PERFORMANCE STANDARD MEASUREMENT

PERFORMANCE DESCRIPTOR
LEVEL
1 Recall knowledge and scientific skills on the Learning Area
2 Understand the Learning Area, and able to comprehend the
concept
3 Apply knowledge of the Learning Area to explain the
occurrences or phenomena of nature and perform simple tasks
4 Analyse information about the Learning Area in daily life
problem solving about natural phenomena
5 Evaluate to make judgement about the Learning Area in daily
life problem solving and decision making to carry out a task
6 Invent by applying the knowledge and skills about the Learning
Area in daily life problem solving or decision making to carry
out activities/ assignments in a new situation creatively and
innovatively; giving due consideration to the social/ economic/
cultural aspects

Theme : Newtonian Mechanics

Learning Area : 2.0 Force and Motion 1

1 Diagram 1.1 shows an experimental set-up where a ticker timer is used to study
the type of motion for a trolley moving down a friction-compensated runway. The
frequency of the ticker timer is 50 Hz.

Diagram 1.1
(a) State the type of current used by the ticker timer. PL1
Alternating current
 (b) Diagram 1.2 shows a strip of ticker tape obtained from the motion of the
trolley.

Diagram 1.2
(i) What is the time interval between two consecutive dots? PL3
0.02 s

(ii) State the type of motion of the trolley. PL2

Constant velocity

(iii) Calculate the velocity of the trolley. PL3

50 cms -1

(c) What will happen to the velocity of the trolley if the runway is replaced with PL4
high friction runway.
Decreases

(d) Suggest other ways to increase the velocity of the trolley. PL5
Put oil on the railway / Accept any relevant answer

2 At a sports event, a champion runner and a car take part in a race. Diagram 2.1
and 2.2 show speed-time graphs for two objects, each moving in a straight line.

Diagram 2.1 Diagram 2.2

(a) State what is meant by speed. PL1

Rate of change of distance

2
(b) (i) Describe the motion of the object shown by the graph in Diagram 2.1. PL2
Tick ( / ) in the box.

speed is constant/ uniform/ unchanging

acceleration OR increasing speed

/
decreasing acceleration OR decreasing rate of increase in
speed

(ii) Describe the motion of the object shown by the graph in Diagram 1.2. PL2
Tick ( / ) in the box.

speed is constant/ uniform/ unchanging

acceleration OR increasing speed

/ decreasing acceleration OR decreasing rate of increase in

speed

(c) On a day with no wind, a large object is dropped from a tall building. The PL3
object experiences air resistance during its fall to the ground.
State and explain, in terms of the forces acting, how the acceleration of the
object varies during its fall.
 mention of air resistance AND weight (of object) / force due to gravity
 acceleration at start (of fall) is acceleration of gravity / acceleration
maximum OR acceleration decreases (as it falls)
 air resistance increases as speed increases/as it accelerates acceleration
 constant speed/maximum speed when air resistance = weight

3
3 Diagram 3.1 shows a velocity-time graph for a test drive of a new car carrying four
passengers, moving in a straight line.

Diagram 3.1

(a) (i) What is meant by acceleration? PL1

Rate of change of speed/velocity

(ii) On Diagram 3.1, mark “X” where the acceleration of the car begin to PL2
decrease.

(b) Calculate the distance travelled by the car from t = 3 s to t = 5 s. PL4

Distance travelled = area under the graph

=½(a+b)(h)

= ½(30-10)(2)

= 20 m

4
 (c) In the space below, sketch a v-t graph that will be obtained if the car tested PL5
again without passengers.

4 Diagram 4 shows Dali who will be participating in a softball tournament.

Diagram 4

By using the relevant physics concept, explain what he has to do to catch a fast PL6
moving ball during the tournament.
Your explanation should be based on the special stuff needed, the chosen materials
to be used, the techniques applied and any additional idea that practical.

5
 Aspects Explanation
Wearing a thick glove // To absorb shock // To increase time impact
cushion // soft material
Material of the glove Long lasting // not easily tear
must be strong
Move hand backward To reduce impulsive Force
during catch the ball
Studded shoes (shoes To grip when running during catching the ball
with spikes)
Outer layer of the glove Avoid water absorption.
made from water
resistant
Bending legs during To increase stability // prevent injury
catching

5 Diagram 5.1 shows a pile driver used to drive a concrete pile in the ground. This is
an example of application of principle of conservation of momentum.

Diagram 5.1
(a) (i) State the principle of conservation of momentum. PL1
Total momentum before collision is equal to the total of momentum
after collision.

(ii) Explain how the concrete pile is driven in the ground.

 Hammer with greater mass is released with a high velocity to gain
high momentum
 Hammer will collide with the concrete pile hard surface
 Due to principle of conservation of momentum, total momentum
carried by hammer and concrete pile before collision is equal to the
momentum after the collision.
 The large amount momentum carried by the concrete pile and it
driven into the ground.
 Time of impact is small
 High impulsive force applied drive it into the ground

6
(b) Diagram 5.2 shows a tennis player hitting a tennis ball with his racket. PL5

Diagram 5.2
You are required to investigate the techniques done by the player and the
characteristics of the racket’s string as shown in table given.

Type of string String tension Material of the Time contact

string between the ball
and racket
P High Steel Long
Q High Nylon Short
R Low Steel Short
S Low Nylon Long

Explain the suitability of the techniques done by the tennis player and
characteristics of the racket’s string. Determine the most effective technique
done by the tennis player and the most suitable characteristics of the racket’s
string to produce high speed motion of the tennis ball after being hit. Give
reasons for the choice.

