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-----------------
A Research
Presented
To the
Faculty of St. Theresa's College
High School Department
Cebu City Philippines
------------------
In Partial Fulfilment
Of the
Requirements for Science
In GRADE 8
----------------
By:
DAGAMI, AMADO
FLORO, WAYNE
ALVARO, KAYLA
DING, JULIANNE
HERNANDO, FIONA
ROSARIO, PRINCESS
April 2018
CHAPTER 1
Introduction
It has been noted that hand washing is a milestone in infectious disease control,
and promotion of improved hand hygiene has been recognized as an important public
health measure (Sultana et al., 2016). In spite of the fact that the procedures associated
with hand cleanliness are simple, however, consistence to these proposals is poor
worldwide. Since the hands get microorganisms in various ways, it is, however, ideal to
have a standard hand cleaning. Infectious diseases are as yet the most widely
recognized and common group of deadly diseases (Ergin et al., 2010). As indicated by a
study directed in Turkey, yearly, more than 3.5 million youngsters die from diarrhea and
Its significance was first found in a maternity center in Vienna in 1847. It was
uncovered that cleaning hands by medicinal workforce decreased maternal death rate.
Other studies have shown that hand-washing keeps the spread of infectious diseases.
diarrheal ailments 1.8 times. Furthermore, washing of hands can diminish the dangers
1
An interventional study showed that children younger than 15 years living in
families that got hand washing advancement and plain soap had a 53% lower
respiratory illnesses with the guide of appropriate hand washing. Moreover, it was
proven that hand hygiene educational interventions strongly affect the prevention of
these sicknesses (Entin, 2012). As of now, proper hand washing isn't as across the board
as required around the world. Several reports state that the frequency of hand washing
with soap before handling food or after the restroom was observed in only between 0%
To improve the situation, Center for Disease Control and Association for
Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology have created guidelines for hand
washing. Furthermore, UNICEF has been declaring October 15 since 2008 as the Global
Hand Washing Day keeping in mind the end goal to highlight the need for hand washing.
In the local setting, Philippines is actively promoting hand hygiene with the help of the
Department of Health and the Department of Education among citizens as well as the
students. The researchers wanted to investigate the hand washing awareness of the
2
B. Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine the hand washing awareness among the grade 8
frequency of compliance
level of awareness
practices
C. Hypothesis
The grade 8 students of STC are aware of hand washing in terms of frequency of
General Statement:
Students
The results derived from the survey will help students lower their risk of
3
• Teachers
The results derived from the survey will pave a way for teachers to encourage
the students to wash their hands consistently especially after contact with
will also be inspired to act as a role model for the students to follow in
• Parents
The results derived from the survey will help parents constantly remind their
or in the community. They also have to share their role to protect the child and
establish a partnership with healthcare workers to deliver safe care to the child,
The results derived from the survey will help health care providers educate
everyone specifically the youth who aren’t fully aware of the important points in
hand washing. They are the driving force of the students in keeping a healthy
• Future Researchers
The results derived from the survey will inspire future researches in formulating
new techniques in hand washing for everyone’s benefit. They will be challenged
4
E. Operational Definition of Terms
fungus.
