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Solanum
Solanum is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants,
which include three food crops of high economic importance, Solanum
the potato, the tomato and the eggplant. It also contains the Temporal range: Eocene to Recent[1]
nightshades and horse nettles, as well as numerous plants PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K PgN
cultivated for their ornamental flowers and fruit.

Solanum species show a wide range of growing habits, such as

annual and perennials, vines, subshrubs, shrubs, and small
trees. Many formerly independent genera like Lycopersicon
(the tomatoes) and Cyphomandra are now included in
Solanum as subgenera or sections. Thus, the genus today
contains roughly 1,500–2,000 species.

Brazilian nightshade (Solanum

Contents seaforthianum)
Name Scientific classification
Nightshades Kingdom: Plantae
Food crops
Clade: Tracheophytes
Ornamentals
Clade: Angiosperms
Medicine
Clade: Eudicots
Ecology
Systematics Clade: Asterids
Subgenus Bassovia Order: Solanales
Subgenus Leptostemonum
Family: Solanaceae
Subgenus Lyciosolanum
Subgenus Solanum sensu stricto Subfamily: Solanoideae
Other notable species Tribe: Solaneae
Formerly placed here
Genus: Solanum
References L.[2]
External links
Subgenera

Name Bassovia
Leptostemonum
Lyciosolanum
The generic name was first used by Pliny the Elder (23–79) for
Solanum
a plant also known as strychnos, most likely S. nigrum. Its
(but see text)
derivation is uncertain, possibly stemming from the Latin word
sol, meaning "sun", referring to its status as a plant of the
Synonyms
sun.[3]

Androcera Nutt.
Nightshades Aquartia Jacq.
Artorhiza Raf.

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The species most commonly called nightshade in North Bassovia Aubl.

America and Britain is Solanum dulcamara, also called Battata Hill
bittersweet or woody nightshade. Its foliage and egg-shaped Bosleria A.Nelson
red berries are poisonous, the active principle being solanine, Ceranthera Raf.
which can cause convulsions and death if taken in large doses. Cliocarpus Miers
The black nightshade (S. nigrum) is also generally considered Cyphomandra Mart. ex Sendtn.
poisonous, but its fully ripened fruit and foliage are cooked and Diamonon Raf.
eaten in some areas. The deadly nightshade (Atropa Dulcamara Moench
belladonna) is not in the genus Solanum, but is a member of Lycopersicon Mill.
the family Solanaceae. Melongena Mill.
Normania Lowe
Nycterium Vent.
Food crops Ovaria Fabr.
Parmentiera Raf. (non DC.:
Most parts of the plants, especially the green parts and unripe preoccupied)
fruit, are poisonous to humans (although not necessarily to Petagnia Raf.
other animals), but many species in the genus bear some edible Pheliandra Werderm.
parts, such as fruits, leaves, or tubers. Three crops in particular Pseudocapsicum Medik.
have been bred and harvested for consumption by humans for Scubulus Raf.
centuries, and are now cultivated on a global scale: Solanastrum Fabr.
Solanocharis Bitter
Tomato, S. lycopersicum Solanopsis Bitter
Tomato varieties are sometimes bred from both S. Triguera Cav.
lycopersicum and wild tomato species such as S.
pimpinellifolium, S. peruvianum, S. cheesmanii, S.
galapagense, S. chilense, etc. (Such varieties include—
among others—Bicentennial, Dwarf Italian, Epoch,
Golden Sphere, Hawaii, Ida Red, Indigo Rose,[4] Kauai,
Lanai, Marion, Maui, Molokai, Niihau, Oahu, Owyhee,
Parma, Payette, Red Lode, Super Star, Surecrop,
Tuckers Forcing, V 121, Vantage, Vetomold, and
Waltham.)[5]
Potato, S. tuberosum, fourth largest food crop.
Eggplant (also known as brinjal or aubergine), S. melongena
unripe fruit of Solanum lycopersicum

Other species are significant food crops regionally, such as

Ethiopian eggplant or gilo (S. aethiopicum), naranjilla or lulo (S.
quitoense), Turkey berry (S. torvum), Pepino or Pepino Melon (S. muricatum), Tamarillo (S.
betaceum), Wolf apple (S. lycocarpum), and "bush tomatoes" (several Australian species).

