UNIVERSIDAD SANTIAGO DE CALI

EPISTEMOLOGIA OF THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE

ARMENIAN LANGUAGE - ALBANIAN LANGUAGE

Students
ANNIE PAOLA GUERRERO
JUAN SEBASTIAN GARCIA MURILLO

Teacher
WILLIAM SALAZAR R.

FOREING LANGUAGES
SIXTH SEMESTE

SANTIAGO DE CALI, ABRIL 10 2020

 ALBANIAN LANGUAGE
 History:
Albanian (also known as Shqip) it constitutes a branch of the Indo-European
language. This is spoken by 7.3 million people in Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia,
Montenegro, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Greece, Turkey and immigrant
communities around the world. In 1854 it was shown that Albanian was an
Indo-European language. While there is no consensus among scholars about
its origin, it is generally believed that Albanian ancestors separated from the
Proto-Indo-European language about 4,000 years ago. Albanian dialects there
are two dialects of Albanian and their speakers can understand each other. The
Shkumbin River in Albania divides the country into two dialect zones.

The tosk is spoken by about 3 million people south of the Shkumbin River. It is
also spoken in Italy, Greece and small Albanian immigrant communities in
Ukraine, Turkey, Egypt and the United States. The standard Albanian is based
on the tosk dialect. Tosk has three variants: Arbereshe, spoken in Italy;
Arvanitika, spoken in Greece; and Tosk, spoken in Albania.

The gheg (geg-rishtja) is spoken by about 2.8 million people north of the
Shkumbin River. It is also spoken in Serbia and Montenegro and in the
Republic of Macedonia. Albanian speakers the standard Albanian (based on
the tosk dialect) is the national language of Albania, where 2.9 million people
speak it. Northern Albanian (based on the gheg dialect) is the de facto regional
language of Kosovo.

The oldest known book written in Albanian is Meshari, written by Catholic cleric
Gjon Buzuku in 1555. In the 1850s, Albanian was proven to be an Indo-
European language. Albanian is currently a branch within the Indo-European
family.

It was initially suggested to be the only surviving language of the Illyric

languages that were formerly spoken in the southwest of the Balkans. However,
there is now stronger evidence of its kinship with the ancient Dacian spoken in
Mesia and Dacia.
The main evidence is pre-Rice loans in modern Romanian, presumably from
the Dacian, which are clearly related to modern Albanians. On the other hand, it
is unclear whether the Dacia language and the Illyric branch belonged to
different branches of Indo-European, although most academics think so.

 Geographical location and extension:

Albanian is divided into several dialects grouped into two dialect groups: guego
(gheg) and rough (tosk), the latter official in Albania. The traditional border
between the two dialect groups has been the Shkumbin River: the guego is
spoken north of the river and the rough to the south.

Both groups differ in both phonological and lexical traits. In Italy, the Albanian-
born communities established since the late 15th century speak a sub-project of
the rough soothing called arbsresh. Also arbanite, widespread in the nineteenth
century in Greece, is a rough subdialect.

The varieties of gheg, tosk, arbanite and arb-résh.

 It's also spoken in Albania,Kosovo, Northern Macedonia, Greece, Italy and
some migrants communities in United States.

The rough dialect is the official language of Albania. Albanian is also one of the
official languages of the partially recognized Republic of Kosovo, some cantons
of Northern Macedonia and some communes in southern Italy.

 Number of speakers:

 Albanian tosk: Spoken by 2,900,000 people. It is used as the

standard Albanian.
 Albanian gheg: Spoken by 1,800,000 people. It is the least talked
about and is not the one taught in schools. It is mostly spoken in
northern Albania.
 Language dissemination centres:

 Lernbrücke Sprachenunterricht (Berlin, Germany):

They put the emphasis on learning to speak, but they also teach
grammar and writing. To help you feel safe talking, they offer small-
group courses (2 to 6 participants). This makes it possible to address
individual difficulties and learn in a relaxed environment. They offer
face-to-face teaching and use audiovisual and digital media.
They have a highly motivated international team of teachers from
more than 50 different countries. All have a full university degree with
additional pedagogical qualifications and many years of teaching
experience.

 examples of language:
Song: Kejsi Tola "Më Merr Në Ëndërr”

