4.

12 Extension of the Extended Rod Theory 107

4.12 Extension of the Extended Rod Theory

In the preceding sections, we neglected the effect of torsional deformation. In this

section, we will consider the extension of the extended rod theory. Considering
the case where the external force acts in the y-direction, the bending deformation
around the y-axis can be neglected. By adopting Timoshenko beam’s idea for shear
deformation, the general displacement function of the extended rod theory including
longitudinal deformation, bending deformation, shear deformation, shear-lag, and
torsional deformation is given by the following equation:

U(x, y, z, t) = u(x, t) + y φ(x, t) + ϕ ∗ (y, z) u*(x, t) + ω(y, z) θ  (x, t) (4.152)

V (x, y, z, t) = v(x, t) + V ∗ (x, y, z, t) (4.153)

W (x, y, z, t) = w(x, t) + W ∗ (x, y, z, t) (4.154)

where U, V, and W = displacement components in the x, y, and z-directions of the

general point, respectively; u, v, and w = displacement components in the x, y, and
z-directions of the axial point, respectively; φ = rotational angle of the axial point
around the z-axis; u∗ (x, t) = the displacement coefficient of shear-lag; ϕ ∗ (y, z) =
distribution coefficient of shear-lag displacement in the cross section; ω(y, z) =
warping function in the cross section; θ  (x, t) = torsional ratio; and V ∗ (x, y, z, t) and
W ∗ (x, y, z, t) = in-plane deformations of the cross section in the y and z-directions,
respectively.
The third term on the right side of the Eq. (4.152) represents the effect of shear-lag
occurring in tube structures, and the fourth term represents torsion. As the principal
axes of the cross section in the doubly symmetric equivalent rod are brought to the
center of torsion, the torsion becomes uncouple with other motions (vertical motion,
horizontal motion), so that it is generally possible to consider separately the term of
torsion.
The second term on the right side of Eqs. (4.153) and (4.154) represents the in-
plane deformation of the cross section, which corresponds to the bulge phenomenon
(bulging) occurring in the cylindrical shell and the in-plane cross-sectional deforma-
tion of the thin-walled open and closed cross sections. As with other displacements,
the in-plane displacement is expressed as the product of the variable defined on
the axial point and the displacement function representing the in-plane deformation
mode of the cross section [28].
By considering the out-of-plane deformation (shear-lag) and in-plane deformation
(bulge) of the cross section, the applicable region of the rod theory may be expanded
without increasing the number of variables extremely from the classical rod theories
based on Bernoulli–Euler beam and Timoshenko beam. As a simple analysis method
to be used for the preliminary design stage of high-rise buildings, the rod theory is
considered to be practically sufficient with the displacement function obtained by
adding the effect of shear-lag to Timoshenko beam theory.