Post Tensioning & Pre-Stressing Ducts

Material Submittal

Kuwait International Advanced Industries

Western Shuaiba
P.O. Box 9028 Al-Ahmadi 61001
State of Kuwait
T +965 2326 3042
F +965 2326 3043
www.kiaico.com
 Document Status
Rev. Date Modifications Status Prepared by Review by Approved by
0 13/05/15 First Issue For Approval M. Khourshid G. Bhangale K. Al-Awadhi
1 08/05/15 Second Issue For Approval M. Khourshid G. Bhangale K. Al-Awadhi

Page 1 of 1
Document: Document Status
Table of Contents
Introduction.........................................................................................
Product General Information ...............................................................
General Applications & Advantages .......................................................................
PP Internal Ducts Product Data Sheets ..................................................................
DN 73 x 22 ..............................................................................................................................
DN 90 x 22 ..............................................................................................................................
DN 76/91 ................................................................................................................................
DN 85/100 ..............................................................................................................................
DN 100/116 ............................................................................................................................
DN 115/135 ............................................................................................................................
PE External Ducts ...................................................................................................
Quality Control ....................................................................................
ISO 9001:2008 .......................................................................................................
Quality Plan ...........................................................................................................
Quality Procedure ..................................................................................................
Compliance ............................................................................................................
Pictures ..................................................................................................................
Approvals & Conformity .......................................................................
PP Internal Ducts ...................................................................................................
Public/Governmental - Kuwait...............................................................................................
International Consultants ......................................................................................................
PE External Ducts ..................................................................................................
Public/Governmental - Kuwait...............................................................................................
Oil & Gas ................................................................................................................................
MENA .....................................................................................................................................
Test Reports (Independent External Testing) ........................................
PP Internal Ducts ...................................................................................................
Public/Governmental - Kuwait ..............................................................................................
 Center of Engineering Laboratories (Kuwait).............................................................
Report No. 030414046 (23/04/2014) ............................................................
Report No. 052614166 (05/06/2014) ............................................................
Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research (Kuwait) .......................................................
Report No. 12/2014 (14/04/2014) .................................................................
International .........................................................................................................................
Akron Rubber Development Lab (U.S.A.) ...................................................................
DN 73 x 22 ......................................................................................................
DN 90 x 22 ......................................................................................................
DN 76/91 ........................................................................................................
DN 85/100 ......................................................................................................
DN 100/116 ....................................................................................................
DN 115/135 ....................................................................................................
PE External Ducts ..................................................................................................
Public/Governmental - Kuwait ..............................................................................................
MENA ....................................................................................................................................
International .........................................................................................................................
Project List ...........................................................................................
Other KAI Products ..............................................................................
Introduction.
Abstract
The following is an internally generated document by Kuwait International Advanced Industries K.S.C.C.
(KAI) - State of Kuwait intended to serve as a basis for material submittal.

The material submittal comprehensively documents technical details in regards to polypropylene (PP)
internal ducts and polyethylene (PE) external ducts manufactured at KAI specifically for post-tensioning
and pre-stressing applications. This material submittal directly draws upon, internal quality procedures,
renowned membership societies, testing laboratories, international certifications, and governmental
approvals.

This document is for the sole use of its intended recipients and may contain confidential and privileged
information.

KAI Background
KAI was established in 1998 as a Kuwaiti Joint Stock Company (K.S.C.C.) and has a current paid up capital
of USD 11,500,000. It is owned by a group of highly influential and reputable individuals and companies,
from both a local and regional perspective.

Since inception, KAI has continued to work towards diversifying its business and expanding its
capabilities in order to provide greater value to the communities and the countries it operates in. KAI’s
ever expanding reach caters to both emerging and developed markets throughout most of the Middle
East & North Africa.

KAI prides itself in delivering the highest quality products derived from
the highest grade of raw materials. Its high-tech in-house laboratory
ensures consistent and comprehensive quality control throughout its
entire product range.

