NEPAL COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Pokhara University)

Department of Civil Engineering
Balkumari, Lalitpur

Report on
Building Project

Submitted By: Submitted To:

Ayush Shrestha (161802) Narayan Puri
Ajay Shrestha (161803) Department of Civil Engineering
Anurag Joshi (161806) Date: 1st January, 2019
Bharat Rokka (161809)
Mandip Karki (161822)

Table of Contents
Introduction:.....................................................................................................................................3

Methods and Equipment Used:........................................................................................................3

Procedure:........................................................................................................................................4

Data and Calculations:.....................................................................................................................5

A. Distance Measurements by Tape:............................................................................................5

B. Angular Measurements Using Theodolite:..............................................................................6

C. Horizontal Angle Correction:..................................................................................................8

D. Bearing Calculation:................................................................................................................9

E. Gales Table for Traverse Correction:.....................................................................................13

F. Fly levelling for Reducing levels of major stations:..............................................................15

G. Detailing:...............................................................................................................................16

I) From Station 3M1:...............................................................................................................16

II) From Station 3M2:..............................................................................................................19

III) From Station 3M3:............................................................................................................20

IV) From station 3M4:.............................................................................................................20

Results:...........................................................................................................................................20

Conclusion:....................................................................................................................................20
Introduction:
A Topographic Survey is a survey that gathers data about the relative position and elevation of
points on a piece of land and presents them as contour lines on a plot. The purpose of a
topographic survey is to collect survey data about the natural and man-made features of the land,
as well as its elevations. Topographic maps are used to show elevations and grading features for
architects, engineers, and building contractors.
In topographic surveying. first a number of major stations are fixed following the basic principles
of surveying i.e. to work from whole to the part and to first establish primary points with highest
accuracy. After establishing the stations, their relative position, both coordinates and elevations
are fixed by means of linear measurement and levelling. Next the relative positions of these
stations are translated to absolute coordinates by measuring their positions from a fixed point of
known coordinates. Then surrounding features both natural and man-made are recorded by
means of tachometry and other means from these stations. The observations allow us to pin point
every feature on the ground and translate these observations to absolute coordinates. These
features along with contour lines are then plotted in a map in suitable scale which is called a
topographic map. Topographic maps are used in planning and designing of engineering works,
geographical analysis, to find the catchment area of a drainage basin, construction of dams and
reservoirs etc.

Methods and Equipment Used:

Following were the equipment used in the topographic survey.
1. Theodolite
2. Levelling Instrument
3. Prismatic Compass
4. Measuring Tape
5. Levelling Staffs
6. Ranging rods
7. Pegs
The following are the various methods adopted in the surveying:
1. Theodolite Traverse: For establishing a network of primary survey stations (Major
Stations), theodolite was used to measure horizontal angles of the formed traverse. Five
major stations were formed for the same purpose.
2. Fly Levelling: For establishing vertical controls Fly levelling was used to reduce levels
of major stations with respect to the SBM. A closed loop levelling method was adopted
for reducing levels of each stations.
3. Tachometry: For establishing relative positions of ground features tachometry was used.
A theodolite fitted with analytic lens was used as a tachometer and self-reading levelling
staff was used to take stadia readings.
4. Taping: For determining distance between major station accurate taping was done. The
taping was done in two directions forward and backward each length divided in two parts
by ranging.

Topographic Survey Page | 1

Procedure:
1. Reconnaissance of the area was carried out with the objective of finding suitable sites for
fixing major stations.
2. 5 major stations were fixed, by pacing on foot, in such a manner that the ratio of longest
leg to shortest was not less than ½ and each station was visible from adjacent two
stations. Pegs were established at the selected locations by driving a wooden peg into the
ground. Each peg was marked so as to distinguish them from other stations and the
stations were named 3M1 through 3M5.
3. A reference sketch was drawn for each station depicting the distance of the station from
known prominent surrounding points.
4. A tape was used to measure distance between adjacent stations. Two-way measurements
were taken, both forward and backward, each by breaking the distance into two parts by
ranging. The process was repeated for each station. The measurements were written
neatly in the field book provided and the observations were checked if they meet the
minimum precision of 1:2000.
5. Theodolite was levelled and centered at a major station and zero set at an adjacent station.
It was pointed at another adjacent station and the interior angle formed at this station was
observed. Angular measurements were taken four times, two sets of two faces each. This
process was repeated until all the five interior angles were observed.
6. Next, detailing of features near the ground was carried out. A theodolite fitted with an
analytic lens was levelled and centered at a station and zero set to an adjacent station by
placing a levelling staff over the station peg. The rod was sighted with the theodolite and
stadia hair readings were taken. A levelling staff was placed at Each detail to be included
in the map and it was sighted with the theodolite and stadia readings as well as horizontal
and vertical angles were observed. This process was repeated at each station and a
compete detail of every feature on the area was recorded in the field book.
7. An SBM was established near the field with the help of a GPS and its coordinates
(Latitude and Departure) as well as elevation were noted.
8. The distance between the SBM and the nearest station (3M 1) was measured with the help
of a tape. The bearing of the line joining SBM and the station(3M1) was observed with the
help of a prismatic compass centered at the SBM with the help of a tripod. The angle
between a major station and SBM was also observed using a theodolite.
9. Finally, fly levelling was carried out to reduce levels of each major station. First back
sight was taken at the SBM by placing a staff at the SBM and the levelling instrument
mid-way between SBM and station 3M1 and similarly fore sight was taken at the station
3M1. The level was then shifted midway between 3M1 and 3M2 and similarly BS and FS
were taken. The process proceeded until we reached the last station. The fly levelling was
closed at the SBM.

