TIME For Kids - Student Reader G4 PDF

Acknowledgments
“Dream Variation” from SELECTED POEMS by Langston Hughes Text copyright © 1926 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., and renewed 1954
by Langston Hughes. Reprinted by permission of Alfred Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc.
“Ron” by Tony Johnston Text copyright © 2000 by The Living Trust of Tony Johnston. Used by permission.
“The Universe” by Tony Johnston Text copyright © 2000 by The Living Trust of Tony Johnston. Used by permission.
“Breaks Free” by Frank Asch from CACTUS POEMS Copyright © 1998 by Frank Asch. Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin
Harcourt, Inc.
“Telephone Talk” by X.J Kennedy Text copyright © 1991 by X.J Kennedy. Reprinted with the permission of Simon and Schuster
Children’s Publishing Division.
Photography Credits
Book Cover: (c) Stockbyte/PunchStock; (tr) NASA/Corbis
Contributor
© Time Inc. All rights reserved. Versions of some articles in this edition of TIME For Kids
originally appeared in TIME For Kids or timeforkids.com.
Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,

Two Penn Plaza, New York, New York 10121.
Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the
prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, network storage or
transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
Printed in The United States of America
ISBN: 978-0-02-207796-9
MHID: 0-02-207796-0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 WEB 13 12 11 10 09
Contents
Issue 1
Main Idea and Details • Word Origins • Time Lines
Sun Belt
Bound
The Growth of the West .................................................................. 6

Westward and Southward Bound! ................................................ 8
Looking at the Past and Present to
Predict the Future GRAPHS ....................................................... 12
(c) JRC, Inc./Alamy; (tr) Francisco Cruz/SuperStock
Cattle ranching has played an important role in

our nation’s economy since the 1600s.
A4TFK_TXNA_I1FP_RD11.indd 5 1/23/09 3:06:43 PM
Issue 2
Main Idea and Details • Synonyms • Maps
Mountain
Man
The Old Man of the Mountain .......................................................14

When the Floods Come .................................................................16
Super Volcanoes MAPS .................................................................20
(c) Photodisc/Alamy; (tr) David Noble Photography/Alamy
Powerful storms may increase the

chances of flooding in coastal areas.
Issue 3
Compare and Contrast • Antonyms
Money
Makers
• Skimming and Scanning
Should Kids Sell to Kids? .............................................................. 22
Kids In Charge ................................................................................. 24
I’m the Dream Variation POETRY ............................................................. 28
BOSS
(c) Mark Peterson/Redux Pictures; (tr) Dan Balilty
Kids across the country are starting their

own companies. Will you be next?
Issue 4
Compare and Contrast • Context Clues • Diagrams
Mr.
Mix-It
Mr. Mix-It ...........................................................................................30

Butterflies at Risk ........................................................................... 32
Gail Borden’s Very Good Idea DIAGRAMS ................................. 36
Will
Monarchs
(c) Ralph A. Clevenger/Corbis; (tr) Todd Bigelow/Aurora
Always Rule?
These delicate butterflies are in jeopardy.

Issue 5
Sequence • Connotation and Denotation • Tables
The
Nose
Knows
Sniffing Out Trouble ....................................................................... 38

A Healthy Dose of Puppy Love....................................................40
Ron POETRY ....................................................................................44
(c) Tony Gutierrez/Wide World Photo/AP Images; (tr) Photodisc/Getty Images
Dogs are being used to make

sick patients feel better.
Issue 6
Author’s Purpose • Prefixes and Suffixes • Charts
Symbol of
Freedom
A Remarkable Texan, a Remarkable Person .............................46

Former congresswoman
Barbara Jordan
What Symbols Say..........................................................................48
Where the Fuels Are in the U.S. TABLES .................................. 52
Speaking Out
(c) Bernard Gotfryd/Getty Images; (tr) Bettmann/Corbis
for American Ideals

We choose leaders to express what Americans
believe in. Sometimes symbols speak for us too.
Issue 7
Author’s Purpose • Context Clues • Skimming and Scanning
Madame
Governor
“Ma” Makes History ........................................................................54

Fearless Females............................................................................. 56
A Time Line for Progress TIME LINES .........................................60
(c) Reuters/Kevin Lamarque; (tr) Corbis
Women around the world are taking

powerful roles in government.
Women in the United States Senate, 2007
Issue 8
Main Idea and Details • Idioms • Photos and Captions
Stars and
Satellites
Explorers and Technology ............................................................ 62

Eight Is Enough ...............................................................................64
The Universe POETRY ................................................................... 68
(c) Jerry Lofaro/NASA/JPL Space Science Institute; (tr) AP Photo/Gary C. Knapp
The ninth planet from the sun

is no longer a planet.
Artist’s illustration of Pluto and its two moons

Issue 9
Cause and Effect • Context Clues • Maps
Bees
Vanish
Bad News for Bees .........................................................................70

Coral Reef Rescue .......................................................................... 72
Amazing Atolls DIAGRAMS ........................................................... 76
(c) Gary Bell/Image State/Alamy; (tr) Joe Raedle/Getty Images
Coral reefs are in hot water.

Can scientists turn the tide?
Issue 10
Sequence • Homophones • Charts
Aliens
Attack
Stop the Spartina! ........................................................................... 78

A Dino Bone Breakthrough ..........................................................80
Breaks Free POETRY .....................................................................84
Jurassic
(c) David R. Frazier/The Image Works; (tr) Galen Rowell/Mountain Light/Alamy
Bone!
A 70-million-year-old fossil helps scientists
learn more about Tyrannosaurus rex.
Issue 11
Sequence • Word Parts • Diagrams
He’s the
Bat Man!
Dolphin Name Calling .................................................................... 86

Meet a Real-Life Batman ............................................................... 88
Night Fliers in the Lone Star State CHARTS .............................. 92
Calling All
(c) Joseph Van Os/Getty Images; (tr) Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International
Dolphins
New research indicates that dolphins
call each other by name.
Issue 12
Draw Conclusions • Prefixes • Graphs
Bullies in
Cyberspace
Mean Messages................................................................................94
Text Talk ............................................................................................96
c u Online! Telephone Talk POETRY ..............................................................100
Sending instant messages is
changing the way kids spell,
socialize, and spend their time.
Is it out of control?
(c) James Bennett; (tr) Dean MacAdam

Issue 13
Fact and Opinion • Prefixes • Tables
Constitution
Day
America’s Grand Plan................................................................... 102

Is it Snooping or Saving Lives? ................................................. 104
Is Mom Watching You? DIAGRAMS ........................................... 108
(c) Richard Borge; (tr) The Granger Collection, New York
Listening In
Should the government monitor e-mails
and phone calls to protect Americans?
Issue 14
Draw Conclusions • Analogies • Maps
Saving
Salmon
Clouded in
Distant Cousins? ............................................................................. 110
Mystery Salmon Run ......................................................................................112
Top 5 National Seashores TABLES ............................................ 116
(c) OSF/Hill,M./Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (tr) Courtesy Kayla Carpenter
Scientists are learning more

about the clouded leopards
found in Southeast Asia and
on the islands of Borneo
and Sumatra.
Issue 15
Fact and Opinion • Context Clues • Time Lines
Honoring
a Legacy
Hail to a Chief ................................................................................. 118

Celebrating American Indian Heritage .................................... 120
Top 5 Tallest U.S. Monuments TABLES .....................................124
Stone Face
(c) Robert Fried; (tr) J. Scott Applewhite/Wide World Photo/AP Images
A giant monument to a Native

American chief is taking shape.

Sun Belt
Bound
(c) JRC, Inc./Alamy; (tr) Francisco Cruz/SuperStock
Cattle ranching has played an important role in

our nation’s economy since the 1600s.
The Growth
of the West
Cattle ranching was at

the heart of the settlement
of Texas and other parts
of the Southwest. The Granger Collection, New York
↑ An artist’s portrayal of life on a mission
The original residents of what is There were few Spanish settlers in

Texas. Spain was concerned that the
now Texas were Native Americans. The
different groups had their own cultures, French might move west. To try to
languages, and religions. The arrival of prevent this, Spain established missions
European explorers and, later, settlers throughout Texas. A mission was part
changed the course of their history. fort, town, and religious center. The idea
was to convert the Native Americans
Texas, along with what is now
to the Catholic faith. The Native
California, Arizona, and New Mexico,
Americans would learn farming and
were part of New Spain. This was a
other skills that were part of the Spanish
vast region controlled by Spain. In the
way of life. The mission would be a
late 1600s, Spain wanted to protect
source of income. It would also provide
its territory from the French. France
defense against the French.
controlled Louisiana to the east.
Cattle and Oil in Texas
1866 First cattle drive from Texas to 1927 Texas longhorn is almost extinct
Missouri; the chuckwagon is invented to as a result of other “meatier” breeds of
feed cowboys along the way cattle being imported from Europe
1675 1850 1875 1900 1925
1690 First longhorn cattle

brought to Texas from Mexico 1901 Oil is discovered near Beaumont,
Texas; the beginning of the oil industry
6• Time For Kids
Corbis/SuperStock
The Texas Longhorn

Texas longhorns are descended from the first Spanish cattle
brought to Santo Domingo by Christopher Columbus. The first
herd was driven from Mexico to a mission in Texas in 1690.
Texas longhorns had characteristics that made them good for
ranchers in the Southwest and ideal for long cattle drives. They could
go long distances without water, find food just about anywhere,
swim rivers, and survive harsh desert and snowy conditions.
Texas longhorn →
The Gold Rush and the Cattle Rush people to California, the cattle boom of
Between 1659 and 1795, many Spanish the 1850s brought them to Texas and
missions were established in what is other parts of the Southwest.
now Texas. Even more were established
Americans continued to move West
in California. The Spanish introduced
after the Civil War. Farming took hold.
cattle ranching. Many of the skilled
Industries and other businesses grew,
cowhands, called vaqueros, were
too. Beginning in the early 1900s, that
Native American. After Mexico won its
included the oil industry.
independence from Spain in 1821, most
Vaqueros at work ↓
mission lands became private property.
The Granger Collection, New York
Beginning in the 1830s, new settlers

started moving into Texas. Land was
cheap and plentiful. The growing
populations in the West made the
demand for meat grow. Railroads also
made it possible to sell beef to markets in
the East. Just as the Gold Rush drew new
1972 Texas oil production 2008 There are approximately

peaks at 3,570,000 barrels/day 14,000,000 head of cattle (of all
kinds) in Texas
1950 1975 2000
1964 2,500 Texas longhorns survive; 2007 Texas oil production is approximately
Texas Longhorn Breeders’ Association is 916,300 barrels/day, though oil continues to
formed to preserve the breed be a major part of Texas’ economy
Issue 1 •7
Westward
and Southward
Bound!
The
he population
h populatio
popu
op on o
of tthe
he
U.S. has been moving
away from the Rust Belt
and to the Sun Belt.
here is the population of the United

W States going? The answer, at least
in recent years, is south and west. The
number of people living in states in
the Northeast and Midwest has been
decreasing steadily. Meanwhile, the
population has been growing in states
such as Florida, Tennessee, Texas, Nevada,
and Arizona. Francisco Cruz/SuperStock
↑ Many families like this one are moving

to states in the South and West.
Top 5 States Top 5 States in Percentage

in Population Increase* Increase in Population*
1. Texas 496,751 1. Nevada 2.93%
2. California 303,343 2. Arizona 2.81%
3. Georgia 202,670 3. Utah 2.55%
4. Florida 193,735 4. Idaho 2.43%
5. North Carolina 191,590 5. Georgia 2.17%
*July 2006 through July 2007 *July 2006 through July 2007
Source: U.S. Census Bureau Source: U.S. Census Bureau
8• Time For Kids

Where’s Everybody Going?
The United States Census Bureau keeps track of the population
and population trends in the U.S. It divides the country into four
regions: Northeast, Midwest, South, and West. The map below
shows the states in each region.
Net Migration* by U.S. Census Regions, Northeast

2000–2004 -987,262
Midwest
West
-644,792
220,882
South
1,411,172
*Net migration is the change in population caused

by people moving into or out of a region. A positive
number means more people moved into the region
than out of it. A negative number means more
people moved out of a region than into it.
Texas Population, 1900–2000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

3,048,710 4,663,228 6,414,824 9,579,677 14,229,191 20,851,820
1910 1930 1950 1970 1990

3,896,542 5,824,715 7,711,194 11,196,730 16,986,510
Issue 1 •9
A Changing Economy Meanwhile, high-tech businesses
The main reason people are moving and businesses that provide services
to the South and West is the to consumers have been attracting
changing United States economy. workers to the South and West. This
The area stretching from New Jersey region is known as the Sun Belt. Of
and southern New York through course, people move for other reasons
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, besides jobs, such as a lower cost of
and Illinois was for many years the living—especially cheaper housing—
manufacturing center of the country. and better weather.
It was known as the Manufacturing
Belt. There were plenty of good jobs Coming to the U.S.A.
in automobile factories, steel mills, Population patterns change for
and other heavy industries. But for a many reasons. One is migration
number of years companies have been of native-born residents within the
moving factories to places where they country. Another is immigration.
can pay people less to do the same In the United States, most immigrants
work, often outside the United States. come into the country through a
Many factories in the Northeast handful of states, called “gateway
and Midwest have closed. The change states.” The six major gateway states
has earned the region a new name: are California, New York, Texas,
the Rust Belt. Florida, Illinois, and New Jersey.
This closed factory shows why the Northeast

and Midwest are called the Rust Belt. ↓
Vince Streano/Corbis
10 • Time For Kids

Information gathered about immigrants in the Getty Images
2000 census showed a changing pattern. While

the majority of foreign-born people still enter
the U.S. through the gateway states, many of
them then move inland. The new pattern shows
that large numbers of immigrants are moving to
Sun Belt states such as Georgia, North Carolina,
and Nevada. Census Bureau Director Louis
Kincannon said, “Like the Westward migration
of immigrants in centuries past, [the movements
of new immigrants] remind us that opportunities
abound throughout the country.”
Spotlight on Texas
Today, the combination of a historically large
Hispanic/Latino population and people of other
backgrounds makes Texas a racially and culturally
diverse state. The chart below is a snapshot of
Texas’s population as of 2006 compared with the
population of the entire United States.
The Texas State Data Center and Office of the
State Demographer predicts that the population ↑ Cars line up to cross the
of Texas will double between 2010 and 2040. It border between Mexico
and the United States.
also predicts that sometime between 2025 and
2035, the majority of Texas’s population will be
Hispanic. There is one prediction that is sure
to come true: Texas will continue to grow and
change along with the rest of the United States.
Population Group Texas U.S.A.

