Construction and Building Materials 177 (2018) 116–124

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Sustainable production of concrete containing discarded beverage glass

as fine aggregate
Kunal Bisht ⇑, P.V. Ramana
Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

h i g h l i g h t s

 Waste glass is used in PPC based concrete as a replacement of fine aggregates at optimum (18–24%) percentages.
 Microstructural study illustrates generation of voids and cracks.
 Waste glass may be utilized as a substitute for fine aggregate up to 21% replacement level.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Discarding of waste glass is creating major ecological issues across the globe. In recent years, the rate of
Received 26 November 2017 disposal of this material has amplified. One conceivable approach is to employ this rejected material as a
Received in revised form 8 May 2018 substitute of fine aggregate in concrete. Hence, this study examines the behaviour of concrete with waste
Accepted 12 May 2018
glass as fine aggregate at various substitution levels (18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23% & 24%). Fresh, hard-
Available online 16 May 2018
ened and durability properties were evaluated in terms of workability, compressive strength, flexural
strength, density and water absorption. The outcome of the present work indicates that inclusion of
Keywords:
waste glass has led to the enhancement in quality of microstructure up to 21% substitution of fine aggre-
Waste glass
Water absorption
gate. This has improved the mechanical properties of such concrete mixes. It is observed that water
Density absorption and water permeability are negatively affected with increment of waste glass in concrete.
Durability Hence, it can be concluded that 21% of fine aggregate can be replaced by waste glass to manufacture con-
crete for non-aggressive environment.
Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction consumption of WG in concrete, reduces the environmental issues

The abysmal state of virgin land is arising due to increase in per-
centage of landfilling by discarded waste materials [1]. Waste glass
(WG) also significantly contributes to this landfilling problem. Due
to glass’s non-biodegradable nature, its land-filling is not an eco-
friendly solution of disposing [2]. Hence, different techniques have
to be contemplated to reduce this issue. WG can be utilized in
various applications, for example in manufacturing abrasives [3].
Utilization of WG in construction industry for production of
concrete also shows a positive step to diminish the cost of WG dis-
posal [4]. Concrete prepared with glass generally referred as Glass
Concrete (GC) can be utilized as substitute for conventional con-
crete in construction of road pavement and parking areas [5]. Such
⇑ Corresponding author at: Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National
Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
E-mail address: kunal_bisht@yahoo.co.in (K. Bisht).
and also enhances the effective use of resources [6].
1.1. Literature review
The physical and chemical composition of WG shows compara-
ble properties to that of sand [7]. However, changes have been
observed in concrete property based upon colour, source and size
of WG.
Taha and Nounu [8] evaluated the effect of using 5 mm sized
mixed coloured WG on concrete mixes workability. They pointed
out that such concrete mixes produced lower slump values when
compared to mixes made with conventional fine aggregate. Park
et al. [9] also noticed similar behaviour when WG of different col-
ours were used individually. The outcomes presented by the stud-
ies conducted by Limbachiya [10] and Chen et al. [11] were no
different. These two studies had examined the usage of WG of sizes
lesser than 5 mm and 38–300 m respectively as fine aggregate.
Malik et al. [12] and Bohran [13] on the other hand showed

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.119
0950-0618/Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 K. Bisht, P.V. Ramana / Construction and Building Materials 177 (2018) 116–124 117

