Department : FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING

Course No. : FDPE-224

Course Title : Food Refrigeration and Cold Chain
Credit hours : 3 (2+1)

Course outlines

Theory: Principles of refrigeration: Definition, background with second law of

thermodynamics, unit of refrigerating capacity, coefficient of performance; Production of low
temperatures: Expansion of a liquid with flashing, reversible/ irreversible adiabatic expansion
of a gas/ real gas, thermoelectric cooling, adiabatic demagnetization; Air refrigerators working
on reverse Carnot cycle: Carnot cycle, reversed Carnot cycle, selection of operating
temperatures; Air refrigerators working on Bell Coleman cycle: Reversed Brayton or Joule or
Bell Coleman cycle, analysis of gas cycle, polytropic and multistage compression; Vapour
refrigeration: Vapor as a refrigerant in reversed Carnot cycle with p-V and T-s diagrams,
limitations of reversed Carnot cycle; Vapour compression system: Modifications in reverse
Carnot cycle with vapour as a refrigerant (dry Vs wet compression, throttling Vs isentropic
expansion), representation of vapor compression cycle on pressure- enthalpy diagram, super
heating, sub cooling; Liquid-vapour regenerative heat exchanger for vapour compression
system, effect of suction vapour super heat and liquid sub cooling, actual vapour compression
cycle; Vapour-absorption refrigeration system: Process, calculations, maximum coefficient of
performance of a heat operated refrigerating machine, Common refrigerants and their
properties: classification, nomenclature, desirable properties of refrigerants- physical,
chemical, safety, thermodynamic and economical; Azeotropes; Components of vapour
compression refrigeration system, evaporator, compressor, condenser and expansion valve; Ice
manufacture, principles and systems of ice production, Treatment of water for making ice,
brines, freezing tanks, ice cans, air agitation, quality of ice; Cold storage: Cold store, design of
cold storage for different categories of food resources, size and shape, construction and
material, insulation, vapour barriers, floors, frost‐heave, interior finish and fitting, evaporators,
automated cold stores, security of operations; Refrigerated transport: Handling and
distribution, cold chain, refrigerated product handling, order picking, refrigerated vans,
refrigerated display; Air-conditioning: Meaning, factors affecting comfort air-conditioning,
classification, sensible heat factor, industrial air-conditioning, problems on sensible heat
factor; Winter/summer/year round air-conditioning, unitary air-conditioning systems, central
air-conditioning, physiological principles in air-conditioning, air distribution and duct design
methods; design of complete air-conditioning systems; humidifiers and dehumidifiers;
Cooling load calculations: Load sources, product cooling, conducted heat, convected heat,
internal heat sources, heat of respiration, peak load; etc.

Practical: Study of vapour compression refrigeration system; Determination of COP of

vapour compression refrigeration system; Study of various types of compressors, condensers,
expansion valves and evaporative coils used in refrigeration systems; Study of refrigerants,
their properties and charts; Study of direct and indirect contact freezing equipment for foods;
Study of spray freezing process for foods; Study of food cold storage; Estimation of
refrigeration load for cold storage; Estimation of refrigeration load for meat and poultry
products; Study of refrigeration system of dairy plant; Estimation of refrigeration load for ice‐
cream; Study of cooling system for bakery and estimation of refrigeration loads; Estimation of
refrigeration load during chocolate enrobing process; Study of refrigerated van; Study of deep
freezing and thawing of foods; Study of refrigerated display of foods and estimation of
cooling load.

