Radio Access Network and Operations

1
 Objectives
After completion of this training, participants will be able to perform:

 Preventative Maintenance of BTS/NodeB and Transmission elements

 Corrective Maintenance of Active and Passive (minor) elements

2
 Agenda Week 1 (Technology)
 Cellular Networks – Evolution, Standards, Frequency and Spectrum
 Life Cycle of Network Operator
 Cellular Network Architecture, Interfaces and network elements
 MS, BTS/NodeB, BSC/RNC
 CS Core (MGW, MSS, VLR, HLR, EIR, AuC)
 PS Core (SGSN, GGSN) and NMS
 Basic call flows

 Transmission Network
 Media Options
 Line of Sight (LOS) Concepts in Microwave communication
 Topologies, Interconnectivity and Protection Option
 PDH and SDH technology overview

 WCDMA Fundamentals – Power, Handover

 Health and Safety guidelines on Telecom Site

3
 Agenda Week 2 (Passive Infrastructure Elements)
 Introduction to BTS Site Passive Infrastructure Elements:
 Tower types for different AGLs and accessories – Ladders, Pole Mounts etc.
 Earthing System – Pits and bus bars
 Power Elements – DG, SMPS Power Plant, Battery Banks, 6th Energy Alarm Box

 DG functioning:
 Automation using AMF (Manual start option)
 Alarm connection, testing and other basic maintenance checks

 SMPS and Battery Bank:

 3Phase Connections, DC MCB distribution, Critical & Non Critical loads
 N+1 configuration, Display panel, General checks of alarm & current settings
 Battery Cell & bank connections, maintenance and discharge test procedure

 Site Infrastructure alarms, connection points & purpose of alarm

 6th Energy module description
 Login, integration and testing,
 Observations and NMS alarm integration

 Demonstration on sites - DG, SMPS, Battery Banks and 6th Energy alarm box
4 connections
 Agenda Week 3 (Active Elements)
 Introduction to BTS Site Active Infrastructure Elements:
 BTS/NodeB, Microwave Radio, Aggregator/Router
 System configurations and Indoor/Outdoor components
 Démonstration on sites

 BTS/NodeB Functionality, Installation and Configuration

 Module Functionality, interfaces and inter-connection
 HW & SW Tools, Login Cable and procedure, Commissioning Steps
 Various settings, file back-up, and view alarms on BTS Manager
 Practice in LAB - BTS/NodeB commissioning and basic troubleshooting

 Microwave, Aggregator/Router Functionality, Installation and Configuration

 HW & SW Tools, Login cable and procedure, Commissioning Steps
 Transmission settings, file back-up, view alarms on MW Manager
 Practice in LAB - MW, Aggregator commissioning and basic troubleshooting

 Site A/T process, handover checks, inventory management, Site Folder

 Preventive Maintenance, Process & SLAs
 Fault Management & Unit Replacements
5
 Cellular Networks - Evolution, Standards

6
 What is 2G, 3G and 4G
Provides
Supported by technology
Standards, Given by ITU, the guidance &
several bodies
not technical International harmonized
under it such as
specifications Telecommunications bands in which
ITU-T, ITU-R, IMT,
… Union, a UN body the technologies
etc.
can be launched

Is a high level Is a lower level Developed by bodies

“service standard” “technical standard” such as 3GPP, 3GPP2
given by ITU-R

7 Source: Wikipedia
 First Generation – 1G

8
 Second Generation – 2G

9
 GSM and CDMA – Multiple Access techniques
 Purpose: to allow several users to share the resources of the air interface in one
cell

Frequency Time Code

Division Division Division
Multiple Multiple Multiple
Access Access Access
10
 FDMA (AMPS in 1G)

11
 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
 Divide available frequency spectrum into channels
each of the same bandwidth
 Channel separation achieved by filters:
– Good selectivity

Frequency
– Guard bands between channels User 1

 Signalling channel required to allocate a traffic channel User 2

User 3
to a user
User 4
 Only one user per frequency channel at any time User 5

 Used in analog systems, such as AMPS, TACS Time

 Limitations on:
– frequency re-use
channel bandwidth
– number of subscribers per area

12
 TDMA (IS-54/136, GSM)

13
 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
 Access to available spectrum is limited to timeslots

 User is allocated the spectrum for the duration of one timeslot

 Timeslots are repeated in frames

Frequency

Signalling

Signalling
User 6

User 7
User 1

User 2

User 3

User 4

User 5

User 6

User 7
User 1

User 2

User 3

User 4

User 5
Time
Frame Timeslot

14
 CDMA (IS-95, CDMA2000)

15
 Basic 2G Network

Radio Network Elements Switching / Core Elements

BSC
MSC/VLR

BTS
MS
HLR, AuC, EIR

MS: Mobile Station MSC: Mobile Switching Centre

BTS: Base Transceiver Station VLR: Visitor Location Register
BSC: Base Station Controller HLR: Home Location Register
AuC: Authentication Centre
EIR: Equipment Identity Register

