power density for the service [dB]

F is the feeder loss (0 dB with ASC)

"pp
!!
pp!/p
p!p0ppp1
p pp p0p
$p
/p02 p

p
p

p
p p
p
"
   
  " p
p
4-3 SITES REQUAIRED FOR UPLINK COVAREGE:

After calculating the uplink maximum path loss for both PS and CS, we choose the
minimum path loss in order to calculate the cell radius.

To calculate the cell radius we used OKOM RA-HATA propagation formula:

,*+3p
p

Where

Į = (
pmax ± a)/b

a and b are constant numbers and they differ according to the area (urban, rural «.)

Now after calculating the cell radius we can calculate the site coverage by the formula
below considering that the cell shape is a hexagon:

Site coverage area = (9/8)x(¥3)(R2 )

We can calculate the number of coverage sites by dividing the network area over the
site coverage area.

C'4 $$ ,'4&& p'4p(
p p

pppp p
pppp44% p
pppp43=;+*;=*44*7*>!## p
pppp4!?'!?1
,'4,C'4,43*  p
pppp p
pppp44" p
pppp43"=;+*;=*44"*7*>!## p
pppp4!?"'!?1
,'4",C'4,43"*  p
pppp p
pppp41 #4!?!$4!?-4!?"& p
pppp p
pppp%9;Dp pE
p'
) p
p32!
pp p
pppp)%+;88 p
pppp p
pppp$41 #4!? ,&) p
ppppAFp p pA p.6!/p"D p
pppp p
pppp# 
$D7&$#G
$%&&$AF8&p p#
 p.6!8/ p
pppp!# 
 $

# 
&p .# #/p p
pppp p

p
p p
p
"
   
  " p
p
š- CHECK FOR COVERAGE J CAPACITY BALANCE:

On this step of our algorithm we will check if the number of capacity sites and
coverage sites are equal. So, if they are equal we will move to the next part, if not we
will increase the uplink load (step 3) and we will repeat the capacity and coverage
sites calculation (step 4&5).
p
1 $!# H!# 
& p
pppp%,p #p p
pppp( '4= p
pppp!
$( '4'4& p
pppp>2 
 8* p
pppp?#
$ @A4 0B@&p
pppp
$!*->& p
pppp!#)  $
$
#);&& p
pppp!#)# # !#)  p
pppp p
pppp!#  $!'( #)!#)# &p .# #/p
"D p
pppp p
pppp p
pppp9,p #p

 p
ppppC'4 $$ ,'4&& p'4p(
p"87 p
pppp p
pppp44% p
pppp43=;+*;=*44*7*>!## p
pppp4!?'!?1
,'4,C'4,43*  p
pppp p
pppp44" p
pppp43"=;+*;=*44"*7*>!## p
pppp4!?"'!?1
,'4",C'4,43"*  p
pppp p
pppp41 #4!?!$4!?-4!?"& p
ppppp
pppp%9;Dp pE
p'
)p
p32!
pp"9D p
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pppp p
pppp$41 #4!? ,&) p
ppppAFp p pA p.6!/p"D p
pppp p
pppp# 
$D7&$#G
$%&&$AF8&p p#
 p.6!8/ p
pppp!# 
 $

# 
&p .# #/p"D p
pppp p
pppp p
pppp'4'4*; p
pppp p
ppppp$'4I;=& p
pppppppp!# )?$@0p #pp) p @ &p
ppppppp!! p
pppppppp)
2 p
pppp p
pppp p
p
'4'4 ,;p

p

p p
p
"
   
  " p
p
- CHECK THAT MAXIMUM LOADING IS NOT EXCEEDED:

Conversational traffic has priority over packet (best effort) traffic. Therefore the best
effort load is the remaining system load available on top of the conversational load.

The maximum load Qmax is defined as the conversational load Qc for CS and the best
effort load Qbe for PS as shown in the Equation below:


pp pp  p pp p(p p

p
where
p
 pp
4 44 %
p!p5 

!p
!p
p
p pp 4
4,1%
p!p
/p
!p
p
p
The purpose of calculating Qmax for both uplink and downlink loud is to make sure
that we did not exceed the balanced uplink load (step 5) and also to make sure that we
did not exceed the downlink load (assumed for network planning as 75% of the
downlink load).