improvement in workability due to poor cohesion between the this outcome, in this present work an attempt has been made to
WG. arrive at an exact optimum substitution level (18%, 19%, 20%,
Batayneh et al. [14] monitored the behaviour of concrete mixes 21%, 22%, 23% and 24%) to obtain best performance when WG size
when crushed WG (9.5 mm-75 m) were used as fine aggregate. of 600–150 mm is used. This gradation of WG utilized in the present
They reported that these mixes had better compressive resistance study has been arrived based on literature [10,15,18], where this
up to 20% substitution. When fineness of WG was increased, Du size of WG has played a crucial role in enhancing overall parame-
and Tan [15] observed no change in trend. This improvement in ters of concrete properties.
strength was mainly related to pozzolanic behaviour of WG. Bor- Necessary tests such as workability, compressive strength, flex-
han [13] also pointed out improved compressive nature of con- ural strength, water absorption (by immersion), density, water per-
crete, when WG of different colours were used. But this meability (constant pressure) and sorptivity for constant w/c ratio
mechanical performance of mixes reduced when substitutions to (0.4) were performed. Micro-structural study using scanning elec-
the tune of 50% and 100% were made as demonstrated by Taha tron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared radiation
and Nounu [8]. On the contrary to these observations, Ismail and (FTIR) has also been conducted in the present work.
Al Hashmi [16] and de Castro and de Brito [17] studies depict
decrement in compressive resistance of such concrete mixes even 2. Experimental program
at lower replacement levels. These two studies have utilized
crushed window glasses at substitution level of 5%, 10%, 15% and 2.1. Materials
5%, 10%, 20% of fine aggregate respectively. This anomaly in perfor-
The properties of the materials used in the present work are shown in Table 1.
mance of concrete exists because of the nature of WG used here, Elemental composition of cement is reported in Table 2. WG was obtained from
which had smooth texture when compared to the rough surface mechanical grinding of beverage bottles of different colours. The crushed form of
of WG used by Ismail and Al Hashmi [16]. WG was passed through 600 m and retained on 150 m sieve. The WG used in present
Ismail and Al-Hashmi [16] monitored reduced ASR expansion work is shown in Figs. 1 and 2 presents the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of
WG which shows the smooth texture with sharp edges. Energy diffraction X-ray
with incorporation of WG (4.75–0.15 mm) in concrete mixes at dif-
analysis (EDAX) was performed to determine elemental analysis of WG as shown
ferent substitution levels (10%, 15% and 20%). DU and Tan [15] also in Fig. 3. Elemental composition of WG which was evaluated using EDAX presented
monitored similar results when WG used as a substitute of fine in Table 3. The size distribution of sand shown in Fig. 4. Superplasticizer which is
aggregate up to 100% substitution level. They noticed reduced polycarboxylic ether polymer based was used to achieve suitable workability.
Table 4 lists the physical and mechanical characteristics of cement, fine aggregate,
ASR expansion by increasing the amount of WG.
coarse aggregate and WG.
As seen in compressive strength, flexural strength also shows
contradictory observations with use of WG in concrete mixes.
2.2. Mix proportions
The rise or fall of this parameter is mainly dependent on the sur-
face texture of glass used as discussed already [18]. When the sur- The substitution of fine aggregate from WG was used in concrete mixes at vary-
face of WG was sufficiently rough, improved resistance has been ing proportions of 0%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23% and 24% as shown in Table 5
observed [19]. Rise in flexural strength was recorded up to a sub- with constant w/c of 0.4. Replacement of fine aggregate with WG was made by
weight basis. The quantity of superplasticizer was varied accordingly to attain a
stitution level of 20% only. Beyond this percentage, fall in strength
compaction factor of 0.9. Materials were mixed, casted and cured as per standard
was observed [16]. Particle size has also determined the extent of specifications.
variation of this mechanical property [20]. Turgut and Yahlizade
[21] substituted white WG (4.75 mm) from 10 to 30% with incre-
3. Experimental plan
ment of 10%. This study also shows that flexural strength increases
up to 20% replacement. Some studies observed that strength of
Workability of concrete mixes has been investigated by per-
concrete mixes does not depends upon the colour of WG [22,23].
forming compaction factor test as per IS: 1199-1959 [30]. Mechan-
However, Tan and Du [24] stated that clear WG displayed lower
ical properties has been conducted on three specimens of each mix
strength as compared to other coloured WG.
WG incorporation has been proved to make concrete lighter
[16]. Hardened density reduces, immaterial of particle size of WG
Table 1
used [25]. This characteristic reduction was due to glass’s lower
Properties of raw materials.
specific gravity when compared to sand [26].
The exposure of concrete materials to aggressive conditions S.NO Material Description Specific Gravity
through their service span is a point of concern [27]. Water absorp- 1 Cement PPC 3.11
tion of glass concrete increases with increase in percentage of WG 2 Sand Zone 2 2.66
content in concrete was reported by Turgut and Yahlizade [21]. 3 Coarse Aggregates 10, 20 mm 2.59
4 Waste Glass 150–600 mm 2.39
Limbachiya [10] pointed out that this increased water absorption
capacity was due to increased porosity of WG concrete mixes. Sim-
ilar behaviour of increased water absorption was also reported by
Penacho et al. (2014) for mortar mixes [28].
Table 2
With total porosity, inclusion of WG affects the water perme-
Elemental composition of cement.
ability of concrete also. Oliveria et al. [29] substituted WG from
0% to 100% in steps of 25% by weight. They concluded that as the Element Composition Symbol Percentage (%)
percentage of WG content in concrete increases depth of water Calcium Ca 27.95
permeability (under constant pressure) also increases. Penacho Oxygen O 58.82
et al. [28] also reported the similar observations for increase in Silicon Si 11.06
Aluminium Al 1.01
water permeability with inclusion of WG in mortar. Iron Fe 0.28
The above mentioned studies have verified the suitability of WG Magnesium Mg 0.55
as fine aggregate in concrete mixes at wide ranging percentage Potassium K 0.24
variation. Most of the researchers have reported increase in Sodium Na 0.04
Phosphorus P 0.03
mechanical properties by using WG in concrete mixes as a substi-
Manganese Mn 0.01
tute of fine aggregate in range of 15–25% [10,14–16]. In line with
118 K. Bisht, P.V. Ramana / Construction and Building Materials 177 (2018) 116–124

