Statistics – UNIT 4

Statistics (Part 1)

Maria Luz A. Santos, MSME

University of Santo Tomas
How Statistics works in your everyday life?
Definition of terms

Statistics is a branch of Science

that deals with Collection,
Organization, Presentation,
Computation and Interpretation
of data.
Division of Statistics
Division of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics deals with the collection,
organization, presentation and computation of data to
describe the sample under investigation

Inferential Statistics gives information, inferences and

implications regarding the population by studying its
representative sample
Definition of Terms

Data is a set of observation, values, elements or

objects under consideration
Population is a complete set of all possible
observation or elements.
Sample is a small representative cross-section of the
population
Parameter is an arbitrary constant whose value
characterizes a member of a system
Sampling method is the process choosing a
representative part of the population

VARIABLE is a statistical quantity that is capable of

assuming several values
Kinds of Variables

Discrete are variables whose values can be counted

such as the number of enrollees.
Continuous variable on the other and may progress
from one value to the next without a break and may
be represented by a whole number or a fraction
Independent and Dependent variable are two
variables are independent, if the occurrence of the
first is not relative to the existence of the second.
Level of data measurement

Nominal level are referred to as categorical data frequency

data, attribute data or enumeration data.
Ordinal level involves data that may be arrange in some
meaningful order.
Interval level of measurements is like the ordinal like the
ordinal level but meaningful amounts of differences or equality
can be determined between data. This level may lack an
inherent zero starting point.
Ratio level of measurement actually the interval level
modified to include the inherent zero starting point.
Summation Notation

𝑋𝑖 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋2 + 𝑋3
𝑖=1
Read as the summation of all x I, ranging from 1 to 3
Kinds of data according to source

Primary Data refer to information which are gathered

directly from an original source or which are based on
direct or first-hand experience
Secondary data refer to the information which are taken
from published or unpublished data which are
previously gathered by other individuals or agencies
Kinds of data according to source

Internal data taken from the company’s own

records of operation such as sales, records,
personnel records, etc.

External data that comes from outside sources

and not from the company’s owns record.
Method of data collection

Direct or Interview Method is method of person- to-

person exchange between the interviewer and
interviewee.

Indirect or questionnaire method is a written responses

are given to prepared questions intended to elicit
answer to the problem of a study
Method of data collection

Registration method is gathering information forced by a certain

laws.

Experimental method is used when the objective is to determine

the cause and effect relationship of certain phenomena under
controlled condition

Observation method mostly used to observes the behavior of

person organizations and their outcome.
Measure of central tendency

MEAN = AVERAGE
MEDIAN = MID – MOST
MODE = APPEARS MOST FREQUENTLY

Two Groups of Data

Ungrouped data = data are NOT arranged in frequency
distribution table
Grouped data = data arranged in frequency distribution
table
Measure of central tendency

UNGROUPED DATA
Σ𝑋
Mean 𝑋𝑈 =
𝑛
where: x = value
n = sample size

𝑛+1
Median 𝑋𝑈 = = 𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
2
where: n = sample size
ith = ordinal place/rank of the
value from smallest to highest
Measure of central tendency

if n is ODD, then the ith value is the middle most

if n is EVEN, then the ith value is the average of the
two mid-element value.

Mode 𝑋𝑈 = 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Types of Mode
Unimodal, Bimodal, Multimodal
Measure of variation

RANGE = is the simplest of the measure of spread or variability

QUANTILES = is the natural extension of the median concept which
divides a set of data into equal parts
KINDS OF QUANTILES
QUARTILES = divides the data into 4 equal parts
DECILES = divides the data into 10 equal parts
PERCENTILES = divides the data into 100 equal parts
INTERQUARTILE RANGE = is the difference between the third and
the first quartiles
VARIANCE = it measures how far a set of numbers are spread out
from their average value.
STANDARD DEVIATION = it is simply the square root of the variance
Measure of variation

RANGE 𝑅𝑢 = 𝐻𝑉 − 𝐿𝑉

QUANTILES
3(𝑛+1)
QUARTILES 𝑄3𝑢 = 𝐼𝑄𝑅 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄1
4
5(𝑛+1)
DECILEs 𝐷5𝑢 =
10
25(𝑛+1)
PERCENTILES 𝑃25𝑢 =
100

VARIANCE
Σ 𝑋−𝑋 2
𝑆2 =
𝑛 −1

STANDARD DEVIATION

𝑆= 𝑉𝐴𝑅𝐼𝐴𝑁𝐶𝐸
Measure of central tendency

Example/s:

1. The birth weights of babies born in a certain hospital on a certain day are, 9.0,
6.2, 7.5, 8.0 and 7.3 ( in pounds). Find the mean, median and mode.