16
 Second Generation – 2.5G

17
 Second Generation – 2.5G (GPRS)

GMSK Modulation scheme – Same as GSM

Realization of GPRS was made possible with addition of new HW and SW upgrade

18
 Second Generation – 2.5G (EDGE)

QPSK Modulation scheme – Newly introduced

Realization of EDGE was made possible with addition of new HW and SW upgrade

19
 Third Generation – 3G

20
 Fourth Generation – 4G

21
 What next – 5G?

22
 Network Operator Life Cycle

23
 Life Cycle of a typical Mobile Network Operator

Decide on Prepare Network

Market Research Buy Frequency
Technology and Plan (Core, Radio &
for Business case spectrum
Buy License Transmission)

DEPLOYMENT

Validate Network Deploy Active Deploy Passive Conduct Surveys

Functionality Infrastructure Infrastructure and Acquire Sites

PLANNING

Identify Coverage,
Launch Maintain the Benchmark
Capacity, Quality
Commercial Network Network for
Gaps by Drive
Network Availability different operators
Tests
O&M

NETWORK OPERATIONS PLAN

Identify Sites for

Rollout Next Phase Next Phase of
Rollout
DEPLOY
24
 Frequency and Spectrum

25
 What is Frequency, Band and Spectrum
 Unity value represents Frequency

 Set of frequencies allocated for an application is Band

 Part of frequency band given to operators is Spectrum for use

FM Radio Band : 87.5 – 108 MHz

26 FM Radio Spectrum for Each Station : 0.2 MHz
 Frequency Applications

Television Broadcast,
Submarine Communication,
Shortwave Radio, Microwave Communication,
Wireless Heart rate monitor,
FM Radio Satellite TV
Navigation
Aircraft communication

3Hz 30 KHz 3 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz

AM Radio (Long wave & Wireless LAN, Bluetooth

Medium Wave), Microwave Oven , Television
Amateur Radio Mobile Phone,
Aircraft Communication

27
 Mobile Communication – UMTS Spectrum

UMTS 900

(880 – 915) MHz (925 – 960) MHz

UPLINK DOWNLINK
35MHz Not Used 35MHz

Allocated to different operators by Govt.

UMTS 2100
1920 MHz - 1980 MHz 2110 MHz - 2170 MHz

UPLINK DOWNLINK
Not Used
60MHz 60MHz

28
 Mobile Communication – 3G & 4G Spectrum
Main UMTS Frequency Bands
Frequency Band
Uplink Spectrum Downlink Spectrum Main Regions
(Name)
2100 MHz (IMT) 1920 – 1980 MHz 2110 – 2170 MHz Europe, Asia, Africa, Osceania

1900 MHz (PCS) 1850 – 1910 MHz 1930 – 1990 MHz North America, Latin America

850 MHz (CLR) 824 – 849 MHz 869 – 894 MHz North America, Latin America

900 MHz (E-GSM) 880 – 915 MHz 925 – 960 MHz Europe, Part Asia & Osceania, South Africa

Main LTE Frequency Bands

Frequency Band
Uplink Spectrum Downlink Spectrum Main Regions
(Name)
1800 MHz (DCS) 1710 – 1785 MHz 1805 – 1880 MHz Europe, Asia, Africa, Osceania

2600 MHz (IMT-E) 2500 – 2570 MHz 2620 – 2690 MHz Latin America, Europe, Asia, Part (Osceania)

800 MHz (EUDD) 832 – 862 MHz 791 – 821 MHz Europe, Part (Europe, Asia)

TDD 2600 MHz (IMT-E) 2570 – 2620 MHz Part (Latin America, Europe, Asia, Africa)

TDD 2300 MHz 2300 – 2400 MHz Part (Europe, Asia, Africa, Osceania)

29
 Mobile Communication – Frequency to Distance
Frequency = Coverage

2300 MHz 2100 MHz 1800 MHz 900 MHz 850 MHz

Urban Areas Rural Areas

30
 Cellular Concepts

31
 Radio Access Network – Cell Structure
 Each area is divided into hexagonal shaped cells with frequency transmitter at the
center and some overlap at boundaries
 Physical size of a cell (Coverage Area) varies depending on Physical Structures,
user density and calling patterns

Overlapping boundary
32
 Physical BTS/NodeB Site
 Multiple directions are covered from one BTS/NodeB site to have better
placements and reach of cells

120o

Omni-site One-Sector-site Two-Sector-site Three-Sector-site

(360o antenna) (120o antenna) (120o antenna) (120o antenna)

33
Actual direction and degree may vary depending upon RF Planning
 Physical BTS/NodeB Site
 Example to explain concept of Antenna Directivity(Gain)

Omni-directional Directional Focus Two Directions Three Directions (Antenna) of BTS Site