Unë jam e jotja çdo ditë që kalon

Unë jam me ty kur larg të kam
Edhe një çast nëse ti më mungon
Unë mbyll dy sytë të ndjej pranë
Asgjë më shumë jo, nga ty nuk kerkoj
Asgjë më shumë se sa një çast
Kur ti je larg vetëm ty të mendoj
Unë mbyll dy sytë
Mbyll dy sytë të ndjej pranë
Të ndjej
Sa herë ti, ti më fton
Sa herë më merr ti në ëndërr
Jo, jo, ti mos më zgjo
Nga kjo magji e dashurisë
Sa herë ti, ti më fton
Sa herë më merr ti në ëndërr
 Jo, jo, ti mos më zgjo
Nga kjo magji e dashurisë
Unë jam e jotja çdo ditë që kalon
Unë jam me ty kur larg të kam
Edhe një çast nëse ti më mungon
Unë mbyll dy sytë të ndjej pranë
Asgjë më shumë jo, nga ty nuk kerkoj
Asgjë më shumë se sa një çast
Kur ti je larg vetëm ty të mendoj
Unë mbyll dy sytë
Mbyll dy sytë të ndjej pranë
Të ndjej
Sa herë ti, ti më fton
Sa herë më merr ti në ëndërr
Jo, jo, ti mos më zgjo
Nga kjo magji e dashurisë
Sa herë ti, ti më fton
Sa herë më merr ti në ëndërr
Jo, jo, ti mos më zgjo
Nga kjo magji e dashurisë
Më kërko në pafundësi
Më kërko unë do vij
Sa herë ti, ti më fton
Sa herë më merr ti në ëndërr
Jo, jo, ti mos më zgjo
Nga kjo magji e dashurisë
 Cultural impact (lyrical):
Albanian literary culture is located in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
with contemporary literature and its only writer Ismail Kadare

XIX century: Rilindja Kombetare ("National Renaissance")

The emergence of the Albanian national spirit of the nineteenth century had
its reflection in literature. The first literary center in the present-day Albanian
Republic was Shkod-r, where the Franciscan and Severian jesuit schools
had as pupils Gjergj Fishta and Ndre Mjeda, as well as the writer and
musician Bernardino Palaj. Leronim de Rada's work influenced the rough
patriots Frashri, the politician Abdyl Frash-ri, the pedagogue Sami Frash-ri
and the poet Naim Frash-ri, established in Bucharest. Abdyl's son, Midhat
Frashri, published an almanac, an anthology and a diary in Sofia. They had
quite a few difficulties because of the lack of a literary center and a standard
writing, which did not reach until the spelling reform of the Albanian of the
Sicilian Dhemitri Camarda. In addition, the lack of its own literary tradition
made it easier for Albanian Muslims to be educated in Turkish, Catholics in
 Italian and Orthodox in Greek. Until 1878 only Albanian was taught in two
schools, as a second language, in Shkodar. Even in 1892, the Orthodox
bishop of Kastoria anathematized against teaching in Albanian.

In 1882 the magazine Dituria ("Wisdom") was first published in Albania and
the Rilindja period ("Renaissance"), where the writers Gjergj Fisht, founder
of the magazine Hylli and Drites ("Star of Light") and who wrote the poetic
compilations Lahuta e nalcis ("The mountain's latud"), where he sings the
myth of the "living belief of the people" , Te una e Rzhanices ("In the port of
Rzhanica") and Anzat e Parnesit ("Arms of the Parnassus"); Naim Frash-ri
with the poems Quebelaja, Histori and Skenderbeut and Bagéti e bujqsiya
("Prados y campos"); the playwright Andon Zako Aajupi, author of the
comedy Dad Tomorri, released in Cairo, and the first exhibition of Albanian
realism, "Married at fourteen").
Other authors include the poets Gjergj Buboni, Zef Jubani, Filip Shiroka,
Luigj Gurakuqi, Mihai Grameno with the novel Oxagu ("Last Name"), and
Hacen Noli, author of the historical study Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg.
Albanian magazines were also founded elsewhere, such as Shkipetari in
Bucharest and Ndoc Nikaj and N. Mejedja Cultural Association.