Technique and characteristic Explanation

Continue to swing the racket after Extended the stopping time of the racjet /
hitting the ball reduce the impact toward hand / avoid injury
Short time contact between the Increase the impulse force
ball and racket
High string tension Shorten the contact time with the ball / produce
high impulsive force
Material string is nylon Produced higher elastic potential energy
The best is Q because he continue to swing the racket after hitting the ball with short
time contact between the ball and racket. He used high string tension and the
material of the string is nylon

7
Learning Area : 3.0 Gravitation
1 (a) State Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation PL1
The gravitational force between two bodies is directly proportional to the
product of the masses of both bodies and inversely proportional to the square
𝐺𝑚1 𝑚2
of the distance between the centres of the two bodies. F = 𝑟2

(b) List the physical quantities and units involved from (a) PL1
F = gravitational force between two bodies
m1 = mass of first body
m2 = mass of second body
r = distance between the centre of the first body and the centre of the
second body
G = gravitational constant (G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2)

2 (a) Communications satellites orbit the Earth at a height of 36 000 km. How far PL2
is this from the centre of the Earth?
Given: Radius of the Earth = 6.4 x 106 m
r = 36000 x 103 + 6.4 x 106
= 4.24 x 107 m

(b) If such a satellite has a mass of 250 kg, what is the force of attraction on it PL2
from the Earth? (Force of attraction = gravitational force)
Given: G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2
Mass of the Earth = 6.0 x 1024 kg
F = (6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2) (250 kg) (6.0 x 1024 kg)
(4.24 x 107 m)2

= 1.0005 x 1017
1.79776 x 1015

= 55.65 N

3 Two spherical objects have masses of 200 kg and 500 kg. Their centres are PL2
separated by a distance of 25 m. Find the gravitational attraction between them.
(Gravitational attraction = gravitational force)
F = (6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2) (200 kg) (500 kg)
(25 m)2

= 1.0672 x 10-8 N

8
4 A 1 kg object is located at a distance of 6.4 x10 6 m from the centre of a larger PL3
object whose mass is 6.0 x 1024 kg.
(a) What is the size of the force acting on the smaller object?
Force acting = gravitational force)
F = (6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2) (6.0 x 1024 kg) (1 kg) = 9.77 N
(6.4 x 106 m)2

(b) What is the size of the force acting on the larger object?
Newton’s Third Law – the forces are equal so the answer is 9.77 N

(c) What is the acceleration of the smaller object when it is released?

F=ma 9.77 N = (1) a
a = 9.77 m s-2

(d) What is the acceleration of the larger object when it is released?

F=ma 9.77 N = (6.0 x 1024 kg) a
a = 1.63 x 10-24 m s-2

5 A satellite of mass 900 kg orbits 400 km above the Earth’s surface as shown below.

Calculate the time that the satellite takes to make one complete orbit (T) of the PL2
Earth with v = 2πr /T. R = radius of the Earth = 6.37 x 106 m
Given : h = 400 km v = 7.7 x 103 m/s Equation to use : v = 2πr /T
where r = (R + h) = (6.37 x 106 m) + (400 km) = 6.66 x 106 m
v = 2πr /T
7.7 x 103 m/s = 2π (6.66 x 106 m)
T
T = 5524.31 s
9
6 (a) The weight of a satellite in a circular orbit around the Earth is half of its
weight on the surface of the Earth. The mass of the satellite is 8.0 x 10 2 kg.
(i) Determine the altitude of the orbit. PL3
g at the Earth’s surface = 9.81 N/kg W = mg = (8.0 x 10 2 kg)(9.81 N/kg) = 7848 N
W at height, h = ½ (7848 N/kg) = 3924 N/kg
Using W = mg, 3924 N = (8.0 x 102 kg) g G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2
g = 4.905 N/kg
M = 5.97 x 1024 kg
Using g = GM , 4.905 = (6.67 x 10-11)(5.97 x 1024)
r2 r2 R = 6.37 x 106 m
2 13
r = 8.11 x 10
r = 9.0 x 106 m
r =R+h
9.0 x 106 m = 6.37 x 106 + h
h = 2.63 x 106 m

(ii) Determine the speed of the satellite.

F = mv2
r
3924 N = (8.0 x 102 kg) v2 v = 4.4 x 107 m/s
9.0 x 106 m

(iii) Determine the minimum energy required by the satellite to escape from PL3
its orbit to space.
E = mgh = Wh
= (3924 N/kg)(2.63 x 106 m)
= 1.03 x 1010 J

(iv) If the satellite is replaced with another satellite of mass 1.6 x 10 3 kg, PL4
state the effect on your answers for (i), (ii) and (iii).
(i) altitude unchange
(ii) speed decreases
(iii) Energy required increases

7 (a) State what is meant by the ‘gravitational field strength’ PL2

Force per unit mass in a gravitational field

(b) The gravitational field strength on the surface of Jupiter = 26.4 N kg-1. PL3
where,
the radius of Jupiter = 70,000 km
the mass of Jupiter = 1.94 x 1027 kg

10
 (i) Use Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation to show that G =
𝑔𝑟 2
𝑀
F= GMm From F = mg, mg = GMm
r2 r2
cancel common factor, m
g = GM
r2
2
gr = G
M

(ii) Show that the data given for Jupiter agrees with this law.
G =gr2 = (26.4)(70000 x 103)2 = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 / kg2 = Agree!
M 1.94 x 1027

8 Table 1 shows information on three types of orbits L, M and N for a satellite orbiting
the earth.
Orbit Shape of orbit Height of orbit / Orbital period /
m hours
L Ellipse 6.70 x 103 1.41
M Circle 3.59 x 107 24.04
N Circle 5.43 x 107 41.33
Table 1
(a) A space agency wishes to launch two satellites, P and Q to orbit the Earth. PL5
Satellite P is an Earth imaging satellite that can capture images of various
locations on the surface of the Earth while satellite Q is a communication
satellite.
Using the information in Table 1, determine which orbit is suitable for
satellite P and satellite Q. Explain your choice.
Gravitational force acts as centripetal force

11
 Satellite P is an imaging satellite with the following features:
 Orbital height is small so that clear photographs can be taken of the surface of the Earth.
 Orbital period is less than 24 hours so that it can orbit the Earth several times a day.
The satellite will be at different locations above the surface of the Earth and can take
photographs in many different places.
 Elliptical shaped orbit so that near and far photographs can be taken.
– Therefore, satellite P needs to be placed in orbit X.
Satellite Q is a communication satellite with the following features:
 Orbital period of 24 hours so as to rotate together with the Earth and maintain at the
same location above the surface of the Earth. This satellite can receive and transmit
communication signals to stations on Earth.
 Round orbit so that its height from the surface of the Earth is constant.
– Therefore, satellite Q needs to be placed in orbit Y.