Fig. 1. Waste glass. Fig. 3. EDAX of waste glass.

Table 3
Elemental composition of waste glass.

Element Composition Symbol Percentage (%)

Oxygen O 54.35
Silicon Si 24.80
Sodium Na 8.74
Calcium Ca 7.41
Aluminium Al 1.68
Magnesium Mg 1.31
Potassium K 1.26
Iron Fe 0.27
Sulphur S 0.19

Fig. 2. SEM micrograph of waste glass.

for a particular day of testing by conducting compressive strength

on concrete cube (100 mm) specimens with rate of loading 140 kg/
Fig. 4. Particle size distribution of sand.
cm2/min and flexural strength on beam (100  100500 mm)
specimens with rate of loading 180/cm2/min. These tests were per-
formed after 28 and 90-days of curing as per IS: 516-1959 [31].
Water absorption, density and voids of concrete was examined Table 4
Physical and mechanical properties of cement, aggregates and waste glass.
on three cube (100 mm) specimens as per ASTM C 642-13 [32].
Water permeability was investigated as per DIN 1048-1991 Analysis Results
[33]. Three oven dried concrete cube (150 mm) samples were used. PPC cement Setting time Initial time – 115 min
A constant water pressure of 0.5 N/mm2 was applied for 72 h on Final time – 248 min
concrete specimens. At the end of 72 h depth of water penetration Compressive
Strength 3 Days – 24.5 N/mm2
was recorded.
7 Days – 34.5 N/mm2
Capillary rise of water (sorptivity) was recorded on three oven 28 Days – 45.2 N/mm2
dried concrete cube (100 mm) specimens after 28- days of curing Water absorption Coarse aggregate 0.5%
as per ASTM C 1585-04 [34]. Rise in capillary action of water in Fine aggregate 0.5%
Waste glass 0.3%
concrete cube was examined for seven days with respect to change
Crushing Value Coarse aggregate 24.03%
in weight.
 K. Bisht, P.V. Ramana / Construction and Building Materials 177 (2018) 116–124 119

Table 5
Concrete mix proportions by weight for a constant w/c ratio (0.4).