combining data from multiple studies when the treatment effect is consistent
with the intent of modifying the outcome; action taken to improve a situation,
5
CHAPTER 2
Hand washing is a simple yet crucial conduct in hospitals, medical facilities and
school establishments (Morgan, 2017). It has been stressed that hand hygiene is the
at only 39 % worldwide. In light of this, the World Health Organization suggests that
compliance can be improved through access to alcohol-based hand rub solution and
washing facilities, proper training and education, consistent monitoring and feed
It has been regarded that hands are the primary disease vectors carrying
respiratory microorganism shed from nose, mouth or anus to the nasal mucosa,
2014). Approximately, there are 1,500 bacteria per square centimeter of skin on your
hand and one of the best approach to prevent infectious disease is to wash your hands
with soap and water (Bailey, 2017). Germs, including bacteria and viruses, typically
reside on everyday objects such as gadgets and shopping carts may be transferred
from contaminated objects on your palms when you touch them. The leading cause of
6
Once inside the body, the germs weakens the body's immune
foodborne diseases and food poisoning. Reactions to germs such as MRSA, Clostridium
difficile , E. coli and Salmonella can lead to mild gastric discomfort and diarrhea and
worse, death. Properly washing and drying your hands reduces your risk of getting sick
with diarrhea by 33 percent, having diarrheal illness in people with weakened immune
systems by 58% (Huang & Zhou ,2007), and respiratory illnesses, like colds, in the
general population by 16-21% (Aiello et al., 2008). A study by the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2003 determined whether proper hygiene can
successfully avert diarrhea in children. The results showed that children whose
families were exposed to nine months of a hand washing promotion scored better
adaptive (CDC, 2015). Furthermore, it also prevents eye infections such as such as
eye (Morgan 2017). Handwashing more than six times a day with soap and water is
considered the basic hygiene minimum by the Global Hygiene Council. Seven times a
day isn't really asking much – at least 10 times is a better goal. People who wash their
hands more than six times a day tend to suffer less frequently from infectious diseases.
There are certain rules to follow when washings hands. Some of these are, using
clean, running water, removing accessories (e.g. wrist watch, rings and bracelets),
7
rubbing your hands for at least 20 seconds or two rounds of the song “Happy Birthday”
(Blank Children's Hospital , 2014; Ergin et al., 2010) which includes scrubbing all surfaces
including the backs of your hands, wrists, between your fingers and under your
fingernails , rinsing of hands thoroughly and drying it with a clean towel (Mayo Clinic
Staff, 2016). A new study finds that water temperature doesn’t correlate with the
degree of removed germs from the skin (Holohan, 2017). According to Donald Schaffner,
professor and author of the study , that whether you use a 60-degree Fahrenheit or 100-
had a remarkable different effect than the other since they were all effective in
UPMC in Pittsburgh, who was not involved in the study have noted that water works as
a physical cleanser and washes the organisms and microbes off the hands(2017). In the
interim, there is no evidence that the actual temperature of the water has anything to
do with the microbial properties of hand washing .Despite the dubiety ,some public
health organizations still recommend, "elevated water temperature." The FDA Food
hand washing with mild, but effective soaps. Hence, ardent and vigorous hand
8
It is a must to wash your hands before and after eating , using the restroom and
caring for a sick person. Moreover, washing of hands should be observed after using
public transportation, money exchange, having soiled hands, and cleaning the house like
doing the laundry and dishes (Ergin et. al., 2010), touching animals , blowing your nose,
coughing, or sneezing( CDC ,2016), handshaking ,touching garbage and using gadgets
(WebMD ,2016).
school absences attributed to illness (Lau & Springston ,2012). Techincally, infection -
associated absences have been shown to cause poor educational and financial results.
For example, a sick child may not be able to cope up with the school demands and suffer
absences may result to delay learning in the classroom (Miller,Murnane, & Willett,
2008). Finally, economical status is greatly affected when schools lose public funding
due to constant absenteeism. Poor health among students is resulted from the lack of
constraints and the lack of sinks in most school institutions are the obstacles in
perfoming hand hygiene practices. The origins of multiple illnesses of adulthood also
have their roots within the health behaviors of early youth. But, a majority of the
students through proper health education by parents and teachers (J Prev Med Hyg.,
2013).