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 Data and Calculations:
A. Distance Measurements by Tape:
The following linear measurements of traverse legs were taken with a tape by adopting two-way
measurements (Forward and Backward). All the measurements lie above the required precision
of the major traverse i.e. ≥ 1:2000.

Sr. Line Distance Averag Discrepancy Precision

No. e
From To Forward (FW) Total Backward (BW) Total
FW BW
1 3M1 3M2 28.720 + 33.482 62.20 21.374 + 40.840 62.21 62.208 0.012 5184.00
2 4
2 3M2 3M3 25.540 + 37.066 62.60 30.632 + 31.986 62.61 62.612 0.012 5217.67
6 8
3 3M3 3M4 30.462 + 21.662 52.12 23.146 + 28.986 52.13 52.128 0.008 6516.00
4 2
4 3M4 3M5 23.632 + 18.824 42.45 16.342 + 26.106 42.44 42.452 0.008 5306.50
6 8
5 3M5 3M1 21.370 + 26.008 47.37 28.576 + 18.790 47.36 47.372 0.012 3947.67
8 6

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B. Angular Measurements Using Theodolite:
The following angular measurements were taken with a theodolite. Each horizontal angle was
observed four times, two sets of two faces each.
Inst. Set Sighte Fac HCR Horizontal Angle Mean of Two
Stn. d e Observation Sets
To (IL+IR+IIL+IIR)/
4
D M S Fac D M S D M S
(°) (') (") e (°) (') (") (°) (') (")
I-Set 3M5 L 0 0 0 L 119 19 20
R 180 0 10
3M2 L 119 19 20 R 119 19 10
R 299 19 20
3M1 119 19 17
II- 3M5 L 90 0 0 L 119 19 30
Set R 270 0 10
3M2 L 209 19 30 R 119 19 10
R 29 19 20
I-Set 3M1 L 0 0 0 L 90 45 50
R 180 0 20
3M3 L 90 45 50 R 90 45 40
R 270 46 0
3M2 90 45 42
II- 3M1 L 90 0 0 L 90 45 50
Set R 270 0 10
3M3 L 180 45 50 R 90 45 30
R 0 45 50
I-Set 3M2 L 0 0 0 L 93 22 20
R 180 0 10
3M4 L 93 22 20 R 93 22 30
R 273 22 40
3M3 93 23 17
II- 3M2 L 90 0 0 L 93 22 10
Set R 270 0 0
3M4 L 183 22 10 R 93 22 10
R 3 22 10
I-Set 3M3 L 0 0 0 L 139 35 30
R 180 0 10
3M5 L 139 35 30 R 139 35 40
R 319 35 50
3M4 139 35 40
II- 3M3 L 90 0 0 L 139 35 40
Set R 270 0 10
3M5 L 229 35 40 R 139 35 50
R 49 36 0
I-Set 3M1 L 0 0 0 L 96 56 50
R 180 0 10
3M4 L 96 56 50 R 96 56 40
R 276 57 0
3M5 96 56 45
II- 3M1 L 90 0 0 L 96 56 40
Set R 270 0 10
3M4 L 186 56 40 R 96 56 40
R 6 56 50

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C. Horizontal Angle Correction:
The interior angles of the traverse as tabulated above are:
∡3M1= 119° 19' 17"
∡3M2= 90° 45' 42"
∡3M3= 93° 23' 17"
∡3M4= 139° 35' 40"
∡3M5= 96° 56' 45"
Observed sum of Int. angles = ∡3M1 + ∡3M2 + ∡3M3 + ∡3M4 + ∡3M5
= 119° 19' 17" + 90° 45' 42" + 93° 23' 17" + 139° 35' 40" + 96° 56'
45"
= 540° 0' 41"
Theoretical Sum = (n-2) * 180° = 540°
Error = Observed Sum - Theoretical Sum
= 540° 0' 41" - 540°
= 0° 0' 41"
Permissible error = ± 30”√ n
=± 30”√ 5
=± 1’ 7”
Since, Error < Permissible Error, correction can be made in the angular measurements.
Correction = -Error = -41"
Correction in each angle = −41} over {5} ¿ -8.2"
Statio Interior Correctio Corr.
n Angle n Angle
3M1 119° 19' 17" -8" 119° 19' 9"
3M2 90° 45' 42" -8" 90° 45' 34"
3M3 93° 23' 17" -8" 93° 23' 9"
3M4 139° 35' 40" -9" 139° 35'
31"
3M5 96° 56' 45" -8" 96° 56' 37"
∑= 540° 0' 41" ∑= -41" ∑= 540° 0'
0"

Hence Corrected Internal angles of the traverse are:

∡3M1= 119° 19' 9"
∡3M2= 90° 45' 34"
∡3M3= 93° 23' 9"
∡3M4= 139° 35' 31"