 Commercial impact:
Albania is one of the poorest countries in Europe, with a Human
Development Index of 0.801, which is high for the world but low for Europe.
This precarious situation is due to a harsh communist regime, which bet on
the agricultural and mining sector, rather than the industrial sector, and a
deep economic crisis after the end of the regime, caused by internal errors,
such as the fall of state-backed pyramid banks, the wars in Yugoslavia,
which left the country without its natural markets, and the weakness of the
state, which gives a lot of political and legal uncertainty for investment.
However, Albania's economic structure is turning to services, although these
are of poor quality. Agriculture now accounts for 20% of GDP and is home
to 58% of the workforce, revealing its low productivity, and the large number
 of families that depend on agriculture for their survival. Industry accounts for
20% of GDP and welcomes 15% of the labor force, and services account for
60% of GDP and 27% of workers.

Agriculture has undergone a profound process of conversion since the

Maoist collectivist model, which prevailed in the communist era. In 1991,
with the fall of the regime, there was an irregular appropriation of land,
cooperatives disappeared and it ceased production for the market, in favor
of subsistence agriculture that drastically reduced agricultural production.
This situation only began to be overcome from 1998, the year in which the
Administration decided to bring order to the privatization regime and land
tenure conditions. The economy is re-activated with products such as
wheat, maize, potatoes, vegetables, grapes, wood, tobacco, meat, etc.
 Political impact:
Albanian policy takes place in a representative democratic parliamentary
republic, through which the Prime Minister is the head of government.
Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is
conferred on the government and Parliament. The President is the head of
state of Albania, and is elected for a term of 5 years by the Assembly of the
Republic by secret ballot. You are required to receive a 50%+1 majority of
the votes of all Members. The current president is Bujar Nishani, elected in
July 2012.

The President has the power to ensure the observation of the constitution of
the country and all laws, either he is the commander-in-chief of the armed
forces, in addition to exercating the powers of the Assembly of the Republic
while it is not in session, and to note the Head of the Council of Ministers
(prime minister). The Prime Minister (Head of the Council of Ministers) is
appointed by the President. The other ministers are elected by the president
under the prime minister's direction. The Albanian Assembly has the final
floor on the composition of the Cabinet.
 ARMENIAN LANGUAGE
 History:
When the study of Armenian began in the 19th century, it was believed that
the Armenian came from Iran, a mistake resulting from the vast number of
Iranian loans. But later studies showed that Armenian was an independent
branch of the Indo-European family. According to the historian Herodotus,
Armenian was a variety of frigid, although little knowledge of this last
language makes no assertions about it.

Some 5 million people speak Armenian in Armenia, Georgia, the Russian

Federation and some Middle Eastern countries, such as Lebanon and
Turkey. As the region speaks a somewhat different Armenian, the Armenian
variants are called "western" or "eastern", but they are mutually intelligible.

The Armenian linguistic family is one of the nine Indo-European branches

and consists only of one language, Armenian. This has been standardized
in two variants, Eastern Armenian and Western, but the differences between
the two do not hinder communication.

Armenia is one of the oldest literary languages in Europe. Since the

Armenian alphabet was created in the 5th century AD it has been used to
write religious treatises, epics, poetry... Classical Armenian, called
engraving, remained a written language until the 19th century, at which point
Armenian writers began to replace it with the spoken variant in everyday life,
called asjarhabar.

Eastern and Western:

This process of standardization of the vernacular language occurred at the

same time in Caucasian Armenia as among the important Armenian
communities of Istanbul, so that two versions, now called Eastern
 (Arevelian) and Western (arevmtian) were crystallized. A reform of spelling
during Soviet times in Armenia differentiated both further.
The Western retains the traditional Mashdotsian spelling, while the eastern
one – except among The Armenians of Iran – now uses the simplified
abeghian form.

The Armenian Church – both Orthodox, majority, and Catholic – continues

to use engraving as a liturgical language. The link between religion,
language and identity is strong in communities. Being Armenian is
practically synonymous with being at least nominally Christian, especially in
the social fabric of the eastern Mediterranean countries, where 'religion' is
considered a kind of hereditary condition, transmitted by the family, not a
choice of the individual. All followers of the Armenian Church know and use
the language to a greater or lesser extent in their daily lives.
 Geographical location and extension:
Eastern Armenia is used in the Republic of Armenia, where it is the official
language, in the border areas of Georgia and Azerbaijan and in Iran. The
western is used in Istanbul and most of the Armenian diaspora, as these
communities are mostly native to Anatolia.