9
Both hand washing and hand sanitizing have been shown effective to this major
ailments) by as much as 32%. Soap and water are an exceptional component of hand
hygiene program to reduce the risk of contamination through hand contact. Hand
when hands are not visibly dirty, with one study showing a 51% decrease in illness-
related absences compared to conventional hand washing practices (Sandora, Shih , &
to pave way to the development of best practices for sustainable change in sanitation
and hygiene behavior in the Philippines. This appraisal was administered from
September and November 2014 which filled in as a gauge for the UNICEF funded
all inclusive access to sheltered and sufficient sanitation conveniences in the nation by
2028. It inspected knowledge, attitudes and practices related to water, hygiene and
sanitation. A study of 3,025 family units in over six regions: Eastern Samar, Samar, Leyte,
Cebu, Capiz and Iloilo was incorporated into the investigation. Aside from the
significant variation between the six provinces, it uncovered a high general level of
10
cleanliness of hygiene awareness and knowledge. It demonstrated that an expected
93% of the populace in PhATS venture regions were utilizing an enhanced source of
drinking water at the household level. Be that as it may, key gaps incorporated the
on the link between unsafe water and health risks other than diarrhea. While an
estimated 89% of families in the project areas were using an improved sanitation
facility, 17% were found to be practicing open defecation. This fluctuated fundamentally
by region, with up to 42% of families in Cebu province having at least one member
practicing open defecation, but did not drop below 13%. Nevertheless, the baseline data
indicated that awareness of the health risks of open defecation was already high across
all project areas; which proposes that it might be helpful to concentrate informing on
Furthermore, the assessment emphasized the role of teachers as vital actors in curbing
open defecation, recommending that it might be helpful to have more extensive teacher
consultation and training on these issues, and to create ways to deal with working
intimately with instructors towards zero open defecation. In line with this, the
annually spearhead the celebration of Global Hand Washing Day on October 15 since
2008. This celebration not only targets on raising awareness on the significance of
washing hands with soap, yet additionally intends to support interest in worldwide hand
Methodology
A. Research Locale
This study was conducted in Saint Theresa’s College of Cebu. The school has
provided many washrooms that are within the student’s reach and are near each
grade level’s classrooms. It has a separate washroom for both male and
B. Research Respondents
The respondents in this study are the 138 grade 8 students of the institution.
With each one having different preferences, skills and interests, the said
respondents could help the researchers gain reliable results that can be useful
C. Materials
used in the gathering of data. These will be handed out to the 144 grade 8
respondent such as gender and age. It also contains a list of the different
12
Knowledge, Practices, and Skills in a University Setting ” by Ergin et al. which
Directions: Please fill up the checklist by checking your corresponding answers. Make
A. Frequency of Compliance
Questions Choices
Never
1-2 times
How many times do you wash your hands on a daily 3-5 times
6-10 times
basis? 11 and over
Far from the sink
No need
No time
Main reason for skipping hand washing Keep forgetting
Others
B. Level of Awareness
13
Do not
When washing/cleaning hands… Agree Disagree
know
1.)Use clean, running water
2.)Cold water should be used
3.)Lukewarm/medium hot water should be used
4.)Hot water should be used
5.)Remove jewelry ,rings, watches and etc.
6.)Using soap and water is the best and proper method
7.)Hand sanitizers are substitute for on-the-go cleaning
School principal, Mme. Giberson to conduct their survey during the Homeroom period
D. Procedure
from a previous study by Ergin et al. Through a request letter intended for the
Junior High School Principal, they will be able to conduct their survey during the
Homeroom classes of each section before they can finally able to produce
enough copies of the questionnaire for the respondents. Next to that , they will
visit each grade 8 class and give a briefing about their survey. By then, they will
hand out the questionnaires to the respondents. The respondents will be given
only 15 minutes to complete their answers. After data gathering, the researchers
will collect it for tallying the responses and to apply the statistical treatment
A. Results
Out of the 138 students, 86 or almost 60% of which wash their hands 6-10
times on a daily basis. No one among the respondents never wash their hands every
day. Only four students wash their hands 11 times and over. Almost half of the grade 8
students cited forgetfulness as their main reason for skipping handwashing. The second
reason with the most number of responses is being far from the sink. Twelve students
gave other reasons aside from the given such as laziness and not having the will to wash
their hands.