34
 Cellular Network Architecture

35
 Mobile Network Architecture
BTS/ Microwave Link or Fiber
NodeB
RNC

MGW, MSS,
VLR, HLR, EIR

Radio Access
Mobile Fiber
&
Station
Transport Network

CORE

36
 Mobile Network Architecture

BSC 1
BSC 2

BSC 3
100-200 BTS per BSC
5-10 BSCs per MSC

MSC Area

37
 Mobile Network Architecture

MSC 1

38
 Mobile Network Architecture

BSC 1
BSC 2
BSC 1
BSC 2
MSC 2
MSC 1
BSC 3

BSC 3
BSC 1
BSC 2
BSC 1
BSC 2
MSC 3
MSC 4
BSC 3

BSC 3

A Typical Network in a Telecom Circle

5-20 MSCs per Operator Network in a circle

39
 ?
Subscriber A calling Subscriber B

Basic Call Flows

40
 Call Flow Scenarios

BTS/NodeB MW Link
MSS, MGW,
RNC 1
VLR, HLR, EIR

RNC 2

Call Flow with in Same MSS Area

41
 Call Flow Scenarios

BTS/NodeB MW Link
MSS, MGW,
RNC 1
VLR, HLR, EIR

RNC 3

MSS, MGW, VLR 2

Call Flow with in Same Telecom Circle (e.g. MPT or Ooredoo)

42
 Call Flow Scenarios

BTS/NodeB MW Link
MSS X, MGW,
RNC A
VLR, HLR, EIR

PSTN network

RNC Z

MSS Y, MGW, VLR

Call Flow in Different Networks

43
 Call Flow Scenarios

Pays ISD from India to

Myanmar with
Incoming Roaming

Pays Local within

Myanmar with
Outgoing Roaming

Airtel in India Ooredoo in Myanmar

Case 1 Pays/ Does not pay for

Incoming as per plan
Case 2
Pays ISD from
Myanmar to India

Call Flow in Roaming Scenarios

44
 UMTS Network Elements

45
 UMTS Network Interfaces

UTRAN CN
Uu Radio Access Network (RAN) Circuit
MSS/VLR switched
Iu-CS
UE (cs)
Iub MGW
RNC network

Uu Iu-PS
HLR
Iur
UE
Iu-CS

RNC
packet
Iub switched
Iu-PS SGSN (ps)
network
Radio Access Network (RAN)

46
 UMTS Network Interfaces – Iu Interface
 Iu interface has two parts
– Iu-ps between UTRAN and PS elements of
CN
the Core Network
– Iu-cs between UTRAN and CS elements of
Iu
the Core Network
Iur
RNC RNC
 No radio resource signalling, travels
over this interface Iub
– The Iu interface divides the UMTS network
Node-B
into the radio specific UTRAN and the CN

Uu

UE

47
 UMTS Network Interfaces – Iur Interface
 Iur interface allows soft handovers
between Node-Bs attached to CN
different RNCs
Iu
Iur
 It is an open interface to allow the use
RNC RNC
of RNCs from different manufacturers
Iub
 Its functions may be summarized:
Node-B
– Support of basic inter-RNC mobility
– Support of Dedicated and Common Uu
Channel Traffic
UE

48
 UMTS Network Interfaces – Iub Interface
 Iub is an open interface to allow the
support of different manufacturers CN
supplying RNCs and Node-Bs
Iu
Iur
 Its major functions are:
RNC RNC
– Carries dedicated and common channel
traffic between the RNC and the Node-B
Iub
– Supports the control of the Node-B by the
RNC Node-B

Uu

UE

49
 UMTS Network Interfaces – Uu Interface
 Clearly the Uu must be standardized
to allow multiple UE vendors to be CN
supported by a network
Iu
Iur
 The major functions of the Uu are to:
RNC RNC
– Carry dedicated and common channel
traffic across the air interface
Iub
– Provide signaling and control traffic to the
mobile from the RNC and the Node-B Node-B

Uu

UE

50
 Mobile Station (MS)

Mobile station = Mobile Equipment + SIM

Mobile Equipment
 Mobile Equipment: Refers to handset or terminal
equipment (IMEI)
Mobile
 Subscriber Identity Module (SIM): Store
subscriber’s data and information specific to
subscriber (IMSI, Ki, Algorithim)

 MS power output: 0.8 to 5 watts

Subscribers

SIM

51
 Radio Access Network (RAN) Elements

Base Transceiver Station (2G) / Node B (3G)

 Transmit and Receive Frequencies at defined power levels

(Typically Transmit power : 20-50 Watt)

 Coverage Area depends in Frequency Band, Power Levels

2G and desired capacity

 Typical Networks can have few thousand BTS/NodeBs

 Possible input supplies are – 48V(DC), +24V(DC) or 230V(AC)

Radio Access

Base Station Controller (2G) / Radio Network Controller (3G)

 Configure & Controls BTS/NodeB Resources

 Controls Handovers

 Allocates Frequencies to BTSs/NodeBs

3G
 Interfaces with Circuit Core Network Elements for Voice and
Packet Core Network Elements for Data

 Possible input supply is – 48V(DC)

52
 Core Network Elements

 Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

 Home Location Register (HLR)
 Visitor Location Register (VLR)
 Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

Circuit Core

VOICE

CORE NETWORK
Packet Core

DATA

 Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

 Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
53
 Core Network Elements – Circuit Core

Authentication Home Location

Centre AUC
Register
HLR
Equipment Identity EIR
Register Visitor Location
HLR Register