Among the countries of the diaspora, attached to the Western Armenian,

stands out Lebanon, Syria, Iraq Jordan, Egypt, Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria,
Ukraine, Russia and Turkey. Is also very influential and politically active the
 Armenian diaspora of France, which is estimated at almost half a million
people.
 Number of speakers:
The Armenian is spoken by 6-7 million people who are distributed in
Armenian diaspora: Middle East and cities such as Moscow and Sochi, in
Russia, Odessa, Sebastopol and Crimea, in Ukraine, Tbilisi and Batumi, in
Georgia, Plovdiv, in Bulgaria, Athens, Greece, Beirut, Lebanon and Aleppo,
in Syria.
Israel is home to a small and very ancient Armenian community centered on
the so-called Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem. Also tens of thousands settled
in the United States, Canada, France and other places like South America.

 Language dissemination centres:

 Art House:
Art House is located in the center of Yerevan and is one of the most
popular schools in Armenia. The school specializes in teaching
Armenian to foreign students like you. The size of their classes is
smaller compared to other schools. They also have very friendly
teachers and employees who will help you feel at home during your
stay in Yerevan.
 Lazarian Dpratoon:
The language center "Lazarian Dpratoon" is located in the heart of
Yerevan, the capital of Armenia. The school's excellent location helps
students find the place easily and get to know the city's most popular
 historical and cultural sites. Students can choose short- and long-
term Armenian courses, civilization courses (intermediate and
advanced students only). Teachers are native speakers with good
knowledge of English, French or German specialized in teaching
Armenia as a foreign language.
 NExT- STEP Beyond Borders:
Course is especially useful for Diaspora Armenians and foreigners
and can be thought in English, Russian, French, German and etc. We
design this course individually for every student depending on their
knowledge of the language (pre-test is held) and also ensure
activities devoted to the Armenian culture and heritage.
The Russian, Armenian, English, French and Chinese courses
offered at NExT combine:
• Interactive language training sessions,
• Development of expression and communication skills.
• Writing skills and corporate correspondence.
• Grammatical and vocabulary
• Movie discussion club
 examples of language:
The figure below shows the first eight verses of chapter 1 of the Gospel of
St. John in Armenian Biting
 Cultural impact (lyrical):
Armenian literature is Christian-Eastern literature, and therefore formed a
national and historical bond of high identification force. It is the spiritual and
secular national literature of the Armenian people. Its beginnings date back
to 405 A.D., which is linked to the invention of the Armenian alphabet.
Traditional Armenian literature is national literature, which originates from
the affinity of Armenians, who created poems for the glory of their country in
history and chronicles. In addition, translations form an important part of
classical Armenian literature.
"Golden Age" of Ancient Armenian Literature
Armenian literature has about two millennia. Ancient Armenian literature
was developed from 406 AD. E., when Christianity scientist and preacher
Mesrop Mashtots created the modern Armenian alphabet. Originating in the
5th century, Armenian literature quickly developed as an original and multi-
genre literature, and important literary monuments were created. For the
early medieval era of its development are characteristic works of both
secular and religious-ecclesiastical content (treatises, speeches). The 5th
century is considered the golden age in the history of its development.

In 5th-century literature, historiography or the genre of historical prose

dominates its meaning. The main characteristics of the genus already
appeared in the initial period of its origin and were preserved in various
extensions until the end of the middle Ages.

Historiographical works are characterized by the scale and wide coverage of

historical realities, the consideration of the history of Armenia in parallel with
the history of other peoples and states, that these works acquire special
value and come out of the framework of national significance.

Ancient Armenian literature is closely related to the church and the art of
theology. The most important monument of this direction of 15th-century
literature is the work of Yeznik Kokhbatsi "Denial of False Teachings", one
of the masterpieces of ancient Armenian literature; written between 441-449
years. At the same time, a patristic composition of "Multicast Speeches" is
created, the so-called author of which is Mashtots. At the end of the
century, John Mandakuni wrote Rech, which contains valuable information
about the sociocultural notions of the time. Mambre Verzanoch is
considered the author of 3 homilies. Theological works are attributed to
Ananias Syunetsi.