Total population 23,507,783 299,398,484
Hispanic or Latino 35.7% 14.8%
Non-Hispanic white 48.3% 66.4%
Black 11.9% 12.8%
Asian 3.4% 4.4%
American Indian & Alaska Native 0.7% 1.0%
Hawaiian & Other Pacific Islander 0.1% 0.2%
Issue 1 • 11
Looking at the Past and Present
to Predict the Future
This line graph from the U.S. Census Bureau begins with the
turn of the century in 1900. It shows how the population
in the four regions of the United States has changed over
the last hundred years. It also predicts how the population
is expected to change in the next decade. Population will
grow in all regions. However, the South and West will have
a greater growth rate than the Midwest and Northeast.
Total Population by Region: 1900 to 2020

140
Key
Northeast Midwest
South West
120
Population by Millions
100
80
60
40
20
0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Years
12
Mountain
Man
(c) Photodisc/Alamy; (tr) David Noble Photography/Alamy
Powerful storms may increase the

chances of flooding in coastal areas.
The Old Man of
CANADA
the Mountain Vermont
Maine
A much-loved natural sculpture teaches an
Franconia
Franconia
important lesson about the forces that shape Notch
Notch
Earth’s surface.
T he Old Man of the Mountain was just a rock

formation in Franconia Notch, New Hampshire.
But to many people, he was an old friend. The Old Man
Concord
New Hampshire
of the Mountain appeared to be a face, seen from the
side, carved out of solid rock. From chin to forehead,
Massachusetts
the face measured 40 feet. It was 25 feet wide.
Joe Lemonnier
Every year thousands of people would visit Franconia

Notch just to say hello to the Old Man. He became so popular
that in 1945 he was named the state symbol of New
Hampshire. In 2000, the New Hampshire quarter
issued by the U.S. Mint featured the Old Man.
A 12,000-Year-Old Man
The story of the Old Man of the
Mountain starts about 12,000 years
ago, during the last ice age. Back then,
an ice sheet covered North America.
As the ice sheet melted, it created the
mountains that became Franconia
Notch and carved the Old Man.
David Noble Photography/Alamy
In 1805 some surveyors claimed to

be the first to see the face. In fact,
though, even in the 1600s, American
Indians told stories of the mountain
with a stone face. Native Americans
first noticed the
Old Man’s profile.
Jim Cole/AP Photo
The End of the Old Man
Even as thousands of people were
visiting and admiring the Old Man
of the Mountain, natural forces were
destroying it.
The Old Man was made of five
slabs of granite. Behind its chin was ↑ In 2003, the granite slabs
a long, narrow cavern. That meant collapsed and the Old Man
was gone.
that just about 2 feet of the chin was
actually connected to the cliff. It was
held there by the weight of the other
four slabs of granite. It was an Nature’s Sculptures
amazing balancing act!
Examples of sculptures carved by
Through the years, rain and snow natural forces can be seen around
blew into the cavern and other cracks the world. Here are two examples
in the United States.
between the five slabs. The water
between the slabs froze and expanded, Half Dome, Yosemite National Park,
pushing them apart. This happened California: This granite dome rises
again and again for thousands more than 4,700 feet above
of years. the Yosemite Valley.
According to Indian
Finally, on May 3, 2003, the legend, the dome
rock just behind the Old Man of shows the face of
the Mountain’s chin moved slightly. an Indian girl.
When that happened, the chin Arches National
fell down the cliff. The rest of the Park, Utah: The
Robert Glusic/Corbis
Old Man fell almost immediately many rock
afterward. formations in this
high desert area are
Remembering the Old Man made of sandstone.
They have been
Even today, people come to the park
carved by wind,
to remember it. An online scrapbook
water, and other
David Muench/Corbis
is filled with memories and pictures forces over millions

of the Old Man. — Lisa Jo Rudy of years.
Issue 2 • 15
When the Floods Come
People are finding ways to adapt to
global warming.
P
eople have faced floods throughout history. Now,
with the effects of global warming, flood defenses
that worked well in the past are failing.
How Global Warming Causes Floods

The Earth stays warm the same As Earth warms, weather
way a greenhouse does. Gases in patterns will change. More powerful
the atmosphere, such as carbon storms are likely. In some places,
dioxide, methane, and nitrogen, act we’ll have more rain. Melting ice
like the glass of a greenhouse. They sheets will cause sea levels to rise,
let in the sun’s light and warmth. putting low-lying coastal areas in
They also keep the Earth’s heat danger of flooding.
from escaping. This is called the
Until now, most countries have
greenhouse effect. Scientists think
handled the threat of floods by
that if too many of these gases are
building dikes and levees. These
released into the atmosphere too
are basically walls designed to hold
much heat will be trapped. This will
back rising waters. But levees failed
cause temperatures to rise.
to protect New Orleans from the
devastating effects of Hurricane
Katrina. Planners now know we
need to go beyond traditional
means as we adapt to living in a
wetter world.
← In June 2007, northern

England was struck by a freak
tropical storm, flooding many
towns and forcing residents
to evacuate.
16 • Time For Kids Gideon Mendel/Corbis

Staying Dry in a Wetter World
London, England, is a city with a
Joe Lemonnier
history of severe floods. In 1983 the
Thames Barrier went into operation.
It is a system of huge barriers with
floodgates that close when the
Thames River rises too high. The
English expected to shut the gates
about once a year. Instead, they’re
already closing them an average of
ten times a year! England The Netherlands
London
In low-lying Holland, the Dutch
have plans for allowing certain areas
to flood rather than always counting
on dikes to hold back the water.
This strategy will protect big cities
from the worst effects of flooding.
Wolfgang Kaehler/Corbis
In the Netherlands, dikes

like this one have been
the main method for
protecting communities
from flooding.
Issue 2 • 17
How Can We Adapt to Increased Flooding?
Hurricane Katrina was a wake-up call. Scientists say
rebuilding levees isn’t enough. They also recommend
restoring wetlands. Wetlands help reduce flooding by
acting as natural sponges. Around New Orleans, many
natural wetlands have been destroyed as land was
developed for housing or used for drilling.
Barrier islands are also a form of flood protection.

Standing between the ocean and the mainland, they
help reduce flooding caused by storms and by rising
ocean levels.
In the United States and around the world, scientists,

government officials, business leaders, and ordinary
citizens are working on reducing the causes of global
warming. They’re also working on ways to protect us
from the rising water levels that are likely to be part
of our future. — Lisa Jo Rudy
David Eastley/Alamy
Flooding Fast Smiley N. Pool/Dallas Morning News/Corbis
The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale classifies tropical wind systems according to their
wind speeds. The faster wind blows, the more destructive it gets. The scale helps
provide an estimate of the possible flooding and property damage expected along
the coast from a hurricane landfall. Here’s a look at how hurricanes are classified.
Category Winds (Miles Per Hour) Effects
1 74–95 mph Some flooding of low-lying coastal roads
2 96–110 mph Flooding of coastal roads and low-lying escape routes
3 111–130 mph Flooding of sea level coastlands 8 miles or more inland;

evacuations of low-lying residence
4 131–155 mph Flooding of areas as much as 6 miles inland; evacuation of

inland residential areas required
5 Greater than 155 mph Flooding with major damage to all structures located less
than 15 feet above sea level within 500 yards of the shore;
evacuations of all residential areas within 5 to 10 miles of shore.

BEFORE People enjoy riding AFTER Floodwaters from Hurricane Katrina
the historic streetcars through flow through downtown. Some streetcar lines
downtown New Orleans. were out of service for over two years.
Rick Wilking/Reuters/Corbis
When Hurricane Katrina was

in the Gulf of Mexico it was a
category 5 hurricane.
Levees were unable to

protect New Orleans from
devastating flooding caused
by Hurricane Katrina.
Issue 2 • 19
Volcanoes can cause damage. But they are powder puffs
compared to super volcanoes. These powerful volcanoes can
send up enough ash and dust to cover whole continents!
A super volcano forms when magma builds up underground
in a chamber that can measure thousands of square miles.
When it erupts, the magma bursts out through huge areas of
(bkgd) Royalty-Free/Corbis
land. The explosion can be thousands of times stronger than
that of a normal volcano. Luckily, super volcanoes don’t erupt
often. The map shows where they have erupted in the past.
Europe
North
Asia America
Atlantic Ocean
Africa
Pacific Ocean
South
America
Australia
Super volcanoes that Super volcanoes that

have erupted in the erupted more than Elizabeth Wolf
last 2 million years 2 million years ago
20
Money
Makers
I’m the
BOSS
(c) Mark Peterson/Redux Pictures; (tr) Dan Balilty
Kids across the country are starting their

own companies. Will you be next?
Should Kids
Sell to Kids?
Young people are signing up to help
pitch new products to their peers.
By Brenda Iasevoli
J enny Lieb is like many other

16-year-olds. After lunch at her
school in Tallahassee, Florida, she
shares sticks of gum with her friends.
There’s nothing unusual here, except
for one thing. She is taking notes on
what her friends think of the gum.
David Klug
Jenny is working for one of
several companies that hire young JOBS PARENTS HOPE
people to help spread excitement
about their products. These
THEIR KIDS WILL HAVE
In a recent poll, 504 parents of kids ages 5 to 17
products include music, movies, named the job they would choose for their kids.
soft drinks, cell phones, and more.
What these companies are doing is Job Percent of Parents
called peer-to-peer marketing. This Start a business 25%
means young people receive free Doctor 18%
products to share with their friends.
Teacher 11%
In return they write down whether
Chief of a big company 9%
their friends like or dislike the
product and the reasons why. Professional athlete 9%
Lawyer 4%
It’s not news that companies want
kids to know about their products. Other 24%
TV and magazine ads are some

ways that companies sell their stuff. On the other hand, some people
However, peer-to-peer marketing don’t agree with using friends for
is unlike these examples. It involves research. “You won’t know whether
people you know, like your school your friends hang out with you because
friends, not strangers on TV. they like you or because it’s their job,”
says Marilyn Cohen, the director of
Why are companies eager to sign
Teen Futures Media Network.
up kids like Jenny? The answer is
money! Kids ages 12 through 19 spent
$169 billion in 2004, says Michael
Wood. He is the vice president of
Jenny Lieb (left)
Teenage Research Unlimited. shares new kinds of
snacks with a friend. ↓
“Most of my friends and I have
Dan Balilty
never felt that commercials drew
us in,” Jenny says. “But with [peer-
to-peer], you’re actually seeing the
product and trying it out on the spot.”
The Debate:
Should kids market
products to their friends?
Laura Groppe Juliet Schor

is the CEO of the is a professor of
Girls Intelligence sociology at
Agency (GIA). Boston College.
Courtesy Girls Intelligence Agency Courtesy Juliet Schor
YES! Word-of-mouth advertising NO! Kids who work for marketing

is essential today because firms often don’t explain who they
there are so many media are working for. Kids think getting
competing for kids’ free products is cool, but these
attention. If kids like companies act super nice so
something, you win. If th
they can get you to do what
they don’t, you lose.
they want.
They are holding all of
the cards. PR O CO N
Issue 3 • 23
KIDS
IN CHARGE
These creative young people prove it’s
never too early to follow your dreams.
By Kathryn R. Satterfield
I f you are anything like the go-getters featured here, you’re

probably very busy! Free enterprise gives Americans the
freedom to choose what to create. These five young people
got an early start creating their own businesses or inventing
new things. Read their success stories to learn more.
L AV Tweb
Laima Tazmin Laima’s plan for a Web-design
President company won first place in an
rk
New York, New Yo NFTE competition.
In 2001, Laima founded LAVTweb.

From her home office in New York
Laima Tazmin started on her career
City, she designs Web sites for small-
path when she was 7 years old.
business owners and artists. LAVT
“I was a curious kid,” Laima, now 17,
earned $25,000 during its second
told TFK. She borrowed her older
year, and business is still booming.
brother’s computer books and began
The job also has one big plus:
creating Web sites for fun. Her
Laima is her older brother’s boss.
hobby became a promising business
idea in the sixth grade. That’s when
she took a class taught by the ↓ Laima Tazmin
National Foundation for Teaching builds Web pages.
Entrepreneurs (NFTE). NFTE
Arlan Tazmin
gives kids help and training

they need to dream big and
become business owners.
Biscuits
Since starting her own business at Shay’s Bones and
age 11, Shay Hammond has attracted Shay Hammond
Operator
many loyal, drooling customers. Shay Founder, Owner,
y
sells homemade dog treats. She was Olive Hill, Kentuck
inspired by her lovable mutt, Pancake.
In three years Pancake has grown and
so has Shay’s company, Bones and
Biscuits. It earned about $200 last
year. Three stores sell the snacks, and
Shay also takes orders online. NFTE
recently awarded her a $1,000 prize.
The treats have all-natural

ingredients, which could draw new
Cindy Hammond
customers. “Whenever I sold them at
school, everybody would dip them
in cheese,” Shay told TFK. “Maybe I
↑ Shay Hammond bakes a
should start selling them to people.” fresh batch of biscuits.
s B
Budd y Dillenberg had $4,500 saved
r Kustom
ProPedde u to buy a car when he turned 16.
up
llenberg
Buddy Di r e IInstead, he bought a drill press, and
e c u tive Offic
Chie f E x
ama
ProPedder Kustoms buzzed into
P
ir m in g h am, Alab b
busin ess. Buddy started making cool
B
a
add- ons for his friends’ motorized
sscooters, called Go-Peds. He also sold
his scooter parts online. Soon he was
earning up to $1,000 a month.
The 19-year-old won an award for

his work. Buddy says that he was born
to be a business owner.
← Buddy Dillenberg customizes
scooter parts.
Alan Dillenberg
Issue 3 • 25
Build
Build
Baywear Legend
Luis Villa
Chief Executive Officer
E
East Palo Alto, California
,
Luis VIlla’s company
nd , se lls
Baywear Lege
ity has been hurt belts like these.
Luis Villa’s commun
ght about how
by violence. Luis thou
er. He started
to make things bett Luis, 16, helped star
t the
s a stand then called
a business that take company, which was
is the head of him an NFTE
against fighting. He Latin Style. It earned
company that s his eye on
Baywear Legend, a award. Now Luis ha
s, and bandanas. at starting a
makes belts, T-shirt the future. He says th
ndkerchiefs, him that he has
Bandanas are like ha company has shown
e colorful. success.
but bigger and mor what it takes to be a
ana patterns
Baywear makes band
omote unity.
using colors that pr
Early Jobs of Presidents

Did you know that every U.S. President had
another job before being elected? For example,
Ronald Reagan was an actor! Most were lawyers
or in the military. Here are the jobs held by the
most U.S. Presidents.
Job Number of Presidents

Military 28
Lawyer 23
Aurora/Getty Images
Educator 12
Businessman 6
Journalist 4
↑ George W. Bush, the 43rd
Farmer 4 President, was an owner of the
Source: List compiled by Time For Kids Texas Rangers baseball team.

heelchair Lift
Christopher Whetzel, 12, has found another
Over the Edge W kind of success. Unlike the others, he
etzel
Christopher Wh hasn’t started his own business. But like
Inventor
them, he has done something remarkable.
Bristow, Virginia
He won $10,000 for using his imagination
to help his mom, who uses a wheelchair.
“She’d fall over the side and get stuck,”
Christopher told TFK. So he made
something to help her get back up.
Christopher’s invention is made up

of ropes and pulleys. They are attached
Courtesy Catalyst Marketing
to his mom and the chair. If she falls to
her right, she can pull on the left rope to
sit up. If she falls to the left, she pulls on
the right rope. Christopher’s invention
won a Craftsman/National Science
↑ Christopher Whetzel’s award-
winning invention helps people Teachers Association (NSTA) Young
who use wheelchairs. Inventors Award.
Make Your Own Budget

A budget is a tool to help you predict how much money
will come in and how much will be spent over time, usually
a year. You should not plan to spend more money than you
will receive. Try making your own budget—you might be
surprised to see how you spend your money!
• Write down every single item you spend money

on each week and its cost.
• Add up how much you earn each week from an
allowance, baby-sitting, or a paper route.
• Subtract the money you spend from the money
you earn.
• Is there money left over?
• If yes, then congratulations! You have some money
that you can save for next week, or next year!
• If no, then go back and look at each item on your
“spend” list to see if there’s anything you can cut.
Issue 3 • 27
By Langston Hughes
To fling my arms wide

In some place of the sun,
To whirl and to dance
Till the white day is done.
Then rest at cool evening
Beneath a tall tree
While night comes on gently,
Dark like me—
That is my dream!
To fling my arms wide

In the face of the sun,
Dance! Whirl! Whirl!
Till the quick day is done.
Rest at pale evening . . .
A tall, slim tree . . .
Night coming tenderly
Black like me.
Getty Images, Inc.
28
Mr.
Mix-It
Will
Monarchs
(c) Ralph A. Clevenger/Corbis; (tr) Todd Bigelow/Aurora
Always Rule?
These delicate b
butterflies
utterflies are in jeopardy.
For one man, mixing
chemistry and clay leads
to new discoveries—toys!
ometimes Maelo Cordova

S spends the day shaping
modeling clay. Other times he
tries out doll makeup or races
Todd Bigelow/
miniature cars. Surprisingly, Aurora
Cordova is not a kid. He’s a

chemist. He uses his knowledge ↑ Chemist Maelo Cordova shows off
of chemistry to make toys. one of his slimiest inventions.
Cordova studied chemistry in
As a kid in Puerto Rico, Cordova
college. He now works for a big
asked questions. What is in shampoo
toy company.
that helps it clean hair? How can I
mix cleaning products to get out At work, Cordova mixes
spots? In high school, Cordova chemicals and performs experiments.
discovered the name of his hobby: But he does his homework first. “I
chemistry. He loved learning how like to spend time investigating what
substances combine to make I’m looking for before I get in the
new stuff. lab,” Cordova explains.
The process he loves is called For one project, he was asked

a chemical reaction. A chemical to make icky, sticky play slime.
reaction occurs when two or more His recipe was a little off. The goo
substances are mixed together. In came out harder than he wanted,
the process of mixing, the atoms in and he almost tossed it into the
the original substances break apart. trash. Instead he saved it. He later
They then combine to make a new patented his mistake. He called the
substance. The starting substances new invention flubber. Says Cordova,
are called reactants. The results of “In science, you never throw
the reaction are called products. anything away.” His next mistake
may turn out to be even more fun.