Percentage of glass Cement Fine aggregate Waste glass Coarse aggregate Admixture (%) by weight of cement Compaction factor
0% 1 2.11 0 2.92 1.5 0.9
18% 1 1.73 0.38 2.92 1.7 0.9
19% 1 1.71 0.4 2.92 1.7 0.9
20% 1 1.69 0.42 2.92 1.75 0.9
21% 1 1.67 0.44 2.92 1.8 0.91
22% 1 1.64 0.47 2.92 1.9 0.9
23% 1 1.62 0.49 2.92 1.95 0.92
24% 1 1.60 0.51 2.92 2 0.9

The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) JSM6510LV was used
for identification of the changes occurred in microstructure of
the formed phases.
FTIR transmission was conducted on PerkinElmer between the
scan range of 400–4000 cm. 1 1 mg of concrete powder was mixed
with 300 mg of KBr powder. Mixing of both the samples should be
done thoroughly in order to form pellets. These pellets were used
to classify the presence of molecular groups in concrete samples.
4. Results and discussions
4.1. Workability
In the present work, amount of superplasticizer to be added in
concrete mixes was strictly scrutinized in order to maintain the
compaction factor of 0.9 as shown in Fig. 5. This might because
WG particles were more angular in shape which reduces the fluid-
ity of concrete mix. However, Taha and Nounu [8] observed that
reduction in workability was due to smooth surface and lower
water absorbtion of WG which reduces the cohesive force inside
concrete mixture. Also, this reduction can be due to the sharp
edges of WG used in concrete mix [24].
4.2. Compressive strength
Fig. 6 presents 7, 28 and 90-days compressive strength of con-
crete mixes with and without WG. It has been observed from same
figure that strength of concrete mixes detoriates at higher percent-
ages (22–24%) of WG in concrete mix. Results obtained in the range
of 18–20% replacement level shows rise in compressive strength as
compared to control mix. Replacement of 20% of fine aggregate by
WG in concrete mix results in 12.75% and 12.32% increase in com-
pressive strength for 28 and 90-days of curing. With incorporation
of 21% WG in concrete mix, a decrement of 3.47% and 9.6% for 28
and 90-days of curing respectively, in comparison with 20%
replacement level. However in comparison to control mix, an
increment of 9.04% and 9.90% was observed. The increase in com-
pressive strength might be due to fine nature of WG which pro-
vides better filler effect. Reaction between calcium hydroxide
present from cement hydration and silica present from WG might
results more formation of CSH gel which results into better com-
pressive strength. It has also been observed from Fig. 7 that at
21% substitution level apparent density is more than control mix’s
apparent density. This implies that inclusion of WG has increased
impermeable pore spaces density which ultimately increases the
compressive strength of concrete [35]. It might be also due to den-
sification of microstructure at interstitial transition zone. A compa-
rable observation was made by Ismail and Al-Hashmi [16] for 20%
replacement of fine aggregate by WG particles of size 4.75 mm-1
50 m. They observed that increase in strength was due to poz-
zolanic activity of WG which improves the compressive strength
by 4.32% as compared with control mix samples. Chen et al. [11]
also reported increase in compressive strength due to pozzolanic
activity of WG in the concrete mix which generated a denser
microstructure.
Fig. 6 presents that with inclusion of 24% of WG strength
decreases by 8.43% and 15.46% for 28 and 90-days as compared
to control mix. The decrease in strength might be due to highly
irregular shape and smooth texture which negate the positive
effect of pore filling ability of WG. This reduces the adhesive
strength between WG and the cement paste. Decrease in compres-
sive strength might be also due to generation of voids which might
have been developed due to excess fine characteristic of WG. It has
been observed from Fig. 8 that voids ratio for different mixes
46.5

50 7-day
45.5
45

28-day
41.4

45
43

2.0 90-day
39.5
37.5

37.3
36.2

40
35.2

33.9
36
33.2

35
31.3

35
30.4
29.3

1.5
28.5
28.3
27.8
26.5

30
25.5

23.8
24

25
1.0
20

15

0.5
10

0.0 0
0% 18% 19% 20% 21% 22% 23% 24% 0% 18% 19% 20% 21% 22% 23% 24%

Fig. 5. Percentage of admixture. Fig. 6. 7, 28 and 90-day compressive strength of waste glass concrete.
120 K. Bisht, P.V. Ramana / Construction and Building Materials 177 (2018) 116–124

28day
Bulk Density
6.18 90day
2600
Apparent Density 6.14 6.1
6 5.92
5.75
5.54
5.15 5.22 5.17 5.21
2500 5.06 5
5 4.84 4.91
4.57 4.53
2400
4

2300
3

2200
2

2100
1

2000
0% 18% 19% 20% 21% 22% 23% 24% 0
0% 18% 19% 20% 21% 22% 23% 24%

Fig. 7. Density of waste glass concrete.