(b) Assume you are a scientist. Your group has found a new system of bodies. This PL6
system is made up of a star at the centre and five planets in a circular orbit
around the star.
Table 2 shows information on this system of bodies.
Body Mass / kg Radius of body Radius or
/m orbit / m
Star 5.90 x 1029 6.96 x 108 -
Planet D 2.80 x 1022 1.07 x 106 2.86 x 1010
Planet E 6.30 x 1023 2.30 x 106 9.85 x 1010
Planet F 7.40 x 1022 3.41 x 106 1.15 x 1011
Planet G 4.60 x 1025 1.32 x 107 5.32 x 1011
Planet H 1.90 x 1021 2.42 x 105 2.13 x 1012
Table 2
(i) Calculate the gravitational acceleration, escape velocity and orbital
period of each planet.

12
 (ii) How do the values of gravitational acceleration, escape velocity and
orbital period influence the suitability of a new planet to be inhabited
by humans?
 Value of g will determine the body weight of humans. A value of g that is too
small or large will cause the blood circulatory system and fluids as well as internal
organs in the human body to not function normally
 A high enough escape velocity will ensure a planet has an atmosphere that is thick
enough for human needs
 Orbital period will determine changes in weather and season cycles. A period that
is too short causes changes to happen too quickly and is not suitable for plants.
On the other hand, too long a period causes each season to last for too long. For
example summers or winters that are too long.

(iii) Choose the most suitable planet to be inhabited by humans. Give a

reason for your choice.
Gravitational acceleration of Earth, g = 9.81 m s –2.
Escape velocity of Earth is 1.12 × 104 m s–1
Orbital period of Earth around the Sun is 1.00 year.
 Planet B has a gravitational acceleration closest to that of Earth.
 Humans can live comfortably with a few adjustments.
 Escape velocity of Planet B is not too small compared to the escape velocity of
Earth.
 There is a high possibility that the layer of atmosphere of Planet B is thick and
dense enough for human needs.
 Orbital period of Planet B is about the same as that of Earth.

Planet B is chosen to be inhabited by humans.

9 MEASAT Satellite Systems Sdn. Bhd, is a Malaysian communications satellite PL5

operator, which owns and operates the MEASAT (Malaysia East Asia Satellite) and
AFRICASAT spacecraft. The company is planning to orbit a new model of spacecraft
that have enhancements over the standard model satellite currently used. As part
of the team in charge with the selection, you are required to choose the best
model to the board of the company.

Model Number of Transponders Design Altitude

Lifetime
A 12 (C-band) 12 years Lower
B 24 (C-band and Ku-band) 15 years Higher
C 12 (Ku-band) 12 years Higher
D 24 (C-band and Ku-band) 15 years Lower

13
 Aspects Explanation
More number of to covers geographically remote areas and expands
transponders the MEASAT fleet's coverage to more than 100
countries
Longer design longer mission operation
lifetime
Higher altitude so that the drag of the atmospheric gases doesn't make
the orbiting satellite slow down

The best model is Model B

(e) Using the equation in a (i), and the Centripetal Force, F =

𝑚𝑣 2
where 𝑣 =
2𝜋𝑟 PL6
𝑟 𝑇

Express the Third Kepler’s Law as 𝑇 2 ∝ 𝑟 3.

𝑚𝑣 2 𝐺𝑀𝑚
= 2
𝑟 𝑟
𝐺𝑀
𝑣2 =
𝑟
2𝜋𝑟 2 𝐺𝑀
( ) =
𝑇 𝑟

4𝜋 2 𝑟 2 𝐺𝑀
=
𝑇2 𝑟
4𝜋 2 𝑟 3 = 𝐺𝑀𝑇 2
4𝜋 2 𝑟 3
= 𝑇2
𝐺𝑀
4𝜋 2
= 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡, thus 𝑟 3 ∝ 𝑇 2
𝐺𝑀

14
Theme : Heat
Learning Area: 4.0 Heat
Content Standard: 4.3 Specific Latent Heat

1 Diagram 1.1 shows the soup that boil in a metal pot and in a clay pot. Both pot
sand soups are supplied with same rate of heat and have same mass. Diagram 1.2
shows the changes in temperature after 5 minutes.

Diagram 1.1

Diagram 1.2

(a) What is meant by latent heat? PL1

Latent heat is the heat absorbed or the heat released at constant
temperature during a change of phase

(b) Based on Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2, PL4

(i) compare the temperature of the soup in the metal pot and the
temperature of the soup in the clay pot after 5 minutes.
the temperature of the soup in the metal pot is higher than the
temperature of the soup in the clay

(ii) compare the specific heat capacity of the metal pot and the specific
heat capacity of the clay pot.
specific heat capacity of the metal pot is lower than the specific heat
capacity of the clay pot.

(iii) compare the mass of the soup in both pot.

Both mass are the same

15
 (iv) state the relationship between the change of temperature and the
specific heat capacity.
The higher the change of temperature, the lower the specific heat
capacity

2 Diagram 2 shows a temperature-time graph for the heating of 50 g substance. The

initial state of the substance is solid

Diagram 2

(a) What is the melting point of the substance? PL2

80 0C

(b) What is the physical state of the substance at QR?

solid -liquid

(c) Calculate the heat energy required to raise the temperature of the substance PL3
from 30oC to 80oC. Given the specific heat capacity of the substance as 1720
J kg-1 oC-1.
Q = mcθ
= 0.05 kg x 1720 x (80 - 30)0C
= 4300 J

16
3 Table below shows the specifications for material X and Z.