It’s Elemental Light Up the Night
Everything in the world is made of
different combinations of elements. Some chemical reactions
An element is a substance that contains produce light. One example
only one kind of atom. It can’t be is a toy you may have seen.
broken down into a simpler substance. It is a plastic tube that glows
A compound is a combination of two
in the dark. The tube is filled
or more elements. Some compounds
with a liquid substance.When
are familiar. One of these is sodium
you bend the tube, a small
chloride. It is a combination of the
elements sodium and chlorine. You
container inside it breaks.
know it as table salt. This releases another
substance. A chemical
An atom, however, is made up of
reaction between the
even smaller particles. The particles
two substances takes
Photolibrary.com
that make up all atoms are: protons,
place. The product of
neutrons, and electrons. Protons have
positive electrical charges. Unlike the reaction is light.
protons, electrons have negative The light makes the
electrical charges. Neutrons are dye in the tube glow
electrically neutral. in the dark.
Great Chemistry Sodium

Chloride
This table lists some famous
Table salt is made up of sodium
chemists and their achievements. and chloride atoms.
Birth Country
Name Achievement
Date of Birth
First to use scientific methods to study
Robert Boyle 1627 England
chemistry
Irene Curie 1897 France Created new radioactive elements
John Dalton 1766 England Discovered theory of matter based on atoms
Discovered oxygen and that water is made of
Antoine Lavoisier 1743 France
oxygen and hydrogen
Dimitri Arranged all known elements in a chart called
1834 Russia
Mendeleyev the periodic table
Alfred Nobel 1833 Sweden Invented dynamite, an explosive
Issue 4 • 31
Butterflies
at Risk
What’s causing problems for these Monarchs swir
swirl
around a tree
beautiful insects? in Mexico, and
hibernate in
omething is harming the monarchs. One of the largest California (right).
S butterflies in North America, monarchs are famous

for their long migrations covering thousands of miles.
Yet the number of monarchs is dropping. Severe weather
conditions and habitat destruction are putting the butterfly
population in jeopardy. Some butterfly experts say that the
number of monarch butterflies has been cut by 25 percent.
In recent years the weather has been hard on the fragile
insects. Experts say that unusually cold temperatures, rain,
and droughts have caused monarchs to die in large numbers.
These conditions have also prevented new butterflies
from hatching.
Will They Return?

Monarchs are very sensitive to change because of the
long distances they travel. They cover thousands of miles
each year, flying between their winter homes in Mexico
or Southern California and their summer homes in the
Midwest. Other animals also migrate. And many travel much
farther. A bird called the Arctic tern goes round trip between
the Arctic and the Antarctic and back every year. Like the
Arctic tern, a type of gray whale has a long migration. It
travels 12,400 miles from Baja California in Mexico to
waters off Alaska and back. The longest migration ever
recorded is by the sooty shearwater. Every year this bird flies
40,000 miles from New Zealand to the northern part of the
Pacific Ocean to find food.
(l) Richard R. Hansen, Chris Sharp, Gilbert S. Grant/The
National Audubon Society/PR; (b) James L. Amos/Corbis
The monarchs don’t travel as

far as animals like the Arctic tern
and the sooty shearwater, but their
journey isn’t safe. Every year as many
as 100 million monarch butterflies
leave Mexico for the first leg of the
migration. It’s hard to imagine that
such a large number might be in
danger. Yet many scientists tell us
that the danger is very real.
Issue 4 • 33
Loggers in Mexico have cut some of the forests where
millions of monarchs spend the winter. They also use weed
killers that can destroy milkweed, the monarch’s favorite
food. There are only 14 places in Mexico where monarchs
spend the winter. In California there are 25 winter homes
for the butterflies. In both areas development is destroying
these winter homes. Unless steps are taken to preserve
their habitats, the monarchs’ migration could
become a thing of the past.
“If we lose the whole migration, we
lose one of the nation’s most magnificent
phenomena,” said Chip Taylor, a professor at
the University of Kansas. “These butterflies are
the symbol of richness of biological diversity.”
Darrell Gulin/Corbis

Mark Newman/ImageState/Jupiter Images
PureStock/Jupiter Images
Chasing
Butterflies
“Butterflies spoke to me,” recalls Jeffrey Glassberg.
As a 5-year-old, he started to keep lists of butterflies he spotted in his
backyard in Long Island, New York. Now chasing butterflies has become his
daily work. He is a lepidopterist (lep•i•DOP•tuh•rist)—a scientist who studies
moths and butterflies.
Glassberg chases these fluttering insects all over the United States, Canada,
and Mexico. He visits mountain meadows and draws maps that show where
species live and the places they travel to. “Studying butterflies is an activity
that is good for the planet and a lot of fun,” says Glassberg. Plus, “you are
always outside in warm weather. What’s not to like about that?”
← Alabama, Idaho, and Texas are a

few of the places that recognize
the Monarch as their state insect.
The Life Cycle of a Butterfly Adult—comes out of cocoon

Butterflies, like all insects, go through
several stages during their lives. They
as full-size adult
change from one stage to the next in a
process known as metamorphosis.
Pupa—rests inside a cocoon
Larva—hatches from egg as
caterpillar, which sheds skin a
few times as it eats and grows
Egg—starts life Joe Lemmonier
as fertilized egg
Issue 4 • 35
Gail Borden’s
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Jacques Cornell photographer

Very Good Idea
In 1852, Gail Borden was on a ship heading home
from England to the United States. When his ship
hit rough seas, the cows on board got so sick they
could not be milked. This meant the babies on board
had to go without milk for a while. Borden, a dairy
farmer, started thinking of a way to keep milk for
long periods of time without spoiling.
After experimenting for several years, Borden had

come up with a way to process milk so that it wouldn’t
spoil. It was based on the concept of removing a lot
of the water in raw milk and adding sugar. The sugar
is what keeps the milk from spoiling. His product was
called condensed milk. Here’s how it’s made.
Robb Kneebone
1 2
Milk STERILIZATION EVAPORATION
Water is
Condensation Raw milk is
flas
flash-heated to removed from
Process Milk 185°F (85°C) to

185
ste
sterilize it.
the hot milk in
the evaporator.
Heat
Robb Kneebone
5 4 3
PACK
PACKAGING
KAG
KAGING INOC
INOCULATION
CULATION
CULA CONCEN
CONCENTRATION
The milk is transferred The milk is cooled. Under vacuum
to sterilized cans that In a process called pressure, the milk is
are vacuum-sealed. inoculation, sugar, in concentrated into
the form of powdered a syrupy substance
crystals, is added. that is 30–40% solid.
36
(c) Tony Gutierrez/Wide World Photo/AP Images; (tr) Photodisc/Getty Images
The
Nose
Knows
sick patients feel better.

Dogs are being used to make
Clever canines are learning helpful
new tricks that could save lives.
By Bill Doyle Photodisc/Getty Images
Dogs might have the latest weapons in the fight against

cancer: their noses! Researchers at California’s Pine Street
Foundation (PSF) say they have trained five dogs to smell
cancer on a person’s breath. This could be exciting news.
Millions of Americans develop cancer each year, but many
cases can be successfully treated. If the cancer is found early
enough, there is still time to stop it from spreading.
A dog’s sense of smell can discover
Something to Wag About harmful things like explosives,
narcotics, and cancer. ↓
Dogs have 20 to 40 times as many
smell receptors as humans do.
These are special odor-sensing cells
in the nose. Also, a dog’s sense of
smell may be 10,000 to 100,000
times stronger than ours. But can
dogs really smell disease?
PSF researcher Michael
McCulloch says yes. “We were very
surprised by how accurate they
Eric Gay/Wide World Photo/AP Images
were,” he told CNN. “They were

identifying who had cancer, and
they were also saying who didn’t.”

McCulloch and his team asked four Does the Nose Know?
healthy people and one with cancer to No lab test for cancer has given more
blow into plastic tubes. Special material correct results than this experiment.
in the tubes trapped the contents of The results are so amazing that many
each breath. The tubes were then placed experts question the dogs’ sniffing
one yard apart. Finally the dogs were power. They wonder if there were other
allowed to smell the tubes. reasons why the dogs did so well. For
Each dog had been trained for three example, they thought the way the dog
weeks to sit when it smelled the odor of handlers behaved could have affected
cancer. Ninety-nine percent of the time, how the dogs acted.
the dogs sat next to the tubes blown into However, most experts agree that
by patients with lung cancer. The dogs this study is important. The information
were right 88 percent of the time about could help scientists create a simple
breast cancer. breath test for cancer in the future.
Once again humans may be getting a
helping paw—or nose—from their best
Nosy Dogs animal friends.
Who are the dogs behind the noses in the Pine
Street Foundation’s experiment? Read on to
learn more about them. Dogs to the Rescue
Dogs in the Pine Street Foundation experiment were
There were five dogs. trained to sit when they smelled cancer. How well did
they perform? Take a look at this table to find out.
The dogs were 7 to 18 months old.
Breath Number of Number of
There were three Labrador retrievers and Sample Times the Times the
two Portuguese water dogs. Dogs Sat Dogs Kept
Down Standing
There were three males and two females.
Breath from
lung cancer 564 10
They came from Guide Dogs for the Blind
patients
in San Rafael, California, and from dog
owners. Breath from
healthy 4 708
They were picked for two reasons: they patients
were eager to sniff objects, and they
listened to commands.
Issue 5 • 39
A Healthy Dose
of Puppy Love
A new study
stud
t dy shows
h that
th t
dogs can b
d be good
d ffor your h
health.
lth
Stockdisc/PunchStock
Man’s Best Friend

D ogs are called “man’s best
friend.” Now a study shows new
The study focused on 76 patients
who were in the hospital for heart
reasons why they really are our best problems. First the patients were
pals. Researchers at UCLA Medical split into three groups. Some
Center in Los Angeles, California, were visited by human volunteers
say that dogs can be good for with dogs. Others were visited by
people’s health. people only. The third group had no
visitors. Then the researchers wrote
down how the patients felt before,
during, and after the visit.
← Anna Britton, 88, hugs

Kirby, a therapy dog
who visited patients at a
hospital in Los Angeles.
40 • Time For Kids (bl) David McNew/Getty Images; (br) Brand X Pictures/PunchStock
Researchers found that dog visits made
the patients feel better. Patients who had
Eugene Spencer, left, smiles as
been visited by dogs felt 24 percent less Bart, an Australian shepherd,
scared. Those patients who were visited and his owner, Linda Babinec,
right, visit Spencer at Baylor
by just people felt only 10 percent less Hospital in Dallas, Texas. ↓
scared. After just 12 minutes with
Tony Gutierrez/AP Images

dogs, patients’ hearts and lungs
seemed to be working better.
The UCLA researchers reported
the study to the American Heart
Association. The Pet Care Trust
Foundation paid for the study.
The dogs used were therapy dogs.
This means they were trained to
behave a special way around the
patients. There were large dogs, like
Burmese mountain dogs, and small
dogs, like miniature schnauzers.
STRESS BUSTERS
Scientists are able to measure the stress a person feels.
The chart below shows how 12-minute visits from dogs
can help lower the amount of stress in patients.
Patients’ Visitors Patients’ Amount of Stress

s
No visitors Rose an average of 7 percent
Human volunteer only Dropped an average of 2 percent
Human volunteer and dog Dropped an average of 17 percentt
Rob McClurkan
Issue 5 • 41
Warm and Fuzzy Findings
The fact that furry friends can help
people feel better might seem like old
news to pet lovers. After all, animals
have a history of helping people. For
example, trained monkeys can carry
things for people in wheelchairs.
Guide dogs help blind people get
around. Many children’s hospitals
have programs that bring in animal
visitors, including horses, to cheer up
(l), (r) Rob McClurkan

the young patients.
Owning Pets
Dogs lower stress in people. But many people find any kind of
pet calming, whether it’s furry or scaly. Here’s a look at the most
(bl) Digital Archive Japan/Alamy; (br) Comstock Images/Alamy
popular pets in the United States.

(cl) Ingram Publishing/Alamy; (cr) IT Stock/PunchStock;
Number of Pets
Percent of U.S.
Pet in the United
Homes with Pets
States
Dog 39% 73.9 million
Cat 34% 90.5 million
Freshwater fish 13% 139 million
Bird 6% 16.6 million
Other small animal 5% 18.2 million
Reptile 4% 11 million

Before the study there was little
proof that therapy animals make
us healthier. Nurse Kathie M. Cole
was a member of the UCLA Medical Hearing Dogs help owners who have
Center study. She hopes that trouble hearing. The dogs jump up or use their paws
doctors and hospitals see the good when they hear important sounds, like telephone
effects of using therapy animals. rings and smoke alarms.
“Dogs are a great comfort,” said Service Dogs help owners who have
trouble moving around. They can pull wheelchairs
Cole. “They make people happier,
and turn lights on and off.
calmer, and feel more loved. That is
huge when you are scared and not K-9 Dogs help their police owners.
feeling
g well.” They chase criminals and find dangerous things
by sniffing.
Rob McClurkan
Dogs can carry things for people

in wheelchairs. ↓
Lawrence Migdale/Photo Researchers
G.K. & Vikki Hart/Getty Images Issue 5 • 43

By
y Tony
y Johnston
His name is Ron

and he’s a good dog.
When I call, he’s there.
Goes everywhere I do, only farther.
Does everything I do, only rougher.
When I growl, he growls tougher.
When I’m sad, he puts his nose
close to my face and just waits.
Ron makes a good pillow;
his fur is plush, like a bear’s.
And he doesn’t eat much.
Sometimes he licks me.
Ron likes me, but I don’t own him.
He comes and goes, like steam.
Never musses my bed, where he sleeps
at night, because he’s made up
of light things—
like air, like dreams.
44
Symbol of
Freedom
Former congresswoman
Barbara Jordan
Speaking Out
(c) Bernard Gotfryd/Getty Images; (tr) Bettmann/Corbis
for American Ideals