Fig. 9. 28 and 90-day flexural strength of waste glass concrete.

increases with increase in percentage of WG. Filler effect of WG in

concrete mix takes place up to certain percentage of consumption
only [35]. Any additional inclusion will lead to generation of voids
[36]. Here, at 21% replacement level the pore filling nature domi-
nates. This results into failure of bond between aggregates and
binding material [37]. S. Singh et al. [38] also observed similar
observation for granite waste in concrete. Limbachiya [10]
reported decrease in compressive strength above 20% replacement
level due to generation of voids.
4.3. Flexural strength
The results of flexural strength after 28 and 90-days of water
curing with and without WG at different percentages are reported
in Fig. 9. It has been observed from same figure that flexural
strength of WG concrete increases up to a substitution level of
20% as compared with control concrete. Inclusion of 20% of WG
as a substitute of fine aggregate shows 7.85% and 7.58% increase
in flexural strength for 28 and 90-days respectively. The increase
in flexural strength might be due to substantial pozzolanic reaction
that might have occurred during hydration which has resulted into
better bonding between cement paste and WG at interstitial tran-
sition zone (ITZ). Metwally [39] reported that enhancement in flex-
ural strength was observed due to pozzolanic effect in the cement
matrix during later age of 28-day.
As the percentage of WG in concrete increases after 20%,
decrease in flexural strength was observed. At 24% inclusion of
WG in concrete mix, 6.4% and 13.04% reduction in flexural strength
for 28 and 90-days were recorded respectively. The reduction in
flexural strength is mainly due to generation of cracks which
developed due to sharper edges of WG particles as shown in
Fig. 2. This results into weaker bonding between WG particles
and cement paste at ITZ. The relation between flexural strength
and compressive strength at the age of 28-days of water curing
shown in Fig. 10. It has been observed that they are strongly corre-
lated (R2 = 0.98). Hwee and Hongjian [24] also reported decrease of
flexural strength due to sharp edges of WG in concrete mix which
resulted into weaker bonding at interface.

0
0% 18% 19% 20% 21% 22% 23% 24%

Fig. 10. Relationship between flexural and compressive strength of waste glass
Fig. 8. Voids ratio of waste glass concrete. concrete.
 K. Bisht, P.V. Ramana / Construction and Building Materials 177 (2018) 116–124
4.4. Density
The inclusion of WG in concrete affects the hardened density of
concrete mixes as shown in Fig. 7. With incorporation of 24% WG,
bulk density of concrete decreases by 7.11% as compared to control
mix. From the same figure it can be seen that apparent density
increases up to 20% substitution level and also results into high
porosity. After which apparent density tends to reduce with fur-
ther inclusion of WG. However, 21% substitution level also shows
higher apparent density as compared with control samples. This
increase in apparent density which signifies denser impermeable
pores, improves compressive resistance of concrete samples. The
lower density of WG concrete may be due to lesser specific gravity
of WG [34,15]. The specific gravity of WG is 2.39 which is lower as
compared to the specific gravity of fine aggregate (2.66). Lee et al.
[25] observed 7.28% decrease in density of WG concrete as com-
pared with control mix. Similar behaviour for decrease in density
of mortar has also been reported by Penacho et al. [28] with substi-
tution of fine aggregate from WG at different proportions due to
lower specific gravity of WG.
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0% 18% 19% 20% 21% 22% 23%
Fig. 11. Water absorption of waste glass concrete.
Fig. 12. Relationship between water absorption and voids of waste glass concrete.
121
4.5. Water absorption
Fig. 11 presents that water absorption increases with increase
in the percentage of WG in concrete mixes. The water absorption
of WG concrete at 28-days of curing for 24% replacement is
25.75%, however for control samples water absorption is 1.91%.
The increase in water absorption might be due to highly angular
shape and smooth texture of WG which results into generation
of voids and cracks. This leads to reduction in adhesive strength
between WG and cement paste. The increased percentage of voids
and cracks gives passage for water to penetrate inside the concrete.
It is clear from Fig. 8 that with increase in substitution level, per-
centage of voids also increases. Relation between water absorption
and voids ratio at the age of 28-days of curing shown in Fig. 12. It
has been observed that two are strongly correlated (R2 = 0.9268).
Limbachiya [10] reported an increase in water absorption as the
percentage of WG in concrete increases due to generation of voids.
80
60
40
20
0
0% 18% 19% 20% 21% 22% 23% 24%
24%
Fig. 13. Water permeability of waste glass concrete.
Fig. 14. Relationship between water permeability and voids of waste glass
concrete.
122 K. Bisht, P.V. Ramana / Construction and Building Materials 177 (2018) 116–124