!# # !#  p

#)
#  $!'( #)!# &p p.#)## 
/ p
pp
( "'4 p
( 54 p
( "547;D p
" 2'4;9p p$;=& p
" 254;9 p
pp
J!?'4#)
# $$$
#)&( '4&*$'4"897"
2'4$%9( "'4&&& p
pp
pJ!?'4I'4 p
pppp!# )?$@0p #pp) p pp'4pp ?  @ &p
# p
ppppJ!?54;Dp Cp: ; p
pppp!# 
!# 
,p
pppp1 $J!?54I;=+& p
pppppppp!# !# * p
pppppppp!# # !#  p
pppppppp#)
#  $!'( #)!# &p p.#)## 
/ p
pppppppp
J!?54#)
# $$$
#)&( 54&*$54"897"
254$%9 ( "54&&& "D p
pppp p
ppppppppp!# )?$#
$@  pp!)
pp
 #@-!8#
$!# &&-@ #@& p
pppp p
p

p

p p
p
"
   
  " p
p
ö- PERFORM DOWNLINK COVERAGE CHECKS:

The following downlink coverage limits must not be exceeded for the number of sites
we calculated it in previous steps.

1.p CPJCH Power (P CPJCH ” 0.1 Pnom,ref )

2.p Total Power (Ptot,ref ”0.75 Pnom,ref)
3.p DCH Power (Pdch.ref ” 0.3 Pnom,ref )

Before these checks can be made the nominal power at the reference point, cell range
and load must be calculated.

The nominal power at the reference point is calculated by the following equation:

Ê6 p pÊ6 p &pr p&prpp'pr
p-$ .p

p
p
The maximum downlink load:


pp pp  p pp p(p p

ö-1 CPICH POWER (PCPICH, REF ” 0.1 P, ):

To check the CPJCH power we need the following calculations:

1- Calculate E CPJCH Sensitivity using the E quation below:

6Ê

pp"p(p"7(p*+p!p,p(p%"p-$ .p
p

2- Calculate the path loss at lkm cell range using the simplified Okumura-Hata as tha
Equation below:

r
ppp
p(pp p!,ppp-$ .pp

Wherep
a and b OK MORA ± HATA constant for urban area

R the cell radius we calculated in step 4

3- Calculate the CPJCH signal attenuation (
sa) at this range using the Equation below:

r
ppr
p(p !p(p p(pr!p(pr!p(pr!p(pr p&p)
ppp-$ .p

p
p p
p
"
   
  " p
p
4- Calculate the downlink Jnterference margin (BlD
) at maximum load using the
Equation below:

rpp*+!*(3(7p%p"",p pÊ6 p%pr
p-$ .p

p
p
5- PCPJCH.ref can now be calculated using the Equation below:

ÊÊ

6 ppr
p(p 6Ê

p(
rp-$ .p
p
p
6- We must check that this is below the limit (PCPJCH, ref <= 0.1 Pnom,ref) in order to
make sure that the limit is not exceeded.

!# #!#  p

pp

 p

 p

 p
1 p
I;pKK
I;9pKKp
I;% p
pppp p
ppppp!'( #)!'( #) p
pppp
)#98;9 p
pppp> p
pppp;7D p
pppp#;8 p
pppp p
pppp

)# ,>,,# p
pppp p
pppp
1p;F$$
 ,%&& p
pppp p
pppp )pp
pp
p
pppp p
pppp


 p
pppp 
!# # p
pppp p
pppp
#G
$ ;D+& p
pppp )pp
pp
p
pppp54p
pppp p
pppp!# ! # #% p
pppp p
pppp!#)# !'( #)!#  p
pppp p
pppp
#)
#) p
pppp! # p
pppp# p
pppp 2;9 p
pppp! #7;D p
pppp p
pppp
G!?!#)# $$
#)! #&*$$#897
 2&$%9! #&&& p
ppppG!?$
$G!?&& p
pppp )p0p0pA p

p
p p
p
"
   
  " p
p
pppp0,=9 p
pppp0= p
ppppA%79 p
pppp,p
pppp'p0*0*$ $A&&* p
pppp )p4 p
pppp%9;D p
ppppA;+9 p
pppp)%+;88 p
pppp4*$) $A&& p
pppp p
pppp )ppp4)p4p4)p4>pB p
pppp7;9 p
pppp p
pppp4)% p
pppp4 p
pppp4)7 p
pppp4>;8 p
ppppB7;+ p
pppp4#
8) $ $ #; %9-@#
 @&& p
pppp4#4***4)*4*4)*4> ,Bp
pppp# $ #; 98-@#
 @-4#& p
pppp4# 
p;F$4#& p
pppp p
pppp )ppp