VLR

Gateway MSC
MSC
GMSC
Mobile Switching Centre
(MGW + MSS)
• Functions of CS Core
- Call control
- Mobility management
- Subscriber data handling
- Charging
54
 Mobile Switching Center (MSC & GMSC)

MSC (MGW + MSS)

•Handling voice calls,
services like SMS,FAX etc
•Mobility management
•Handles charging

MSC

GMSC
•Interfaces with external
network like PSTN
•Interrogates HLR for
Incoming calls

55
 HLR (Home Location Register) and VLR (Visitor Location Register)

HLR
•Contains details of mobile
subscriber
•VLR identification number
•Services subscriber can use

VLR
•Stores temporary
information about MS which
it serves
•Security information
needed for authentication
and ciphering

56
 EIR (Equipment Identity Register) and AuC (Authentication Centre)

EIR
•Keeps track of handset used in
network using IMEI (International
Mobile Equipment Identity)
•Keeps 3 kind of list:
-White list (operate normally)
-Grey list (suspected numbers)
-Black list (denied usage of network)

Authentication Centre
•Provides security information to network
•Authenticates each SIM being used
•Ciphering of data

57
 Rel 4 Core Network Elements – MSC v/s MSS

58
 MSC Server Functionalities
 Circuit based connection management i.e. traffic control, roaming, call routing and
handover

 Media Gateway control

 Authentication

 Mobility management (VLR is always integrated with MSC server)

 Charging Data collection/Output

 Security and Fraud

59
 MGW Functionalities
 Interworking between different transport technologies (TDM and IP )

 Routing and Switching

 Element management

 Supporting Radio Access Network Interfaces

 Adapting the circuit switched data service between WCDMA & GSM

60
 Packet Core Network Elements (SGSN & GGSN)
SGSN
(Serving GPRS Support Node)
 Session and Mobility Management
– Paging, attach, detach
– PDP Context handling
– Routing area update
 Payload Handling
 Security includes features such as
user and network authentication
 Online and offline charging
 SMS over GPRS
 Support for signalling
61
GGSN
(Gateway GPRS Support Node)
 GPRS session management,
communications setup toward
external network
– Tunnel Management
– Charging Data Collection/Output
– Security Management
 Functionality for associating the
subscribers with the right SGSN
 IP address management, Packet
Filtering / Routing / Forwarding
 Network Operations Centre (NOC)
Network Management

 Functions of the NOC can be divided into four categories:

Provides the network operator with information about
the current status of alarm events and maintains
– Fault management history database of alarms.

Maintains operation and configuration status of

– Configuration management network elements i.e. management of the radio
network, software and hardware management of the
network elements, time synchronization and security
– Performance management operations.

– Security management Compare the measured data with the planned data
to find out the performance of the network.

Maintain users rights to perform various tasks.

Store logs of the various events performed by various
set of users.
62
 Transmission Network

63
 Transmission Network

64
 Transmission Connectivity Options
Wired Media

Wireless Media
65
 Transmission Connectivity Options
 Characteristics of applications (important factors in technology selection)

– Capacity requirement

– No. of Nodes, type and configuration of existing network

– Reliability requirement / Available Protection schemes

– Available time for Rollout

– The most important factor : Cost, how much you can spend

66
 Transmission Connectivity Options

Microwave Communication Optical Fiber Communication

Powerful space cross ability, little land Optical fiber burying and land
occupied, not limited by land privatization occupation required

Small investment, short construction Large investment, long construction period

period, easy maintenance

Strong protection ability against natural Outdoor optical fiber maintenance required
disaster and easy to be recover and hard to recover from natural disaster

Limited frequency resources (frequency Not limited by frequency, license not

license required) required

Transmission quality greatly affected by Stable and reliable transmission quality

climate and landform and not affected by external factors

Limited transmission capacity Large transmission capacity

67
 Microwave Link LOS (Line of Sight) concept

Path Profile characteristics may

change over time, due to vegetation,
building construction, etc.

68
 Microwave Link Frequency Options
 Generally-used frequency bands in digital microwave transmission:
– 7G/8G/11G/13G/15G/18G/23G/26G/32G/38G (defined by ITU-R Recommendations)

Widely used Frequency bands

3.3 GHz Long haul 11 GHz

trunk network
Regional network, local network,
40-10 Km Link
and boundary network
15-1 Km Link

GHz

1 2 3 4 5 8 10 20 30 40 50

69
 Microwave Link Frequency Options
 In each frequency band following specifications are selectable
– sub-band frequency ranges
– transmitting / receiving spacing (T/R spacing)
– channel spacing

Frequency Band range

f0 (center frequency)
Low frequency band High frequency band

T/R spacing
Protection T/R spacing
spacing

Channel Adjacent channel Channel

spacing T/R spacing spacing

f1 f2 fn f1’ f2’ fn’

70
 Microwave Network Topology

For Different Solutions:

• Chain Configurations
• Star configuration
• Ring configuration
• Mesh configuration

71
 Microwave Network Topology
 Chain: cheap, easy to implement
– One link failure isolates several BTSs

BSC
 Star: most popular configuration for first GSM systems
– Expensive as each BTS has its own link
– One link failure always results in loss of BTS
– Not widely used now a days