Ornamentals
The species most widely seen in cultivation as ornamental plants are:

S. aviculare (kangaroo apple)

S. capsicastrum (false Jerusalem cherry, winter cherry)
S. crispum (Chilean potato tree)
S. laciniatum (kangaroo apple)
S. laxum (potato vine)
S. pseudocapsicum (Christmas cherry, winter cherry)
S. rantonnetii (blue potato bush)
S. seaforthianum (Italian jasmine, St. Vincent lilac)

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S. wendlandii (paradise flower, potato vine)[6]

Medicine
Poisonings associated with certain species of Solanum are not uncommon and may be fatal. However,
several species are locally used in folk medicine, particularly by native peoples who have long
employed them.

Ecology
Solanum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species (butterflies and
moths) – see list of Lepidoptera that feed on Solanum.

Systematics
The genus was established by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.[7] Its subdivision has always been problematic,
but slowly some sort of consensus is being achieved.

The following list is a provisional lineup of the genus' traditional subdivisions, together with some
notable species.[7] Many of the subgenera and sections might not be valid; they are used here
provisionally as the phylogeny of this genus is not fully resolved yet and many species have not been
reevaluated.

Cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data suggest that the present subdivisions and rankings are
largely invalid. Far more subgenera would seem to warrant recognition, with Leptostemonum being
the only one that can at present be clearly subdivided into sections. Notably, it includes as a major
lineage several members of the traditional sections Cyphomandropsis and the old genus
Cyphomandra.[2]

Subgenus Bassovia

Section Allophylla

Solanum granuloso-leprosum

Section Cyphomandropsis

Solanum glaucophyllum Desf. – Waxy-leaved nightshade

Section Pachyphylla

Solanum betaceum Cav. – Tamarillo

Solanum exiguum
Solanum roseum

Subgenus Leptostemonum

Section Acanthophora

Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. – Indian nightshade

Solanum atropurpureum Schrank – Five-minute plant
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Solanum capsicoides – Cockroach berry, polohauaiʻi

(Polynesian)
Solanum mammosum – Nipplefruit, titty fruit, cow's udder,
"apple of Sodom"
Solanum palinacanthum Dunal
Solanum viarum Dunal – Tropical soda apple

Section Androceras: 12 spp.[8]

Series Androceras Five-minute plant (S.

Series Violaceiflorum atropurpureum) fruit
Series Pacificum

Section Anisantherum
Section Campanulata
Section Crinitum
Section Croatianum
Section Erythrotrichum

Solanum robustum H.L.Wendl. – Shrubby nightshade

Section Graciliflorum
Section Herposolanum Solanum palinacanthum

Solanum wendlandii Hook.f. – Giant potatocreeper

Section Irenosolanum

Solanum incompletum Dunal – Pōpolo kū mai (Hawaiʻi)

Solanum nelsonii Dunal – Nelson's horsenettle, ʻĀkia (Hawaiʻi)
Solanum sandwicense Hook. & Arn. – Hawaiian horsenettle,
Pōpoloʻaiakeakua (Oʻahu, Kauaʻi)

Section Ischyracanthum
Section Lasiocarpa Shrubby nightshade (S. robustum)
flowers
Solanum lasiocarpum Dunal
Solanum pseudolulo – lulo de perro (Colombia)
Solanum quitoense – lulo (Colombia), naranjilla (Ecuador)
Solanum sessiliflorum – Cocona

Section Melongena

Solanum aculeastrum – Soda apple, sodaapple nightshade,

goat apple, poison apple, "bitter-apple"
Solanum campechiense – Redberry nightshade
Giant potatocreeper (S. wendlandii)
Solanum carolinense – Carolina horsenettle, radical weed, flowers
sand brier, devil's tomato, "bull nettle", "tread-softly", "apple of
Sodom", "wild tomato" (southeastern United States)
Solanum citrullifolium A.Braun – Watermelon nightshade (southern United States)
Solanum dimidiatum Raf. – Torrey's nightshade
Solanum elaeagnifolium – Silver-leaved nightshade, prairie berry, silverleaf nettle, white
horsenettle, silver nightshade, "bull-nettle", "trompillo" (Spanish); Silver-leaf bitter-apple,

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satansbos (South Africa)

Solanum heterodoxum Dunal – Melon-leaved nightshade
Solanum incanum L.
Solanum linnaeanum – Devil's apple, "apple of Sodom"
Solanum macrocarpon L.
Solanum marginatum L.f. – White-margined nightshade
Solanum melongena – Eggplant, aubergine (including S.
ovigerum)
Solanum rostratum Dunal – Buffalo bur, Texas thistle
Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. – Sticky nightshade, fire-and-
ice Porcupine tomato (S. pyracanthos)
fruit
Solanum virginianum L.