1p
 p
pppp
1#
8) $ $ #; ==-@#
 @&& p
pppp

1;=+ p
pppp# $ #; 9-@#
 @-
& p
pppp p
pppp p
pppp0#
8) $ $ #; =D-@#
 @&& p
pppp0#
8) $ $ #; 7-@#
 @&& p
ppppE8; p
pppp p
pppp*E p
pppp0$;F$0&& ! p
pppp0;F$0& p
pppp)p00A p
pppp) p
pppp
4# 
 p
pppp  p
pppp*  p
ppppC54 $& p
pppp p
pppp"
4#*'*C54 p
pppp"
"
 ,% p
pppp"
;F$$"
 ,%&& p
ppppppppp# $ #; =-@#
 @-"
& p
pppp p
pppp
"

1 p

p
p p
p
"
   
  " p
p
ö-2 TOTAL POWER (PToT, REF <= 0.öš PNOM.REF):

To check the following calculations and whether it realizes this condition or not we
need the following calculation:

1- We must calculate PCCH,ref using the Equation below:

p
Ê
6 pp p829p pÊÊ

6 pppp p-.p
p
2- After calculating the Ê
6 p p we must calculate the greatest signal attenuation
using the Equation:

r
ppr
p(p !p(p p(pr!p(pr!p(pr!p(pr p&p)
ppp-$ .p

p
:'p Calculate the total power at the reference point (PToT, REF) using the Equation
below:

Ê6 pp Ê
6 pp (p
ppr
p%p!'
p
p
;'pCheck that Ptot,ref <= o.75 Pnom,ref ,pp if this condition is not realized then the limit
is exceeded and more sites will be needed.


;+% p

pppp
8;+
 p
pppp p
pppp p
pppp= p
pppp";= p
pppp4#4**"*4)*4*4)*4> ,B p
pppp p
pppp4#;F$4# & p
pppp p
pppp p
pppp;%% ,9 p
pppp
J!#)# $$$
#)&( '4&*$'4"897" 2'4
$%9( "'4&&& "Dpp'4p4 p
pppp"
#
8) $ $ #; +9-@#
 @&& p
pppp4##
8) $ $ #; +-@#
 @&& p
pppp"
$$
&*$$4#&&&$ ,J& p
ppppppppp# $ #; 7-@#
 @-"
& p
pppp p
pppp
"

1 p

p
p p
p
"
   
  " p
p
ö-3 DCH POWER (PDCH‡ REF <= 0.3 PNOM.REF):

Firstly the check will be made for speech:

1- Calculate E DCH Sensitivity using the Equation below:

6Ê

pp"p(p"7(p*+p!p,p(p%"p-$ .p
p

2- Calculate the downlink Jnterference margin (B l
) at the specified load using the
Equation below:

rpp*+!*(3(7p%p"",p pÊ6 p%pr
p-$ .p

p
3- Calculate DCH power at the reference point (PDCH,ref) using the Equation below:

p
PDCH,ref =
sa + S E +BJD
[dbm]

4- Check that PDCH,ref <= 0.3 PNOM.REF to make sure that the limit is not exceeded.

Secondly the check is made for PS64:

1- Calculate DE DCH Sensitivity using the Equation below:

p
p
6Ê

pp"p(p"7(p*+p!p,p(p%"p-$ .p
p

2- Calculate the downlink Jnterference margin (BJD
) at the specified load using the
Equation below:

rpp*+!*(3(7p%p" ",p pÊ6 p%pr
p-$ .p

p
3- Calculate DCH power at the reference point (PDCH,ref) using the Equation below:

Ê
6 p pr
p(p p( !rp-$ .p

4- Check that PDCH,Rf <= 0.3 Pnom,rof to make sure that the limit isn¶t exceeded

p
p p
p
"
   
  " p
p
ppppA+ p
pppp)=;8 p
pppp'0*0* $A&*) p
pppp p
pppp p
pppp4# 
 p
pppp p
pppp;9 p
pppp0#
8) $ $ #; =D-@#
 @&& p
pppp0#
8) $ $ #; 7-@#
 @&& p
ppppE;=8 p
ppppA%79 p
pppp
#
8) $ $ #; =-@#
 @&& p
pppp4# 
#
8) $ $ #; =7-@#
 @&& p
pppp*E p
pppp0$;F$0&& ! p
pppp0;F$0& p
pppp)p00A p
pppp) p
pppp"
4# 
 p
pppp  p
pppp*  p
ppppC54 $& p
ppppC54C54 p
pppp p
pppp p
pppp# $ #; =+-@#
 @-C54& p
pppp p
pppp p
pppp p
pppp"
p'*pC54*p4# p
pppp"
"
 ,% p
pppp"
;F$$"
 ,%&& p
ppppp# $ #; D-@#
 @-"
& p
pppp
"

1 p
pppp p
pppp p

p
p p
p