Wee choose leaders to express what Americans
believe
elieve in
in. Sometimes symbols speak for us too
too.
B b
Barbara J
Jordan
d
didn’t let anything
stop her from serving
her community.
Owen Franken/Corbis ↑ At the
he 1976 Democratic Nati
National
Convention, Barbara Jordan gave
a speech that made history.
W hen Barbara Charline Jordan was in

high school, she decided she wanted
to become an attorney. That doesn’t seem remarkable
until you know a few more facts. Barbara Jordan was
African American. It was the 1950s, before the Civil Rights
movement had brought about so many changes in our
A life-size bronze
society. In Texas where Jordan was born and raised, only
statue honors Barbara
one law school in the state admitted African Americans. Jordan in the Barbara
But in 1956, Jordan graduated at the top of her class Jordan Terminal at the
international airport in
Artist/Photographer Bruce Wolfe

from Texas Southern University. Three years later she Austin, Texas. ↓
graduated from Boston University Law School.
A Commitment to Service
Jordan was only the third African American woman to get a
license to practice law in Texas. Believing it was her duty to
serve the people of her Houston community, her state,
and her country, she decided to run for public office.
In 1966, she was elected to the Texas State Senate—the
first African American woman ever to serve there.
Jordan still didn’t stop. In 1972, she was elected to
the United States House of Representatives. This was
another first. She was the first African American
woman from a southern state elected to the House.
Top American Speeches
A
5 of the
o 20th Century*
RRankk Speaker
S Occasion Memorable Line Date
1. Martin Luther King, Jr Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. “I have a dream . . .” August 28, 1963
2. John F. Kennedy After being sworn in as President of “Ask not what your January 20, 1961
the United States country can do for you . . .”
3. Franklin D. Roosevelt After being sworn in for his first term “The only thing we have March 4, 1933
as President of the United States to fear is fear itself.”
4. Franklin D. Roosevelt Speech to the nation after the “December 7, 1941, a date December 8, 1941
Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor that which will live in infamy…”
drew the U.S. into World War II
5. Barbara Jordan Keynote address to the Democratic “Who, then, will speak for July 12, 1976
National Convention at which Jimmy the common good?”
Carter was nominated for President of
the United States
*Source: Poll conducted by researchers from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and Texas A&M University.
Wally McNamee/Corbis
In Congress,
C nggress Jordan
JJo
ordan
d n worked
work
o
or hard to get
ge
jjustice
t c for
ti o pe
p
people
opp who
wh
w h didn’t
ho dd
dn’tt always
al have
ave
someone
someon
meonene o their side.
on their h was
s de She wass respected
r sp
p ct
cted
d
by those she worked with in Congress.
In 1976, Jordan gave the keynote address at
the Democratic National Convention. She was
the first woman and the first African American
to have that honor. She spoke of the importance
of unity, equality, and accountability. Many ↑ In 1994, Barbara
believe her inspirational speech helped Jimmy Jordan received the
Presidential Medal
Carter win the presidential election that year. of Freedom from
President Bill Clinton.
Lessons from a Great Teacher
When Jordan left Congress, she became a college
professor at the University of Texas. She taught
public affairs and ethics. Even though she had a
serious illness, she taught for 17 years. She died in
1996. But Barbara Jordan’s life, her work, and her
powerful words continue to inspire people today.
Issue 6 • 47
What
Symbols
Say
A symbol is an object or an image that
represents something else. The symbols
of our country and state tell what we
value as citizens.
Daniel Dempster Photography/Alamy
The Meaning Behind Our National Symbols

Symbols are important. They are designed
to communicate their meaning quickly and
clearly. The people responsible for choosing and
designing the symbols that represent the United
↑ Countries, states, and States of America took their jobs very seriously.
organizations use flags
as symbols.
The Bald Eagle
Bennett, Darren/Animals Animals - Earth Scenes
The bald eagle became our national bird in 1782.
Its approval followed years of debate. The bald
eagle was chosen to symbolize the United States
for two main reasons. First, it is the only kind
of eagle that is native to North America and
nowhere else. Second, people admired the eagle
for its strength, courage, freedom, and long life.
These are qualities Congress wanted for the new
nation and its people. The most famous opponent
↑ The bald eagle stands for of the eagle was Benjamin Franklin, who thought
strength, courage, freedom, another native American bird—the wild turkey—
and long life.
would be a better choice.

The Great Seal The seal shows our national bird,
You’ll find the Great Seal of the United the bald eagle. In front of the eagle is a
States on money, postage stamps, and shield with the colors of the American
official government documents such flag. The 13 red and white stripes
as passports. It’s also used on military represent the 13 original states. The
uniforms, national monuments, and lots blue band across the top of the shield
of other places. represents Congress. The eagle holds
a banner in its mouth with the motto,
In 1776, the Continental Congress
E Pluribus Unum: “Out of many, one.”
assigned three people the job of
The eagle clutches an olive branch in
designing a seal for the new United
one claw and 13 arrows in the other.
States of America: Benjamin Franklin,
These represent the power of peace and
John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson.
war that is given to Congress. The stars
It turned out to be a bigger challenge
above the eagle stand for the idea that
than expected. The design was finally
the United States is taking its place in
approved six years later, in 1782.
the world among other nations.
stars
motto
shield arrows
olive branch
Bettmann/Corbis
Issue 6 • 49
The American Flag
No symbol is more recognizable than
the American flag. In 1777, Congress
passed a law called the Flag Act in
order to establish an official flag for
the United States: “Resolved, That
the flag of the United States be made
of thirteen stripes, alternate red and
white; that the union be thirteen stars,
white in a blue field, representing a
ImageState/Alamy
new Constellation.” The 13 stars and
13 stripes stood for the 13 original
states. Over the years, the number of ↑ The design of the American flag was
stars has changed as new states were carefully chosen to symbolize aspects
of our history.
admitted to the Union, but the number
of stripes has stayed the same at 13.
Our National Flower

In 1986, Congress passed a resolution making
the rose the national flower of the United States.
The resolution explained the choice this way:
“We grow roses in all our fifty States. We find
roses throughout our art, music, and literature.
We decorate our celebrations and parades with
roses. Most of all, we present roses to those
we love, and we lavish them on our altars, our
civil shrines, and the final resting places of our
honored dead.”
President Ronald Reagan signed the resolution

into law. Where was the ceremony held? Why in
the Rose Garden at the White House, of course!
Nik Keevil/Alamy
↑ Roses are grown in all 50 of

the United States.

Surprising Symbols
Each of the 50 United States has its own flag and official
seal. States have other symbols, too, including state birds
and state flowers. But they don’t stop there! Many states
have official songs, foods, and dances. Here’s just a small
sample of some of the dances that might surprise you.
State Dance Year Adopted

California West Coast Swing 1988
Kentucky Clogging 2006
North & South Carolina Shag 2005 & 1984
Texas Square dance 1991
Wisconsin Polka 1993
Question:
Six Flags Over Texas W hich state’s
Answer: Texa
off icial
Texas is called the Lone Star State because there is a snack is tort illa
chips
single star on its state flag. This flag first flew over Texas and salsa?
s
in 1836, when Texas was a republic. Through its history,
six different national flags have flown over Texas.
Spain France Mexico

1519–1685; 1690–1821 1685–1690 1821–1836
Republic of Texas Confederate States United States

1836–1845 1861–1865 1845–1861; 1965–present
public domain
Issue 6 • 51
Where the Fuels
Are in the U.S.
Energy is an important resource
for the United States and the entire
world. It affects our national and local
economies. Two of the biggest sources
of energy are oil and natural gas.
Here’s how the top-producing states
for these energy sources stack up.
Top 5 Oil-Producing States

State Annual Production/Barrels
Texas 396,894,000
Alaska 263,595,000
California 216,778,000
Louisiana 76,651,000
Oklahoma 60,952,000
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2006
Royalty-Free/Corbis
Top 5 States in Number

of Producing Natural Gas Wells
State Number of Wells

Texas 83,218
West Virginia 53,003
Pennsylvania 49,750
New Mexico 41,634
Oklahoma 38,060
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2006
52
Madame
Governor
(c) Reuters/Kevin Lamarque; (tr) Corbis
Women around the world are taking

powerful roles in government.
Women in the United States Senate, 2007
“Ma” Makes
History
One woman wants to clear
her family’s name and ends up
playing a major role in history.
By Anna Prokos
Corbis
Governor “Ma” Ferguson was an
advocate for families and children.
O n January 20, 1925, Miriam Amanda

Ferguson made Texas history. She
became the first ever female governor of
called, served as the first lady of
the state. James Ferguson, or “Pa,”
was impeached in 1917. He was not
Texas and the second female governor allowed to run for office again. Ma
to be elected in the United States. Two decided she could help Texas—and
weeks before Ferguson’s inauguration, clear her family’s name—by entering
Nellie Tayloe Ross had become the first the race for governor.
woman governor in the history of the
United States. Ross was elected governor
The Texas State Capitol is located
Library of Congress/Texas View Company
of Wyoming. in Austin, Texas.
Unlike today, it was rare for females

to run for office in the 1920s. Women
did not have the same rights as men
back then. So why did Ferguson decide
to run for governor? Her husband,
James Edward Ferguson, was governor
of Texas from 1915 to 1917. Miriam
Ferguson, or “Ma” as she was often

Two For One Working for Texas
Miriam Ferguson had a unique Then, the first female governor of Texas
campaign slogan: “Two Governors for got to work. Ferguson looked for ways to
the Price of One.” She told Texans that cut back the cost of Texas’ government.
she would take her husband’s advice One way she lowered spending was to
if she became governor. Ferguson was reduce the number of prisoners in state
different from her opponent, Judge jails. During her first term as governor,
Felix Robertson. First, she did not Ferguson pardoned 2,000 prisoners.
agree with the Ku Klux Klan, a violent Many people didn’t agree with her ideas
and racist group. Second, Ferguson to let prisoners go free.
believed women should have equal
When she ran for office again in 1926,
rights. She easily got the votes to defeat
Ferguson lost the race. She was elected
her opponent.
governor again in 1932 and served from
Her inaugural speech was less than 1933 to 1935. When James Ferguson
seven minutes long, but it was an died in 1944, Ma retired from politics.
historical address in women’s history. She moved to Austin, Texas, where she
“By the decree of our Supreme Court we led a quiet life until she died in 1961.
women have been recognized
and admitted into all the Library of Congress
rights and privileges of

citizenship . . . Let us render
full service, not so much
because we are women,
but because we are citizens,
who are now equal to stand
side by side with men for
equal rights and equal justice
to all.”
A scene in Laredo, Texas,

during the time Miriam
Ferguson served as
governor. →
Issue 7 • 55
Fearless
Females
es
These leaders paved the way
Getty Imag
Brooks Kraft/Corbis
for women to take lead roles

↑ Hillary Rodham Clinton became U.S. Secretary
in government and beyond. of State in 2009. In 2008, Sarah Palin was
By Anna Prokos the Republican nominee for Vice President.
I
f you read a newspaper or news web Colonial America. Her demand, made
site today, you’ll probably find many in 1647, was denied. Still her actions
female leaders making headlines. encouraged women to seek a role in
But before Sarah Palin and Hillary government.
Rodham Clinton became popular
More than 120 years later, in 1869,
political figures, many other women
women 21 years of age and older
blazed a path in leadership.
were granted the right to vote in the
For much of history, women were Wyoming Territory. The first female
expected to tend to their homes and voter ever was Eliza A. “Grandma”
families. But there have always been Swain, in 1870. It would be another 50
women who challenged those ideas. years before all women in the United
They fought for equal rights and States were granted the right to vote.
dreamed of women holding the same
Women did not gain equal voting
positions as men. Our female leaders
rights in the U.S. until 1920. ↓
today have many women from the past
to thank for paving the way toward
equality. Here’s a look at the pioneers
of women in government—and how
their work helped future female leaders.
The Right to Vote
Attorney Margaret Brent was the first
woman in Maryland to own property.
She may also have been the first
Library of Congress
woman to demand the right to vote in

Nellie Tayloe Ross Papers, Box 19, Folder 1, American Heritage
In Charge of the State
It’s no wonder that Wyoming elected the first female
governor in U.S. history. In 1925, Nellie Tayloe Ross
became the 13th governor of the state. Ross accepted
Center, University of Wyoming

the role to continue the programs her husband started
as governor. She was nominated after he died in 1924.
Fifteen days after Ross took office, Miriam Ferguson
stepped into the governor’s role in Texas. She was the
state’s first female governor. Texas’ second elected female
↑ Nellie Tayloe Ross
governor was Ann Richards, serving from 1991 to 1995. of Wyoming, first
Richards had already made her mark on Texas politics. female governor
In 1982, she was elected state treasurer—the first woman in U.S. history
elected to statewide office in Texas in 50 years!

Making Laws
Jeanette Rankin opened the doors of the U.S. House
of Representatives to women in 1916. Representing
the State of Washington, Rankin, sometimes called
AP Photo/Karin Cooper
the Lady of the House, voted against the entry of the
U.S. into World War I and World War II. That didn’t
make her very popular with other leaders, but Rankin
believed in peace. ↑ Patsy Takemoto
of Hawaii
In 1965, Patsy Takemoto became the first Asian-
American woman elected to Congress. She represented
Hawaii in the U.S. House of Representatives until
her death in 2002. Shirley Chisholm of New York
became the first African-American woman in Congress,
serving in the House from 1969 to 1983. And in 1989,
Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, of Florida, became
the first Hispanic woman elected to Congress.
As for the Senate, in 1932, Hattie Caraway, of
Arkansas, won a special election to finish her late
AP Photo/Alan Diaz
husband’s term. Later that year, she won the election

for a full term. In 1992, Carol Moseley-Braun, of
Illinois, became the first African-American woman ↑ Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
elected to the Senate. of Florida
Issue 7 • 57
Leaders at the Federal Level To the White House
When Condoleezza Rice accepted the When Sarah Palin was nominated to
position of National Security Adviser for run for the Vice Presidency in 2008,
President George W. Bush, she became she was following in the footsteps
the first female to hold this position. of women like Geraldine Ferraro.
On January 26, 2005, she also became Ferraro was the first female nominated
the first African-American woman to by a major political party for the
become U.S. Secretary of State. vice presidency. Ferraro ran with
Walter Mondale for president in 1984.
Rice wasn’t the first woman to
Although their ticket lost, Ferraro
hold a powerful political position
positively changed the way women
in the federal government. In 1977,
would be viewed in politics.
Azie Taylor Morton became the first
African-American woman to serve as Hillary Rodham Clinton may have
U.S. Treasurer. In 1992, Janet Reno Victoria Clafin Woodhull to thank
accepted the position of U.S. Attorney for paving the way for women to run
General—the first time the role was for U.S. president. In 1872, Woodhull
filled by a female. Five years later, ran with Vice-President Frederick
Madeline Albright was sworn in as Douglass, an African-American. The
U.S. Secretary of State, becoming Equal Rights Party nominated her in
the highest-ranking woman in the order to send a message of change to
U.S. government. the U.S. government. Although neither
Woodhull nor Clinton made it to the
Jamal A. Wilson/AFP/Getty Images
finish line, these women showed that
women have the strengths and smarts
to aspire to the highest office in
the land.
← Madeline Albright and Janet

Reno held high-ranking
positions in President Bill
Clinton’s administration.