Specific heat
Melting Density/
Material capacity/
point/ °C kg m–3
J kg–1 °C–1

X 340 1 300 3 000

Z 210 1 500 2040

(a) Based on the information in the table above, PL4

(i) compare the specific heat capacity of material X and Z
specific heat capacity of material X is greater than Z

(ii) compare the melting point of material X and Z

melting point of material Z is higher than X

(b) Based on the information in the table, choose the most suitable material for PL5
making a cooking pot. Give reason for your answer.
Z because the Z has low specific heat capacity that make it easy to hit up and
not easily to melt at high temperature

4 Diagram shows a lidded cup. The cup is not suitable to maintain the temperature
of a hot drink for a long time.

PL6

You are required to suggest the suitable characteristics of the lidded cup in the
Diagram that can maintain the temperature of the hot drink for a long time.

State and explain your suggestions based on the characteristics of;

(i) material for the cup
Ceramic or porcelain

(ii) the lid

Glass

17
Content Standard: 4.4 Gas Laws
1 Diagram shows readings of Bourdon gauge which connected to an enclosed
container before and after the piston is pushed.

(a) Which Physics Gas Laws is used to explain the observation above? LP1
Boyle’s Law

2 What is meant by Charles’ Law? LP2

Charles’ Law state that for a fixed mass of gas, the volume of the gas is directly
proportional to its absolute temperature when its pressure is kept constant

3 Diagram shows the reading of air pressure inside a tire before begins for a long
journey. The reading is 250 kPa and the temperature of air during that time is
27oC.

(a) Calculate the temperature of air inside the tire if after a long journey, the LP3
reading of the air pressure is 280 kPa.
P1 = 250 kPa
T1 = 27 + 273 = 300 K

P2 = 280 kPa
T2 = ?

P1 = P2
T1 T2
(250) = (280)
300 T2
T2 = 336 K
18
4 Diagram 4.1 shows a balloon filled with air is placed between two books at room
temperature.
Diagram 4.2 shows the same balloon is placed at the same position after been left
in the ice box for 30 minutes.
There is an extra space between the two books.

Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2

With the use of apparatus such as capillary tube, beaker and other apparatus, LP4
describe one experiment to investigate the hypothesis related to the diagrams
above.
Inference
Volume of air / gas depends on temperature

Hypothesis
When temperature decreases, volume of air / gas decreases // vice-versa

Aim
To investigate the relationship between volume of air (trapped) and temperature

Variables
MV Temperature
RV Volume of air trapped
FV Mass of air / Air pressure

List of apparatus and material

Beaker, Bunsen burner, capillary tube with sulphuric acid, thermometer, meter rule, water,
stirrer, tripod stand, wire gauge

Arrangement of apparatus

19
 Procedures
The apparatus is set-up as shown.
The water is heated until the temperature increase to Ɵ = 30 oC.
The solution is heated slowly and stirred constantly.

Measure and record the length of trapped air in capillary tube using metre rule.
The length of trapped air represents the volume of trapped air.

Repeat the previous steps using four different value of temperature,

Ɵ = 40 oC, 50 oC, 60 oC and 70 oC.

Tabulating data

Temperature, (C) Length of trapped air, l (cm)

30
40
50
60
70

Analysing data

l (cm)

Ɵ º(C)

5 Diagram 5.1 and Diagram 5.2 shows an experiment to study the relationship
between the temperature and the pressure of a gas.
Diagram 5.1 shows the beaker is heated for 5 minutes while Diagram 5.2 shows the
beaker is heated for 10 minutes.

Diagram 5.1 Diagram 5.2

(a) State a relationship between the temperature of trapped air and the reading LP2
of measuring instrument X.
Directly proportional

20
 (b) Using the Kinetic Molecular Theory, explain your answer above. LP4
When temperature increase, the reading of measuring instrument X increase
When the air is heated, temperature increase
The kinetic energy of gas molecules increase // the gas molecules moves with
high velocity
The collision between with the gas molecules and the wall of the container
increase
Pressure increase // reading of measuring instrument X increases

6 Diagram shows the design and characteristics of the four pressure cooker P, Q, R
and S.

Pressure Cooker Specifications

21
 S

Study the specifications of four pressure cooker. Explain suitability of each design LP5
and characteristics to determine the most suitable pressure cooker to cook chicken
broth safely, faster and withstand high temperature. Justify your answer.
Aspect Explanation
Use steel body of pressure Can withstand high pressure //
cooker withstand high temperature //
strong // last longer
Use thicker wall Can withstand high pressure //
strong
Have valve Can decrease the pressure in
the pressure cooker when using
it
Have many clips Prevent the lid from open

Pressure cooker P is the best

because it has steel body, thicker wall, has valve and has many slips

7 Diagram shows an electrical rice cooker.

You are required to give suggestion to modify the electrical rice cooker to slow LP6
cooker which can function effectively, based on the lid, material of the body,
material of the pot and additional component.

22
 Characteristics
Material of the lid is glass
Material of the body is steel
Material of the cooking pot is
ceramic // porcelain
Have timer
Have digital control panel
Have temperature control
Have heater // heating
element
Explanation
Can observe the cooking
process
Can withstand high pressure //
can withstand high
temperature // strong
High specific heat capacity
Can switch of the slow cooker
when the cooking is finished
Can turn on the slow cooker
automatically
Can control the suitable
temperature for cooking
To heat up the slow cooker

Theme : Waves, Light and Optics

Learning Area: 5.0 Waves

1 (a) What is meant by frequency? LP1

Number of complete oscillation made in 1 second

(b) Progressive waves consist of : LP1

(i) transverse wave

(ii) longitudinal wave

2 Diagram 2.1 and 2.2 show graph of Displacement against Distance of a wave and
graph of Displacement against time.
(a) Label the box in following diagrams. LP2
(i)
Wavelength

Amplitude
Wavelength

Diagram 2.1

23
 (ii)

Period

Period

Diagram 2.2

(b) Based on the displacement time graph in Diagram 2.2, LP3

(i) Find the amplitude of the graph.
10 cm

(ii) Calculate frequency, f of the wave.