KAI's success during its early years proved significant as it was able to
create a major shift in the market, moving away from customary piping
systems and towards more flexible and advanced plastic solutions. Test in progress taking place in KAI's
laboratory.

KAI is now a regional powerhouse in the manufacturing and supplying of

plastic products. The entirety of KAI's manufacturing requirements are
fulfilled in the two manufacturing facilities located in Western Shuaiba,
with a total area exceeding 72,000 m2.

Pipe production taking place in KAI's

extrusion manufacturing facility.
Product General Info .
General Applications &
Advantages
 PP Internal Ducts
Product Data Sheets
 
ProductDataSheet
R


PosttensioningandPreǦstressingDucts,SinglewallPTDucts
͹͵šʹʹǡ Žƒ–Ȁ˜ƒŽ‘Ž›’”‘’›Ž‡‡—…–
Description
]͹͵šʹʹšʹǤͲǡ–Š‡‘•––‡•‹‘‹‰ƒ†”‡Ǧ•–”‡••‹‰—…–•ǡ‹‰Ž‡™ƒŽŽ—…–•ƒ”‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†
ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†Dz ”‹†‰‡‡•‹‰’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•dzǤ
Rawmaterial
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†ˆ”‘Š‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›‘Ž›’”‘’›Ž‡‡”‡•‹Ǣ‡‡–”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘
ͶͳͲͳ
Colour
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡‹ƒ–—”ƒŽ…‘Ž‘—”™‹–Š‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰—Ž–”ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–ȋȌ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ‘”Ž‘‰–‡”•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
–Š‡”…‘Ž‘—”™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†‘”‡“—‡•–Ǥ
Applications
Ž›‘˜‡”Ƭ”‹†‰‡•ǡˆˆ•Š‘”‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•  
GeometricalProperties
‹‹—‹•‹†‡ ƒš‹—‘—–•‹†‡ ‹‹— ƒš‹—
†‹ƒ‡–‡”ȋȌ †‹ƒ‡–‡”ȋȌ –Š‹…‡••ȋȌ –Š‹…‡••ȋȌ

͹ͳšͳͻ ͺ͹š͵ͷ ͳǤ͹ͷ ʹǤʹͷ


Physicalproperties
‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‡•–‡–Š‘† ƒŽ—‡ ‹–
‡•‹Ž‡–”‡‰–Šƒ–›‹‡Ž† ͸͵ͺ ʹͲǦ͵Ͳ ƒ

‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ–Ͷͷͷƒ ͸Ͷͺ ͺͲǦͳʹͲ ι


Length
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡‹͸άͳΨ ͳʹάͳΨ ʹͲͲάͳΨ‘‹Ž
Jointing
‘…‡–Ȁ‘—’Ž‡”  Š”‹•Ž‡‡˜‡  —––™‡Ž†‹‰  
Testperformed
”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽȋ„‡ˆ‘”‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ȌǡǦŽ‹‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ
ƒ–…Š”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡–‡•–ǡ›’‡‡•–ǡ›•–‡ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ–‡•–
Approvals:
‹‹•–”›‘ˆ—„Ž‹…‘”•ǡ—™ƒ‹–    
 
ProductDataSheet
R


PosttensioningandPreǦstressingDucts,SinglewallPTDucts
ͻͲšʹʹǡ Žƒ–Ȁ˜ƒŽ‘Ž›’”‘’›Ž‡‡—…–
Description
]ͻͲšʹʹšʹǤͲǡ–Š‡‘•––‡•‹‘‹‰ƒ†”‡Ǧ•–”‡••‹‰—…–•ǡ‹‰Ž‡™ƒŽŽ—…–•ƒ”‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†
ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†Dz ”‹†‰‡‡•‹‰’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•dzǤ
Rawmaterial
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†ˆ”‘Š‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›‘Ž›’”‘’›Ž‡‡”‡•‹Ǣ‡‡–”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘
ͶͳͲͳ
Colour
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡‹ƒ–—”ƒŽ…‘Ž‘—”™‹–Š‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰—Ž–”ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–ȋȌ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ‘”Ž‘‰–‡”•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
–Š‡”…‘Ž‘—”™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†‘”‡“—‡•–Ǥ
Applications
Ž›‘˜‡”Ƭ”‹†‰‡•ǡˆˆ•Š‘”‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•  
GeometricalProperties
‹‹—‹•‹†‡ ƒš‹—‘—–•‹†‡ ‹‹— ƒš‹—
†‹ƒ‡–‡”ȋȌ †‹ƒ‡–‡”ȋȌ –Š‹…‡••ȋȌ –Š‹…‡••ȋȌ