BSC
 Ring: Redundancy gives some protection if a link fails
– More difficult to roll-out and extend
– ring must be closed

BSC

72
Mesh type is the commonly used configuration, which is mix of above
 Microwave Network Topology – Example
 Applications in the Backhaul Network of the Mobile Base Station

Mobile backhaul chain network

Ring
Network

Terminal station in the

Mobile backhaul tree/mesh
mobile backhaul network
network

73
 Service & Equipment Protection Schemes
 The service protection and equipment protection schemes:

– 1+1 Hot Stand By (HSB) protection

– Microwave 1+1 Space Diversity (SD) protection

– Microwave 1+1 Frequency Diversity (FD) protection

74
 1+1 HSB Protection (Equipment Protection)
 In microwave HSB protection part (full or partial) of the equipment is on standby
state.

 In the normal state Main

IF unit ODU

Service access Cross-connect Antenna

unit unit
Standby
IF unit ODU
(mute)

 In the switching state Main

IF unit ODU
(mute)

Service access Cross-connect Antenna

unit unit
Standby

IF unit ODU

75
 1+1 HSB Protection (Equipment Protection) contd..
 The 1+1 HSB protection can provide protection for the equipment when the IF
board or the ODU failed.

 The service interruption time of the 1+1 HSB protection switching should be
less than 50ms.

 The ODU must use the same sub-band and type of the Primary and Non-primary
stations.

 Only one antenna to be used at one station.

 Two IF boards need not be configured in the paired slots.

76
 1+1 SD (Space Diversity) Protection

Main IF unit

ODU Antenna 1
 In the normal state
Service access Cross-connect
unit unit
Standby
ODU Antenna 2
(mute)
IF unit

Main IF unit
 In the switching state ODU Antenna 1
(mute)

Service access Cross-connect

unit unit

Standby

ODU Antenna 2

IF unit

77
 1+1 SD (Space Diversity) Protection contd..
 Because of the multi-path fading, the 1+1 SD installing the main and standby
antennas in different positions to protect the transmission channel.

 The 1+1 SD protection switching does not affect the services.

 The ODU must use the same sub-band and type of the Primary and Non-primary
stations.

 Two antennas must be used at one station.

 Two IF boards must be configured in the paired slots.

78
 1+1 FD (Frequency Diversity) Protection

Main IF unit f1
ODU
 In the normal state
Service access Cross-connect Antenna
unit unit
Standby f2
ODU

IF unit

Main IF unit f1
 In the switching state ODU

Service access Cross-connect Antenna

unit unit
Standby f2
ODU

IF unit

79
 1+1 FD (Frequency Diversity) Protection contd..
 The 1+1 FD uses the fading feature diversities between the signals of different
frequencies in the space transmission to protect the active and standby channels
in the microwave transmission.

 The 1+1 FD protection switching does not affect the services.

 The ODU must use different sub-bands and types at the same station.

 Two or one antenna (the hybrid coupler must be used) can be used at one
station.

 Two IF boards must be configured in the paired slots.

80
 PDH (Pleisiochronous Digital Hierarchy)

81
 PDH Multiplexing Standards
 Standardized to carry Traffic
 No standardization for carrying important overheads like Order wire, supervisory
signals
 Integration not possible between various vendor equipments
 Extracting / inserting a few voice channels from the Multiplexed stream requires a
series of Multiplexers
 Specified Bit rates available from European standard up to 565Mb
 Skip Muxes available that combine 16 x E1s in to 34 Mb directly, but uses
proprietary schemes
 The PDH Data rates are not exact multiples (x 4), but has various levels of frame
alignment system. This creates problems in demultiplexing, & requires Hardware
oriented Multiplexers.

82
 Problems with PDH Multiplexing Standards
Non standard Carrier EOW Carrier Non standard
Equipment Supervisory Equipment
E4 - 140 MB E4 - 140 MB

4th Order 4th Order

Mux Mux
E3 - 34 MB E3 - 34 MB

3rd Order 3rd Order

Mux Mux

E2 - 8 MB E2 - 8 MB

2nd Order 2nd Order

Mux Mux
E1 - 2 MB E1 - 2 MB
Through channels
Primary Primary
Mux Mux

Dropped Dropped
Channels Channels
83
 Solution: SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
 Resolves all the problems experienced with PDH

 Synchronous, Clock information transferred via Pointer mechanism

 SDH combines low speed PDH signals such as 2,34 and 140 Mbit/s signals with
required overhead to form a frame called Synchronous Transport Module at level
one (STM-1)

84
 Solution: SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)
 First world standard in digital format with optical Interface standardized
 Transversal compatibility reduces networking cost. Multi-vendor environment
drives price down
 Flexible synchronous multiplexing structure
 Easy and cost-efficient traffic add-and-drop and cross connect capability
 Powerful Inbuilt management capability
 Highly flexible and survivable self healing rings available
 Backward and forward compatibility:
– Backward compatibility to existing PDH
– Forward compatibility to DWDM etc.