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∡3M5= 96° 56' 37"

D. Bearing Calculation:
3M2

3M
3
N
3M
1

SBM

3M
4

3M
5
Fig. 1. Major Traverse showing corrected internal angles
and bearing of SBM-3M1

Using a prismatic compass, following bearing of the line SBM–3M1 was observed:
Fore bearing of SBM–3M1 = 310° 30’ 00”
Angle made by SBM at 3M1 with zero set at 3M5 = 280° 35’ 20”

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Now,
Back bearing of SBM–3M1 = 310° 30’ 00” - 180°
=130° 30’ 00”

Fore bearing of 3M1–3M2 = 360° - (280° 35’ 20” - B.B of SBM–3M1 - Interior Angle 3M1)
= 360° - (280° 35’ 20” - 130° 30’ 00” - 119° 19’ 9”)
= 329° 13’ 49”
∴Fore bearing of 3M1–3M2 = 329° 13’ 49”

Fore bearing of 3M2–3M3 = FB of 3M1–3M2 + Interior angle 3M2 ± 180°

= 329° 13’ 49” + 90° 45’ 34” - 180°
= 239° 59’ 23”

∴Fore bearing of 3M2–3M3 = 239° 59’ 23”

Fore bearing of 3M3–3M4= FB of 3M2–3M3 + Interior angle 3M3 ± 180°
=239° 59’ 23” + 93° 23’ 9” - 180°
=153° 22’ 32”
∴ Fore bearing of 3M3–3M4 = 153° 22’ 32”

Fore bearing of 3M4–3M5= FB of 3M3–3M4 + Interior angle 3M4 ± 180°

=153° 22’ 32” + 139° 35’ 31” - 180°
=112° 58’ 3”
∴ Fore bearing of 3M4–3M5 = 112° 58’ 3”

Fore bearing of 3M5–3M1= FB of 3M4–3M5 + Interior angle 3M5 ± 180°

=112° 58’ 3” + 96° 56’ 37” - 180°
=29° 54’ 40”
∴ Fore bearing of 3M5–3M1 = 29° 54’ 40”

* CHECK:
Fore bearing of 3M1–3M2= FB of 3M5–3M1 + Interior angle 3M1 ± 180°

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 =29° 54’ 40” + 119° 19’ 9” + 180°
=329° 13’ 49”
∴ Fore bearing of 3M1–3M2 = 329° 13’ 49”

Summary of bearing of traverse legs are:

F.B of 3M1–3M2 = 329° 13’ 49”
F.B of 3M2–3M3 = 239° 59’ 23”
F.B of 3M3–3M4 = 153° 22’ 32”
F.B of 3M4–3M5 = 112° 58’ 3”
F.B of 3M5–3M1 = 29° 54’ 40”

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 E. Gales Table for Traverse Correction:
Stn. Leg Length Whole Circle Consecutive Correction Corrected Independent Adjusted Adjusted Bearing
Bearing Coordinates Consecutive Coordinates Length
Coordinates
D M S Latitude Departure (D) Latitud Departure Latitud Departure Northing Easting D M S (")
(°) (') (") (L) e e (°) (')
SB SBM - M1 13.844 310 30 0 8.991 -10.527 0.0000 0.0000 8.991 -10.527 3061922 335708 13.844 310 30 0.00
M
3M1 3M1 - 3M2 62.208 329 13 49 53.451 -31.825 -0.0074 -0.0062 53.444 -31.831 3061930.991 335697.473 62.205 329 13 18.68
3M2 3M2 - 3M3 62.612 239 59 23 -31.316 -54.218 -0.0074 -0.0063 -31.323 -54.224 3061984.435 335665.642 62.621 239 59 12.15
3M3 3M3 - 3M4 52.128 153 22 32 -46.601 23.361 -0.0062 -0.0052 -46.607 23.355 3061953.111 335611.418 52.131 153 23 1.48
3M4 3M4 - 3M5 42.452 112 58 3 -16.565 39.087 -0.0050 -0.0043 -16.570 39.082 3061906.505 335634.773 42.450 112 58 33.63
3M5 3M5 - 3M1 47.372 29 54 40 41.062 23.622 -0.0056 -0.0048 41.056 23.618 3061889.935 335673.855 47.365 29 54 34.26
∑Length ∆L= ∆D= ∑L= ∑D=
=
266.772 0.032 0.027 0.000 0.000

Error in Latitude(∆L) = 0.032 m

Error in Departure(∆D) = 0.027 m

Total error of closure (e) = √ ∆ L2 +∆ D2 = √ 0.0322+ 0.0272 = 0.042 m

1 1
Relative Precision = P = 266.771 = 1:6351.714
e 0.042
Since Relative precision > 1:5000 for major traverse, correction can be done to the above traverse.

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F. Fly levelling for Reducing levels of major stations:

Staff BS Mean S1 FS Mean S2 Rise Fall RL (m) Stadia Hor.

