REPORT OF

MECHATRONIC PROJECT
ON CNC MACHINE
(2-D SKETCHING)
GROUP PROJECT

BATCH: - M4
MADE BY: -
SOURABH MEENA (16ME69)
SURJEET CHAHAR (16ME70)
SHUBHAM SHARMA (16ME68)
SYED MOHAMMAD FAHIM (17ME94D)
SURENDRA SINGARIYA (17ME93D)
BABLU KUMAR (16ME12)

SUBMITTED TO: -
TARUN K. ASERI
(ASST. PROF.)
MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
GOVT.ENGG. COLLEGE AJMER
RAJ.
CNC MACHINE (2-D SKETCHING):

INTRODUCTION: -
CNC (computer numerical control) is automated control machining tools (drill, boring tools,
lathes) and 3- printers by mean of a computer. An NC machine alters a blank piece of
material (metal, plastics, wood)
In CNC, machines are operated via numerical control, wherein a software program is
designated to control an object. The language behind CNC machining is alternately referred
to as G-code, and it’s written to control the various behaviours of a corresponding machine,
such as the speed, feed rate and coordination.
Basically, CNC machining makes it possible to pre-program the speed and position of
machine tool functions and run them via software in repetitive, predictable cycles, all with
little involvement from human operators. Due to these capabilities, the process has been
adopted across all corners of the manufacturing sector and is especially vital in the areas of
metal and plastic production.
This project is about to make a mini CNC machine.in this we are using Arduino Uno R3 as
the brain of machine which perform all the working operations as per the command from the
computer. This machine has two axis X-axis and Y-axis. Paper is plotted on X-axis and
writing pen is on Y-axis.
CNC shield is used in this to control the rotation of the stepper motor and A4988 stepper
driver is used to give direction to stepper motor and we here use a stepper motor (NMB).
And servo motor sg90 is used to lift the Y-axis from one word to another and we use lead
screw in this of diameter of 1.2 cm and for motion we use ball bearings in it.
A breadboard is a solderless device for temporary prototype with electronics and test circuit
designs. Most electronic components in electronic circuits can be interconnected by inserting
their leads or terminals into the holes and then making connections through wires where
appropriate. The breadboard has strips of metal underneath the board and connect the holes
on the top of the board. The metal strips are laid out as shown below. Note that the top and
bottom rows of holes are connected horizontally and split in the middle while the remaining
holes are connected vertically.
1. ARDUINO BOARD
The Arduino Uno R3 is a microcontroller board based on a removable, dual-inline-
package (DIP) ATmega328 AVR microcontroller. It has 20 digital input/output pins
(of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs and 6 can be used as analogue inputs).
Programs can be loaded on to it from the easy-to-use Arduino computer program. The
Arduino has an extensive support community, which makes it a very easy way to get
started working with embedded electronics. The R3 is the third, and latest, revision of
the Arduino Uno.

2. CNC SHIELD
It is a shield for Arduino that fits over the Arduino Uno/mega board and can be used to
drive a CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machine or a 3d printer(advanced) . It has
the basic configuration already made, though you need to work on the connections to
motors and sensors.
3.STEPPER DRIVER(A4988)
The A4988 is a micro stepping driver for controlling bipolar stepper motors which has built-
in translator for easy operation. This means that we can control the stepper motor with just 2
pins from our controller, or one for controlling the rotation direction and the other for
controlling the steps.

4.STEPPER MOTOR
Stepper motors are DC motors that move in discrete steps. They have multiple coils
that are organized in groups called "phases". By energizing each phase in sequence,
the motor will rotate, one step at a time.

With a computer controlled stepping you can achieve very precise positioning and/or
speed control. For this reason, stepper motors are the motor of choice for many
precision motion control applications. 
 5.SERVO MOTOR SG90
Tiny and lightweight with high output power. Servo can rotate approximately 180 degrees
(90 in each direction), and works just like the standard kinds but smaller. You can use any
servo code, hardware or library to control these servos. Good for beginners who want to
make stuff move without building a motor controller with feedback & gear box, especially
since it will fit in small places. It comes with a 3 horns (arms) and hardware.

6. BREADBOARD

A breadboard is a simple device designed to let you create circuits without the need for
soldering. A breadboard is usually covered with holes lined with metal, in which wires and
electrical components such as resistors, diodes and capacitors can be plugged. The holes are
divided into rows, and holes within particular rows are wired together on the underside of the
breadboard so that an electric current can flow down the rows. t's easier and faster to work
with breadboards to lay out circuits than it would be to try to wire components without one,
so they're useful for quickly testing and prototyping electronics ideas. Breadboards can also
be used without soldering, which makes it easy to remove components and reuse them when
you're done with an experiment.
7.DATA CABLE

Special type of cable used to provide power supply to Arduino board this cable connect the
board with the computer and enable us to upload a suitable program on the board by the
Arduino software.

8. POWER ADAPTER
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from
an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a
2.1mm centre-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted
in the God and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an
external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may
supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage
regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.
WORKING OF CIRCUIT

Circuit work very easily. CNC shield is connected to the ARDUINO board and all the
connections of stepper motor is made with stepper driverA4988.stepper driver is connected to
the CNC shield. Now first we upload MIGRDL program to Arduino board. And now we use
our software BENBOX to provide instruction to our motor, how to move. Power
supply(12v,2A) is provided to setup and program is given so that stepper motor &servomotor
can perform their work
Applications
This article describes the applications of the CNC machines in different industries.
These days the CNC machines are found in almost all industries, from a small scale industry
to big companies. There is hardly any face of manufacturing that is not touched by the
automated CNC machining centre. Everyone involved in the manufacturing should know
what a CNC machine can do for their company. Due to extensive applications of CNC
machines in various industries, there is a great surge in the demand of the CNC programmers.
To meet these demands a number of schools have come up that teach the operation and
programming of the CNC machines.