85
 SDH Mapping Example

86
 WCDMA Technology Basics

87
 Modes of Operation in UMTS: FDD & TDD

(Frequency Division Duplex) • Better quality due to

separate paths

(Time Division Duplex) • Efficient resource

management

• Uplink & Downlink

are asymmetrically
divided as per need

88
 Multiple Access Schemes in UMTS
 UMTS uses CDMA style multiple access scheme, commonly referred to as
Wideband CDMA (WCDMA)

 However there are elements of FDMA and TDMA in UMTS

– Common channels for paging and packet access share codes between UEs (TDMA)
– Multiple carriers are used per operator (FDMA)

89
 Key functionalities in UMTS – Power Control
 NodeBs transmit on the same
downlink 5MHz radio channel and P1 P2
UEs transmit on the same uplink NodeB
channel. Hence, one user’s signal is
another user’s interference

 Purpose of Power Control is to

maintain a signal in either direction at
the absolute minimum needed to  Lower per user transmit power results
deliver the quality required for the in higher Spectral efficiency
service

90
 Key functionalities in UMTS – Power Control
Closed Loop Power Control
Inner Loop
– Process of measuring the strength of received signal against a threshold and providing feedback for
transmitter to either power up or power down
– Provides the ability for the transmitter to track the constantly changing RF conditions

 Outer Loop
– To maintain target quality during bad RF conditions beyond the Inner loop capacity, inner loop is
instructed to raise the threshold by a service processing entity.
– Threshold is brought back to normal once RF conditions improve

NodeB RNC

Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)

Inner Closed Loop Power Control

Outer Closed Loop Power Control

91
 Key functionalities in UMTS – Power Control
Downlink Power Control
 Power allocated by NodeB to each UE is controlled by UE. e.g. A NodeB serving
20 UEs, there will be 20 individual closed loop power control functions operate to
control aggregate transmit power at NodeB

Uplink Power Control

 Uplink power control is related with controlling transmit power of the UE.
 In UTRAN, the inner loop and outer loop functions are split between NodeB (inner
loop) and RNC (outer loop)

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 Key functionalities in UMTS – Power Control
Open Loop Power Control (implemented in UEs)
 Does not include feedback mechanism

 UE uses Open loop power control to estimate the initial transmit power when
starting a service

E.g. If received signal strength by UE is greater than configured threshold, then the initial
transmit power is reduced. The weaker the signal from the NodeB, the higher the initial UE
transmit power.
NodeB RNC

Open Loop Power Control (Initial Access)

Inner Closed Loop Power Control

Outer Closed Loop Power Control

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 Key functionalities in UMTS – Handover
 Hard Handover
– Break before Make

 Soft Handover
– Make before Break
– UE is connected to multiple NodeBs – up to six at any time
– RNC multicasts the data to all the active NodeBs, each of which transfers the data to the UE. UE
then combines the signals to have greater quality signal.
– In uplink, signal transmitted by UE to all active NodeBs and is forwarded to RNC, which then selects
the best packet and discards the rest.

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 Key functionalities in UMTS – Handover
 Inter Technology handover (e.g. GSM/GPRS)
– UMTS Air interface defines “Compressed Mode” in which UE suspends WCDMA signal
measurement processing periodically and tunes to GSM frequency to make measurements and
report to UTRAN
– UTRAN then takes decision to initiate handover to GSM/GPRS base station after reserving
resources

95
 Key functionalities in UMTS – Higher Data Rates
 Chip Rate being fixed at 3.8Mcps and Code rate for convolutional coding
considered as ½ (Turbo Coding is other possibility with Rate=1/3  higher data
protection), variable factor remains Spreading factor (can very between 4 to 256

 very low redundancy & reliability to very high at 256 time spreading)
 Additional power is needed at lower spreading factor to maintain QoS.

96
 Safety Guidelines

97
 General Road Safety Recommendations
 Always wear safety apparatus like helmets and seat belts while driving vehicles

 Follow traffic rules diligently and never jump traffic signals. Always give sufficient
time to travel to your destination so as to avoid the tendency to rush

 Never speak on your cell-phone while driving

 Never engage in drunken driving

 Take special precautions while driving on single lane highways:

– Avoid overtaking from the opposite lane. If you have to, do not overtake unless the traffic from the other
side is completely clear
– If in doubt, don’t overtake
– Keep a safe distance between vehicles

98 Contd..
 General Road Safety Recommendations
 Avoid driving on long journeys at night as far as possible and especially if you are
unwell or tired

 While engaging vehicles for a long road journey, ensure that the vehicle is in a good
condition. Check that the vehicle was recently serviced. Check that the driver is not
continuing an earlier shift

 When engaging in a long road journey, always ensure that someone is aware of your
plan

NOTE: Insurance policies might not admit claims caused due to violations such as
drunken driving

99
 Identify HAZARD 1 ???

100
 Identify HAZARD 2 ???

SEAT BELTS

101
 Identify HAZARD 3 ???

Using CELL PHONES

while driving two/four
wheeler or crossing
the road

102
 Identify HAZARD 4 ???

103
 Identify HAZARD 5 ???

Wrong side driving

104
 Identify HAZARD 6 ???

Adhere to traffic
signals and
traffic signage
105
 Identify HAZARD 7 ???

