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Lecture 6 External Diffusion PDF
Lecture 6 External Diffusion PDF
Reaction Engineering
Yongdan Li
Professor of Industrial Chemistry
Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering
School of Chemical Technology
Aalto University
Email: yongdan.li@aalto.fi Nov-Dec, 2017
Kemistintie 1, E404
6. External diffusion
2
Part 6-1 Diffusion and Molar flux
3
Part 6-1 Diffusion and Molar flux
What is diffusion?
• Driving force?
4
Part 6-1 Diffusion and Molar flux
5
Part 6-1 Diffusion and Molar flux
Molar flux
• Flux is a vector: WA = i WAx + j WAy + k WAz
z
WAz
• Molar flux of A can be divided into two components:
1) Molecular diffusion flux JA
2) Flux due to motion of the fluid BA
WA = JA + BA (1)
6
Part 6-1 Diffusion and Molar flux
xoxoxoxoxoxoxo
oxoxoxoxoxoxox U
xoxoxoxoxoxoxox
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Part 6-1 Diffusion and Molar flux
WA = JA + BA eq (1) in page 6
x o o o o
x x o o o
J U
x x x o Ao
x x x x o
8
Part 6-1 Diffusion and Molar flux
• Overall flux:
WA = JA + BA eq (1) in page 6 BA = yA Wtotal =yA Wi (2)
• Bulk flow:
BA =CAU (3)
WA = JA + CAU (4)
• For a binary system:
BA = yA (WA + WB ) WA = JA + yA (WA + WB ) (5)
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Part 6-1 Diffusion and Molar flux
q kt T J A cDAB y A (6)
i j k Diffusivity of A in B
Thermal conductivity x y z (molecular diffusion coefficient)
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Part 6-2 Binary Diffusion
• Molar flux
WA = JA + yA (WA + WB)
WA = - c DAB yA + yA (WA + WB) (8)
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Part 6-2 Binary Diffusion
A B
AB
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Part 6-2 Binary Diffusion
• Derivation
WA = - WB
WA = JA + yA (WA + WB)
= JA + yA (WA - WA) = JA
WA = JA = - c DAB yA (9)
13
Part 6-2 Binary Diffusion
Diluted solutions
WA = JA + yA (WA + WB)
WA JA = - DAB CA (11)
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Part 6-2 Binary Diffusion
WA=BA=yA(WA+WB)=CAU (12)
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Part 6-3 External diffusion limitation
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Part 6-3 External diffusion limitation
Concentration gradient
Concenration on the
over gas or liquid film
outer surface CAs
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Part 6-3 External diffusion limitation
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Part 6-3 External diffusion limitation
cAb
• Elementary reaction A B
cAs cAs
rAs kr CAs rAs kr CAs
'' ''
20
Part 6-3 External diffusion limitation
rAs'' kr CAs
kc kr CAb
kc CAb r
''
(15)
C As k r kc
As
k r kc
Fast chemical reaction: kr >> kc
rAs'' kc CAb (overall rate depens only on the mass transfer)
21
Part 6-4 The Mass Transfer Coefficient
Rapid Reaction
DAB 2 / 3 U 1/ 2
kc 0.6 1/ 6 1/ 2 (23)
ν
p
d
I II
25
Part 6-4 The Mass Transfer Coefficienton
Solution
According to the Equation (13), For dilute concentrations of the solute, the
radial flux is
WAr kc (C Ab C As ) (E1-1)
Because reaction is assumed to occur instantaneously on the external surface
of the pellet, CAs=0. Also, CAb is given as 1 mol/dm3. The mass transfer
coefficient for single sphere is calculated from the Frössling correlation
kc d p
Sh 2 0.6 Re1/2 Sc1/3 eq (22) in page 23
DAB
d pU d pU (0.01m)(0.1m/s)
Re = 2000
v 6
0.5 10 m /s
2
5 107 m 2 / s
Sc 10 2
5000
DAB 10 m / s
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Part 6-4 The Mass Transfer Coefficient
Substituting for kc and CAb in the equation(E1-1), the molar flux to the
surface is
28
Part 6-5 The Mass Transfer in a Packed bed
z z+z
Molar Molar Molar rate of Molar rate of
rate in - rate out + generation accumulation
FAz z - FAz z z
r a (Ac Δz )
''
A c 0
r’’A= Rate of generation of A per unit of catalytic surface area, mol/s∙m2
ac = Catalyst outer surface area/catalyst bed volume m2/m3
Volume of solid Surface area
ac (1- ) d p2 / ( d p3 / 6)
Volume of bed Volume of solid
6(1 ) / d p for packed beds, m 2 /m 3
ϕ = Void of the bed
Ac = Cross-sectional area of tube containing the catalyst 29
Part 6-5 The Mass Transfer in a Packed Bed
Figure 6-1 Axial concentration (a) and conversion (b) profiles in a packed bed.