International Leaders Never Give Up
Around the world, women have forged
ahead with strong government leadership
roles. In 1969, Golda Meir was elected
Prime Minister of the State of Israel. She
was sometimes called the “Iron Lady” of
Israeli politics. Ten years later, Margaret
AP Photo/Pewee Flomoku
Thatcher became Europe’s first elected
female head of state. Like Meir, she was
called the “Iron Lady” for her strength
as Britain’s prime minister from 1979
Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf
to 1990.
Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf is the current
Into the Future president of Liberia. She is also the first
Women have made major political elected female president of any African
contributions throughout history. No nation. Johnson-Sirleaf worked hard to
doubt, more and more women will obtain this position. Over the years, she
continue to lead the way in the future. has been put under house arrest and kicked
Many states and countries have created out of the country. But that didn’t stop her
programs to promote women’s leadership from running for president. In 2005 she
in the world. won the Liberian presidential election and
has worked hard to keep peace and boost
her country’s economy.
In Their Own Words
“One thing is clear to me: We, as human beings, must be
willing to accept people who are different from ourselves.”
—Barbara Jordan, U.S. House of Representatives, 1972 to 1978
“I am, was, and always will be a catalyst for change.” —Shirley Chisholm
“There cannot be true democracy unless all citizens

are able to participate fully in the lives of their country.”
—Hillary Rodham Clinton
Trinity Mirror/Mirrorpix/Alamy
“I take a lot of inspiration from knowing that it was women...

who stepped forward and helped bring down the dictatorship
[in Argentina].” —Cristina Fernandez, President of Argentina
“You cannot shake hands with a clenched fist.” Indira Gandhi

—Indira Gandhi, India’s first and only female prime minister to date
Issue 7 • 59
A Time Line
for Progress
Here are some of the major dates in the history of women’s
right to vote in the United States, leading to the ratification
of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution.
1840 Susan B. Anthony

1848 Women’s Rights Convention held in
The London
Seneca Falls, NY
n Art Archive/Alamy
1851 Former slave Sojourner Truth argues for
1850 National Woman’s Rights Convention women’s rights and “Negroes’ rights”
held in Worcester, MA
1860
1869 Wyoming Territory passes a law

1870 Eliza A. “Grandma” Swain casts her vote
permitting women to vote
in Wyoming, the first female vote in the U.S.
1872 Susan B. Anthony and others attempt

1878 The “Anthony Amendment” to extend
to vote; some are arrested
the right to vote to women is introduced in
1880 the United States Congress
1893 Colorado grants the right to vote

to women 1896 Utah and Idaho pass laws giving women
the right to vote
1900 1913 About 5,000 people march in favor of

women’s suffrage in Washington, DC. Women
in Illinois are given restricted voting rights
1910 Washington State establishes
women’s right to vote 1919 Both the House and the Senate approve
the “Anthony Amendment”
1918 The House of Representatives passes
the “Anthony Amendment” but the Senate 1920 The “Anthony Amendment,” now
fails to pass it 1920 known as the Nineteenth Amendment to the
Constitution, is signed into law
60
Stars and
Satellites
(c) Jerry Lofaro/NASA/JPL Space Science Institute; (tr) AP Photo/Gary C. Knapp
The ninth planet from the sun

is no longer a planet.
Artist’s illustration of Pluto and its two moons

Explorers and
Technology
Seafaring explorers of the past used Gary C. Knapp/AP Photo
technology to guide them in their travels. ↑ A modern sailor uses

high-tech equipment.
The ocean is a huge place. It has no Some even sailed around the world
(bkgd) Datacraft/Getty Images

landmarks—no trees, mountains, and found their way home again.
rivers, rocks, roads, or houses. Today’s How did explorers like Christopher
sailors use all kinds of technology to Columbus, Francisco Vásquez
figure out where they are and where de Coronado, James Cook, and
they’re going. Using global positioning Ferdinand Magellan know where they
systems, cell phones, satellite phones, were and where to go?
and radios, they can be sure they’re
Early explorers burned the
headed in the right direction.
midnight oil. They used the stars
Before the invention of these to guide them. They also used
technologies, though, sailors still technology. Their technology relied
found ways to cross the ocean. not on electricity, but on mechanics
and the laws of physics. — Lisa Jo Rudy
Columbus used the stars to find

his way to the New World. Bettmann/Corbis

The Astrolabe
Sailors often used
the North Star to get
their bearings. Even The Compass
though the North Star A compass is
Werner Forman/Corbis
(Polaris) is generally a free-floating The Granger Collection, New York
in the northern part of the magnetized needle. The needle

sky, it can be seen only on clear floats above a circle that shows
nights. What’s more, it can only be north, south, east, and west. The
seen from certain parts of Earth. needle always points north.
The first tool for celestial Before the invention of the

navigation—navigation using compass, sailors had to rely on
stars—came from the Middle East. the stars to steer their way.
The astrolabe is a tool used to The compass was extremely
locate and predict the positions of helpful to sailors in places
the sun, moon, planets, and stars. where the skies were cloudy.
To use an astrolabe, you need to No one knows who invented
know quite a bit about astronomy the compass. Some believe it
and math. was first used by native people
in South and Central America.
We know it was used in ancient
China because it was described
The Sextant in Chinese writing around
The sextant is a measuring instrument. 1000 A.D. The compass may have
Sailors use it to measure the height of traveled from China to Europe
a celestial object (like the sun or the with traders.
moon) above the horizon. The angle,
and the time when it is measured, help the
sailor to find his position on a nautical chart.
(bkgd) Josh Westrich/zefa/Corbis
The first sextant was constructed in Iran in 994. It

came to Spain in the twelfth century and replaced the
astrolabe as the preferred navigation tool for sailors.
Today the sextant, along with the compass, is still
used by some sailors as a backup to modern technology.
Issue 8 • 63
Jerry LoFaro/NASA
Astronomers decide Pluto

cannot be called a planet.
By Nellie Gonzalez Cutler
P oor, puny Pluto. After it was discovered in 1930,

it was named the ninth planet in our solar system.
But in the years since, astronomers have debated
about it. Is Pluto truly a planet? After all, it is
smaller than other planets. It has a strange tilt
and travels in an odd orbit. Finally, scientists met
in Prague, Czech Republic, in 2006 to decide.
The International Astronomical Union voted on
guidelines that define what is and is not a planet.
The final answer: Pluto is not a planet!
Planetariums, including the Hayden

Planetarium in New York City, are
no longer calling Pluto a planet. →

The Problem Planet Some of these chunks are pretty
Pluto has always been an oddball in big. One, Quaor, is about half the size
the solar system. It is tiny (two thirds of Pluto. Another, Sedna, is bigger
the size of our moon). It has a weird, than Quaor. Some astronomers said
stretched-out orbit. Pluto is also very that maybe Pluto is no more a planet
far away from the sun. Because it is so than those icy chunks. In 1999 the
small and distant, it wasn’t discovered International Astronomical Union
until 1930, by astronomer Charles decided to term Pluto both a planet
Tombaugh. He named the cold, dark and an object of the Kuiper Belt. A
planet after the Roman god of the year later the Hayden Planetarium in
underworld. In 1975 a tiny moon, later New York City stopped calling Pluto
named Charon, was spotted orbiting a planet in its exhibits.
Pluto. In 2005 two more moons were
discovered, Nix and Hydra. Pluto with Charon and
two smaller moons ↓
Pluto is found in a region of the
solar system known as the Kuiper Belt.
Just beyond Neptune, this area is made
up of a cloud of icy chunks.
D.Finnin/AMN
H/Wide World
Ph
oto/AP Images
NASA/Wide World Photos/AP Images Issue 8 • 65

StockTrek/Getty Images; Premium RM/Corbis
(cw from top) StockTrek/Getty Images; The Hubble Heritage Team/NASA; Elvele Images /Alamy;
Top 5 Largest Planets
Scientists have decided that tiny Pluto is not
a planet. But these other big, breathtaking
parts of our solar system don’t have to
worry about their place in space.
1. Jupiter 88,732 miles across

Jupiter
2. Saturn 74,975 miles across
3. Uranus 31,763 miles across
4. Neptune 30,775 miles across
5. Earth 7,926 miles across
Source: NASA
Saturn
Earth
Uranus
Neptune
The Pluto Debate

About 2,500 astronomers from 75 countries met in
Prague to make a decision about Pluto. They had their
hands full. Some scientists wanted to classify planets
by a minimum size. Others said planets must be the
shape of a sphere. As the meeting wore on, a group of
scientists proposed increasing the number of planets to
12. Pluto, its moon Charon, and two other objects, Xena
and Ceres, would be planets. Other astronomers argued
that some of the smaller, icy balls should be called
“dwarf planets.”
During the meeting a few scientists, such as Neil
DeGrasse Tyson, wondered if the word “planet”
should be dropped altogether. Tyson is director
of the Hayden Planetarium in New York City.
“You tell me something’s a planet,” he said,
“then I have to ask you 20 more questions
to figure out what [a planet] actually is.”
Launched in 2006, In the end the astronomers decided that only
the New Horizons
spacecraft is
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
expected to pass and Neptune fit the definition of “classical planets.”
by Pluto in 2015. ↓ They are celestial bodies in orbit around the sun. Also,
they are massive enough that they are nearly round.
Each one has its own orbit. Pluto fails to make the
grade because its orbit overlaps Neptune’s path. Pluto
is now classified as a “dwarf planet.”
All is not lost for Pluto. In January 2006, NASA
launched the New Horizons spacecraft to study Pluto
and its neighbors. Planet hunters are excited by
what may be found beyond Pluto. Richard Binzel, a
professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
agrees. “Many more Plutos wait to be discovered.”
Kin Man Hui/SanAntonio Express/ZUMA/Corbis
How
ow is Pluto different from Earth
Earth?
Find out with this chart.
Pluto Earth
Mostly covered by Mostly covered
Surface frozen nitrogen and by water (70%)
rock and land
Diameter About 1,400 miles About 8,000 miles
Number of Moons 3 1
Average Distance
3.5 billion miles 93 million miles
from the Sun
It takes 248 Earth It takes 365 days
Orbit years to travel around to travel around
the sun. the sun.
Length of One Day 6.4 Earth days 24 hours
Issue 8 • 67
By Mary Britton Miller
There is the moon, there is the sun
Round which we circle every year,
And there are all the stars we see
On starry nights when skies are clear,
And all the countless stars that lie
Beyond the reach of human eye.
If every bud on every tree,
All birds and fireflies and bees
And all the flowers that bloom and die
Upon the earth were counted up, (bkgd) Courtesy NASA; (t) Stocktrek/Getty Images
The number of the stars would be
Greater, they say, than all of these.
68
Bees
Vanish
(c) Gary Bell/Image State/Alamy; (tr) Joe Raedle/Getty Images
Coral reefs are in hot water.

Can scientists turn the tide?
The latest buzz on honeybees is that they are
disappearing and no one is sure why.
W here have all the bees gone?

Beekeepers, researchers, and
farmers are buzzing. They want to
It’s possible that more states have
lost bees. Honey production is way
down across the nation.
know why millions of honeybees are Busy, Busy Bees
disappearing. The bees are leaving Honeybees are hardworking insects.
no clues and no dead bodies behind. Of course, they make honey. They
“The bees have vanished,” says Jerry also help flowering plants grow and
Bromenshenk, a bee expert. thrive. Bees move grains of pollen
Twenty-four states have spotted from one part of a flower to another
big problems with local bee colonies. so a plant can grow seeds and fruit.
A colony is a large group of bees that This process, called pollination,
live and work together. is important for crops like apples,
almonds, cucumbers, and cranberries.
Joshua Gunter/The Plain Dealer/Landov
Crops, and the farmers who grow
them, could be in trouble if there
aren’t enough bees to do the job.
Where Bees Have Gone Missing

= states reporting bee loss
= states not reporting bee loss
WA
MT ND MI VT NH ME
OR MN
↑ A beekeeper ID
SD WI NY
MA
WY
examines a hive. IA PA
RI
AK NV NE NJ CT
UT IL IN OH DE
CA CO WV VA
KS MO KY MD
TN NC
AZ NM OK AR SC
MS AL GA
TX LA
HI FL
Source: Bee Alert Technologies, Inc. and Lupin Logic. Inc

How Bees Work Bees don’t always just happen
Fruits and vegetables can’t grow to show up on farms where crops are
unless they’re pollinated. Along grown. To make sure their crops are
with birds, bats, and other insects, pollinated, farmers rent colonies of
honeybees are among nature’s most bees. Beekeepers let the bees out to
important pollinators. pollinate the crops. Then the bees
return to their boxes, and they are
First, honeybees crawl around a
moved to the next farm. Consequently
plant blossom. While they collect
if honeybees don’t pollinate, many
nectar from the blossom, the bees’
crops won’t produce fruit and seeds.
legs become coated with pollen.
Honeybees pollinate about one third
Then the bees fly to another
of the crops in the world!
blossom. There, some of the pollen
from the first blossom lands on the A “Bee-g” Problem to Solve
second blossom. Now a fruit or Experts met in Florida in February
vegetable can grow. 2007 to work on solving the mystery
of the missing bees. A disease could be
killing the bees. Hot dry weather could
be a cause. No one knows.
Groups connected to the bee biz
are pooling money to try to stop the
Joe Raedle/Getty Images
crisis. Everyone hopes to see the bees

bounce back. — Andrea Delbanco
Jack Fields/Corbis
↑ This bee will carry pollen

from this cucumber
blossom to another.
Bees from these

rented hives will
help ensure a
good crop.
Issue 9 • 71
A new action plan brings hope
to an underwater world.
B eneath the ocean’s surface, there is a world full of color.

Striped and spotted fish swim through bright coral reefs. “It’s
just a riot of movement and color,” said Rod Salm, a marine
scientist who works at The Nature Conservancy (TNC).
(b) Jeff Rotman

(cl) Ingram Publishing/Alamy; (tr) Ryan McVay/Getty Images;
Though some coral reefs look like rocks, coral is made up
of tiny animals called coral polyps. They grow and divide into
groups of coral. When they die, their skeletons are left behind.
New corals grow on top, forming fancy reefs.
However, time is running out for coral reefs. Researchers
warn that 60 percent of the world’s coral could die in the next
25 years. About 27 percent of it has already been lost.
The Great Barrier Reef off

Australia’s northeastern coast
72 •
72 Time
Ti
Time
eFFor
or K
or Kids
id
ds
The coral on the far right
was damaged by bleaching.
Its neighbor was not. →
An ecosystem is a partnership
between living things and their
environment. The reef ecosystem
includes the coral reefs and the
millions of plants and animals that
live there. In fact, reefs feed and
shelter about 25 percent of all sea
life, even though they cover only
1 percent of the ocean floor.
Therefore, if the coral reefs die, then
all the living things that depend on
the reefs are in trouble, too.
(br) Ingram Publishing/Alamy

(tr) Bob Cranston/Norbert Wu Productions;
Reefs in Hot Water
Why are these coral communities dying? They could
be dying due to careless fishing practices and pollution.
Luckily, there are now protected marine areas to help
control these problems.
Another problem for coral reefs is coral bleaching.
This is caused by water that is warmer than normal.
When the water gets too warm, the coral stresses
and lets go of its algae, which it depends on for
color and food. Therefore, without the algae,
coral loses its color and starves. The coral
becomes too weak and helpless against
disease. Warming in the Caribbean Sea
has bleached more than 90 percent of
the coral on many reefs.
Issue 9 • 73
Working to Save Coral The Coral Triangle, for example, is an
All is not lost for bleached coral reefs. area that holds 75 percent of all kinds
TNC scientist Rod Salm has been of coral and 3,000 kinds of fish. Some
studying coral bleaching for more than of these fish eat seaweed or other plant
20 years and has found ways that help life near the coral. As a result, the coral
coral fight bleaching. For example, reefs moves and grows in new areas. In turn,
do well if they are washed by cooler the fish need the coral reefs to survive.
water. This happens when deep, cold The fish use the coral as a shelter and a
water mixes with warmer surface water. place to catch food. They may eat other
fish or plant life that grows on or near
Another way that TNC keeps
the coral—or even the coral itself. These
reefs healthy is by having many kinds
are all signs of a healthy ecosystem.
of coral and fish live around the reef.
Fred Bavendam/Minden Pictures
This healthy reef in the Coral Triangle

is full of life, such as this blue star.