• 2/3 wheelers not suitable for transportation of material

• Avoid overloading/overloaded passenger vehicles
106
 Identify HAZARD 8 ???

Avoid driving two/four

wheelers during heavy
fog or rain or during
extreme weather
conditions

107
 Identify HAZARD 9 ???

Avoid passing through

railway crossings when
the gates are closed.

108
 Site Planning & Layout for Safety
Before work begins on site, one must plan for:
 Access for workers on and around the site - free
from obstruction and from exposure to hazards
such as falling materials, materials-handling
equipment and vehicles etc.
 Suitable warning notices should be posted /
displayed
 Edge protection will be required at the edge of floor
openings and stairs, for a drop of 2 m or more
 Materials need to be stored as close as possible
to the appropriate work place
 Artificial lighting at places where work continues or
workers pass after dark
 Arrangements to keep the site tidy and for the
collection and removal of waste

109
 Housekeeping guidelines at Site
 General House‐keeping in working places. Regular collection and disposal of waste/trash.

 Pathways/Walkways shall be clear as far as possible.

 Adequate illumination to be provided.

 Water leakages and over flows shall be contained if any.

 The contractor shall at all time keep his work site, site office and surroundings clean and
tidy from rubbish, scrap, surplus materials and unwanted tools and equipment.

 Welding and other electrical cables shall be so routed as to allow safe traffic by all
concerned.

 No materials on any of the sites of work shall be so stacked or placed as to cause

danger or inconvenience to any person or the public.
110
 First Aid at Sites
Hazard Typical Typical injury / illness Possible First Aid options
problems requiring First Aid
Manual Over Sprains, Strains & • Control bleeding, if present
Handling Exertion/ Fracture
Repetitive • Care for shock
Movement
• Splint affected area to prevent
further movement, but do so only if
possible without causing further pain
to victim

• Cold packs may help reduce pain

and swelling

111
 First Aid at Sites
Hazard Typical Typical injury / illness Possible First Aid options
problems requiring First Aid
Falls Fall from Fracture, Bruises, Cuts, Minor Wounds:
height, slips Dislocations • Bleeding should stop on its own, else
and trips on apply pressure to the wound with a
uneven clean bandage
surfaces
• Wash the skin around the wound
with soap and water. Hold the wound
under running water to remove dirt.
Pat the wound dry with sterile
gauze and apply antiseptic
ointment.

• In the case of cuts, close the wound

with sterile adhesive wound closure
strips. If strips are not available, cover
the wound with clean gauze and
adhesive tape. Don’t use cotton
wool.

112
 First Aid at Sites
Hazard Typical Typical injury / illness Possible First Aid options
problems requiring First Aid
Falls Fall from Fracture, Bruises, Cuts, Major Wounds:
height, slips Dislocations • For deeper cuts or severe bleeding,
and trips on apply direct pressure onto the
uneven wound with a clean towel or gauze
surfaces and follow first aid for severe bleeding

Get help if:

• The wound is large or deep and
bleeding cannot be controlled after 10
minutes of applying pressure.
• The person has lost of lot blood, is
drowsy or pale.
• There is numbness or weakness in
the limb beyond the wound.
• There is something stuck in the
wound.
• The person cannot move his fingers
or toes.
• Stitches are required.
• The wound is on the face or neck.

113
 First Aid at Sites
Hazard Typical Typical injury / illness Possible First Aid options
problems requiring First Aid
Electricity Contact with Shock, burns loss of • Look first. Don't touch. Turn off the
a live wire consciousness, Cardiac source of electricity if possible. If
arrest not, move the source away from both
you and the injured person using a
dry, non-conducting object made of
cardboard, plastic or wood.
• Check for signs of circulation
(breathing, coughing or movement). If
absent, begin cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR) immediately.
• Prevent shock. Lay the person down
with the head slightly lower than the
trunk, if possible and the legs
elevated.
• Cover the affected areas. If the
person is breathing, cover any visible
burned areas with a sterile gauze
bandage, if available, or a clean cloth.
Don't use a blanket or towel, because
loose fibers can stick to the burns.
• Do not remove clothing from the
114
body if burnt to the skin.
 Safety during Excavation
 Check for underground utilities like electrical / telephone cables, sewage, water lines and
proper care has to be exercised to protect and prevent damage to it.

 Proper and adequate slope is maintained while excavating.

 Adequate shoring or sheeting is done wherever require to prevent soil sliding.

 Safe access through ladder or steps for exit & entry to excavation.

 No material /excavated soil is kept within one meter from the edge.

 Safety helmet and shoes/gum boots are worn by the workmen at excavation works.

 Barricading is provided at excavated pits.

115
 Safety during Excavation
 Danger signs /Caution boards are displayed at work spot.

 Dewatering arrangement is made where water seepage is prevailed.

 Stop blocks are provided to avoid vehicles reversing into the excavated trenches.