Section Micracantha

Solanum jamaicense Mill. – Jamaican nightshade

Solanum lanceifolium Jacq. – Lance-leaved nightshade
Solanum tampicense Dunal – Wetland nightshade

Section Monodolichopus
Section Nycterium
Section Oliganthes

Solanum aethiopicum – Ethiopian eggplant, nakati, mock tomato, Ethiopian nightshade; including
S. gilo (scarlet eggplant, Gilo or jiló)
Solanum centrale – Australian desert raisin, bush raisin, bush sultana, "bush tomato", akatjurra
(Alyawarre), kampurarpa (Pitjantjatjara), merne akatyerre (Arrernte), kutjera
Solanum cleistogamum – "bush tomato", merne mwanyerne (Arrernte)
Solanum ellipticum – Potato bush, "bush tomato"
Solanum pyracanthos Lam. – Porcupine tomato, Devil's Thorn
Solanum quadriloculatum F.Muell. – "bush tomato", "wild tomato" (Australia)

Section Persicariae

Solanum bahamense L. – Bahama nightshade, canker berry, berengena de playa

Solanum ensifolium Dunal – Erubia

Section Polytrichum
Section Pugiunculifera
Section Somalanum
Section Torva

Solanum asteropilodes
Solanum chrysotrichum Schltdl. – Giant devil's-fig
Solanum lanceolatum – Orangeberry nightshade
Solanum paniculatum – Jurubeba
Solanum torvum – Turkey berry, devil's fig, prickly nightshade, shoo-shoo bush, wild eggplant,
pea eggplant

Subgenus Lyciosolanum
Solanum guineense L.
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Subgenus Solanum sensu stricto

Section Afrosolanum
Section Anarrhichomenum

Solanum baretiae[9]

Section Archaesolanum

Solanum aviculare – Poroporo (New Zealand), kangaroo

apple (Australia) Solanum erianthum

Section Basarthrum

Solanum catilliflorum[10]
Solanum muricatum – Pepino dulce, pepino melon, melon
pear, "pepino", "tree melon"
Solanum perlongistylum[10]
Solanum tergosericeum[11]

Section Benderianum
Section Brevantherum Jasmine nightshade (S. laxum)
flowers
Solanum bullatum
Solanum erianthum D.Don – Potato tree, "mullein nightshade"
Solanum mauritianum – Woolly nightshade, ear-leaved
nightshade, flannel weed, bugweed, tobacco weed, kerosene
plant, "wild tobacco" (Australia)
Solanum evolvuloides

Section Dulcamara

Solanum crispum – Chilean potato vine, Chilean nightshade,

Chilean potato tree
Solanum dulcamara – Bittersweet Currant tomato (S. pimpinellifolium)
Solanum imbaburense fruit
Solanum laxum Spreng. – Jasmine nightshade
Solanum leiophyllum
Solanum seaforthianum Andrews – Brazilian nightshade
Solanum triquetrum Cav. – Texas nightshade
Solanum wallacei – Wallace's nightshade, Catalina
nightshade, Clokey's nightshade, "wild tomato" (including S.
clokeyi)
Solanum xanti – Purple nightshade, San Diego nightshade

Section Herpystichum
Section Holophylla
Andean black potatoes (S.
Solanum diphyllum L. – Twin-leaved nightshade tuberosum)
Solanum pseudocapsicum – Jerusalem cherry, Madeira
winter cherry, "winter cherry" (including S. capsicastrum)

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Solanum pseudoquina (including S. inaequale Vell.)

Section Juglandifolia

Solanum juglandifolium
Solanum ochranthum

Section Lemurisolanum
Section Lycopersicoides
Turkey berry (S. torvum) flowers
Solanum lycopersicoides Dunal – Peruvian wolfpeach
Solanum sitiens

Section Lycopersicon

Solanum arcanum Peralta – "wild tomato"

Solanum chilense
Solanum corneliomulleri
Solanum huaylasense Peralta
Solanum peruvianum L. – Peruvian nightshade, "wild tomato"
Solanum cheesmaniae (L.Riley) Fosberg
Yellow nightshade (S. villosum) fruit
Solanum chmielewskii
Solanum galapagense S.C.Darwin & Peralta
Solanum habrochaites
Solanum lycopersicum – Tomato
Solanum neorickii
Solanum pennellii
Solanum pimpinellifolium – Currant tomato