Answers: Step 1: 6.2, 7.3, 7.5, 8.0, 9.0; n = 5

6.2+7.5+8.0+7.3+9.0 38
𝑥= = = 7.6
5 5

𝑛+1 5+1 6
𝑥= = 𝑖𝑡ℎ = = = 3𝑟𝑑 = 7.5
2 2 2

𝑥 = 𝑛𝑜 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒
Measure of central tendency

2. 7.3, 7.2, 8.1, 6.9, 6.8, 6.6

Step 1: 6.6, 6.8, 6.9, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1 ; n = 6

6.6 + 6.8 + 6.9 + 7.2 + 7.3 + 8.1 42.9
𝑥= = = 7.15
6 6

𝑛+1 6+1 7 6.9 + 7.2 14.1

𝑥= = 𝑖𝑡ℎ = = = 3.5 𝑡ℎ = = = 7.05
2 2 2 2 2

𝑥 = 𝑛𝑜 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒
Measure of central tendency

3. Find the mode and identify the type of mode

a. 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5

b. 4, 4, 2, 2, 6, 6, 7, 7

c. 5, 5, 5, 3, 3, 3, 3, 8, 8, 8, 8
Seatwork:

Get one whole sheet of bondpaper, turn to page 99 of your

book and answer number 12 only.
Measure of Variation

Example:
1. 6.2, 7.3, 7.5, 8.0 9.0 ; n = 5
𝑅 = 9.0 − 6.2 = 2.8
3 (5 + 1) 3 (6) 18
𝑄3 = = = = 4.5𝑡ℎ
4 4 4
𝑄3 = 8.0 + .5 9.0 − 8.0
𝑄3 = 8.0 + .5 1.0
𝑄3 = 8.0 + .5
𝑄3 = 8.5
Measure of Variation

Example:
1. 6.2, 7.3, 7.5, 8.0 9.0 ; n = 5

6.2 + 7.5 + 8.0 + 7.3 + 9.0 38

𝑥= = = 7.6
5 5
x 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒙
6.2
7.3
7.5
8.0
9.0
Σ 𝑥 = 38
n=5
Measure of Variation

Example:
1. 6.2, 7.3, 7.5, 8.0 9.0 ; n = 5

6.2 + 7.5 + 8.0 + 7.3 + 9.0 38

𝑥= = = 7.6
5 5
x 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒙
6.2 -1.4
7.3 -0.3
7.5 -0.1
8.0 0.4
9.0 1.4
Σ 𝑥 = 38 NA
n=5
Measure of Variation

Example:
1. 6.2, 7.3, 7.5, 8.0 9.0 ; n = 5

6.2 + 7.5 + 8.0 + 7.3 + 9.0 38

𝑥= = = 7.6
5 5
x 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒙
6.2 -1.4 1.96
7.3 -0.3 0.09
7.5 -0.1 0.01
8.0 0.4 0.16
9.0 1.4 1.96
2
Σ 𝑥 = 38 NA Σ 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 4.18
n=5
Measure of Variation

Example:
1. 6.2, 7.3, 7.5, 8.0 9.0 ; n = 5

VARIANCE
2 Σ 𝑋−𝑋 2 4.18 4.18
𝑆 = = = = 1. 045 ≈ 1. 05
𝑛 −1 5 −1 4

STANDARD DEVIATION

4.18 4.18
𝑆= 5−1
= 4
= 1.045 = 1.0222 … ≈ 1.02
Seatwork:

Get one whole sheet of bondpaper, 7.3, 7.2, 8.1, 6.9, 6.8,
6.6. Find the ff.
1. Range 6. 𝑋
2. 𝑄1 7. Prepare a mini table
3. 𝑄3 8. Variance
4. 𝐷5 9. Standard Deviation
5. 𝑃25
End of Unit 4 (Part 1)