 Only experienced, trained and authorized persons with valid license (wherever
applicable) should operate the mobile equipment/vehicles

 Rotating parts of Mobile equipment/vehicles should be adequately guarded. Adequate

safe clearance for swing and movement is to be judged during operation

 Operator leaving work spot should ensure that the Mobile equipment/vehicle is kept in
neutral position and place on firm and level ground.

116
 General Tower Climbing Safety Guidelines – Weather
Extreme heat:
 Drink plenty of water, stay hydrated.
 De-hydration can cause giddiness.
 Take breaks as needed.
Rain & Dew (Moisture):
 Never climb a wet tower.
Mud:
 Take measures to minimize mud at and around the tower base to keep muddy work boots
off the tower.
 Wear “mud boots” to the work site, then change into clean, dry boots in the clean area
maintained at the tower base before climbing.
Lighting:
 Get off the tower if you hear thunder or see lightning.
 Stay a reasonable distance away from the tower during lightning or thunderstorms.
 Seek shelter inside a vehicle or building and away from trees, tall structures, and metal
equipment during a storm.
117
 General Tower Climbing Safety Guidelines – Falling Objects
 Hardhats or helmets are required at all times for climbers and ground crew.

 Never work directly under the tower when climbers are on the tower.

 Establish a work zone under the tower equal to half the total height, the distance that
tools or hardware could fall away from and/or ricochet off the tower

 Establish “exclusion zones” of at least twice the height for onlookers

 It is strongly recommended that climbers should only use pouches and bags for tools,
parts, and hardware so that they can be closed, zipped, fastened or otherwise securely
closed.

 It is strongly recommended that climber use tools and gear fitted with loops or slings so
they can be secured with carabiners to the climber, or to the tower.

118
 General Tower Climbing Safety Guidelines – Falling Objects
 Keep vehicles parked at least one-half the tower height away from the base of the tower
to avoid damage from accidentally dropped tools or equipment.

 All haul ropes should be the proper strength and diameter for tools to be used.

 Adequate and proper pulley systems and anchor points are essential for lifting and
hauling. Progressive capture for rope systems is highly encouraged.

 Pay attention to weight restrictions for tools and buckets, and use mechanical
advantage wherever possible.

119
 General Electrical Safety Guidelines
 Only authorized and qualified persons should undertake electrical repairs and other
electrical works at site.

 All electrical terminals are strongly recommended to be totally enclosed in the socket –
outlet assembly box. Do not allow unsafe temporary connections, naked joints/wiring.

 Never use defective tools as they could be a danger to life. Ensure all electrical appliances
and Electrical portable tools are effectively earthed.

 Do not leave electrical cables on the ground especially when it is wet. Elevate the
wires. This will prevent electrical shock, tripping hazards and damaging the cables.

 Treat all circuits are live unless ensured after testing to be otherwise

120
 General Electrical Safety Guidelines
 Use Standard industrial switches sockets and other fittings of adequate rating required
for the operation.

 Use double insulated 3 core cables and ensures cables are free from insulation failure.

 Ensure that all electrical supply is controlled through circuit breakers and the same is
periodically checked by competent person for its effective operation.

 Don’t over load electrical point/equipment

 Don’t crowd things near electrical mains /switches and keep access free from
obstructions.

 Don’t make trail & errors and short cuts. Follow safe procedures

121
 Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)
Foot Protection
• Footwear must be kept dry

Head Protection
• Hard hat (insulated - nonconductive)
• Class B & E
• Always wear your hat with the bill forward
• Do not store anything in the top of your hat while wearing it

Hand Protection
• Rubber insulating gloves
• Classified by the level of voltage and protection they provide
• Should always be worn over rubber insulating gloves to provide the
mechanical

122
 Recommended Electrical Tools

Crimping Tool
Adjustable Wrench Combination
Spanner Pliers

Crimping Tool

T Type Allen Key L Type Allen Key Cable Cutter

Set

Screwdriver Set
Claw Hammer
Torque Wrench

Multi-meter
Clamp Meter
Digital Insulation
Tester
Hydrometer
Digital Earth Tester

123
 Major Causes of Electricity Hazards

Joining pieces of wires instead of using a single

run of wire.
Wiring with damaged insulation.

Exposed live parts

Overloaded Circuits

124
 Major Causes of Electricity Hazards

Damaged Power Tools and Equipment

Using Wrong PPE Tools

Damaged Extension Cords

125
 Major Causes of Electricity Hazards

Missing Grounding Pin

Wet Conditions

YOUR OWN QUALIFICATION, COMPETENCE,

TRAINING and COMPLIANCE

126
 SMART or STUPID ?

127
  Cellular Networks – Evolution, Standards, Frequency and Spectrum
 Life Cycle of Network Operator
 Cellular Network Architecture, Interfaces and network elements
 MS, BTS/NodeB, BSC/RNC
 CS Core (MGW, MSS, VLR, HLR, EIR, AuC)
 PS Core (SGSN, GGSN) and NMS
 Basic call flows
 Transmission Network
 Media Options
 Line of Sight (LOS) Concepts in Microwave communication
 Topologies, Interconnectivity and Protection Option
 PDH and SDH technology overview
 WCDMA Fundamentals – Power, Handover
 Health and Safety guidelines on Telecom Site

128