90
80
70
60 Number of
times
50
Frequency of Responses
40
30
20
10
0
Never 1-2 times 3-5 times 6-10 times 11 and over
17
Frequency of Responses
70
60
50
Reasons
40
30
20
10
0
Far from the Sink No need No time Keep forgetting Others
136 students ,almost 99 percent of the population agree that clean and
running water should be used and the best method in cleaning hands is by using water
and soap. However, 2 respondents said that they don’t know if clean water should be
lukewarm water should be used,three-fifths also do not know if cold water should be
used. More than half of the grade 8 students disagree to use hot water in hand hygiene.
121 respondents which makes more than four-fifths of the population agree in removing
jewelries when washing hands ,using hand sanitizers as substitute for the conventional
water and soap tandem and having the need to dry the hands after washing it. However,
fifteen percent when combined, disagrees and doesn’t know if hand-sanitizers can be
used in the absence of soap and water. 95 students agree to rub the hands for at least
18
20 seconds with only 11 students disagreeing and 32 not knowing what is the right
thing to do. 134 students or nine out of ten students agree in rinsing the hands
140
120
100
80
Frequency of Responses
60
Agree
40 Disagree
Do not Know
20
0
140
120
100
80
Frequency of Responses
60
Agree
40 Disagree
20 Do not Know
0
More than half of the students always was their hands before
19
meals,after using the restroom ,after touching animals and sick people,after blowing
nose and cleaning their own houses. 9 out of 10 respondents always wash their hands
after touching garbage with 6 students doing it sometimes and 2 for never.
Consequently, 73 students wash their hands sometimes after meals, 82 for before using
the restroom , 70 for after using public transportation, 74 for after using gadgets 69
after money exchange, and 73 for handshaking making it almost 60 percent of the over-
all population. None of the students never wash their hands after using the restroom
and when their hands are soiled. 57 students never wash their hands after handshaking.
Frequency of Responses
120
100
80
Always
60 Sometimes
Never
40
20
0
Before Meals After Meals Before using the After using the After using
restroom restroom public
transportation
140
120
100
80
60 Always
Frequency of Responses Sometimes
40 Never
20
120
100
80
Always
60 Sometimes
Frequency of Responses Never
40
20
21
B. Discussions
most of the grade 8 students wash their hands 3-5 times. The second highest number of
times the respondents wash their hands is 6-10 times followed by 1-2 times. This shows
that majority of the partipants don’t comply to the standard number of times in washing
of hands since the ideal frequency of washing hands is 6 times a day or more. These
findings may indicate a need of an extensive public health education program on the
topic.
Our study indicated that the main reasons for skipping were the
participant’s forgetfulness. This shouldn’t be since the participants are still young and it
has been always known that younger people have the better memory.Other main
reasons were the participant being far from the sink and their believes of “no time” and
“no need.” Since the students are at school most of the time during their waking hours,
maybe the comfort room has a great distance from their respective classroom.
clean and running water should be used and the best method in cleaning hands is by
using water and soap. Surprisingly, there were 2 respondents who stated that they
don’t know if clean water should be utilized in handwashing. Even if this is just a small
percentage among the over-all population, it is another sign that educational supplies
should be given to the students so that everyone will know the right and basic principles
22
in handwashing. However, most of them did not know that according to a new study ,
water temperature doesn’t correlate with the degree of removed germs from the skin
when washing hands ,using hand sanitizers as substitute for the conventional water and
soap tandem ,rubbing hands for at least 20 seconds ,rinsing it after and having the need
to dry the hands after washing it. However, there were still students who disageed and
don’t know the obvious and right idea in promoting hand washing.
According to figure 5,6 and 7, the high number of participants stated that
they wash their hands after before meals, using the restroom, after touching animals ,
before and after touching sick people,after touching garbage ,after blowing
nose,coughing and sneezing,when their hands are soiled and after cleaning their home.