Statio BS (T- FS (T- (+) (-) Interva Dist. (m)
n B) B) l =Sx100
S=S1+S
2
Top Mid Bot Top Mid Bot
(T) (M) (B) (T) (M) (B)
SBM 1.66 1.626 1.59 1.626 0.06 - - 1293.00 0.068 6.800
0 2 8 0
3M1 1.53 1.384 1.23 1.384 0.30 1.17 1.142 1.10 1.142 0.07 0.484 0.000 1293.48 0.379 37.900
8 0 8 8 7 1 4
3M2 1.37 1.210 1.05 1.210 0.32 1.43 1.278 1.11 1.278 0.31 0.106 0.000 1293.59 0.637 63.700
0 0 0 6 9 7 0
3M3 1.56 1.436 1.30 1.436 0.25 1.90 1.752 1.59 1.752 0.30 0.000 0.542 1293.04 0.563 56.300
4 7 7 5 9 6 8
3M4 1.54 1.441 1.33 1.441 0.20 1.45 1.320 1.18 1.320 0.26 0.116 0.000 1293.16 0.472 47.200
4 9 5 3 6 7 4
3M5 1.94 1.825 1.70 1.825 0.24 1.63 1.520 1.41 1.520 0.22 0.000 0.079 1293.08 0.461 46.100
5 4 1 0 0 0 5
SBM 2.02 1.910 1.79 1.910 0.22 0.000 0.086 1293.00 0.229 22.900
5 6 9 0
∑BS= ∑FS= ∑Rise ∑Fall
= =
8.922 8.922 0.706 0.706

Check: ∑Rise=0.706 m
∑BS=8.922 m ∑Fall=0.706 m
∑FS=8.922 m

Topographic Survey Page | 10

Since ∑BS - ∑FS = ∑Rise - ∑Fall = Last RL – First RL = 0, No RL 3M1 = 1293.484 m.
correction is required
3M2 = 1293.590 m.
3M3 = 1293.048 m.
The Summary of Elevations are:
3M4 = 1293.164 m.
SBM= 1293.000 m.
3M5 = 1293.085 m.

G. Detailing:
I) From Station 3M1: Northing(Y): 3061930.991m Easting(X): 335697.473m Elevation(Z): 1293.484m

Inst. Stn. Pt. Sighte Hor. Vertica Stadia Reading Stadia Bearing Hor. Vert. Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev. (Z)
& Ht. of No. d Ang. l Intercept (°) Dist.
Inst. To (°) Ang. (S) (L) Dist.
(°) Top Mid Bot
1 3M5 0.000 -1.269 1.00 0.762 0.52 0.475 209.910 47.47 -1.052 3061889.838 335673.80 1293.102
0 5 7 0
2 P1 3.236 -1.269 0.91 0.810 0.70 0.217 213.146 21.68 -0.481 3061912.831 335685.61 1293.625
3M1 9 2 9 4
3 OP1 29.117 -1.269 0.87 0.767 0.65 0.224 239.026 22.38 -0.496 3061919.469 335678.27 1293.653
Ht. of 9 5 9 7
Instrument: 4 OP2 35.700 -1.269 0.84 0.725 0.60 0.233 245.610 23.28 -0.516 3061921.374 335676.26 1293.675
1.432m 2 9 9 3
5 OP3 39.986 -1.269 0.82 0.700 0.57 0.241 249.896 24.08 -0.534 3061922.711 335674.85 1293.682
0 9 8 3
6 OP5 43.219 -1.269 0.88 0.772 0.66 0.222 253.129 22.18 -0.492 3061924.551 335676.23 1293.652
2 0 9 9
7 OP6 50.319 -1.269 0.81 0.698 0.57 0.242 260.229 24.18 -0.536 3061926.886 335673.63 1293.682
9 7 8 6
8 OP4 46.903 -1.269 0.78 0.658 0.52 0.263 256.812 26.28 -0.583 3061924.994 335671.87 1293.675
8 5 7 9
9 OP7 32.733 -1.269 0.83 0.701 0.57 0.259 242.643 25.88 -0.574 3061919.095 335674.48 1293.641
0 1 7 1

