1 Java Fundamentals PDF

University of the Philippines Cebu College
Object-Oriented
Programming Using
JAVA
Java Programming Language Version1.0

Course Overview
This course covers the following areas:
• Fundamentals of the Java programming
language.
• Object-oriented concepts in Java.
• Graphical user interface (GUI) programming.
• Introduction to Multi-threading.

What is Java?
Java is just a small, simple, safe,

object-oriented, interpreted or dynamically
optimized, byte-coded, architecture-neutral,
garbage-collected, multithreaded
programming language with a strongly
typed exception-handling mechanism for
writing distributed, dynamically extensible
programs.

Small, simple, safe and garbage collected

• C++ minus (pointers and memory
management have been omitted; operator
overloading and multiple inheritance have
been omitted)
• garbage collector automatically frees unused
memory
• strict type checking mechanism (most errors
are detected at compile time)

Interpreted, byte-coded, architecture neutral

Java Source
filename.java
javac filename.java
Java ByteCode
Filename.class
java filename
VM Java VM Java VM Java

NT Unix OS/2

The Java Virtual Machine

• Provides hardware platform specifications
• Reads compiled byte codes that are platform
independent
• Is implemented as software or hardware
• Is implemented in a Java technology
development tool or a Web browser

The Java Virtual Machine

• JVM provides definitions for the:
 Instruction set
 Register set
 Class file format
 Stack
 Garbage-collected heap
 Memory area

JVM
JAVA API
Class files Class Loader Class files
bytecodes
Execution Engine
Native functions/methods
Operating System

Class Loader
Method Heap Stack Registers Constant

Area Pool
Runtime Data Areas
Execution Engine

Two types of Java programs
Applets are programs written in Java

programming language that reside on WWW
servers, are downloaded by a browser to a
client’s system, and are run by that browser.
Applications are standalone programs that do
not require a Web browser to execute. They are
typically general-purpose programs that run on
any machine where the Java runtime
environment (JRE) is installed.

Sample Java Application
public class MyFirst {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello participants!");
}
}

Sample Java Applet
import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;
public class MyFirstApplet extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {

g.drawString("Hello participants!",50,50);
}
}

GETTING STARTED WITH JAVA
• The Java Developer’s Kit
• The Java API

public class MyFirst {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(“Hello world!”);
}
}


Identifiers
- either reserved words or titles given to variables, methods,

and component elements of classes.
- can be named anything as long as they begin with an

alphabet, a dollar sign or an underscore
- the more descriptive the identifier, the better
- case sensitive.

Keywords
- are reserved words, meaning they cannot be used in
any way other than how Java intends for them to be
used.
- these special tokens are always in lowercase.
- these are used as application flow controls,
declarations, class identifiers, and expressions.
Reserved Words in Java




Literals
- represent data in Java, and are based on character and
number representations.
- types of literals : integer, floating-point, boolean, character,
and string.
- every variable consists of a literal and a data type; the
difference between the two is that literals are entered
explicitly into the code, while data types are information
about how much room will be reserved in memory for such
variable, as well as possible value ranges.
Types of Literals
1. Integer Literals
- whole numbers such as 8 and 1930.
- can either be decimal(base 10), octal (base 8) or
hexadecimal (base 16).
- can be positive, zero or negative.
Integer Literal Types

a. Decimal Literals
- decimal literals cannot start with 0, as in 02364, because
numbers beginning with 0 are reserved for octal and
hex literals.
- decimal literals : any combination from 0-9.
b. Octal Literals
- start with 0 and can be followed by any number 0-7.
c. Hex Literals
- start with 0x or 0X, followed by one or more hex digits.
- letters A-F in hex integer can either be in upper or lower case.
- values available : 1-9, A-F, and 1-f.

2. Floating-Point Literals
- represents a number that has a decimal point in it such as 4.8
Single-Precision Floating Point Numbers

- consist of a 32-bit space and are designated by uppercase
or lowercase f.
Double-Precision Floating Point Numbers

- consist of a 64-bit space and are designated by uppercase
or lowercase d.
- by default, unless specified, compiler assumes double-precision.

- therefore 4.8, is a double-precision floating-point number, and
4.8f is a single-precision floating-point number.

When to use Single-Precision or Double-Precision Floats ?

- it depends on the size of the number, like if there’s a
room to grow out of range or there’s a need of
greater precision, declare it double.
- compile-time errors occur if a nonzero float literal is out
of range.
Range :
Single-Precision : ±1.40239846e-45f to ±3.40282347e+38f
Double-Precision: 4.94065645841246544e-324 to
±1.79769313486231570e+308
- Floating-point numbers can also be expressed using

exponents using uppercase or lowercase e, and
scientific notations.
Example : 2.1e3f = 2100
Boolean Literals
- either of the words true or false.

- unlike other programming language, you cannot
alternate numeric values such any nonzero for true
and zero(0) for false.
- Booleans are used extensively in control flow logic.