= 1/0.4 s
= 2.5 Hz

3 Diagram shows water waves moving towards the shore.

(a) Name the wave phenomenon. LP2

Refraction of water waves

24
 (b) Explain what happens to the waves as it approaches the headland. LP4
Waves bend as it go through medium with different densities.
Ocean – represent deep , shore – represent shallow
Thus, Velocity of waves decreases

4 Diagram below shows an island that has been developed for a tourism attraction.

To attract more tourists to come to the island, a contractor wants to build a beach LP6
resort. As a consultant you are required to give suggestions on the proposed
project based on the following aspects:
The location of the resort
Features to reduce the erosion of the shore
Features to enable children to enjoy swimming in calm water
Suggestion Reason
Build near bay Waves are calmer due to divergence of energy.
Convergence of waves at the cape.
The bay is shallower. The speed of waves
decreases. The amplitude of waves at the bay is
small
Build retaining walls Reduce direct impact of the waves on the shore.
To reflect the waves from the shore. Protect the
area from large waves
Build concrete structures Waves passing through the gap will be diffracted
with a gap in between at in the children‘s area. Smaller amplitude of the
designated area for children diffracted waves causes the sea to be calmer
there. Energy of waves decreases.

25
5 Diagram 1 shows two loud speakers P and Q connected to an audio signal generator
placed in spacious area. Rashid walks from point X to point Y in front of the two
loud speakers at a distance of 6.0 m from them. Rashid hears a series of loud and
soft sound alternately. At points A, C and E, he heard louder sound whereas at
points B, D and F, softer sound was heard.

Diagram 1

(a) What is the phenomenon that causes Rashid to hear loud and soft sound? LP1
Interference

(b) What happened to the sound waves from the loud speakers at E and F? LP2
E - constructive interference
F - destructive interference

(c) Why must this experiment be carried out in an spacious area? LP2
To avoid the sound from being reflected by the surrounding objects which
will interfere with the interference of sound waves.

(d) If the wavelength of the sound generated was 0.15 m, what is the separation LP3
between point A and C?
ax
=
D
3x
0.15 
6
x  0.3 m

26
 (e) If the distance between two loud speakers decreases, what will happen to LP3
the separation between two consecutive loud sounds?
The separation becomes bigger.

6 Diagram 2(a) shows the arrangement of Young’s double-slit experiment. A source

of white light is directed through a red filter to produce a monochromatic light.

Diagram 2(a)
Diagram 2(b) and Diagram 2(c) show two double slit which have been used in the
experiment.

Diagram 2(b) Diagram 2(c)

Diagram 2(d) and Diagram 2(e) show the fringe pattern produced in the screen.

Diagram 2(d) Diagram 2(e)

(a) What is meant by monochromatic light? LP1
One color // One wavelength // lambda // frequency

27
(b) Based on
(i) Diagram 2(b) and 2(c), compare the distance of slit separation, a1 and LP4
a2.
a1 is shorter than a2 // a1 < a2

(ii) Diagram 2(d) and 2(e), compare the distance of two consecutive dark LP4
fringes separation, x1 and x2.
x1 is longer (than x2) // x1> x2

(iii) State the relationship between the distance of slit separation, a, to the LP4
distance of two consecutive dark fringes, x.
When a increase, x decrease

(iv) State one constant variable in the experiment. LP1

Wavelength λ // distance between double slit to screen, D

(c) Name the phenomenon of light that produces the fringe pattern in Diagram LP1
2(d) and 2(e).
Interference

(d) Explain how the fringe pattern in Diagram 2(d) and Diagram 2(e) are formed. LP3
Constructive interference corresponds to bright fringes
Destructive interference corresponds to dark fringes

28
7 Diagram 3.1 and 3.2 shows an experiment to determine the wavelength of
monochromatic light waves.
Diagram 3.1 used a blue light source and Diagram 3.2 used a red light source.

Diagram 3.1

Diagram 3.2

The separation between two slits, a, and the distance between the double slit and
the screen, D, in both diagrams are constant. The dark and bright fringes are
produced after the light passes through the slit.

(a) What is meant by monochromatic light? LP1

The light which has one wavelength / one colour

29
 (b) Compare the wavelength of red light and blue light. LP4
Tick ( √ ) the correct answer in the box provided.
(√) Wavelength of red light > wavelength of blue light
( ) Wavelength of red light < wavelength of blue light
( ) Wavelength of red light = wavelength of blue light

(c) State the relationship between the wavelength and the distance between LP2
consecutive bright fringes in this experiment.
The longer the wavelength, the longer the distance between consecutive
bright fringes

(d) (i) What happen to the distance between two consecutive bright fringes, LP3
x, if the separation between two slits, a, is increased?
The distance between two consecutive bright fringes will decrease

(ii) Give a reason for your answer in (d) (i). LP3

When a increase, x decrease

(e) State a wave phenomenon which occurs in this experiment. LP1

Interference

8 Diagram 1.1 shows alternating loud and soft sounds produced by an audio
frequency generator through two identical loudspeakers.

Diagram 1.1
Diagram 1.2 shows the alternating loud and soft sounds produced when the audio
frequency generator is tuned to produce a high frequency sound waves.

30
 Diagram 1.2

(a) (i) Explain why two loudspeakers are connected to one audio frequency LP2
generator.
To produce coherent sound

(ii) Using Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2, compare the wavelength of the LP3
sound waves used and the distance between two consecutive loud
sounds. Relate the wavelength of the sounds with the distance between
two consecutive loud sounds. Name the wave phenomenon involved.
 The wavelength of the sound waves in Diagram 1.1 is greater than
that in Diagram 1.2.
 The distance between two consecutive loud sounds in Diagram 1.1 is
greater than that in Diagram 1.2
 The distance between two consecutive loud sound increases as the
wavelength of the waves increases
 Interference of sound waves

31
9 Diagram 2 shows the new hall in Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sungai Perak. A PL6
musical concert will be held at the hall in few months’ time.