ͺ͸šͳͻ ͳͲͶš͵ͷ ͳǤ͹ͷ ʹǤʹͷ


Physicalproperties
‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‡•–‡–Š‘† ƒŽ—‡ ‹–
‡•‹Ž‡–”‡‰–Šƒ–›‹‡Ž† ͸͵ͺ ʹͲǦ͵Ͳ ƒ

‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ–Ͷͷͷƒ ͸Ͷͺ ͺͲǦͳʹͲ ι


Length
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡‹͸άͳΨ ͳʹάͳΨ ʹͲͲάͳΨ‘‹Ž
Jointing
‘…‡–Ȁ‘—’Ž‡”  Š”‹•Ž‡‡˜‡  —––™‡Ž†‹‰  
Testperformed
”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽȋ„‡ˆ‘”‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ȌǡǦŽ‹‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ
ƒ–…Š”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡–‡•–ǡ›’‡‡•–ǡ›•–‡ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ–‡•–
Approvals:
‹‹•–”›‘ˆ—„Ž‹…‘”•ǡ—™ƒ‹–    
 
ProductDataSheet
R


PosttensioningandPreǦstressingDucts,SinglewallPTDucts
͹͸ǡ‘—†‘Ž›’”‘’›Ž‡‡—…–
Description
]͹͸šʹǤͷǡ–Š‡‘•––‡•‹‘‹‰ƒ†”‡Ǧ•–”‡••‹‰—…–•ǡ‹‰Ž‡™ƒŽŽ—…–•ƒ”‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†
ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†Dz ”‹†‰‡‡•‹‰’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•dzǤ
Rawmaterial
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†ˆ”‘Š‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›‘Ž›’”‘’›Ž‡‡”‡•‹Ǣ‡‡–”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘
ͶͳͲͳ
Colour
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡‹ƒ–—”ƒŽ…‘Ž‘—”™‹–Š‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰—Ž–”ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–ȋȌ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ‘”Ž‘‰–‡”•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
–Š‡”…‘Ž‘—”™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†‘”‡“—‡•–Ǥ
Applications
Ž›‘˜‡”Ƭ”‹†‰‡•ǡˆˆ•Š‘”‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•  
GeometricalProperties
‹‹—‹•‹†‡ ƒš‹—‘—–•‹†‡ ‹‹— ƒš‹—
†‹ƒ‡–‡”ȋȌ †‹ƒ‡–‡”ȋȌ –Š‹…‡••ȋȌ –Š‹…‡••ȋȌ

͹ʹǤͲ ͻͲǤͲ ʹǤʹͷ ʹǤ͹ͷ


Physicalproperties
‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‡•–‡–Š‘† ƒŽ—‡ ‹–
‡•‹Ž‡–”‡‰–Šƒ–›‹‡Ž† ͸͵ͺ ʹͲǦ͵Ͳ ƒ

‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ–Ͷͷͷƒ ͸Ͷͺ ͺͲǦͳʹͲ ι


Length
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡‹͸άͳΨ ͳʹάͳΨ –Š‡”Ž‡‰–Š•‘”‡“—‡•–
Jointing
‘…‡–Ȁ‘—’Ž‡”  Š”‹•Ž‡‡˜‡  —––™‡Ž†‹‰  
Testperformed
”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽȋ„‡ˆ‘”‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ȌǡǦŽ‹‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ
ƒ–…Š”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡–‡•–ǡ›’‡‡•–ǡ›•–‡ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ–‡•–
Approvals:
‹‹•–”›‘ˆ—„Ž‹…‘”•ǡ—™ƒ‹–    
 