4.6. Water permeability

Water permeability has been determined in terms of depth of

water penetration. Fig. 13 shows the extent of water permeability
in the WG concrete. It has been observed from the same figure
that with inclusion of 20% and 24% WG water penetration
increases up to 45 mm and 55 mm respectively as compared with
control mix samples (21 mm). Water permeability of WG
concrete mix increased due to the generation of voids between
the WG and cement paste at the interface which allows the water
to penetrate inside the concrete to greater depth. Relation
between water permeability and voids ratio at the age of
28-days shown in Fig. 14. It has been observed that two are
strongly correlated (R2 = 0.8546). The results agree with the ones
reported by Penacho et al. [28] where substitution of fine
aggregate by WG shows similar behaviour for mortar mixes with
that of control mix.

Fig. 15. Sorptivity of waste glass concrete.

Fig. 16. SEM images obtained for specimen.

 K. Bisht, P.V. Ramana / Construction and Building Materials 177 (2018) 116–124 123

aggregates. Hairline cracks and voids are also seen passing through
24% these interfaces. With inclusion of WG as a replacement of fine
aggregate in concrete depicts the formation of dense matrix. The
particles of WG were dispersed properly throughout the cement
matrix. Fig. 16(b–d) shows denser interface which results into
improved compressive resistance of concrete specimen as shown
in Fig. 6. The negative effect of WG plays dominant role at higher
22%

percentages, where percentages of voids increases as well as

increase in width of crack. Fig. 16 shows as the percentage of
WG in concrete increases width of voids also increases. The incre-
ment of cracks leads to reduction in bonding between WG particles
and cement matrix which mainly occurs due to sharper edges
20%

which leads to reduction in flexural strength as shown in Fig. 9.

4.9. FTIR

FTIR spectroscopy has been conducted to investigate bands of

18%

molecular groups present in concrete mixes with and without

WG at 28-days of curing as shown in Fig. 17. FTIR spectrum can
be divided into four regions. These regions are observed in ranges
of 3500–1600 cm 1, 1600–1400 cm 1, 1100–900 cm 1 and 800–
400 cm 1. These bands are characterized to the presence of molec-
0%