Topographic Survey Page | 11

 10 OP8 36.969 -1.269 0.78 0.650 0.51 0.261 246.879 26.08 -0.578 3061920.747 335673.48 1293.688
0 9 7 1
11 OP9 34.383 -1.269 0.75 0.615 0.47 0.289 244.293 28.88 -0.640 3061918.461 335671.44 1293.661
9 0 6 6
12 OP10 40.489 -1.269 0.71 0.561 0.41 0.305 250.398 30.48 -0.676 3061920.764 335668.75 1293.679
5 0 5 5
13 OP11 43.244 -1.269 0.76 0.619 0.47 0.282 253.154 28.18 -0.625 3061922.823 335670.49 1293.672
0 8 6 6
14 G1 46.111 -1.269 0.77 0.630 0.48 0.299 256.021 29.88 -0.662 3061923.771 335668.47 1293.623
9 0 5 3
15 G2 49.869 -1.269 0.82 0.685 0.54 0.273 259.779 27.28 -0.605 3061926.149 335670.61 1293.626
2 9 7 9
16 IP2 58.750 -1.169 0.74 0.580 0.41 0.330 268.660 32.98 -0.673 3061930.219 335664.49 1293.662
5 5 6 6
17 IP1 55.353 -1.094 0.78 0.611 0.44 0.341 265.262 34.08 -0.651 3061928.176 335663.50 1293.653
2 1 8 2
18 IP4 58.011 -0.853 0.86 0.680 0.50 0.360 267.921 35.99 -0.536 3061929.685 335661.50 1293.700
0 0 2 5
19 W1 74.969 -0.536 1.14 1.049 0.95 0.195 284.879 19.49 -0.182 3061935.998 335678.62 1293.684
5 0 8 8
20 W2 34.769 -0.536 1.01 0.805 0.60 0.405 244.679 40.49 -0.379 3061913.671 335660.86 1293.732
0 5 6 7
21 OP12 25.086 -0.536 1.19 1.050 0.91 0.282 234.996 28.19 -0.264 3061914.816 335674.37 1293.602
2 0 8 6
22 OP13 30.069 -0.536 1.10 0.949 0.79 0.315 239.979 31.49 -0.295 3061915.232 335670.20 1293.672
5 0 7 1
23 OP14 36.583 -0.536 1.18 1.091 1.00 0.180 246.493 17.99 -0.168 3061923.812 335680.96 1293.656
1 1 8 8
24 OP15 60.033 -0.536 1.10 1.019 0.93 0.175 269.943 17.49 -0.164 3061930.974 335679.97 1293.733
5 0 8 4
25 OP16 75.753 -0.536 1.18 1.115 1.04 0.145 285.662 14.49 -0.136 3061934.905 335683.51 1293.665
5 0 9 3
26 GP1 312.869 -0.536 1.46 1.440 1.41 0.053 162.779 5.300 -0.050 3061925.929 335699.04 1293.426
5 2 2
27 GP2 352.472 -0.536 1.35 1.279 1.19 0.160 202.382 15.99 -0.150 3061916.198 335691.38 1293.487
9 9 9 1

Topographic Survey Page | 12

 28 GP3 333.803 -0.536 1.40 1.309 1.21 0.187 183.712 18.69 -0.175 3061912.332 335696.26 1293.432
2 5 8 2
29 GP4 294.086 -0.536 1.50 1.450 1.39 0.110 143.996 10.99 -0.103 3061922.093 335703.93 1293.363
5 5 9 9
30 GP5 285.153 -0.536 1.92 1.862 1.80 0.125 135.062 12.49 -0.117 3061922.143 335706.30 1292.937
5 0 9 1
31 GP6 279.319 -2.936 1.75 1.680 1.60 0.155 129.229 15.45 -0.793 3061921.214 335709.44 1292.443
5 0 9 8
32 GP7 267.422 -2.936 1.93 1.860 1.78 0.146 117.332 14.56 -0.747 3061924.305 335710.40 1292.309
2 6 2 9
33 GP8 268.844 -2.936 2.92 2.825 2.72 0.200 118.754 19.94 -1.023 3061921.395 335714.96 1291.068
5 5 8 1
34 GP9 28.503 -1.603 1.17 1.120 1.07 0.105 238.412 10.49 -0.294 3061925.495 335688.53 1293.502
5 0 2 6
35 GP10 173.267 -1.603 2.02 1.980 1.93 0.096 23.176 9.592 -0.268 3061939.809 335701.24 1292.667
8 2 8
36 GP11 164.994 -10.253 2.75 2.690 2.63 0.129 14.904 12.49 -2.259 3061943.062 335700.68 1289.966
9 0 1 6
37 GP12 151.328 -10.253 3.22 3.130 3.04 0.180 1.237 17.43 -3.153 3061948.417 335697.84 1288.633
0 0 0 9
38 GP13 138.069 -7.961 2.29 2.205 2.12 0.175 347.979 17.16 -2.400 3061947.779 335693.89 1290.310
5 0 4 8
39 GP14 127.100 -3.869 1.57 1.460 1.35 0.212 337.010 21.10 -1.427 3061950.418 335689.23 1292.028
0 8 3 0
40 GP15 198.328 -1.028 2.54 2.500 2.44 0.103 48.237 10.29 -0.185 3061937.849 335705.15 1292.231
8 5 7 3
41 GP16 208.300 -11.378 2.70 2.630 2.55 0.150 58.210 14.41 -2.901 3061938.586 335709.72 1289.385
5 5 6 6
42 GP17 209.733 -11.072 4.46 4.362 4.26 0.198 59.643 19.07 -3.732 3061940.629 335713.92 1286.822
0 2 0 8
43 GP18 226.483 -9.183 4.95 4.846 4.74 0.210 76.393 20.46 -3.309 3061935.806 335717.36 1286.761
0 0 5 4
44 B1 282.069 -3.006 3.15 3.060 2.96 0.195 131.979 19.44 -1.021 3061917.984 335711.92 1290.835
5 0 6 9
45 B2 279.700 -3.006 2.88 2.760 2.63 0.250 129.610 24.93 -1.309 3061915.096 335716.68 1290.847
5 5 1 0