ProductDataSheet
R


PosttensioningandPreǦstressingDucts,SinglewallPTDucts
ͺͷǡ‘—†‘Ž›’”‘’›Ž‡‡—…–
Description
]ͺͷšʹǤͷǡ–Š‡‘•––‡•‹‘‹‰ƒ†”‡Ǧ•–”‡••‹‰—…–•ǡ‹‰Ž‡™ƒŽŽ—…–•ƒ”‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†
ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†Dz ”‹†‰‡‡•‹‰’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•dzǤ
Rawmaterial
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†ˆ”‘Š‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›‘Ž›’”‘’›Ž‡‡”‡•‹Ǣ‡‡–”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘
ͶͳͲͳ
Colour
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡‹ƒ–—”ƒŽ…‘Ž‘—”™‹–Š‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰—Ž–”ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–ȋȌ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ‘”Ž‘‰–‡”•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
–Š‡”…‘Ž‘—”™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†‘”‡“—‡•–Ǥ
Applications
Ž›‘˜‡”Ƭ”‹†‰‡•ǡˆˆ•Š‘”‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•  
GeometricalProperties
‹‹—‹•‹†‡ ƒš‹—‘—–•‹†‡ ‹‹— ƒš‹—
†‹ƒ‡–‡”ȋȌ †‹ƒ‡–‡”ȋȌ –Š‹…‡••ȋȌ –Š‹…‡••ȋȌ

ͺͶǤͲ ͳͲʹǤͲ ʹǤʹͷ ʹǤ͹ͷ


Physicalproperties
‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‡•–‡–Š‘† ƒŽ—‡ ‹–
‡•‹Ž‡–”‡‰–Šƒ–›‹‡Ž† ͸͵ͺ ʹͲǦ͵Ͳ ƒ

‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ–Ͷͷͷƒ ͸Ͷͺ ͺͲǦͳʹͲ ι


Length
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡‹͸άͳΨ ͳʹάͳΨ –Š‡”Ž‡‰–Š•‘”‡“—‡•–
Jointing
‘…‡–Ȁ‘—’Ž‡”  Š”‹•Ž‡‡˜‡  —––™‡Ž†‹‰  
Testperformed
”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽȋ„‡ˆ‘”‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ȌǡǦŽ‹‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ
ƒ–…Š”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡–‡•–ǡ›’‡‡•–ǡ›•–‡ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ–‡•–
Approvals:
‹‹•–”›‘ˆ—„Ž‹…‘”•ǡ—™ƒ‹–    
 
ProductDataSheet
R


PosttensioningandPreǦstressingDucts,SinglewallPTDucts
ͳͲͲǡ‘—†‘Ž›’”‘’›Ž‡‡—…–
Description
]ͳͲͲš͵ǤͲǡ–Š‡‘•––‡•‹‘‹‰ƒ†”‡Ǧ•–”‡••‹‰—…–•ǡ‹‰Ž‡™ƒŽŽ—…–•ƒ”‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†
ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†Dz ”‹†‰‡‡•‹‰’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•dzǤ
Rawmaterial
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†ˆ”‘Š‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›‘Ž›’”‘’›Ž‡‡”‡•‹Ǣ‡‡–”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘
ͶͳͲͳ
Colour
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡‹ƒ–—”ƒŽ…‘Ž‘—”™‹–Š‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰—Ž–”ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–ȋȌ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ‘”Ž‘‰–‡”•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
–Š‡”…‘Ž‘—”™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†‘”‡“—‡•–Ǥ
Applications
Ž›‘˜‡”Ƭ”‹†‰‡•ǡˆˆ•Š‘”‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•  
GeometricalProperties
‹‹—‹•‹†‡ ƒš‹—‘—–•‹†‡ ‹‹— ƒš‹—
†‹ƒ‡–‡”ȋȌ †‹ƒ‡–‡”ȋȌ –Š‹…‡••ȋȌ –Š‹…‡••ȋȌ