Diagram 2

Observe Diagram 2 carefully, there are some improvements can be made to

enhance the sound effect. Using appropriate physics concept, explain the use of
suitable equipment and furnishing to improve the sound effect of the concert.
Your answer should include the following aspects:

(i) Distance between of two stereo speakers

(ii) Positioning of speakers and microphones
(iii) Furnishing of the hall and other aspects
Characteristics Reason
Distance between two stereo speakers near to To reduce interference
one another
The speakers must be placed in front of the To avoid humming/ disturbance// T o
microphones prevent the sound from speakers being
amplified again by the microphone

Covers the walls with thick and soft curtains
Use chair with thick cushion
Covers the floor with thick carpets
Make sure all the small openings between
doors/windows and the door/ noise from the
outside window frames are closed
Positioning of the two speakers and audience is
arranged in the way as such that they form a
triangle
32
To reduce the echoes effect // Soft
materials can reduce reflection of
soundwaves
To reduce the echoes effect // Soft
materials can reduce reflection of sound
wave
to reduce the echoes effect // Soft
materials can reduce reflection of
soundwaves
To avoid diffraction of sound wave
To produce a clear sound
10 Diagram 2.1 shows a boy walking at a distance in front of a pair of loudspeakers
connected to an audio frequency generator. The boy will hear loud sounds and soft
sounds as he walks along the line shown.

Diagram 2.1

(a) State and explain the phenomenon observed PL2

 The alternating loud and soft sounds are caused by the interference of the
sound waves.
 The loud sounds are produced by constructive interference, whereas the
soft sounds are produced by destructive interference

(b) (i) Give three factors that increase the distance between the successive PL2
loud sounds
 The distance of the path from the sound source (loudspeakers), D is
increased.
 The frequency of the audio signal generator is decreased. The
wavelength of the sound wave is increased.
 The distance between the two loudspeakers, a is reduced

(ii) The boy heard four consecutive loud sounds at a distance of 6 m. Given PL3
the distance between the loudspeakers is 1.5 m and the distance of the
boy from the loudspeakers is 8 m. Calculate the wavelength of the sound
wave.
λ = ax / D
= (1.5×1.5) / 8 = 0.28 m

33
11 An engineer student conducts a study on noise level produced by aircraft engine
during take-off. The soundproofing materials lining the cabin floor is to reduce
the noise in the cabin.
Table below shows the four aircrafts with their respective soundproofing
characteristics
Thickness of the
Wave phenomenon in Soundproofing
Aircraft soundproofing
noise simulator material
material
P Constructive
Non porous Thin
Interference
Q Destructive
Non porous Thick
Interference
R Destructive
Porous Thick
Interference
S Constructive
Porous Thin
Interference

Based on the table, state the suitability characteristics of the aircraft to reduce PL5
the noise level produced by the aircraft.
Give reasons for the suitability of the characteristics.
Characteristics Reason
Destructive Sound Loudness is decreased/destroyed
interference

Porous Able to absorb sound

Thick High sound absorption //no reflection of sound

R Sound Loudness is decreased/destroyed

Able to absorb sound
High sound absorption //no reflection of sound

34
12 A student carries out an experiment to investigate the relationship between the
separation distance of two coherent sources, a, and distance between two
consecutive antinodes, x, of the interference pattern of water in a ripple tank.
The results of this experiment are shown in the graph of a against 1/x in Diagram
2.

1
Graph of a against
x
a (cm) 1
Graf bagi a melawan
x

14.0

12.0

10.0

8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0.0
0.0 0.3 0.4 0.6
0.1 0.2 0.5
1
(cm-1)
x
Diagram 2
(a) (i) State the relationship between a and
1 PL2
𝑥

a is directly proportional to 1/x.

(ii) Determine the value of x when a = 12 cm. PL3

Show on the graph, how you determine the value of x.
1/x = 0.5 cm-1
x = 1/0.5 x = 2.0 cm
35
 (iii) Calculate the gradient, m, of the graph. PL3
Show on the graph how you calculate m.
Gradient of the graph
Show on the graph: Triangle (4 cm x 4 cm)

m = 24.0 cm2

(b) The wavelength, λ, of the water waves in given by the formula λ =𝑚, where PL3
𝑙

m is the gradient of the graph and l is the distance from the wave sources to
the plane where x is measured.
In this experiment, l = 20.0 cm.
Calculate the wavelength, λ, of the water waves.
 = 24/20
-1
 = 1.2 cm s

(c) The relationship between the velocity, v, of the waves and their wavelength, PL3
λ, is v = f λ, where f is the frequency. In this experiment, f = 12 Hz.
Using the answer in 2(b), calculate the velocity, v, of the water waves.
v = (12)(1.2)
-1
v = 14.4 cms

(d) State one precaution that should be taken to improve the accuracy of the PL2
result of this experiment.
Make sure our eyes is perpendicular to the reading of meter rule to avoid
parallax error.

36
13 Diagram 2 shows the position of the loud speakers installed in school hall.

Diagram 2

Some of the audiences complained that they could not hear the sound clearly.
There are also some of the audiences who complained the sound they heard is too
loud.
Based on the information and observation:
a = distance between two speakers
x = distance between two consecutive loud or soft sound
D = distance between the source and sound heard
λ = wavelength
(a) State one suitable inference. PL2
x depends on a

(b) State one suitable hypothesis. PL2

a increase, x decrease

(c) With the use of apparatus such as loud speakers, audio generator and other PL4
apparatus, describe an experiment framework to investigate the hypothesis
stated in 2(b).
In your description, state clearly the following:

(i) The aim of the experiment.

To investigate the relationship between a and x

(ii) The variables in the experiment.

MV : a, distance between two speakers
RV : x, distance between two consecutive loud or soft sound

37
 FV : D, distance between the speakers and the sound heard

(iii) The list of apparatus and materials.