Character Literals
- programmers often use single character as a value,

and in Java, this is represented by character literals.
- value : character enclosed in single quotes like ‘j’
- values such as a single quote, backslash, or other

nonprintable characters are preceded by a
backslash(\) to be part of the command.
Example : to characterize the single quote

--> ‘\’’

Specifying Character Literals

String Literals
- sequence of characters enclosed in double quotes such
as “Hello World !!!”, or even a “” for a null
character string.
- can be concatenated.
Example :
“This is the beginning“ -- one string
“ of a new relationship.” -- another string
“This is the beginning” + “ of a new relationship.”
- As with character literals, the backslash is used to denote

symbols that otherwise would not work.
Example : the double quote is represented by
Java Programming Language --> “\”” Version1.0
Separators
- Java uses the following separators :

() [] {} ; , .
- compiler uses these to divide the code into segments.
- can also be used to force arithmetic precedence

evaluation within an expression.
- as known, these are useful for visual and logical

locators for programmers.

Operators
- are symbols used for arithmetic and logical operations.
- operators except the plus sign (+), are used only for
arithmetic calculations. The + operator can be used
in strings literal concatenation.
Java Arithmetic Operators

Java Assignment Operators
Java Increment and Decrement Operators

Java comparison operators (which return true or false)

Java Bitwise Operators

Logical Operators
! for NOT
Short circuit boolean operators
&& for AND
((a >=b) && (b>=c))
|| for OR
((a>=b) || (b >= c))

Right-Shift Operators >> and >>>

•Arithmetic or signed right shift (>>) is used as follows:
128 >> 1 returns 128/21 = 64
256 >> 4 returns 256/24 = 16
-256 >> 4 returns -256/24 = -16
·The sign bit is copied during the shift.

A logical or unsigned right-shift operator (>>>) is:
·Used for bit patterns.
·The sign bit is not copied during the shift.

Left-Shift Operator (<<)

•Left-shift works as follows:
128 << 1 returns 128 * 21 = 256
16 << 2 returns 16 * 22 = 64

StringUniversity of With
Concatenation the +Philippines Cebu College
·The + operator:
·Performs String concatenation
·Produces a new String:
String salutation = "Dr.";
String name = "Pete" + " " + "Seymour";
String title = salutation + " " + name;
·One argument must be a String object.

·Non-strings are converted to String objects
automatically.

Comment Indicators

Primitive Data Types

- can only have one value at a time, they cannot
reference other data or indicate sequence in a group
of data.
- simplest built-in forms of data in Java.
Primitive Data Type Keywords

Integer Data Type Ranges
Note : During operations, on special cases Java expands

smaller integer to the same length in memory
of the larger integer, and the resulting value
will follow the format of the larger integer.

char Data Types
- 16 bit unsigned integer that represents a Unicode value.
Floating Point Data Types

float
- 32 bit floating-point number.
double
- 64 bit floating-point number.
boolean Data Types

- 1-bit logical quantity.

Reference Data Types

- are sequence or identifiers that point to dynamically
allocated objects.
Reference vs Primitive Data Type

- contains the address of a value, rather than the
value itself.
Advantage
- can contain addresses that point to a collection of other
data types.
Types
1. Array
2. Class
3. Interface

Casting
If information might be lost in an assignment, the
programmer must confirm the assignment with a cast.
·The assignment between long and int requires an explicit
cast.
long bigValue = 99L;
int squashed = bigValue; // Wrong, needs a cast
int squashed = (int) bigValue; // OK
int squashed = 99L; // Wrong, needs a cast

int squashed = (int) 99L; // OK, but...
int squashed = 99; // default integer literal

Promotion and Casting of Expressions

·Variables are automatically promoted to a longer form
(such as int to long).
·Expression is assignment-compatible if the variable type is
at least as large (the same number of bits) as the
expression type.
long bigval = 6; // 6 is an int type, OK

int smallval = 99L; // 99L is a long, illegal
double z = 12.414F; // 12.414F is float, OK

float z1 = 12.414; // 12.414 is double, illegal

Expression Evaluation Order

- Java evaluates from LEFT to RIGHT
Precedence Rules

Sample Declarations
Integer types
byte byteVar; //8 bits
short shortVar; //16 bits
int intVar; //32 bits
long longVar; //64 bits
Floating-Point Types
float floatVar; //32 bits
double doubleVar; //64 bits
Character Types
char charVar1; //holds one character
char charVar2 = ‘y’; //declares variable
// and assigns y to it

Arrays
char myCharArray[]; //one-dimensional array
char twoDimArray[][]; //two-dimensional array
int integerArray[]; //one-dimensional array of integers
int[]integerArray; //equivalent to integerArray[];

Sample Operations
Unary Operations
myHeight++; //myHeight is incremented by 1
myWeight--; //myWeight is decremented by 1
Assignment Operations
a = 5; //assigns 5 to a
a -= 7; //assigns a-7 to a
a +=8 //assigns a+8 to a
a /=4 //assigns a/4 to a
Binary Operations
c = b + 5; // b+5 is the binary operation
Arithmetic Operations
a = c / b + (45*a/d) - 283
Control Flow
- instructs the program how to make a decision and how

further processing should proceed based on the decision.
Building Blocks of Control Flow
( , ) , if , while , do, for, switch
- each of these can be used to control how your

program executes by determining the result of your
conditional expression.