Ca(OH)2 ular groups Ca(OH)2 (Calcium Hydroxide), OH (Free water), CO23

CO32- CSH O-Si-O
4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000
Fig. 17. FTIR analysis of waste glass concrete.
4.7. Sorptivity test
Sorptivity of concrete specimens with and without WG was car-
ried out on oven dried concrete specimens. Results have been
shown in Fig. 15. It has been observed from same figure that rate
of capillary suction of water is time dependent. An increase in
quantity of capillary rise of water has been recorded for concrete
mixes with WG and compared with control concrete. This increase
might be due to porous nature of material to absorb water through
capillarity [24]. Also it has been observed from Fig. 8 that as the
percentage of WG in concrete increases, percentage of voids also
increases. This increase in voids might be due to highly angular
shape and smooth texture of WG. Penacho et al. [28] reported rise
in water absorption through capillary action as the percentage of
WG increases from 0 to 100% for mortar mixes.
4.8. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
To characterize the microstructure, SEM images of concrete
mixes with and without WG were captured after 28-days of water
curing. Fig. 16(a) presents the microstructure of control concrete
mix which shows the interface between cement mortar and
(Carbonate), CSH (Calcium Silicate Hydrate) and O-Si-O (Free Silica)
respectively. It has also been clear from Table 6 that molecular
groups remain almost interminable with respect to their wave
number for with and without WG in concrete except for Ca(OH)2.
With rise in the percentage of WG as a substitute of fine aggregate
free water band decreases due to consumption of this water which
delayed hydration process.
Hydration process results into formation of Portlandite which
increases up to 20% incorporation level of WG as shown in Table 6.
The formed Portlandite further evolves into CSH gel with the same
extent of polymerization. This results into a denser matrix which
ultimately improves the apparent density of concrete mixes as
shown in Fig. 7. This might be the reason for the improved concrete
mechanical properties. However, after 20% replacement level
formed Portlandite gets consumed in the generation of CSH gel
which results in the fall of Portlandite as shown in above men-
tioned table.
5. Conclusions
This paper inspects the usage of WG as an alternative of fine
aggregate in concrete through experimental examination. It has
been observed that optimum substitution level was recorded at
21% replacement of fine aggregate with WG. Based on the experi-
ments performed following conclusions are drawn:
1. The workability of WG concrete for different proportions
decreases with increase in WG content. This decrease in work-
ability is due to sharp edges of WG.

Table 6
FTIR wave numbers for investigated concrete mixes.

Molecular Group 0% 18% 20% 22% 24%

Water Band (OH ) 3443.38 3441.39 3442.35 3440.10 3438.54
1643.28 1643.28 1644.27 1643.71 1643.98
Portlandite 3436.30 3441.39 3442.35 3440.66 3440.10
CO23 1442.75 1429.16 1428.39 1426.43 1427.64
CSH 1006.6 1006.6 1007.57 1007.30 1007.52
O-Si-O 879.86 879.36 880.9 878.06 877.77
779.29 779.18 778.82 779.08 778.57
463.58 465.54 463.01 463.01 462.90
124 K. Bisht, P.V. Ramana / Construction and Building Materials 177 (2018) 116–124
2. Waste beverage mixed coloured glass was crushed and evalu-
ated as potential replacement for fine aggregate. The particle
size of WG varies between 600 and 150 mm. On evaluation of
compressive strength 21% replacement level of fine aggregate
by WG produced performance similar to control concrete which
is despite the increase in void content. This rise also had a den-
ser impermeable pore space which can be credited to the
improvement of compressive resistance.
3. Flexural strength increases for WG concrete up to the same sub-
stitution level of fine aggregate. As seen from SEM images this
increase in flexural strength is due to stronger ITZ.
4. The bulk density of WG concrete decreases as the percentage of
replacement level increases. This is the consequence of lower
specific gravity of WG.
5. Increase in water absorption (due to immersion), water perme-
ability (at constant pressure) and sorptivity (capillarity rise) of
WG concrete has been observed when compared with control
concrete. Fine nature of WG leads to generation of permeable
pores, which has increased these water absorption characteris-
tics of concrete samples. Also, penetration of water in concrete
mix also lies in range of medium permeability as per DIN-1048
[31].
6. Micro-structural analysis shows strong interfacial bonding
between cement paste and aggregates. Hairline cracks and
voids are also seen at the interface, which result in reduction
of strength at higher substitution levels of WG.
7. FTIR analysis shows formation of no new products. It has been
observed that formation of CSH gel remains almost constant for
all concrete mixes. However, there is slight increase in crystal-
lization of portlandite which can be a consequence of better
hydration.
In line with these observations, it can be concluded that 21% of
WG in concrete mix can be utilized for non-aggressive
environment.
Acknowledgment
Authors are thankful to Materials Research Centre, MNIT Jaipur
for their support in conducting EDAX, SEM and FTIR analyses.
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