In addition, research at TNC has The Coral Triangle, which spans
led to a new way of saving reefs. Salm several islands in the Pacific Ocean, is
had noticed that there were still healthy where TNC scientists are trying to keep
patches of coral in bleached reefs. these healthy reefs. If these reefs are
These corals were strong enough to kept strong, they can be used to grow
absorb shocks and bounce back. Some coral in places where the reefs are dying.
had natural features that helped them Salm says we need to work with nature
survive. Scientists are working to find to get coral reefs back into shape.
out more about these features. They
plan to save reefs that have such
strong coral.
United State s Coral Reefs

Pulley Ridge is one of the deepest coral reefs off the
shores of the United States. Can you find it on the map?
Georgette Douwma/Getty Images

Joe Lemonnier
Issue 9 • 75
An atoll is an island in the ocean formed by a ring of coral.
It can take as long as 30 million years for a coral atoll to
form. This diagram shows how an atoll is created.
Island
1. Far out in the ocean, Reef

a volcano erupts and
creates an island. Coral
reefs grow up around
the island.
Island Lagoon
2. Weather and other reasons

cause the volcano to sink.
The reefs that surrounded
it are left behind. The water Reef
inside the reef is called a
lagoon.
Lagoon
3. The volcano completely

disappears. Sand collects
on top of the coral and
creates islands called
Atoll
atolls. Plants and animals
settle on the larger islands.
Thomas Gagliano
76
Aliens
Attack
(c) David R. Frazier/The Image Works; (tr) Galen Rowell/Mountain Light/Alamy
Jurassic
Bone!
A 70-million-year-old fossil helps scientists
learn more about Tyrannosaurus rex.
Stop the Spartina!
Courtesy Lincoln Elem
A group of Washington
entary School
elementary-school kids take

on an alien invader—a weed!
P oor spartina! It’s a perfectly

good plant when it stays where
it belongs. But it doesn’t belong in
Washington State’s Puget Sound.
There it has turned into a fast- ↑ Lincoln Elementary School,
spreading, life-choking weed. Mount Vernon, Washington
Plants and animals that wind

up in the wrong place are called An Alien Attacks
aliens or exotics by ecologists. Spartina spreads easily. In many
Spartina, or cordgrass, is native parts of Puget Sound, it has
to many East Coast waterways, crowded out native plants. Even
but in Washington, it is an worse, spartina grows in thick
alien species. clumps. The clumps change the
Galen Rowell/Mountain Light/
Alamy mudflats around the Sound. This
affects the entire ecosystem. As
native plants and the gentle slopes
of the mudflats disappear, native
animals like crabs, snails, salmon,
and shorebirds have less to eat.
That makes them leave the area.
The kids at Lincoln
Elementary School in Mount
Vernon, Washington, decided to
take on the spartina problem. At
first they didn’t know anything
↑ Spartina grows in thick clumps about the plant. Their research
that harm the mudflats. told them an interesting story.

Where Did It Come From? Taking Action
The trouble started in the late Getting rid of spartina won’t be
1800s. Settlers from the East easy. It will take a lot of hard work,
came to the West to raise oysters. money, and time. That’s why the
They brought the oysters packed Lincoln Elementary students
in wet spartina to keep them felt their most important job was
fresh. When the oysters were put educating parents, politicians,
in Puget Sound, spartina seeds and the public. They held town
that had come along for the meetings and traveled to the state
ride sprouted. capitol in Olympia to talk about
the spartina problem. They went
Spartina was also introduced to
to a bay in Puget Sound to snip off
the area on purpose. Duck hunters
spartina seed heads to keep the
planted it hoping to attract more
weed from spreading.
ducks. Engineers used it to control
erosion. Farmers planted it to feed It took decades for the spartina
their cattle. problem to take root; it will take
many years to fix it. — David Bjerklie
Spartina threatens beautiful

Puget Sound. ↓ Speaking of Species
Many species of plants and animals are
disappearing from our planet. In fact,
by 2025, as much as one-fifth of the
world’s species may be gone. Here are
some words you should know when
speaking about species.
Extinct
What it means: The entire species
has died out and cannot return.
Endangered
What it means: Species are in
immediate danger of becoming extinct.
Threatened
What it means: Species are likely to
become endangered in the future. If
an endangered species population
starts to grow, its status could be
changed to threatened.
Terry Donnelly Issue 10 • 79

A Dino Bone
Breakthrough
What do a T.
T rex dinosaur and a chicken have in
common? Scientists may have the answer.
n 2003 scientists in Montana dug up a Tyrannosaurus rex
I ( T. rex) fossil. Many dinosaur remains have been found
in the same area. This T. rex fossil was 70 million years
old. When alive, it was 40 feet tall and probably weighed
five tons. Its thighbone was huge.
A Very Lucky Break

To fit the thighbone onto a
helicopter, paleontologists had Tissue from the
T. rex thighbone
to break it in half. They took the returns to its
T. rex thighbone into their lab at original shape
after being
North Carolina State University. stretched.
First they soaked the fossil in
weak acid. The acid removes
minerals that have formed over
Areas of the bone
millions of years. The surprise have bundled
came when scientists saw what strands of tissue
was left in the part of the bone which had never
before been seen
that once held the marrow. It in such an old
was a clear stretchy material. “It fossil.
was totally shocking,” said team
leader Mary Schweitzer. Such (t and b) Wide World Photo/Wide World Photos/AP Images
material had never before been

found in a dinosaur bone. Usually any soft parts of
a dead animal disappear completely. But that hadn’t
happened in this T. rex’s thighbone.

John Weinstein/
The Field Museum
Amazing Adaptations
Adaptations are special features or
behaviors that help living things survive
in their environment. Take a look at
how these two amazing animals adapt
Creatas Images/Jupiterimages
to their surroundings.
Alligators are called “living dinosaurs.” That’s

because these reptiles have been around for
millions of years. Like their dinosaur relatives,
alligators have thick skin that protects
them like armor. Sensors in the skin pick up
vibrations in the water that tell ‘gators prey
is moving nearby. They have special eyelids
that help them see well underwater. With
adaptations like these, it’s not surprising that
alligators have survived for so long.
↑ American Alligator
Compared with other wild cats, ocelots are small—

about twice the size of a house cat. These beautiful
animals are found in the United States only in parts
of southern Texas. Ocelots have excellent eyesight
and very good hearing. These adaptations help
them hunt at night. During the day, ocelots rest.
The beautiful pattern on their coats blends in with
the thick bushes where they live, keeping them
hidden until night comes.
Frans Lanting/Corbis
↑ Ocelot
Issue 10 • 81
Under an electron microscope, A Real-Life Jurassic Park?
scientists examined the stretchy Some researchers hope to recover
material. They saw tiny blood vessels dinosaur DNA from the T. rex
and reddish-brown dots. They believe thighbone materials. DNA is the
these dots are the nuclei, or central chemical that makes up genes. That
structures, of blood cells. makes some dinosaur fans curious.
“Bone is living tissue, . . . and has to Could the DNA be used to clone
have a very good blood supply,” said dinosaurs? Could a real Jurassic Park
Schweitzer. The scientists also saw ever exist?
what looked like bone-building cells. Hans-Dieter Sues, a paleontologist,
Bone tissue in our bodies is constantly says no. “But,” he adds, “there’s lots
being rebuilt by bone cells. Here was of biological information locked in
evidence that the same process may this material.”
have gone on in T. rex’s bones.
Dr. Schweitzer and her team of
paleontologists are looking beyond
T. Rex’s Descendants
their Montana T. rex. They are
The T. rex thighbone is providing
investigating other dinosaur sites
new clues about dinosaurs. Scientists
around the world. They hope to find
reported that its blood vessels are
more dinosaur fossils containing
almost identical to those in modern
tissue samples. — Joe McGowan
ostrich bones. This could support
the theory that today’s birds are
descended from dinosaurs.
GK Hart/Vikki Hart/Getty Images
Another team of scientists has

studied material from the T. rex
thighbone. They recently published
a report on their work. They think
T. rex is related to another modern
bird—the chicken! “Based on the
small sample we’ve recovered,
chickens may be the closest relatives
[to T. rex],” says John Asara, co-leader ↑ Chickens may be T. Rex’s
of the team. Frogs and newts are also closest living relatives.
listed as modern relatives of T. rex.

Taxonomy Time
Taxonomy is the science of classifying living things. The
system most commonly used puts each living thing into
seven groups. The groups are organized from most
general to most specific. Kingdoms are the most general
groups with millions of kinds of organisms. Species are
the most specific groups and have all living things that
are able to produce young of the same kind. Here is a
sample classification.
CHICKENS
KINGDOM: Animalia includes all animals
includes all vertebrates, animals

PHYLUM: Chordata
with backbones
CLASS: Aves includes all birds
ORDER: Galliformes includes six families of birds
FAMILY: Phasianidae includes pheasants and partridges
includes the pheasant family both

GENUS: Gallus
wild and domesticated
SPECIES: G. domesticus the chicken
Issue 10 • 83
Breaks Free
By Frank Asch
I just want to be
where the earth breaks free
of concrete and metal and glass,
of asphalt and plastic and gas,
where sun is king
and water is queen,
where cactus grow tall
and the air is clean.
I just want to be
where the earth breaks free
of fences and alleys and walls,
of factories and traffic and malls,
where owls sleep
in the heart of day
waiting for sunset
to hunt their prey,
where mountains rise
(bkgd) MaryBeth Thielhelm/Getty Images
in seas of sand
and coyotes roam
across the land.
84
He’s the
Bat Man!
(c) Joseph Van Os/Getty Images; (tr) Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International
Calling All
Dolphins
New research indicates that dolphins
call each other by name.
Scientists flip over findings
about bottlenose dolphins.
R esearchers studying bottlenose

dolphins in Sarasota Bay, Florida, have
found that dolphins know their own
names, much like people. Dolphins
talk to one another with whistles
and calls. Scientists have known that
the animals also use unique whistles
to name each other. However, they
thought that dolphins only heard each
other’s voices. The scientists didn’t
know that dolphins listen for their
names, too.
To test this idea, the researchers
temporarily captured 14 dolphins
and recorded their name calls. The
scientists then disguised each dolphin’s
voice. When the changed recordings
Pedro Armestre/AFP/Getty Images
were played, the dolphins responded
These dolphins may know
each other by name. strongly to the names of their relatives
and close group members. They
ignored the names of dolphins they
did not know.
(bkgd) Comstock/PunchStock

Smart, Social Creatures Elephants also communicate by
Bottlenose dolphins live in large moving their head, feet, and trunk.
groups that grow and change. Each In much the same way, dolphins
dolphin’s distinctive whistle helps it communicate by their movements and
quickly track down a friend or a family facial expressions. They often touch
member, or call for help. Coming up each other to express friendship.
with individual calls requires vocal Unlike dolphins, elephants also
learning. It’s a skill that’s seen in very communicate by their great sense
few animals, which include humans, of smell. They can recognize other
elephants, bats, and some harbor seals. elephants by the smells they have.
Elephants, for example, Why do dolphins and elephants
communicate with sound. Their low- share the gift of communication?
frequency vibrations can be heard by Scientists think it may be because
other elephants miles away. Dolphins, they are large-brained, smart animals.
too, communicate with each other by Both are social and have strong family
making low-frequency sounds. ties. Now, whether they also have
nicknames is another question!
Dolphin Discovery
These are the parts of a dolphin.
Blowhole
is a nostril for Dorsal fins
Eyes breathing. allow for quick turns
can see above to avoid danger.
water and in dim
light underwater.
Mike Maydak
Beak
Skin Tail flukes
is filled with
is smooth to paddle to move
sharp, cone- Flippers
help it move it forward.
shaped teeth. help it stop and
through water.
move in different
directions.
Issue 11 • 87
Merlin Tuttle began studying
bats at age 15. “They are
among the least known
animals on Earth,” says Tuttle.
Meet a Real-Life
Batman
Bat expert Merlin Tuttle says the
Dr. Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation
International
creatures of the night are misunderstood.

By Jennifer Marino
A re you afraid of bats? According

to Merlin Tuttle, president of Bat
Today the organization works to
protect more than 1,100 species of
Conservation International (BCI), you bats worldwide. Bats live on every
shouldn’t be! “People are only afraid continent except Antarctica and
of what they don’t understand,” make up almost a quarter of all
Tuttle says. “The more you know the world’s mammal species. But
about a group of animals, the more 90 percent of those bat species
you appreciate them, and the more have not been studied enough to
interesting they become to you.” completely understand them. “Bats
are far too important to ignore,”
Tuttle hoped to increase people’s
Tuttle says. “They fill very important
understanding and appreciation of
roles in maintaining healthy
bats when he founded BCI in 1982.
ecosystems and the economy.”

Bug Off!
Bats eat billions of insects that would otherwise destroy
crops. Bracken Cave in Texas, for example, is home to
20 million Mexican freetail bats. They eat 200 tons of
insects per night! One little brown bat can catch 1,000
mosquito-sized bugs in a single hour. If bats didn’t eat
these critters, we’d need to use more pesticides that
would threaten our health. It would cost more money to
buy food, too. In addition, bats benefit us by spreading
seeds for many of our favorite foods, including bananas,
peaches, dates, figs, and cashews. They also pollinate a
variety of important flowers.
Earth Scenes
Animals Animals -
R. Jackman/OSF/
The bats in Bracken Cave in Texas

make up the largest community of
mammals in the world.
Issue 11 • 89
Batty for Bats!
Tuttle became interested in bats at a young age.
“Bats are incredibly fascinating and diverse animals,”
he says. “There are bats that are as cute as any
puppy or kitten, and those that are as strange as
E.T. or any dinosaur.” The flying fox has a five-foot
wingspan, while the bumblebee bat of Thailand
weighs less than a penny. There are bats
that are bright orange, bats with pink Flying foxes like this
one are the biggest
wings and pink ears, bats with black bats in the world. Their
bodies and white spots, and bats that wingspan can be as
are a combination of jet black and long as five feet! ↓
snow white. There are bats that

fly like helicopters and those
that fly like jets.
Bat Conservation
International
Bat-ter Up!
Wing
Bats a
Bats aren’t
ren’
re n t scary
y wh
when
en nyyou
ou gget
et tto know them. membrane
Here are the
He he main
mai
m ain
n parts
part
pa r s of a bat’s
rt bat
a ’s body.
Second finger Forearm
Thumb
Ear
Third
Mike Maydak
finger
Fourth
finger
Knee
Leg
Fifth
finger
Foot Tail

One of the most amazing things about
bats is the way they communicate. Bats
have poor vision, so they don’t use their
eyes to navigate and search for food.
Instead, they “see” objects by using sonar,
or echolocation. Here’s how it works. First
the bats make high-pitched cries out of
Photo Researchers
Dr. Merlin D. Tuttle/
their mouths or noses. Then their high-
pitched cries bounce off objects and travel ↑ The bumblebee bat is
back to them. By paying attention to the world’s tiniest bat.
the echoes, the bats are able to move
about. This method is similar to the
way dolphins and whales use sound to
navigate at night and in murky waters.
Bats are remarkable animals, B are the only

Bats
FLIERS
but they’ve gotten a bad rap. One NIGHT mammals that can fly.
m
reason is that photos often make
Large ears pick up sound
La
them look scary. They usually show HOW EAR waves that tell the bats
-Y
them baring their fangs. What people where to find prey.
don’t realize is that most of these
bats were captured and put in cages. Long,
LLon clawed toes allow the bat
Frightened, these bats would show TOE HOLD to
t grab onto something and hang
upside
u down while sleeping.
their teeth. The results are photos of
“vicious” bats. A wing membrane is tightly
TAKE WIN
That’s why Tuttle takes lots of G stretched
s over finger and arm
bones.
b This allows the bat to fly.
photos of bats. He wants to show
a different side of them in his B eat mostly insects. Bats
Bats
photos and in his work. To him DIN NER’S ON ffly at night because plenty
bats “are among the most naturally oof insects are out then.
gentle animals on Earth.” Tuttle A bat’s skeleton has thin,
adds, “They’re highly intelligent and GOOD BO lightweight bones, making
NES
valuable to have around.” it perfect for flying.
Bats often
o groom themselves
KEEPING
CLEAN to keep their fur clean.
Issue 11 • 91
(bkgd) Dr. Parvinder Sethi
H T F L I E R
(tc) Dr. Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International/Photo Researchers