Era Medieval:
Armenia is known to have been a nation often occupied by nearby powers,
such as the Sassanid Empire. The beginning of the medieval era was
marked by the Arab conquest of Armenia. People start talking about a great
hero who could free them and restore Armenian sovereignty. David de
Sasun, known as Sasuntsi Davit', is the medieval Armenian equivalent of
Hercules. For more than a thousand years, the legend of David went from
grandparents to grandchildren thanks to Armenian oral tradition, and it is
difficult to classify their stories as ancient or medieval. In 1873, history was
first written by Archbishop Karekin Servantzdiants, who copied the story told
by a peasant storyteller from Moush named Grbo.

Other versions of the tale of several regions of Armenia were copied in the
following years, and during the early Soviet era in Armenia, the stories were
classified into a "unified version"; a narrative that connected dozens of
isolated episodes, fragments and almost complete but different versions of
the legend. One of the most famous treatments in history was the verse
version performed by Hovhannes Toumanian in 1902. His poem only covers
the story of David, which is actually only one of the 4 parts of the story,
though the central part.

Cilician renaissance
The modern period of Armenian literature may well date from the rebirth of
letters among Armenians in the 12th century. The Catholicos Nerses,
nicknamed the Gracious, is the brightest author at the beginning of this
period. In addition to his poetic works, such as the "Elegy on the Taking of
Edesa", there are works in prose that include a "pastoral letter", a "Synodal
Speech" and his "Letters". This age also gave us a commentary on St. Luke
and one on the Catholic Epistles.

It is also worth noting the Synodal Address of Nerses de Lambron,

Archbishop of Tarsus, delivered at the Council of Hromcla in 1179, which is
anti-monophysite in tone. The thirteenth century gave birth to Vartan the
Great, whose talents were those of a poet, an exegeta and a theologian,
and whose "Universal History" is extensive in the field it encompasses.
Gregory of Datev (also transcribed as Tatev) in the following century
composed his "Book of Questions", which is an ardent controversy against
Catholics.

20th century
In the early 20th century, Tumanyan, Isahakian and other important authors
continued their creative activity. Vahan Teryan occupies a special place in
the history of Armenian poetry of the early twentieth century; his first
collection of poems "Dreams of Twilight" (1908) becomes immediately very
popular.
The greatest poets of western Armenia of this period are the earlyly dead
Misak Metsarents, as well as those who died during the genocide of Daniel
Varuzhan, Siamanto and Ruben Sevak. Continuing to be faithful to the
traditions of classical Armenian literature, they were to some extent
influenced by the symbolism of Western Europe and especially of France.

In the late 1920s, Soviet power was established in Armenia, which led to a
new stage in the history of Armenian literature, when its development took
place in the context of an acute ideological and political struggle. In the
years 1920-1930. He lived the greatest poet of Armenian literature of the era
of Egishe Charents, whose creative journey began in the 1910s. His best
poems ("Violent Crowds", 1919, etc.) and collections (The Book of the Way,
1933, etc.) created traditions that found their continuation in the works of
later generations of Armenian poets.
 Armenian Royalists

Newspapers
Some specialists claim that Armenian royalist authors appeared when the
newspaper Arevelk (Oriente) (1884) was founded. Writers such as Arpiar
Arpiarian, Levon Pashalian, Krikor Zohrab, Melkon Gurjian, Dikran
Gamsarian and others revolved around the newspaper. The other important
newspaper at the time was the newspaper Hayrenik (Patria), which
becomes very populist, encourages criticism, etc. Despite these facts,
Armenians were not allowed to use words such as Armenia, nation,
homeland, freedom and progress in their newspapers and other written
productions.

Realistic ideology after 1885, Armenian authors were interested in

representing a realistic representation of life, along with all their nudes.
However, there are some authors who have retained some romantic
influences, although most did not.