Topographic Survey Page | 13

 46 B3 314.244 -3.003 2.92 2.800 2.67 0.250 164.154 24.93 -1.308 3061907.007 335704.28 1290.808
5 5 1 1
47 B4 306.353 -3.003 2.69 2.550 2.40 0.295 156.262 29.41 -1.543 3061904.061 335709.31 1290.822
5 0 9 6
48 GP19 322.869 -3.003 1.68 1.550 1.41 0.270 172.779 26.92 -1.412 3061904.279 335700.85 1291.953
5 5 6 7
49 GP20 331.000 -2.336 3.02 2.840 2.66 0.360 180.910 35.94 -1.466 3061895.055 335696.90 1290.609
0 0 0 2
50 GP21 336.911 -2.336 0.91 0.790 0.66 0.255 186.821 25.45 -1.039 3061905.713 335694.45 1293.087
5 0 8 0
51 SBM 280.589 -2.347 1.40 1.339 1.27 0.138 130.498 13.77 -0.565 3061922.044 335707.94 1293.012
8 0 7 9
52 GP22 118.158 -1.181 1.14 1.049 0.95 0.195 328.068 19.49 -0.402 3061947.533 335687.16 1293.465
5 0 2 3
53 GP23 119.211 -2.342 1.09 0.998 1.00 0.090 329.121 8.985 -0.367 3061938.702 335692.86 1293.550
5 5 2
II) From Station 3M2: Northing(Y): 3061984.435m Easting(X): 335665.642m Elevation(Z): 1293.590m

Inst. Stn. Pt. Sighte Hor. Vert. Stadia Reading Stadia Bearin Hor. Vert. Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev. (Z)
& Ht. of Inst. No. d Ang. Ang. Intercept g Dist.
To (°) (°) Top Mid Bot (S) (°) (L) Dist.
54 3M1 0.000 0.000 1.805 1.494 1.182 0.623 149.222 62.300 0.000 3061930.909 335697.522 1293.504
55 GP50 2.769 0.000 1.330 1.196 1.064 0.266 151.991 26.600 0.000 3061960.950 335678.133 1293.802
56 GP51 8.111 0.000 1.249 1.124 0.999 0.250 157.333 25.000 0.000 3061961.366 335675.276 1293.874
3M2
57 GP52 11.642 0.000 1.405 1.268 1.130 0.275 160.864 27.500 0.000 3061958.454 335674.657 1293.730
Ht. of 58 GP53 15.689 0.000 1.210 1.125 1.040 0.170 164.911 17.000 0.000 3061968.021 335670.067 1293.873
Instrument: 59 GP54 22.653 0.000 1.238 1.164 1.090 0.148 171.875 14.800 0.000 3061969.783 335667.734 1293.834
1.408m 60 GP55 30.836 0.000 1.190 1.103 1.016 0.174 180.058 17.400 0.000 3061967.035 335665.624 1293.895
61 GP56 39.544 0.000 1.192 1.135 1.076 0.116 188.766 11.600 0.000 3061972.970 335663.874 1293.863
62 GP57 330.750 0.000 1.298 1.238 1.178 0.120 119.972 12.000 0.000 3061978.440 335676.037 1293.760
63 GP58 83.422 0.000 1.694 1.480 1.266 0.428 232.644 42.800 0.000 3061958.465 335631.621 1293.518
64 GP59 106.219 -0.303 1.979 1.792 1.606 0.373 255.441 37.299 - 3061975.059 335629.540 1293.009
0.197

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 65 GP60 110.989 -2.344 1.625 1.450 1.279 0.346 260.211 34.542 - 3061978.562 335631.603 1292.134
1.414
66 GP61 120.750 -4.328 1.638 1.456 1.278 0.360 269.972 35.795 - 3061984.417 335629.847 1290.833
2.709
67 GP62 127.494 -6.144 2.990 2.792 2.595 0.395 276.716 39.047 - 3061989.001 335626.862 1288.002
4.204
68 GP63 114.831 -3.211 1.180 1.044 0.906 0.274 264.052 27.314 - 3061981.604 335638.475 1292.422
1.532
69 GP65 136.483 -5.711 3.710 3.548 3.386 0.324 285.705 32.079 - 3061993.118 335634.760 1288.242
3.208
70 GP66 155.756 -10.692 3.258 3.138 3.020 0.238 304.977 22.981 - 3061997.608 335646.812 1287.521
4.339
71 GP67 150.725 -9.078 1.489 1.394 1.300 0.189 299.947 18.430 - 3061993.635 335649.673 1290.659
2.945
72 GP68 138.806 -3.817 1.599 1.522 1.445 0.154 288.027 15.332 - 3061989.179 335651.063 1292.453
1.023
73 GP69 169.367 -3.811 2.146 2.099 2.052 0.094 318.589 9.358 - 3061991.453 335659.451 1292.276
0.623
74 GP70 186.267 -6.983 3.242 3.166 3.090 0.152 335.489 14.975 - 3061998.060 335659.429 1289.998
1.834
75 GP71 187.733 -11.550 3.594 3.495 3.398 0.196 336.955 18.814 - 3062001.747 335658.277 1287.658
3.845
76 GP72 211.474 -14.028 2.706 2.600 2.495 0.211 0.696 19.860 - 3062004.293 335665.883 1287.436
4.962
77 GP73 223.067 -12.531 1.652 1.572 1.492 0.160 12.289 15.247 - 3061999.332 335668.887 1290.037
3.389
78 GP74 242.019 -9.194 1.595 1.502 1.408 0.187 31.241 18.223 - 3062000.015 335675.093 1290.546
2.950
79 GP75 252.661 -9.194 3.005 2.902 2.790 0.215 41.883 20.951 - 3062000.033 335679.629 1288.705
3.391
80 GP76 249.156 -3.983 1.516 1.455 1.394 0.122 38.377 12.141 - 3061993.952 335673.179 1292.698
0.845
81 GP77 25.875 -0.236 1.310 1.170 1.030 0.280 175.097 28.000 - 3061956.538 335668.035 1293.713
0.115
82 GP78 48.208 -0.236 1.365 1.205 1.046 0.319 197.430 31.899 - 3061954.000 335656.086 1293.662
0.131