ͻͺǤͲ ͳͳͷǤͲ ʹǤ͹ͷ ͵Ǥʹͷ


Physicalproperties
‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‡•–‡–Š‘† ƒŽ—‡ ‹–
‡•‹Ž‡–”‡‰–Šƒ–›‹‡Ž† ͸͵ͺ ʹͲǦ͵Ͳ ƒ

‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ–Ͷͷͷƒ ͸Ͷͺ ͺͲǦͳʹͲ ι


Length
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡‹͸άͳΨ ͳʹάͳΨ –Š‡”Ž‡‰–Š•‘”‡“—‡•–
Jointing
‘…‡–Ȁ‘—’Ž‡”  Š”‹•Ž‡‡˜‡  —––™‡Ž†‹‰  
Testperformed
”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽȋ„‡ˆ‘”‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ȌǡǦŽ‹‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ
ƒ–…Š”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡–‡•–ǡ›’‡‡•–ǡ›•–‡ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ–‡•–
Approvals:
‹‹•–”›‘ˆ—„Ž‹…‘”•ǡ—™ƒ‹–    
 
ProductDataSheet
R


PosttensioningandPreǦstressingDucts,SinglewallPTDucts
ͳͳͷǡ‘—†‘Ž›’”‘’›Ž‡‡—…–
Description
]ͳͳͷš͵ǤͲǡ–Š‡‘•––‡•‹‘‹‰ƒ†”‡Ǧ•–”‡••‹‰—…–•ǡ‹‰Ž‡™ƒŽŽ—…–•ƒ”‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†
ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ†ƒ”†Dz ”‹†‰‡‡•‹‰’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘•dzǤ
Rawmaterial
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†ˆ”‘Š‹‰Š“—ƒŽ‹–›‘Ž›’”‘’›Ž‡‡”‡•‹Ǣ‡‡–”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘
ͶͳͲͳ
Colour
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡‹ƒ–—”ƒŽ…‘Ž‘—”™‹–Š‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰—Ž–”ƒ˜‹‘Ž‡–ȋȌ”‡•‹•–ƒ…‡ˆ‘”Ž‘‰–‡”•–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
–Š‡”…‘Ž‘—”™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ—ˆƒ…–—”‡†‘”‡“—‡•–Ǥ
Applications
Ž›‘˜‡”Ƭ”‹†‰‡•ǡˆˆ•Š‘”‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•  
GeometricalProperties
‹‹—‹•‹†‡ ƒš‹—‘—–•‹†‡ ‹‹— ƒš‹—
†‹ƒ‡–‡”ȋȌ †‹ƒ‡–‡”ȋȌ –Š‹…‡••ȋȌ –Š‹…‡••ȋȌ

ͳͳʹǤͲ ͳ͵ͶǤͲ ʹǤ͹ͷ ͵Ǥʹͷ


Physicalproperties
‡•…”‹’–‹‘ ‡•–‡–Š‘† ƒŽ—‡ ‹–
‡•‹Ž‡–”‡‰–Šƒ–›‹‡Ž† ͸͵ͺ ʹͲǦ͵Ͳ ƒ

‡ˆŽ‡…–‹‘‡’‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ–Ͷͷͷƒ ͸Ͷͺ ͺͲǦͳʹͲ ι


Length
Š‡†—…–•ƒ”‡‹͸άͳΨ ͳʹάͳΨ –Š‡”Ž‡‰–Š•‘”‡“—‡•–
Jointing
‘…‡–Ȁ‘—’Ž‡”  Š”‹•Ž‡‡˜‡  —––™‡Ž†‹‰  
Testperformed
”ƒ™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽȋ„‡ˆ‘”‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ȌǡǦŽ‹‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ
ƒ–…Š”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡–‡•–ǡ›’‡‡•–ǡ›•–‡ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ–‡•–
Approvals:
‹‹•–”›‘ˆ—„Ž‹…‘”•ǡ—™ƒ‹–