Audio signal generator, loudspeakers, meter rule

(iv) The arrangement of the apparatus.

(v) The procedure of the experiment which include one method of

controlling the manipulated variable and one method of measuring the
responding variable.
1. Set up the apparatus as shown on the diagram.
2. Adjust the separation, a of the two loudspeakers to 1.0 m
3. Switch on the generator.
4. An observer stands 5.0 m in front of the loudspeakers and walk in a
straight line parallel to the loudspeakers.
5. The distance between two consecutive loud sounds heard, x is
measured by the meter rule.
6. Repeat the experiment by adjusting the distance between two
loudspeakers which is 1.2 m, 1.4 m. 1.6 m and 1.8 m.

(vi) The way to tabulate the data.

Distance, a/m Distance, x/m
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

38
 (vii) The way to analyse the data

Theme: Waves, Light and Optics

Learning Area : Light and Optics

1 Diagram 1.1 shows a student standing in front of a plane mirror.

Diagram 1.1

(a) (i) Underline the correct answer in the bracket to complete the sentence LP1
below.
The light phenomenon that enables the student to see the image of
himself in the plane is (reflection, refraction).

(ii) State one characteristics of the image formed on the plane mirror. LP1
Same size / upright / virtual

(b) Diagram 1.2 shows an object O placed in front of a concave mirror.

Diagram 1.2

(i) Draw a ray diagram on Diagram 5.2 to show how the image is formed. LP3

39
 (ii) Give an example of the use of concave mirrors in daily life. LP3
Cosmetic mirror / dental mirror / reflector car headlight

2 Diagram 2.1 shows a man standing in front of a curve mirror with his image shown
in the mirror.

Diagram 2.1
(a) Name the phenomenon involved in the formation of the image. PL1
Reflection

(b) The image formed is magnified. State one other characteristic of the image. PL1
Virtual / Upright

(c) Diagram 2.2 shows an incomplete ray diagram. C is the centre of curvature PL3
and F is the principal focus. Complete the ray diagram to show how the image
is formed.

Diagram 2.2

40
3 Diagram 3 shows the eye of a person looking at a fish.

Air

water
image

object

Diagram 3

(a) Sketch a ray diagram consisting of 2 rays originating from the eye of the fish PL3
to show why the image of the fish is seen closer to the surface.

(b) The fish is at a depth of 2 m. If the refractive index of water is 1.33, calculate PL3
the depth image of the fish.
real depth
n
apparent depth

2
1.33 
apparent depth
Apparent depth = 1.5 m

4 Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2 show a light ray is refracted when passing through
two different mediums. The refractive index for medium A is 1.33 and the
refractive index for medium B is 1.50.

Diagram 4.1 Diagram 4.2

(a) (i) What is meant by refraction? LP1
Refraction is a light phenomenon which shows the bending of light
when it travels from one medium to another medium

41
 (ii) Why did the light bends when entering the medium from air? LP2
The speed of light changes

(b) Based on Diagram 4.1 and Diagram 4.2, compare the refractive index, the LP4
refracted angle and the density between medium A and medium B.
Relate the refractive index with the refracted angle and the refractive index
with the ratio of sin of incident angle, i to the sin of the refracted angel, r to
deduce a physics law that is involved.
The refractive index of medium A is less than medium B. The refracted angle
in Diagram 4.1 is bigger than in Diagram 4.2. The density of medium A is less
than medium B. The higher the refractive index, the smaller the refracted
angle. The higher the refractive index, the bigger the ratio of sin of incident
angle to the sin of the refracted angle. Physics’ law involved is Snell’s Law.

(c) Diagram 4.3 and Diagram 4.4 show a ray of light passing into glass and
diamond respectively.
[Refractive index: Glass = 1.50; Diamond = 2.42]

Diagram 4.3 Diagram 4.4

(i) Calculate the critical angle of diamond and glass. LP3

(ii) On Diagram 4.3 and Diagram 4.4, complete the path of the light ray in LP3
glass and in diamond until it finally emerges from each object.

42
5 Diagram 5 shows a solar cooker designed by a scout.

Diagram 5
You are required to give suggestions to improve the design of the solar cooker so PL5
that it can use direct sunlight to boil water faster and effectively. PL6
Using your knowledge on the reflection of light, types of curved mirror and
properties of materials, state and explain the modifications based on the
characteristic of the mirror, position of the kettle and the orientation of the
mirror.

Aspects Reason
Parabolic mirror can focus heat
Shining or smooth mirror reflection will be effective
Big mirror more heat will be collected
Kettle is at the focal point of the mirror heat converge to kettle
Mirror is facing the sun can capture more solar energy

43
6 While driving a car on a hot day, a person may see a mirage on the road as shown
in Diagram 6.

Diagram 6
Explain how mirage occurred. PL2
Light which travels from high density(cold) to low density(hot) is refracted away
from normal. Near the road surface, the angle of incidence exceeds/greater than
the critical angle. Total internal reflection occurs and light bends towards the
eye of observer
OR draw the phenomenon

7 The lens in Diagram 7 is used as a magnifying glass.

Diagram 7
(a) Name the type of lens in Diagram 7 PL1
Concave lens

44
 (b) On Diagram 7,
(i) draw a ray diagram to show how the image of the object is formed. PL3

(ii) state two characteristics of the image formed in 7(b)(i). PL1

Virtual / magnified / upright

8 A student used a slide projector to view an image from the slide. When the slide
is placed near to the lens an image is formed on the screen as shown in Diagram
8.1.
When the slide is placed further from the lens, an image as shown in Diagram 8.2
is formed.

(a) What is meant by real image? PL1

Real image is the image that can be formed/caught/captured/seen on a
screen

(b) Based on Diagram 8.1 and Diagram 8.2, compare the object distance, the PL4
image distance and the size of image that is formed on the screen. Relate the
object distance to the image distance and the object distance to the size of
the image formed on the screen.
- The object distance in Diagram 8.1 is closer than in Diagram 8.2
- The image distance in Diagram 8.1 is further than in Diagram 8.2
- The size of image in Diagram 8.1 is larger than in Diagram 8.2
- The further the object distance, the closer the image distance
- The further the object distance, the smaller the size of image

45
9 Diagram 9.1 shows prism binoculars. The position of two prisms on one side of the
binoculars are as shown.