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 83 GP79 58.203 -0.236 1.360 1.210 1.060 0.300 207.425 29.999 - 3061957.807 335651.825 1293.664
0.124
84 GP80 66.967 -0.236 1.400 1.300 1.200 0.200 216.189 20.000 - 3061968.293 335653.833 1293.616
0.082
85 GP81 92.739 -0.531 1.930 1.830 1.730 0.200 241.961 19.998 - 3061975.034 335647.991 1292.983
0.185

III) From Station 3M3: Northing(Y): 3061953.111m Easting(X): 335611.418m Elevation(Z): 1293.048m

Inst. Stn. Pt. Sighte Hor. Vert. Stadia Reading Stadia Bearin Hor. Vert. Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev. (Z)
& Ht. of No. d Ang. Ang. Intercep g Dist.
To (°) (°) Top Mid Bot t (S) (°) (L) Dist.
86 3M2 0.000 0.000 1.190 0.880 0.565 0.625 59.987 62.50 0.000 3061984.374 335665.5369 1293.594
3M3 0
87 GP82 318.511 0.000 1.514 1.478 1.442 0.072 18.498 7.200 0.000 3061959.939 335613.7019 1292.996
Ht. of Inst.: 88 GP83 302.536 0.000 1.631 1.616 1.599 0.032 2.523 3.200 0.000 3061956.308 335611.5584 1292.858
1.426 89 GP84 246.611 -14.881 1.555 1.505 1.460 0.095 306.598 8.873 -2.358 3061958.402 335604.2935 1290.611
90 GP85 191.314 -14.883 1.090 1.042 0.998 0.092 251.301 8.593 -2.284 3061950.356 335603.2781 1291.148

IV) From station 3M4: Northing(Y): 3061906.505m Easting(X):335634.773m Elevation(Z):1293.164

Inst. Stn. Pt. Sighte Hor. Vert. Stadia Reading Stadia Bearin Hor. Vert. Northing(Y) Easting(X) Elev. (Z)
& Ht. of No. d Ang. Ang. Intercep g Dist.

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 To (°) (°) Top Mid Bot t (S) (°) (L) Dist.
91 3M3 0.000 -0.619 1.22 0.960 0.700 0.520 333.384 51.994 -0.562 3061952.989 335611.479 1293.056
0
92 OP17 52.336 -0.619 0.90 0.840 0.781 0.119 25.720 11.899 -0.129 3061917.224 335639.937 1293.609
3M4 0
93 OP18 43.742 -0.619 1.13 1.065 1.000 0.130 17.125 12.998 -0.141 3061918.927 335638.601 1293.372
Ht. of Instrument: 0
1.414m 94 OP19 76.481 -0.619 0.85 0.781 0.710 0.145 49.864 14.498 -0.157 3061915.850 335645.857 1293.640
5
95 OP20 65.567 -0.619 0.94 0.875 0.800 0.145 38.950 14.498 -0.157 3061917.780 335643.887 1293.546
5
96 OP21 74.942 -0.619 0.88 0.799 0.712 0.168 48.325 16.798 -0.182 3061917.674 335647.320 1293.597
0
97 OP22 83.192 -0.619 0.89 0.804 0.718 0.172 56.575 17.198 -0.186 3061915.978 335649.127 1293.588
0
98 OP23 80.206 -0.619 0.86 0.765 0.660 0.205 53.589 20.498 -0.222 3061918.671 335651.269 1293.591
5
99 OP24 73.356 -0.619 0.86 0.760 0.660 0.201 46.739 20.098 -0.217 3061920.278 335649.409 1293.601
1
100 OP25 73.172 -0.619 0.85 0.740 0.630 0.220 46.556 21.997 -0.238 3061921.631 335650.744 1293.600
0
101 OP26 65.208 -0.619 0.93 0.859 0.775 0.164 38.592 16.398 -0.177 3061919.322 335645.002 1293.542
9
102 OP27 56.528 -0.619 0.94 0.855 0.770 0.170 29.912 16.998 -0.184 3061921.239 335643.249 1293.539
0
103 OP28 58.786 5.311 2.96 2.862 2.760 0.205 32.170 20.324 1.889 3061923.709 335645.594 1293.605
5
104 OP29 65.717 2.422 1.93 1.835 1.735 0.200 39.100 19.964 0.845 3061921.998 335647.364 1293.588
5
105 OP30 65.417 1.642 1.72 1.615 1.505 0.217 38.800 21.682 0.621 3061923.402 335648.359 1293.584
2
106 IP5 71.078 1.642 1.90 1.760 1.615 0.290 44.462 28.976 0.830 3061927.186 335655.069 1293.648
5
107 IP6 65.647 1.642 1.91 1.770 1.625 0.290 39.031 28.976 0.830 3061929.014 335653.020 1293.638
5
108 IP7 70.572 1.642 1.90 1.750 1.595 0.310 43.956 30.975 0.888 3061928.802 335656.273 1293.716