Lecture Outlines:
Theory
Lecture Topic
No.
1 Principles of refrigeration: definition, background,
second law of thermodynamics, unit of refrigeration
capacity and coefficient of performance
2 Production of low temperatures: expansion of a
liquid with flashing, reversible/ irreversible adiabatic
expansion of a gas/real gas
3 Thermoelectric cooling and adiabatic
demagnetization
4 Air refrigerators working on reverse Carnot cycle- 4
Carnot cycle
5 Selection of operating temperatures: air refrigerators 5
working on Bell Coleman cycle Pg. no. 367 of refrigeration
6 Reversed Brayton or Joule or Bell Coleman cycle and air condition by cp arora
7 Analysis of gas cycle, polytrophic and multistage Pg. no. 370 of refrigeration
compression and air condition by cp arora;
refer pg.no.239, 240 - 6.2.3
for better understanding
8 Vapour refrigeration: vapor as a refrigerant in
reversed Carnot cycle with p-v and t-s diagrams and
limitations of reversed Carnot cycle
9 Vapour compression system: modifications in
reverse Carnot cycle with vapour as a refrigerant
(dry vs wet compression, throttling vs isentropic
expansion)
10 Representation of vapor compression cycle on
pressure-enthalpy diagram
11 Super heating and sub cooling
12 Liquid-vapour regenerative heat exchanger for
vapour compression system
13 Effect of suction vapour super heat and liquid sub
cooling
14 Actual vapour compression cycle, vapour-absorption
refrigeration system: process and calculations
 15 Maximum coefficient of performance of a heat
operated refrigerating machine
16 Common refrigerants and properties
17 Classification, nomenclature, desirable properties of
refrigerants- physical, chemical, safety,
thermodynamic and economical
18 Azeotropes, components of vapour compression
refrigeration system, evaporator and compressor
19 Condenser and expansion valve
20 Process of ice manufacturing, principles and systems
of ice production
21 Treatment of water for making ice, brines, freezing
tanks, ice cans, air agitation and quality of ice
22 Cold storage - cold store, design of cold storage for
different categories of food resources, size and shape
23 Construction and material, insulation, vapour
barriers, floors, frost‐heave, interior finish and
fittings
24 Evaporators, automated cold stores and security of
operations
25 Refrigerated transport: handling, distribution, cold
chain, refrigerated product handling, order picking,
refrigerated vans and refrigerated display
26 Air-conditioning - meaning, factors affecting BVS sir material Lect – 14
comfort air-conditioning, classification and sensible
heat factor
27 Industrial air-conditioning, problems on sensible heat
factor
28 Winter/summer/year round air-conditioning, unitary BVS sir material Lect –
air-conditioning systems 14&15
29 Central air-conditioning, physiological principles in
air-conditioning
30 Air distribution and duct design methods; design of BVS sir material Lect – 15
complete air-conditioning systems
31 Humidifiers and dehumidifiers BVS sir material Lect – 16
32 Cooling load calculations - load sources, product
cooling, conducted heat, convected heat, internal
heat sources, heat of respiration and peak load

Practical
Practica Topic
l No.
1 Study of vapour compression refrigeration system
2 Determination of COP of vapour compression refrigeration system
3 Study of various types of compressors and condensers
4 Study of expansion valves and evaporative coils used in refrigeration systems
 5 Study of refrigerants, properties and charts
6 Study of direct and indirect contact freezing equipment for foods
7 Study of spray freezing process for foods
8 Study of food cold storage, estimation of refrigeration load for cold storage
9 Estimation of refrigeration load for meat and poultry products
10 Study of refrigeration system of dairy plant-industrial visit
11 Estimation of refrigeration load for ice‐cream
12 Study of cooling system for bakery and estimation of refrigeration loads
13 Estimation of refrigeration load during chocolate enrobing process
14 Study of refrigerated van
15 Study of deep freezing and thawing of foods
16 Practical Examination

References:
1. William C. Whitman, William M. Johnson, John A. Tomczyk and Eugene Silberstein.
2009. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning Technology, 6th Ed. Delmar, Cengage Learning,
NY, USA.
2. C.P. Arora. 2000. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2nd Ed. Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Co. Ltd., New Delhi.
3. W.F. Stoecker and J.W. Jones.1982. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2nd Ed.
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, USA.