Example

A manual mixing operation is to be automated using sequential

process control methods. The process composed of three
steps: a.) filling a tank to a predetermined level
b.) agitating the liquid for 30 minutes
c.) draining the tank for use in another part of
process

Does the ladder logic schematic below perform this function

correctly?

et438b-7.ppt 1
 Combinational and Sequential
Logic with Relays and Contacts
Let contact state represent a logical value
Also called Form A contact

Also called Form B contact

potential grd

output

AB=C

inputs

With electromechanical relays fan-in and fan-out

limited by number of contacts in relays

Conditions A AND B must be present to energize

output C
Note: all contacts are considered instantaneous
and not held unless modified
et438b-7.ppt 2
 More Logic Functions
OR
Function

potential grd

A + B = C Boolean expression

Either A OR B will cause coil C to be energized

Contacts A, B represent conditions or states in
the sequential process

NOT Function

Boolean Expression
B=A

et438b-7.ppt 3
 Constructing Other Logic Functions

120 Vac grd

Combine the AND function with the NOT function

to get a NAND operation.

Rung 1 implements the AND function

Rung 2 implements the NOT function

Any contact associated with coil D with change

state like a NAND TTL gate.

et438b-7.ppt 4
 Multiple Input AND/NAND
Functions

A B C = E and A B C = E

Can add a memory action to the above by including

a feedback from the output coil to the inputs

B and
C are
not
sealed seal-in contact

et438b-7.ppt 5
 All Inputs Latched AND/NAND

seal-in contact
2

Contact E in rung 2 is a feedback from the output

that makes circuit ignore state changes of A, B and C
after the condition A B C is detected.

The output can not change unless the circuit is

de-energized.

et438b-7.ppt 6
 Motor Control Example
Three-wire control- used for manual and automatic
motor starting.

120 Vac Control wiring

GRD

M1 seals-in the start PB. Motor stops when power lost

motor

480 VLL

Power
wiring
Thermal overloads actuate the control contacts OL1 to OL3

et438b-7.ppt 7
 Multiple Input OR/NOR Function

1
OR

4 OR
output

5
NOR
output

Outputs A+B+C = E

A+B+C = E

Notice that Relay logic is similar to TTL. Can use

True tables and Boolean Expression to do designs
et438b-7.ppt 8
 Ladder Logic Memory Elements
Mechanically latched relay - maintains state even
when power removed. Has two coils (operate, reset)

Typical wiring

Inputs A and B set the output contacts E and

reset then respectively. This give toggle action
that “remembers” the last input state even when
power is removed

Typical Applications

Reversing Motor starters. Reclose Relay Cut-out

et438b-7.ppt 9
 Off-Return Memory

1
5

Remember all contacts are drawn with the coils

de-energized

Energize and re-energize circuit - Load 2 on

no continuity in rungs 1-4
Continuity in rung 6
Press A: continuity rung 2 Both loads on
Press B: continuity rung 4 Both loads off

et438b-7.ppt 10
 Timer Subcircuits

1
3

2
4
3

Rung 1: when input A is energized timer TR-E

starts

Schematic indicates that this is a on-delay timer.

After defined interval TR-E in rung 2 opens
and TR-E in rung 3 closes

Load 1 is deactivated after time delay

Load 2 is activated after time delay

Load 3 is instantaneously deactivated by TR-E

et438b-7.ppt 11
 “Form C” Contacts
Loads are toggled between a common point

Typical “Form C” contacts include both a NO and NC

contact arrangement. Used in some sensors for
more flexibility

Contact A creates a remote control toggle switch

et438b-7.ppt 12
Design Example: Reciprocating Motion Process

A workpiece must travel back and forth on a conveyor. The location

of the workpiece is determined by two limit switches. When the
location is detected control signal are sent to a reversing motor
contactor. The machine is started and stopped from a local set of
push button switches. Develop a ladder logic diagram to implement
this control.

Determine the inputs to system

Determine the states of the system

Determine the Outputs of the system

Relate the inputs to the states and outputs

Use logic design techniques to create the logical
relationships

et438b-7.ppt 13
 Example Solution
States: S0: off
S1: on-forward, S1: off-forward
S2: on reverse, S2: off-reverse

Inputs: I0: press start

I1: press stop
I2: Table at reverse limit (1LS)
I3: Table at forward limit (2LS)
I4: Forward drive cut-off
I5: Reverse drive cut-off

Output: O0: Start motor forward (2CR)

O1: Start motor reverse (3CR)

Assume machine starts at reverse limit

(2LS changes state)

Use State Transition Methodology

This allows the designer to examine the interaction

between desired conditions and find their logical
relationships and sequence. Use in digital computer
design

et438b-7.ppt 14
 State Transition Methods
Definitions
State - current operational mode of system
Conditions (inputs) - inputs required for leaving the
current state and moving to another state
Actions (outputs) - actions performed by system when
the transition from one state to another take place

When a set of inputs (conditions) become valid for

leaving a state, the system is direct to the destination
state

state transitions for example

on-forward
I3 I4
I0 I2 I5 on-reverse
S1 S2
stop
S0 O1 start reverse
I2 I5 action
I1 press
stop

O0 start forward
action

Convert to ladder logic

et438b-7.ppt 15
 Example Ladder Logic

Rung 1: Start-Stop. Stock machine control

1CR seals in around the start PB

At reverse Limit (state 1) 2LS is open, 1LS closed

2CR energized. 3CR de-energized by 2CR rung 3

2LS closes in forward direction until FWD limit reached

2CR de-energized 3CR energized and 3CR rung 2 is
open.
Process repeats until stop is pressed

et438b-7.ppt 16