N IG iin
n th
the
he
S
Lone Star State
About
A bout 3
322d different
ifferent sspecies
pecies o
off b
bats
ats call Te
Texas
exas h
home.
ome.
Here
H ere are
are jjust off tthem.
ust 5 o hem.
Species
S i Wi
Wingspan W
Weight
i ht
Big Brown Bat 13 to 14 inches 0.4 to 0.8 ounces
(t to b) Dr. Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International/Photo Researchers; Gilbert S. Grant/Photo Researchers; Dr. Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat
M
Mexican Free-Tailed Bat 12 to 14 inches 0.4 to 0.5 ounces
Conservation International; Dr. Merlin D. Tuttle/Bat Conservation International; Barry Mansell/SuperStock

Evening Bat 10 to 11 inches 0.2 to 0.4 ounces
Rafinesque’s
10 to 12 inches 0.2 to 0.5 ounces
Big-Eared Bat
Ghost Faced Bat 14 to 15 inches 0.4 to 0.7 ounces
Source: The Florida Bat Center
92
Bullies in
Cyberspace
c u Online!
Sending instant messages is
changing the way kids spell,
socialize, and spend their time.
Is it out of control?
(c) James Bennett; (tr) Dean MacAdam
Thinkstock Images/Jupiterimages
Bullies have entered cyberspace.
What can kids do to stop them?
By Nicole Iorio
J essica felt that she could not

escape. “I was in tears every day
It is now in cyberspace, the world
of computer networks, and the
when I went to the computer,” problem is growing.
says Jessica, 12. What was making Parry Aftab is the head of an
her life so unhappy? A girl who organization that teaches kids how
had been picking on her at school to deal with cyberbullies. Aftab has
(bkgd) Nick Koudis/Getty Images
started attacking her online. found that 55 percent of kids aged

Jessica is not alone. Many kids 9 to 14 have experienced some form
are feeling the sting of online of online bullying. “Cyberbullying
teasing. Bullying has moved beyond is any way of using interactive
the playground and cafeteria. technology to humiliate, frighten, or
target another child,” she says.
Dith Pran/New York Times Agency
Online Safety Tips

• Keep pictures and secrets to yourself.
• Don’t reply to mean messages.
• Block the sender and tell an adult.
Cyberspace expert Parry Aftab

talks with teens about how
bullies threaten kids online.

Computers, cell phones, pagers, Kieran Halloran, 12, went with
and interactive games are the a group from his school. Kieran
weapons that cyberbullies use. learned that if no one tries to stop
Bullies send malicious e-mails and online bullying, “the problem can
instant messages. They create grow.”
Web sites with mean words and
One solution to cyberbullying
embarrassing pictures. They steal
is education. That means teaching
passwords and spread rumors.
kids and adults how to deal with
Cyberbullying may not inflict
online attacks. Aftab’s group trains
physical anguish, but it causes
students to become TeenAngels,
emotional hurt.
who pass along antibullying advice
to others. Mary Lou Handy, a middle
Making Cyberspace Safe school teacher in Ridgewood,
The issue is now being addressed
New Jersey, advises a chapter of
by schools, communities, parents,
TeenAngels. “It’s influential when
and kids themselves. The nation’s
it comes from one child to another,”
first cyberbullying summit was held
Handy says. “Kids [learn to] think
in White Plains, New York. More
on their feet.”
than 500 people attended.
Cyberkids
This bar graph shows the percentage
of U.S. kids who surf the Web.
100%
American Kids Who
78.8%
Use the Internet
Percentage of
75% 67.3%
50% 41.0%
Alessia Girasole
25% 19.9%
0
3–4 5–9 10–13 14–17
Age
Source: U.S. Dept. of Commerce
Issue 12 • 95
By Kathryn R
R. Satterfield
Kids everywhere are

logging on and sounding off.
Friendship and the English language
may never be the same!
T hink fast! Figure out what these people are

saying. “Wass^?” “N2M, U?” “SRY. G2G.”
“BFN.” Do you need a hint? The
dictionary won’t help you, but
our handy guide will.
If you figured it out right
away, you are probably among
the 60 percent of kids who use
instant messaging, or IM. IM
programs let people have
real-time conversations
online. Their words pop
up in text windows. Instant
messages are also typed
fast. Some people don’t
slow down to capitalize, add
periods and commas, or spell
out words. As a result, new
word abbreviations and IM slang Dean MacAdam
are being invented.

Keyboard Nation Gabbi Lewin, 12, of Dallas, Texas,
A typical instant-messaging session reports that she’s on instant messenger
lasts more than a half hour. It involves almost every day. She says that
three or more buddies. It often without it, “there would be no way to
includes friends from different areas. communicate. Our parents are on the
More than one in three IM users say phone all the time.”
they use it every day. That’s according Steven Mintz, 13, prefers messaging
to the Pew Internet and American Life to the telephone. Why? “Because I can
Project. Nearly half of teens believe talk to more people at once,” he says.
that the Internet has improved their Chatting online is also a good way to
friendships. It’s a quick, easy way to keep up with friends who live far away.
keep in touch. Kids don’t have to feel anxious about
running up the phone bill.
Popular Things to Do on the Internet

Here’s a look at what kids ages 12 to 17 do online.
Percentage of
Activity
Kids Online
Send or read e-mail 89%
Play online games 81%
Go online to get news or information about current events 76%
Send or receive instant messages 75%
Buy things online, such as books, clothing, or music 43%
Send or receive text messages using a cell phone 38%
Source: Pew Internet Project
Alessia Girasole
Issue 12 • 97
Wrong Message?
Instant messaging is not always a friendship builder.
Sometimes kids use it to air angry or hurt feelings. It’s
just easier to say something online than in person. Oliver
Davies, 11, of Palo Alto, California, agrees. With IM,
he says, “I can express my emotions more easily, without
having the guilt of saying it face-to-face.”
Many parents are worried about kids’ IM habits. They
think IMs take away from more important things. Julia
Long of Bellingham, Washington, gives
an example. When her son,
Taylor, 13, “is waiting for
a beep, it’s hard [for him]
to stay focused on
homework or any kind
of family activity.”
Teachers get upset
when IM slang shows
up in students’ writing.
Young writers already
have trouble using words
like “its” and “it’s”
Dean MacAdam
correctly. Now some
kids are using “u,” “r,”
and “wuz” instead of
correct English.
Kids’ safety is also
a concern. Staying
connected is fine, but an
online friendship with
a stranger is not. As a
result, many parents set
rules about IM’ing.

IM Not So Bad Wired World
Researchers who study kids and the These are the countries with
Internet say instant messaging isn’t the most Internet users.
getting in the way of real life. They
200
note that new technology often
makes people worry. “It’s similar
Number of Users
to what was said in the 1980s about 150
(in millions)
video games and in the 1960s about
television,” says Nalini Kotamraju. 100
She’s coauthor of a study on young
people’s use of IM, e-mail, cell
50
phones, and other technology.
“There was this worry that kids
would do nothing else.” 0
United China Japan Germany India
States
Even parents and teachers who Country
dislike IM have to admit that at Source: Computer Industry Almanac, Inc.
least kids are writing. And their

typing skills are improving. Is it
at the expense of proper English?
Not if kids learn the difference
between formal and conversational Get the Message!
English, says Naomi Baron. She’s a Here are some IM abbreviations.
professor at American University in
bfn: bye for now
Washington, D.C.
g2g: got to go
“Language has always changed,
jc: just chilling
and it always will,” Baron says. “It
must change as the things we do and l8r: later
the things we encounter change.” lol: laughing out loud
What a relief! G2G. L8R.
n2m: not too much
sry: sorry
ur: your
wass^: what’s up?
wuz: was
Issue 12 • 99
Telephone
Talk
By X. J. Kennedy
Back flat on the carpet,

Cushion under my head,
Sock feet on the wallpaper,
Munching raisin bread,
Making easy whispers

Balance on high wire,
Trading jokes and laughing,
The two of us conspire,
Closer than when walking

Down the street together,
Closer than two sparrows
Hiding from wet weather.
How would my shrill whistle

Sound to you, I wonder?
Give a blow in your phone,
My phone makes it thunder.
Through the night, invisibly

Jumping over space,
Back and forth between us
All our secrets race.
100
Constitution
Day
(c) Richard Borge; (tr) The Granger Collection, New York
Listening In
Should the government monitor e-mails
Shoul
and phone calls to protect Americans?
Why we now celebrate
Constitution Day each year
By Martha Pickerill
O n September 17, 1787, 39 men put

their names on one of history’s most
important documents: the Constitution
of the United States of America. They
had spent nearly four months in
NARA
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, finding
↑ The U.S. Constitution celebrated
the best way to organize the U.S. its bicentennial in 1987.
government. Finally, they signed the
document that is the master plan
for how our government works.
Thanks to the Constitution,
we have a federal system of
government that unites the
states while sharing power with
them. All powers not given to the
federal government are given to
the states. This balance of power
makes our nation great!
George Washington and other

colonial leaders met to write
the U.S. Constitution. →

State Your Constitution
The Constitution allows states to have
Charles Hess/National
their own constitutions. Having several
Constitution Center
constitutions is not unusual because
different states have different needs.
In Florida, for example, these needs
include answers to health-care and
environmental problems caused by fast
population growth. State constitutions give
states a way to meet their needs.
A Reason to Celebrate
In 2005, President George W. Bush signed ↑ Kids sign a Constitution at
a law that made September 17 Constitution the National Constitution
Day. The law says that publicly funded schools Center in Philadelphia.
must have programs about the U.S. Constitution
on this day.
Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia wrote the
law. He is an expert on the Constitution. “Some events
define and shape history,” Senator Byrd said. “On
September 17, 1787, just such an event occurred.”
Who Has Here is a table of how the Constitution divides

some powers between the two levels of
government. There are powers that are for one
the Power? level only and powers that are shared by both.
Is It a National Is It a State
Power
Government Power? Government Power?
Print money Yes No
Declare war Yes No
Give out licenses No Yes
Create public schools No Yes
Collect taxes Yes Yes
Build roads Yes Yes
Make laws Yes Yes
Issue 13 • 103
A top spy agency is listening and looking for
clues in phone calls and e-mail messages.
I magine that your older brother has

been reading your IMs and listening to
your phone calls for months. Now
he knows about everything, from
your secret hiding spots to the time
you blamed the dog for breaking
your mom’s vase. How would you
feel? You would feel angry, probably.
That’s how many people felt when a

newspaper reported that the National
Security Agency (NSA) had been
listening in on some Americans
without legal permission. The NSA
had been listening to overseas
phone calls and reading e-mails
of certain people in the United
States since 2001.
Americans were troubled

by the news. Everyone dislikes
people snooping in their lives.
Isn’t that against the law in a free
country like ours? Usually, it is.
Dean MacAdam

Americans Spying on Americans
It is unlawful to listen to people’s phone calls or read their
e-mails without getting permission. But after the attacks
on the country in 2001, President George W. Bush went
around the law. He allowed the NSA to snoop on anyone
whom they thought would harm the United States.
In the past it was not so simple for an American to be

spied on. First, government lawyers had to see a judge.
The lawyers had to prove that they had good reason to
believe that the person was working against the United
States. The judge could then give them permission.
However, some people argued that these steps take too
long in today’s world. They said smart, timely spying
helped save lives.
Issue 13 • 105
Is Snooping Breaking the Law?
Those who think spying is a mistake say the current law
must be obeyed. They say our laws already give the
President the power he needs to protect Americans.
When asked, most Americans said the government
should get permission first. “They’re trying to do it
without using the courts,” says Robert Ray of Kentucky.
“I just don’t trust them.”
The White House, however, believed that Congress

gave the President the power to spy without
permission. This idea is based on what Congress
had said earlier, on September 14, 2001, three
days after the September 11 attacks. It said
that Bush, as Commander in Chief, could
use “all necessary” force against people
responsible for the attacks. “There is
Dean MacAdam
no doubt in my mind that it is legal,”
Bush said.
The Supreme Court decides on whether laws

passed by Congress are constitutional. ↓ Brooks Kraft/Corbis

A Question of Power
The writers of the Constitution wanted to create
a strong national government. They also wanted
to make sure that one person or group did not
The seat of Texas’s state
have too much power. That’s why they separated
government in Austin.↓
the government’s powers triangularly. The three
branches of government are: the Executive Branch,
Legislative Branch, and Judicial Branch. This makes
a system of “checks and balances.” Each branch has
certain powers to “check” the other branches and
make sure that power is balanced among them. This
helps keep our nation unified.
Those who believe this new kind of spying is

wrong say it is unconstitutional. They say it upsets
the balance of power spelled out in the Constitution.
It gives the Executive Branch—the President’s
office—too much power. Some say this spying is just
plain illegal. “The issue here is whether the President
Kelly-Mooney Photography/Corbis
of the United States put himself above the law, and
I believe he did so,” said Democratic Senator Russ
Feingold of Wisconsin.
Strong Branches
The table below shows how the branches of the federal government
compare with those set up by the Texas Constitution.
LEGISLATIVE EXECUTIVE JUDICIAL

Congress members write The President signs bills The Supreme Court is the
bills and then vote to into law. He also can veto, highest court in the country.
Federal
make them laws. or turn down, bills. Its members decide if laws
agree with the Constitution.
Working in either the The governor enforces The Supreme Court of Texas is
Senate or House of state laws. the highest court in the state.
Texas
Representatives, Texas Its nine judges decide if state
legislators make state laws. laws agree with the Texas
Constitution.
Issue 13 • 107
Who ever thought that a kid’s cell phone could be a parent’s
best friend? That’s the case with a feature on some cell phones.
Now moms and dads can use Global Positioning System (GPS)
technology to find out exactly where their kids are. Actually, the
system tells them where their kids’ cell phones are. This diagram
shows how it works.
1
Parent sends message
to phone company
asking for location.
Phone company
4 sends cell phone
2 location to parent.
Phone company
contacts GPS device
in cell phone.
GPS gets information

from satellites and sends
3 location information to
phone company.
Dean MacAdam
108
Saving
Salmon
Clouded in
Mystery
(c) OSF/Hill,M./Animals Animals/Earth Scenes; (tr) Courtesy Kayla Carpenter
Scientists are learning more

about the clouded leopards
found in Southeast Asia and
on the islands of Borneo
and Sumatra.
Distant Cousins?
Leopards once thought to be related
turn out to be from completely
different families.
ASIA
Pacific
C louded leopards are medium-size wildcats Ocean

Borneo
that live on mainland Southeast Asia and
A
AFRIC
Equator
Indian
the islands of Borneo and Sumatra. Their Ocean
INDONESIA
name comes from the cloudlike spots that AUSTRALIA
help conceal them in the jungle. Because they
live alone and like to hide from people, we
know very little about clouded leopards. Now,
though, we know more.
For more than 100 years, scientists believed that the clouded
leopards found in Southeast Asia and on Borneo and Sumatra were
the same species. But researchers compared their genes. They found
that the two big cats belong to entirely different species.
This clouded leopard lives on the The mainland clouded leopard is a

islands of Sumatra and Borneo. ↓ separate species from its island cousin. ↓
WWF/Canon/Alain Compost Peter Weimann/Animals Animals - Earth Scenes