Diagram 9.1
(a) Diagram 9.2 is a schematic diagram of Diagram 9.1. PL3
On Diagram 9.2, draw the ray path entering both prisms. In your drawing,
indicate the direction of the ray path.

Diagram 9.2

46
(b) Diagram 9.3 shows a simple astronomical telescope. PL6

Diagram 9.3
By using two prisms and a telescope in Diagram 9.3, suggest modification that
can be done to make a binocular.
In your explanation,
(i) Draw the arrangement of the prisms and lenses
(ii) Draw ray diagram to explain how the image form
(iii) State two advantages using binocular compared to telescope when
observing far object on the ground.
(i)

(ii)

47
 (iii) Two advantages using binocular compared to telescope:
 The view for binocular is wide compared to telescope
 Binoculars are dual view and telescopes are a single view
 Binocular is lighter, easier to carry around and less bulky than
telescope
 The double view in binoculars allows for a clear 3D image

10 Diagram 10.1 and 10.2 below show lights through two identical concave lens. u is PL4
the length of the object and v is the length of the image.

(a) Based on Diagram 10.1 & 10.2,

(i) Compare the distance of the object u
Distance of object,u in Diagram 10.1 > Diagram 10.2

(ii) Compare the image distance, v

The image distance, v in Diagram 10.1 > Diagram 10.2

(iii) Compare the size of the image

The size of image in Diagram 10.2 > Diagram 10.1

(b) Based on your answer in (a),

(i) State the relationship between the object distance and image distance
When the object distance increases, the image distance also increases

48
 (ii) State the relationship between the object distance and the size of the
image
When the object distance increases, the size of the image decreases

11 Diagram 11.1 shows an endoscope used in medical imaging. PL5

Diagram 11.2 shows a light signal travelled through an optical fibre made of glass
which can be used as endoscope.

Diagram 11.1

Diagram 11.2

You are asked to investigate the features of the optical fibres for the design of an
endoscope.
Table 11 shows the features of four types of optical fibres.
Optical Comparison between Length Diameter Flexibility
fibre refactive index of the Panjang of fibre Kelenturan
inner core, ni and the (mm)
outer cladding, no

P ni > no Long / Big / High /

Panjang Besar Tinggi
Q ni < no Short / Small / Low /
Pendek Kecil Rendah
R ni > no Long / Small / High /
Panjang Kecil Tinggi
S ni < no Short / Big / Low /
Pendek Besar Rendah
Table 11

49
 Explain the suitability of each features of the optical fibre in Table 11 for the use
in medicals. Determine the most suitable optical fibre. Give reason for your
choice.

Characteristics
The refractive index of inner core is
higher than the cladding core
Longer length of optical fibre
Smaller diameter of optical fibre
High flexibility of fibre
Reason
Easy for light ray to experience the
total internal reflection
Can enter deep inside the internal part
of patient
Can enter the narrow path
Can be bent easily

So, optical fibre R is chosen because it has higher refractive index of inner core
compared to outer cladding, has long with smaller diameter of fibre and the
flexibility of fibre is high.

12 Diagram 12 shows a crew of a submarine looking through a mirror periscope. The PL4
ship look small and blur in view.

Diagram 8

50
 You are required to suggest suitable modifications to make the image of the object
become sharper and bigger.
State and explain your suggestions based on the characteristic of material for the
body and additional feature for the periscope.
Characteristics Reason
Stainless steel body - durable
- rust proof
Use of prisms - to let the total internal
reflection occur so as to
produce sharper image
Use of convex lens - to magnify the image
The objective lens with bigger - to allow more light to enter
diameter the lens
- clearer image
The inner part is paint black - to avoid double reflection
colour - to absorb light that reach the
wall of the periscope

13 Presbyopia is an inability of the eye to adjust the focussing of far and near objects.
This usually happens when we get old, where the ciliary muscles is less able to
change the shape of the eye lens to focus the image on the retina, as shown in
Diagrams 13.1 and 13.2.

Diagram 13.1 Diagram 13.2

As an optician, you have three designs of lenses, X, Y and Z, in your shop. The
cross-section of X, Y and Z are shown in Diagram 13.3.

51
 Diagram 13.3
(a) Choose the most suitable design of lens in Diagram 13.3 to correct the sight PL5
of a person with presbyopia and explain the suitability of the design.
Design Y is the most suitable. This design contains the diverging and
converging lens.
- The diverging lens is used to focus the image from a faraway object
onto the retina.
- The converging lens is used to focus the image from a near object onto
the retina.

(b) Explain why the other two designs are not suitable.
Design X :
the image of the faraway object does not fall onto the retina so the faraway
object cannot be seen.
Design Z :
the image of a near object does not fall onto the retina so near object cannot
be seen.

14 (a) What do you understand about critical angle ? LP1

Incident angle when refracted angle is 90°

(b) Complete the sentence below using your own word. LP1

As light travel from high density to low density medium, the light refracted
away from normal.

15 State two condition that can make total internal reflection happen. LP2
i) Light travel from high density medium to low density medium
ii) Angle of incident is greater than critical angle

52
16 Diagram 16 shows a laser beam trapped in a spurts of water. LP3

Diagram 16
(a) Explain why does the beam can be trapped in the water spurt. LP4
When water travel along the water spurt, it travels from high density medium
to low density medium. Laser beam makes an angle that is greater than the
critical angle. Light totally reflected back into the medium.

(b) If the refractive index of water is 1.33, what is the minimum angle of the
beam should be pointed at so that all the beam are totally reflected into the
water?
refractive index = 1.33
1
= 1.33
sin 𝑐
1
sin c = 1.33
sin c = 0.75
c = sin-1 0.75
= 48.59⁰

53