Section Macronesiotes
Section Normania
Section Petota

Solanum albornozii
Solanum bulbocastanum – Ornamental nightshade
Solanum bukasovii Juz. ex Rybin
Solanum burtonii
Solanum cardiophyllum – Heart-leaved nightshade
Solanum chilliasense
Solanum commersonii Dunal – Commerson's nightshade
Solanum demissum Lindl. – Dwarf wild potato
Solanum jamesii – Wild potato
Solanum minutifoliolum
Solanum paucijugum
Solanum phureja Juz. & Bukasov
Solanum pinnatisectum Dunal – Tansy-leaved nightshade
Solanum regularifolium
Solanum stoloniferum Schltdl. – Tigna potato, Fendler's horsenettle
Solanum stenotomum (including S. goniocalyx)
Solanum ternatum (including S. ternifolium)

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Solanum tuberosum – Potato

Section Pteroidea
Section Quadrangulare
Section Regmandra
Section Solanum

Solanum adscendens Sendtner – Sonoita nightshade (Americas)

Solanum americanum Mill. – American nightshade, American black nightshade, glossy nightshade
(Americas, Hawaiʻi)
Solanum chenopodioides Lam. – Goosefoot nightshade, slender nightshade (including S.
gracilius)
Solanum douglasii Dunal – Green-spotted nightshade
Solanum interius Rydb.
Solanum nigrescens M.Martens & Galeotti – Divine nightshade
Solanum nigrum L. – European black nightshade, "black nightshade"
S. nigrum guineense- "Garden Huckleberry"
Solanum pseudogracile Heiser – Glowing nightshade
Solanum ptychanthum – West Indian nightshade, Eastern black nightshade
Solanum retroflexum – Wonderberry, sunberry
Solanum sarrachoides – Hairy nightshade
Solanum scabrum Mill. – Garden huckleberry
Solanum triflorum Nutt. – Cut-leaved nightshade
Solanum villosum Mill. – Yellow nightshade

Other notable species

Solanum abutiloides - Dwarf Tamarillo
Solanum amygdalifolium Steud.
Solanum bellum
Solanum cajanumense
Solanum chimborazense
Solanum chrysasteroides
Solanum cinnamomeum
Solanum conocarpum Rich. ex Dunal – Marron bacoba
Forked nightshade (S. furcatum)
Solanum cowiei Martine
Solanum cremastanthemum
Solanum davisense Whalen – Davis' horsenettle
Solanum densepilosulum
Solanum donianum Walp. – Mullein nightshade
Solanum dolichorhachis
Solanum fallax
Solanum ferox L. – Hairy-fruited eggplant, Thai hairy-fruited
eggplant
Solanum fortunense Bluewitch nightshade (S.
Solanum furcatum – Forked nightshade umbelliferum) flowers
Solanum glabratum Dunal
Solanum haleakalaense H.St.John
Solanum hindsianum Benth. – Hinds' nightshade
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Solanum hypermegethes
Solanum hypocalycosarcum
Solanum interandinum
Solanum latiflorum
Solanum leucodendron
Solanum lumholtzianum Bartlett – Sonoran nightshade
Solanum luteoalbum (including S. semicoalitum)
Solanum lycocarpum – Wolf apple, fruta-de-lobo, lobeira (Brazil)
Solanum melissarum Bohs
Solanum nudum Dunal – Forest nightshade
Solanum ovum-fringillae
Solanum paralum
Solanum parishii A.Heller – Parish's nightshade
Solanum physalifolium Rusby
Solanum pinetorum
Solanum polygamum Vahl – Cakalaka berry
Solanum pyrifolium Lam.
Solanum pubescens Willd.
Solanum riedlei Dunal – Riedle's nightshade
Solanum rudepannum Dunal
Solanum rugosum Dunal – tabacon aspero
Solanum sibundoyense
Solanum sodiroi (including S. carchiense)
Solanum sycocarpum
Solanum tenuipes Bartlett – Fancy nightshade
Solanum tobagense
Solanum trilobatum L.
Solanum umbelliferum – Bluewitch nightshade
Solanum verrogeneum Berengena
Solanum violaceum Ortega
Solanum viride Spreng. – Green Nightshade
Solanum woodburyi Howard – Woodbury's nightshade

Formerly placed here

Some plants of other genera were formerly placed in Solanum:

Chamaesaracha coronopus (as S. coronopus)