Home Jungle Home
The forests of Sumatra and Borneo
are home to many unique animals
and plants. In one recent year,
52 new species were discovered in
the tropical rain forest at the center
of Borneo. To protect these animals
and plants, the governments of the
three countries on Borneo agreed
to protect the habitat. This
agreement will help the clouded
leopard survive.
Why a Meat-Eater
Needs Plants
Clouded leopards don’t eat plants,
but without the plants in their
rain forest habitat, they could not
survive. Every animal is part of
a food web that includes other
animals as well as plants. All parts
of the food web are important, but
Wayne Lawler/Corbis
without plants, it would quickly

fall apart.
It starts with energy from the ↑The countries
on the island of
sun. Plants use the sun’s energy to grow. Squirrels, Borneo have
monkeys, deer, and wild pigs are plant-eaters. They get agreed to protect
energy when they eat fruit, berries, grass, leaves, and the clouded
leopard’s habitat.
roots. Then the clouded leopard and other predators eat
these plant eaters. The energy passes on to the predators.
This flow of energy is what keeps a food web going. The
forest’s trees are important to clouded leopards
in another way. These leopards are the best climbers in
the cat family. Up in a tree the clouded leopard waits.
When its prey comes by below, the leopard pounces, and
dinner is served!
Issue 14 • 111
S a lm o n Run
Teenagers
eenagers take action to
ave part of their heritage.
save
W
and
hen they were 14, Kayla Carpenter
d Erika Chase saw 64,000 salmon
die.
e. The fish died in the Klamath River in
California.
alifornia. Kayla and Erika knew the river
well.
ell. Friends since fourth grade, they had
grown
own up fishing there. Kayla and Erika
are
e Yurok and Hupa Indians. Salmon
have sustained their communities for
thousands of years.
Kayla and Erika describe the way their

community felt about the death of the
salmon this way: “Young and old cried in
sadness and despair. We fear that with a
few more years like this, our generation
will see wild salmon become extinct in
our rivers.” ↑ Kayla and Erika
Making a Difference
Water for Farming or Fish? “As Indian people and as
For more than 40 years, upstream dams young people, our future
have slowed water flow in the Klamath depends on the defense
River. Dams make it possible to split up of our natural resources.
the river water. Much of the water goes We can all make a
to strawberry and cotton fields in the difference. All it takes
desert. Only a small amount is left for is the spirit to act.”
fish. It’s not nearly enough. —Kayla Carpenter and
Erika Chase
Courtesy Kayla Carpenter

Wide World Photo/Wide World Photo/AP Images
↑ Dams like this one on the Klamath River threaten the salmon.
The Salmons’ Journey
When they are ready to spawn,

salmon swim up river to lay their
eggs. The next generation then
returns to the ocean. Here is one
Joe LeMonnier
possible migration route.
Issue 14 • 113
The First Salmon Run Relay
In 2003, a year after the salmon died, Kayla and
Erika organized the Salmon Run Relay. They
wanted to educate and unite their communities,
encourage local political involvement, and inspire
exercise and healthier eating.
Volunteer runners carried a wooden fish 41 miles.

The wooden fish symbolized salmon that swim in
the river. The salmon come up the river to lay eggs.
When the eggs hatch, the young fish swim to the
ocean. The runners started at the mouth of the
Klamath River and followed the route of the wild
salmon. “The runners took on the salmon’s struggle
to call the world’s attention,” Erika says. It worked.
The Salmon Run Relay is now an annual event.
The Award
In 2005, Kayla and Erika received the Earth Island
Institute’s Brower Youth Award. This is the highest
environmental award for young people in the
United States. — Susan Moger
Courtesy Kayla Carpenter
↑ The Salmon Run Relay

The Hupa, Yurok,
and Karuk Indians
These northern California Indians have lived
along the Klamath and Trinity Rivers for
thousands of years. Salmon have always been
important in their cultures. Salmon were caught
in the spring and fall as they returned to the
rivers to spawn. Ceremonies were held to
conserve this natural bounty.
The Yurok, Hupa, and Karuk traditions are

alive and well. The Salmon Run Relay includes
a salmon ceremony based on the ancient rituals
Catherine Karnow/Corbis
of these Northern California Indians.
Life Cycle of Salmon
Eggs
Spawner Alevin
Adult Fry
Smolts
Parr
Mike Maydal
Issue 14 • 115
Top 5
Ten places in the United States are designated as National
Seashores by the federal government. These beautiful and
fragile coastal areas will be protected and preserved for future
generations. In all, almost 480,000 acres are protected under
this program. Here are the five largest National Seashores.
Visitors/
Name Location Size
Year
1. Gulf Islands National Seashore The Gulf of Mexico, off the coasts 137,458 acres 4,900,000
of Mississippi and Florida
2. Padre Island National Seashore The Gulf of Mexico, 130,434 acres 800,000
southeast of Corpus Christi, Texas
3. Cape Cod National Seashore The Atlantic Ocean, 43,604 acres 5,000,000
off Cape Cod, Massachusetts
4. Assateague Island National Seashore The Atlantic Ocean, along the 39,727 acres 2,000,000
Maryland/Virginia border
5. Canaveral National Seashore The Atlantic Ocean, 37,662 acres 1,000,000

near Titusville, Florida
Bill Heinsohn/Alamy
116
Honoring
a Legacy
(c) Robert Fried; (tr) J. Scott Applewhite/Wide World Photo/AP Images
Stone Face
A giant monument to a Native
American chief is taking shape.
Hail
to a
Chief
The world’s biggest
statue is being carved
out of mountain rock.
By Bill Doyle
(tl) Nik Wheeler/Corbis; (tr) Siede Preis/Getty Images
↑ When finished, the monument will be 641 feet long

by 563 feet high. A model of it is pictured above.
F or more than 50 years, an

amazing statue has been taking
In 1939 the Sioux chief Standing
Bear asked Korczak Ziolkowski
to design a huge statue. Together
shape in the rocky Black Hills of they chose a site on Thunderhead
South Dakota. It is a memorial to Mountain. This is within ten miles
Chief Crazy Horse, and it stands of Mount Rushmore, where the
as a symbol for Native Americans faces of four U.S. Presidents are
everywhere. When it is finished, it carved into rock.
will be by far the largest sculpture
Crazy Horse did not allow
in the world.
people to take pictures of him, but
Crazy Horse was a Native Native Americans who had known
American chief who fought bravely him described what he looked like
for the rights and freedoms of his to Ziolkowski. Then Ziolkowski
people. After Crazy Horse died in painted a giant outline of the
1877, Native Americans searched leader riding his horse, with Crazy
for a way to honor their hero. Horse’s arm pointing across the
lands he loved.
The mountain was ready to be made over.
Ziolkowski began to blast away the rock with
explosives. Sadly, the artist died suddenly
in 1982, but his family and others
continue to carve his dream. During the
summer 13 people work full-time on the
carving. If the weather isn’t too icy in
winter, carving takes place then, too.
One Humongous Horse!
Bettmann/Corbis
How big will the statue be? All four
faces of the Presidents on nearby Mount
Rushmore could fit inside Crazy Horse’s
head, which is 87.5 feet high. One nostril of
the big horse will be wide and deep enough
to hold a five-room house! ↑ Chief Crazy Horse is a hero
to Native Americans.
The statue may not be finished until the
Photodisc/Getty Images
year 2040 or beyond. But the awesome site already
attracts visitors. Talk about a big attraction!
Top Chiefs
History is full of great Native American leaders.
These are some from the past and present.
1923
1804 1831
Betty Mae Jumper,
Osceola, Seminole Sitting Bull, Seminole tribal
war chief, born Lakota chief, born chairperson, born
1800 1850 1900 1950
1829 1933 1943

Geronimo, Apache Ben Nighthorse Campbell, Billy Cypress,
chief, born U.S. Congressman of Miccosukee tribal
Cheyenne heritage, born chairperson, born
Issue 15 • 119
Celebrating American
Indian Heritage
November is National
American Indian and Alaska
Native Heritage Month.
Museum of the American Indian

By Jill Egan
Katherine Fogden/National
During the month of November,
Americans celebrate National American
Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month.
We take this month to think about
the culture and history of American
Indians (who are also known as Native
Americans) and Alaskan Natives.
Honoring Heritage ↑ The National Museum of the

American Indian looks like a
The celebration of American Indian rock formation. It is a symbol of
heritage started in 1916. At that time American Indian culture.
Americans celebrated for only one day. Chuck Place/Alamy
Each year in May, the nation would

observe American Indian Day. In 1990
President George H. W. Bush signed
the first proclamation that declared
November National American Indian
Heritage Month.
In 2004 the federal government

focused more attention on Native
Americans when it opened the National
Museum of the American Indian in
Washington, D.C. This Smithsonian
museum honors the history, arts, ↑ In November we celebrate and honor
and lives of Native Americans. American Indian history and culture.

J. Scott Applewhite/
American Indian and

Wide World Photo/
AP Images
Alaska Native History

Native Americans and Alaska Natives
lived in what is now North and South
America for thousands of years before
explorers arrived in the 1400s. When
Christopher Columbus reached the
islands off southeastern North America
in 1492, he called the people he met
Indians. That’s because he wrongly
thought he had sailed to India.
Before Europeans arrived, there were

between 12 and 15 million American
↑ The American Indian artist
Indians and Alaska Natives. After
Rick Bartow created this mask.
Europeans began to colonize the land, It is displayed in the National
disease and war killed hundreds of Museum of the American Indian.
thousands of American Indians.
The Cleanliness Bureau

AP Photo/
Prima Ballerina
Maria Tallchief is an American Indian ballet dancer.
She is one of the greatest ballerinas of all time.
She was the first U.S. born dancer to be named
top ballerina at the New York City Ballet. Here
are some highlights of her life.
Maria Tallchief
1925 Born in Fairfax, Oklahoma 1942 Joined the Ballet Russe de 1965 Retired from ballet
on an Indian reservation Monte Carlo in New York City
1920 1940 1960 1980
1933 Moved with family 1947 Became the prima ballerina 1981 Founded the Chicago
to California for the New York City Ballet City Ballet
Issue 15 • 121
Historian Kevin M. McCarthy writes that Florida
was home to nearly 50,000 American Indians
about 12,000 years ago. By the eighteenth
A Seminole man from south
century, thousands of them had disappeared. Florida wears the group’s
Many were forced off their land and killed in traditional clothes. ↓
battles with the Spanish. Others died of diseases
brought to the New World by the Europeans.
Indian groups in Florida included the Calusa

of southwest Florida, the Apalachee near what is
now called Tallahassee, the Tequesta near Miami,
and the Timucua, who lived in the area
between Daytona Beach and Jacksonville.
Today, American Indians and Alaska

Natives make up about 1.5 percent
of the U.S. population, or about
4.1 million people. They include two
Florida groups, the Miccosukee and
the Seminole.
There are more than 550 federally

recognized American Indian groups in
the United States.
The largest Alaska Native group is the Tlingit,

with about 17,200 people.
538,000 American Indians and Alaska

Natives live on reservations.
122 • Time For Kids Pat Canova/Silver Image

A Lasting Legacy
The legacy of American Indians is all American Indian and Alaska
around us and in the words we use. In Native Heritage Month is celebrated
fact, 27 states and many cities, rivers, with community gatherings and
and lakes have names that came festivals. Many schools celebrate
from American Indian languages. For the month by learning more about
example, Texas is from the Caddo the history of these great people.
Indian word taysha meaning “friend Students also learn about their
or ally.” Waco, Texas is named after contributions to education, art,
the Waco band of the Wichita that literature, government, sports,
originally lived in the area. science, and technology. It is a story
that is worth telling—and listening to.
What’s in a Name?
Many U.S. states have been named using American
Indian words from different groups. Here are a few
examples and their meanings.
Place Name Meaning

Arizona little or young spring
Connecticut beside the long tidal river
Kansas people of the south wind
Kentucky land of tomorrow
Michigan great or large lake
Minnesota sky-tinted water
Mississippi Father of Waters
Ohio great river
Utah people of the mountains
Source: O Brave New Words! Native American Loanwords in Current English,

by Charles L. Cutler
Issue 15 • 123
When
hen the statue of Chief Crazy Horse is finished
finished, it will be
563 feet high. Though it will tower over most structures, it
won’t be the tallest monument in the United States. Here
are the tallest American monuments.
Height Construction
Monument
(in feet) Time
St. Louis
(t) David R. Frazier/
Photolibrary/Alamy; Gateway Arch 630 1963–1965
(cl) Eyewire/Photodisc/
PunchStock; (cr)
Wolfgang Kaehler/ (Missouri)
Corbis; (b) Max W.
Hunn/SuperStock
San Jacinto
570 1936–1939
Monument (Texas)
(bkgd) Scenics of America/PhotoLink/Getty Images
Washington Monument
555 1848–1884
(Washington, D.C.)
Perry’s Victory and

International Peace 352 1912–1915
Memorial (Ohio)
Jefferson Davis Obelisk

351 1917–1924
(Kentucky)
St. Louis Gateway Arch in Missouri

124

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Acknowledgments

Book Cover: (c) Stockbyte/PunchStock; (tr) NASA/Corbis

Published by Macmillan/McGraw-Hill, of McGraw-Hill Education, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,

Printed in The United States of America

The Growth of the West .................................................................. 6

Cattle ranching has played an important role in

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The Old Man of the Mountain .......................................................14

Powerful storms may increase the

A4TFK_TXNA_I2FP_RD11.indd 13 1/20/09 2:01:25 PM

Kids across the country are starting their

A4TFK_TXNA_I3FP_RD11.indd 21 1/20/09 2:02:19 PM

Mr. Mix-It ...........................................................................................30

A4TFK_TXNA_I4FP_RD11.indd 29 1/20/09 2:02:44 PM

Sniffing Out Trouble ....................................................................... 38

Dogs are being used to make

A4TFK_TXNA_I5FP_RD11.indd 37 1/20/09 2:03:31 PM

A Remarkable Texan, a Remarkable Person .............................46

for American Ideals

A4TFK_TXNA_I6FP_RD11.indd 45 1/28/09 2:09:50 PM

“Ma” Makes History ........................................................................54

Women around the world are taking

A4TFK_TXNA_I7FP_RD11.indd 53 1/28/09 2:14:26 PM

Explorers and Technology ............................................................ 62

The ninth planet from the sun

Artist’s illustration of Pluto and its two moons

A4TFK_TXNA_I8FP_RD11.indd 61 1/20/09 2:05:15 PM

Bad News for Bees .........................................................................70

Coral reefs are in hot water.

A4TFK_TXNA_I9FP_RD11.indd 69 1/20/09 2:08:52 PM

Stop the Spartina! ........................................................................... 78

A4TFK_TXNA_I10FP_RD11.indd 77 1/23/09 3:12:34 PM

Dolphin Name Calling .................................................................... 86

A4TFK_TXNA_I11FP_RD11.indd 85 1/26/09 12:54:49 PM

A4TFK_TXNA_I12FP_RD11.indd 93 1/20/09 2:10:54 PM

America’s Grand Plan................................................................... 102

A4TFK_TXNA_I13FP_RD11.indd 101 1/26/09 12:55:30 PM

Scientists are learning more

A4TFK_TXNA_I14FP_RD11.indd 109 1/28/09 2:15:34 PM

Hail to a Chief ................................................................................. 118

A giant monument to a Native

A4TFK_TXNA_I15FP_RD11.indd 117 1/28/09 2:16:33 PM

Cattle ranching has played an important role in

Cattle ranching was at

↑ An artist’s portrayal of life on a mission

The original residents of what is There were few Spanish settlers in

Cattle and Oil in Texas

1690 First longhorn cattle

The Texas Longhorn

Beginning in the 1830s, new settlers

1972 Texas oil production 2008 There are approximately

here is the population of the United

↑ Many families like this one are moving

Top 5 States Top 5 States in Percentage

8• Time For Kids

Net Migration* by U.S. Census Regions, Northeast

*Net migration is the change in population caused

Texas Population, 1900–2000 Source: U.S. Census Bureau

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000

1910 1930 1950 1970 1990

This closed factory shows why the Northeast

10 • Time For Kids