Under Soviet rule

The literary tradition of Khachatur Abovian, Mikael Nalbandian and Raffi
continued. This rebirth of tradition was carried out by writers and poets such
as Hovhannes Tumanyan, Yeghishe Charents and the like. This revival took
place under the communist system, greatly restricting the freedom of
expression of writers. In the late 1960s, under Leonid Brezhnev, a new
generation of Armenian writers emerged. As Armenian history of the 1920s
and genocide was discussed more openly, writers such as Paruyr Sevak,
Gevork Emin, Silva Kaputikyan and Hovhannes Shiraz began a new era of
literature. With the decline of Soviet censorship, modernist and Avantgarde
artists emerged, and poets such as Henrik Edoyan and Artem Harutyunyan
were producing poetry that had no rhyme or realistic realism.
 Independent Armenia
A new generation of writers is currently flourishing in independent Armenia.
The lack of independent and objective literary criticism makes it difficult to
cover this modern era of Armenian literature. Tensions between the Soviet-
era "Union of Writers of Armenia" and independent literary groups have
provoked mutual slander even in questions of classification over who
Armenian writers are. Among the most popular writers of the current era
who address issues of social dystopia and political corruption are Vahram
Sahakyan and Vahe Avetian. The latter has been living in Sweden since the
late 1990s as a result of persecution by the Armenian authorities.

Another writer whose literature is difficult to classify is the American writer

Armen Melikian, who briefly repatriated Armenia in 2002 and began writing
in Eastern Armenia, the official language of Armenia. Melikian has denied
allegiance to Armenian culture or literature after his exile and ostracism,
however his most recent work "Journey to Virginland" published in the
United States in 2010 won eleven literary prizes dealing with some of the
most fundamental problems affecting Armenian society, such as gender
relations, religious orientation and political corruption.
 Commercial impact:
After several years of double-digit economic growth, Armenia faced a sharp
recession in 2009, with its GDP suffering a 14% drop that year. Retraction in
the civil construction sector and shipments made by Armenian workers
abroad were the main causes of the fall. The economy began to recover in
2010 with almost 5% growth.

During the Soviet period with planned economy, Armenia developed a

strong industry, supplying machine tools, textiles and other manufactured to
sister republics. Since its independence the country has turned to small-
scale agriculture, different from the Soviet-era agricultural-industrial
complex. Industry still accounts for more than 30% of the country's gross
domestic product (GDP) and more than 40% of the workforce is employed in
 industry and construction. Production is dominated by manufacturing and
mining (gold, copper, zinc, silver). Machines and synthetic rubber are the
main manufactured goods.

The country has the only nuclear power plant in the Caucasian region,
which was inherited from Soviet times. This plant was undamaged during
the 1988 earthquake, which affected much of the country's infrastructure,
the effects of which were felt until the mid-1990s.

After its independence from the USSR, Armenia retained the Russian
currency for some years, but eventually adopted dram as a national
currency, due to complications arising from relying on the monetary policy of
the Russian Federation.

 Political impact:
Armenia is a sovereign constitutional republic, a modern legal democratic
state. The Constitution is the document with the greatest legal force in the
country and was adopted in 1995. It is in this document that methods of
exercising state power are prescribed. A total balance was created between
the legislative, executive and judicial powers of the board. Absolute power in
the republic belongs to the Armenian people. The taking of any branch of
power is criminal and punishable. The Armenian president has quite broad
powers. It acts as the main guarantor of preserving the integrity of the
internal territories approved by the legislation and is responsible for the
observance of the Constitution. It also controls the effective functioning of
each separate branch of power. The president is elected by his people by
undisclosed direct vote for a period of five years. According to the law,
anyone who has lived in the country for more than 10 years and has turned
35 can submit their candidacy for the presidential election.

The Country's President is authorized to represent Armenia on the world

stage among the leaders of other countries, appoint or withdraw
ambassadors to other States. You have the right to appoint the Prime
Minister of the Republic and other members of the government (as well as
to remove them from office). The President of the Republic of Armenia is the
supreme commander-in-chief of the country's internal armed forces. You
have the right to declare war or conclude a truce pact. You also have the
right to declare a state of emergency and organize measures to eliminate
them. Also, within the President's power, is the granting of official orders and
medals, the assignment of military ranks and the provision of asylum
(citizenship) within the territory of the country. It is worth noting that the
President has a great influence on the judiciary of the administration and
even personally approves four judges of the Constitutional Court, as well as
the presidents of the Court of Appeal and the Court of Appeal.