Lycianthes biflora (as S. multifidum Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don)
Lycianthes denticulata (as S. gouakai var. angustifolium and
var. latifolium)
Lycianthes lycioides (as S. lycioides var. angustifolium)
Lycianthes mociniana (as S. uniflorum Dunal in Poir. and S.
uniflorum Sessé & Moc.) Lycianthes rantonnetii and its
Lycianthes rantonnetii (as S. rantonnetii, S. urbanum var. congeners were often placed in
ovatifolium and var. typicum) Solanum
Undetermined species of Lycianthes have been referred to
under names such as S. chrysophyllum, S. ciliatum Blume ex
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Miq., S. corniculatum Hiern, S. lanuginosum, S. loxense, S. mucronatum, S. retrofractum var.

acuminatum, S. violaceum Blume, S. violifolium f. typicum, S. virgatum notst β albiflorum, S.
uniflorum Lag. or S. uniflorum var. berterianum.

References
1. "Fossilworks: Solanaceae" (http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=55747).
2. "Solanum L." (http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?11264) Germplasm Resources
Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-09-01. Retrieved
2013-07-15.
3. Quattrocchi, U. (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Vol. 4, R-Z (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=2ndDtX-RjYkC). Taylor and Francis. p. 2058. ISBN 978-0-8493-2678-3.
4. "Purple tomato debuts as 'Indigo Rose' | OSU Extension Service" (http://extension.oregonstate.ed
u/gardening/purple-tomato-debuts-indigo-rose). Extension.oregonstate.edu. 2012-01-27.
Retrieved 2018-06-25.
5. "Vegetable Cultivar Descriptions for North America | Cucurbit Breeding" (http://cuke.hort.ncsu.ed
u/cucurbit/wehner/vegcult/). Cuke.hort.ncsu.edu. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
6. RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
ISBN 978-1405332965.
7. "Solanum Phylogeny" (http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/solanaceaesour
ce/taxonomy/phylogeny/index.jsp). Solanaceae Source. Natural History Museum. Retrieved
2009-11-01.
8. Whalen, Michael D (1979). "Allozyme Variation and Evolution in Solanum Section Androceras".
Systematic Botany. 4 (3): 203–222. doi:10.2307/2418419 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2418419).
JSTOR 2418419 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2418419).
9. Tepe, E. J.; Ridley, G.; Bohs, L. (2012). "A new species of Solanum named for Jeanne Baret, an
overlooked contributor to the history of botany" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC32
54248). PhytoKeys. 2012 (8): 37–47. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.8.2101 (https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fp
hytokeys.8.2101). PMC 3254248 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3254248).
PMID 22287929 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22287929).
10. Anderson, G. J.; Martine, C. T.; Prohens, J.; Nuez, F. (2006). "Solanum perlongistylum and S.
catilliflorum, New Endemic Peruvian Species of Solanum, Section Basarthrum, Are Close
Relatives of the Domesticated Pepino, S. muricatum". Novon: A Journal for Botanical
Nomenclature. 16 (2): 161–167. doi:10.3417/1055-3177(2006)16[161:SPASCN]2.0.CO;2 (https://
doi.org/10.3417%2F1055-3177%282006%2916%5B161%3ASPASCN%5D2.0.CO%3B2).
ISSN 1055-3177 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1055-3177).
11. Ochoa, C. M. (2006). "Solanum tergosericeum (Solanaceae sect. Basarthrum): A new species
from Peru" (http://www.phytologia.org/Phytologia%20PDFs/88%282%29pdfFiles/88%282%29212
-215Ochoa.pdf) (PDF). Phytologia. 88 (2): 212–215. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.27433 (https://doi.org/1
0.5962%2Fbhl.part.27433).

External links
Media related to Solanum at Wikimedia Commons
Data related to Solanum at Wikispecies
Dressler, S.; Schmidt, M. & Zizka, G. (2014). "Solanum" (http://www.africanplants.senckenberg.d
e/root/index.php?submitForm=true&page_id=77&searchTextMenue=Solanum&filterRegionIDs%5
B%5D=6&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=1&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=2&filterRegionIDs%5B%5D=3&fi
lterRegionIDs%5B%5D=5). African plants – a Photo Guide (http://www.africanplants.senckenber
g.de). Frankfurt/Main: Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg.
Meet the TomTato: Tomatoes and potatoes grown as one – CBS News (http://www.cbsnews.com/
8301-205_162-57604828/meet-the-tomtato-tomatoes-and-potatoes-grown-as-one/) (September
26, 2013)
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