To determine the reactor length L necessary to achieve a conversion X, we
combine the definition of conversion
CA0 CAL CAL
X 1
CA0 CA0
thus
kc ac kc ac 1 kc ac
X 1 exp ( L) ln (1 X ) L ln L (26)
U U 1 X U
32
Part 6-5 The Mass Transfer in a Packed Bed
1 Ud p
1/ 2 1/ 3
kc d p μ
DAB (1 - ) γ μ(1 - )γ DAB
where
Re dp = Particle diameter (equivalent diameter of a sphere of
Re' (28) the same volume), m
(1 - )γ
= [(6/π) (volume of pellet)]1/3, m
Sh
Sh' (29) ϕ = Void fraction of packed bed
(1 - )γ γ = Shape factor (external surface area divided by d p )
2
and
U, ρ, μ, v and DAB are as previously defined
For constant fluid properties and particle diameter
kc U1/2
33
Part 6-5 The Mass Transfer in a Packed Bed
Colburn J factor
Colburn J factor can also be applied for the determination of external
mass transfer coefficients
Sh
J D 1/3 (30)
Sc Re
Following equation is valid when Re > 10 (gases) and Re > 0.01
(liquids) in a packed bed :
0.765 0.365
J D 0.82 0.386 (31)
Re Re
Uρd p dp = Particle diameter (equivalent diameter of a
Re
μ sphere of the same external surface area), m
34
Part 6-5 The Mass Transfer in a Packed Bed
Additional information:
DAB =0.69×10-4 m2/s at 298 K
Bed void ϕ : 40%
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Part 6-5 The Mass Transfer in a Packed Bed
Solution
The following solution is detailed and a bit tedious, but it is important to know the details
of how a mass transfer coefficient is calculated.
Rearranging the Equation (26) gives us
(a) Using the Thoenes–Kramers correlation to calculate the mass transfer coefficient, kc
1. First we find the volume-average particle diameter
36
Part 6-5 The Mass Transfer in a Packed Bed
Correcting the diffusivity to 450 K using Table 6-1 gives us Go to Table 6-1
37
Part 6-5 The Mass Transfer in a Packed Bed
kc = 6.15 m/s
The conversion is
= 1-0.13 = 0.87
We find 87% conversion.
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Part 6-5 The Mass Transfer in a Packed Bed
(b) Colburn JD factor to calculate kc. To find kc, we first calculate the surface-area-average
particle diameter.
For cylindrical pellets, the external surface area is
=11996.04
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Part 6-5 The Mass Transfer in a Packed Bed
eq (31) in 35
JD = 0.010/0.4 = 0.25
Rearranging the Equation (20) and (30) gives us
Then
= 0.9
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Summary
41
Summary
1 kc ac
Conversion X ln L
1 X U
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Catalytic
Reaction Engineering
Yongdan Li
Professor of Industrial Chemistry
Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering
School of Chemical Technology
Aalto University
Email: yongdan.li@aalto.fi Nov-Dec, 2017
Kemistintie 1, E404
43
Supporting Information
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