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 5
109 IP8 65.542 1.642 1.94 1.792 1.637 0.310 38.925 30.975 0.888 3061930.602 335654.235 1293.674
7
110 OP31 88.622 1.642 1.34 1.275 1.210 0.130 62.006 12.989 0.372 3061912.602 335646.242 1293.675
0
111 OP32 98.600 1.642 1.47 1.370 1.270 0.200 71.984 19.984 0.573 3061912.685 335653.777 1293.781
0
112 OP33 111.153 1.642 1.83 1.700 1.570 0.260 84.537 25.979 0.745 3061908.978 335660.634 1293.623
0
113 OP34 37.650 1.642 1.77 1.678 1.580 0.192 11.034 19.184 0.550 3061925.334 335638.445 1293.450
2
114 OP35 24.947 1.442 1.94 1.815 1.682 0.266 358.331 26.583 0.669 3061933.077 335633.999 1293.432
8
115 GP30 13.969 0.956 1.80 1.665 1.525 0.275 347.353 27.492 0.459 3061933.330 335628.754 1293.372
0
116 GP31 353.517 0.956 1.74 1.680 1.615 0.130 326.900 12.996 0.217 3061917.392 335627.676 1293.115
5
117 GP32 137.597 0.956 1.87 1.755 1.640 0.230 110.981 22.994 0.384 3061898.272 335656.242 1293.207
0
118 GP33 158.714 -2.853 1.55 1.425 1.290 0.265 132.098 26.434 -1.317 3061888.783 335654.387 1291.836
5
119 GP34 169.428 -8.061 1.68 1.535 1.390 0.290 142.812 28.430 -4.026 3061883.856 335651.957 1289.017
0
120 GP35 202.011 -12.925 1.82 1.765 1.705 0.120 175.395 11.400 -2.616 3061895.142 335635.688 1290.197
5
121 GP36 203.564 -12.922 1.54 1.500 1.465 0.080 176.948 7.600 -1.744 3061898.916 335635.178 1291.334
5
122 GP37 168.667 -8.469 1.28 1.220 1.150 0.135 142.050 13.207 -1.967 3061896.090 335642.895 1291.391
5
123 GP38 297.417 -8.469 1.28 1.235 1.190 0.090 270.800 8.805 -1.311 3061906.628 335625.969 1292.032
0
124 GP39 299.761 -8.353 1.91 1.850 1.780 0.130 273.145 12.726 -1.868 3061907.203 335622.066 1290.860
0
125 GP40 320.508 -6.728 1.39 1.315 1.235 0.156 293.892 15.386 -1.815 3061912.736 335620.705 1291.448
1
126 GP41 329.333 -3.078 2.76 2.655 2.540 0.225 302.717 22.435 -1.206 3061918.631 335615.897 1290.717

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 5
127 GP42 342.133 -3.078 1.24 1.105 0.970 0.270 315.517 26.922 -1.448 3061925.713 335615.909 1292.025
0
128 GP43 343.856 -3.078 1.80 1.625 1.450 0.350 317.239 34.899 -1.876 3061932.127 335611.079 1291.077
0
129 GP44 342.475 -3.078 2.49 2.270 2.050 0.445 315.859 44.372 -2.386 3061938.347 335603.871 1289.922
5

Results:
The main objective of the topographic survey was to prepare the topo map of the area. The above observations and calculations allowed us to plot the
map of the surveyed area which in turn gives the information about the relief in the area as well as various natural as well as man-made features. The
area surveyed was a tableland and is clearly depicted in the contour map.

Conclusion:
To prepare a topographic map of a given area, we first need to establish a series of points and lines called stations and traverse leg respectively which
we measure precisely and with the help of these points of known or calculated coordinates we then establish secondary points of interest in the area.

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This allows us to not only depict the detail on a map but also to draw contour lines with the help of elevations of these points. A contour map or topo
map thus generated can serve different engineering and geological purpose such as:
 While constructing dams, topography plays an important role in deciding the dam location, the dam catchment as well as the submerge areas.
 Topographic maps can also be used to perform flood analyses, since natural water flow follows the terrain’s gradient.
 To determine landslide susceptible areas in a hilly town. Topography along with the duration of rain, soil type and location of roads helps to
determine areas prone to landslide.
 In the case of military, it is used to determine strategic locations to construct watch towers and in the placement of units and other strategic
planning.
 In telecom, view-shed analyses are performed with the use of topographical maps to determine the suitable locations to place cell-phone towers
to provide maximum coverage.
 Topographical maps are consulted and integrated into the design and planning for almost any infrastructure project. So, the railways, highways,
gas lines, water pipes, pipelines anything is impossible without accurate topo maps

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