Blocks and Statements
Statement
- is a line of code ending in a semicolon.

- can either be an expression, a method call, or an declaration.
Block
- is a group of statements that form a single compound stmt.

- { } collects statements into one group

Conditional Expressions
- are used to evaluate whether a condition is true or false

and will branch out to different sections of code on the
basis of the answer.
if construct
if (expression) statement;
if (expression) {
statement(s);
}

Sample if Statement
int number=10;
if ( (number % 2) == 0) {
System.out.println(“even”);
}
else {
System.out.println(“odd”);
}

switch construct
- a variation of the if statement is the switch statement, which
performs a multi-way branch instead of a simple binary
branch.
Form :
switch (expression) {
case value : statement(s);
break;
case value : statement(s);
break;
. . . . . . .
default : statement(s);
break;
}

Sample switch Statement
static void ParseChar (char KeyboardChar) {

switch (KeyboardChar) {
case ‘l’: System.out.println(“left”);
break;
case ‘r’: System.out.println(“right”);
break;
case ‘q’: //note no break here, falls through
case ‘\n’: break;
case ‘h’ : //note no break here either
default :
System.out.println(“Syntax: (l)eft, (r)ight, (q)uit”);
System.out.println(“Please enter a valid character”);
break;
}
}
Looping Expressions
- generally continues to loop through a section of code until

a certain condition is met.
- conditions are checked before or after executing code
sections depending on the loop construct used.
while loops
Form:
while ( expression ) statement;
or
while ( expression ) {
statement(s);
}

Sample while loop
public static long factorial(int n) {

long prod = 1;
int i = 1;
while ( i <= n ) {
prod *= i++;
}
return prod;
}

do-while loops
Form:
do statement; while ( expression) ;
or
do {
statement(s);
}while (expression) ;

Sample do-while loop

long prod = 1;
int i = 1;
do {
prod *= i++;
} while ( i <= n);
return prod;
}

for loops
Form:
for (initialization; expression; modification)

statement;
or
for (initialization; expression; modification) {
statement(s);

Sample for loop

long prod = 1;
for (int i=1; i <= n; i++) {
prod *= i;
}
return prod;
}

break
- used to break out of the middle of for, while, or do loop.
Sample Code :
for (int index=0; index < ArraySize; index++) {

if (Array[index] < 0) {
System.out.println(“ERROR: Negative number, index =“ + ix);
break;
}
ProcessArray(Array[index]);
}

continue
- can be used to short-circuit parts of a for, do, or while loop.
Sample Code :
for (int index=0; index < ArraySize; index++) {
if (Array[index] < 0) {
System.out.println(“ERROR: Negative number, index =“ + ix);
continue;
}
ProcessArray(Array[index]);
}
Using break with labels: Using continue with labels:

outer: test:
do do
{ {
statement; statement;
do { do{
if (boolean expression) if (condition is true)
{ {
break outer; continue test;
} }
} while (boolean expression); } while (condition is true);
} while (boolean expression); } while (condition is true);

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University of the Philippines Cebu College

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Java is just a small, simple, safe,

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Small, simple, safe and garbage collected

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Interpreted, byte-coded, architecture neutral

VM Java VM Java VM Java

Java Programming Language Version1.0

The Java Virtual Machine

Java Programming Language Version1.0

The Java Virtual Machine

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Method Heap Stack Registers Constant

Runtime Data Areas

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Two types of Java programs

Applets are programs written in Java

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Sample Java Application

public class MyFirst {

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Sample Java Applet

public class MyFirstApplet extends Applet {

public void paint(Graphics g) {

Java Programming Language Version1.0

GETTING STARTED WITH JAVA

• The Java Developer’s Kit

• The Java API

Java Programming Language Version1.0

public class MyFirst {

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Java Programming Language Version1.0

- either reserved words or titles given to variables, methods,

- can be named anything as long as they begin with an

- the more descriptive the identifier, the better

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Reserved Words in Java

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Integer Literal Types

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Single-Precision Floating Point Numbers

Double-Precision Floating Point Numbers

- by default, unless specified, compiler assumes double-precision.

Java Programming Language Version1.0

When to use Single-Precision or Double-Precision Floats ?

- Floating-point numbers can also be expressed using

- either of the words true or false.

- Booleans are used extensively in control flow logic.

Java Programming Language Version1.0

- programmers often use single character as a value,

- value : character enclosed in single quotes like ‘j’

- values such as a single quote, backslash, or other

Example : to characterize the single quote

Java Programming Language Version1.0

Specifying Character Literals

Java Programming Language Version1.0