Most of the participants also cited that they only wash their hands sometimes after
meals,before using the restroom, after using public transportation, after using gadgets,
after holding money and after handshaking. Surprisingly, number of participants who
claimed that ‘washing hands after using the toilet’ was higher than washing hands
before meals. Participants who responded in never washing their hands after using
gadgets is higher than always washing hands after using it. The same is true with the
respondents’ practice after handshaking. Never washing their hands after handshaking
has a very high response than always washing hands after doing it. There were
partcipants who also stated that they never wash their hands before using the
restroom, after using the public transportation, before and after touching sick 23
people
and after money exchange. Although the responses are encouraging, the response of
sometimes and never is still a cause of concern. Diseases doesn’t choose anyone at
anytime. Again, these fIndings suggest that there’s a need to have an intervention by
24
C. Conclusion
In summary, the majority grade 8 students are not practicing the ideal number
of times to wash the hands. Their main reason for not complying is forgetfulness.Also,
even if majority of the population has the right level of awareness about the different
between the water temperature and the killing of the pathogens in the hands. Lastly, for
the practices in handwashing it is safe to say that not majority of the population are
practicing the right time to wash their hands. Therefore, the grade 8 students are not
and practices. This study recommends Saint Theresa’s College Cebu to provide sufficient
soaps for each restroom or hand sanitizers so that the students can comply to the
handwashing techniques especially during their waking hours. In addition, seminars and
talks about this topic must also be conducted to have an improvement on the students’
perception on handwashing and so that they won’t take its importance for granted.
Educational tools such as posters places on comfort rooms can also help in the increase
the students’ compliance in handwashing. The researchers also recommend for further
future researches among the different grade levels to have a better comparison of
25
CHAPTER 5
Appendix
1.)Questionnaire
A. Frequency of Compliance
Question Choices
Never
1-2 times
How many times do you wash your hands on a daily 3-5 times
basis? 6-10 times
11 and over
Far from the sink
No need
No time
Main reason for skipping hand washing Keep forgetting
Others
B. Level of Awareness
Do not
When washing/cleaning hands… Agree Disagree
know
1.)Use clean, running water
2.)Cold water should be used
3.)Lukewarm/medium hot water should be used
4.)Hot water should be used
5.)Remove jewelry ,rings, watches and etc.
6.)Using soap and water is the best and proper method
26
7.)Hand sanitizers are substitute for on-the-go cleaning
when soap and water aren't available,
8.)Rub your hands for at least 20 seconds
9.)Rinse your hands thoroughly
10.)Drying is needed after hand washing
C. Practices
27
3.) Documentation
28
4.)
No. (%)
SECTION A 37 (26.8)
B 28(20.3)
C 37(26.8)
D 36(26.1)
GENDER Male 23(16.7)
Female 115(83.3)
AGE 13 7(5.1)
14 118(85.5)
15 13(9.4)
a. 1.
Question Choices No. (%)
Never 0
How many times do you wash your hands on a daily basis? 1-2 times 13(9.4)
3-5 times 86(62.3)
6-10 times 35(25.4)
11 and over 4(2.9)
a. 2.
Question Choices No. (%)
Far from the sink 25(18.1)
What is your main reason for skipping handwashing? No need 16(11.6)
No time 22(15.9)
Keep forgetting 63(45.7)
Others 12(8.7)
(please specify)
29
No. (%)
When washing/cleaning hands… Agree Disagree Do not know
1.) Use clean, running water 136(98.6) 0 2(1.4)
2.)Cold water should be used 20(14.5) 35(25.4) 83(60.1)
3.)Lukewarm/medium hot water should be used 82(59.4) 6(4.3) 50(36.2)
4.)Hot water should be used 15(10.9) 73(52.9) 50(36.2)
5.)Remove jewelry ,rings, watches and etc. 121(87.7) 9(6.5) 8(5.8)
6.)Using soap and water is the best and proper method 136(98.6) 0 2(1.4)
7.)Hand sanitizers are substitute for on-the-go cleaning when 116(84.1) 12(8.7) 10(7.2)
soap and water aren't available
8.)Rub your hands for at least 20 seconds 95(68.8) 11(8.0) 32(23.2)
9.)Rinse your hands thoroughly 134(97.1) 2(1.4) 2(1.4)
10.)Drying is needed after hand washing 121(87.7) 4(2.9) 13(9.4)
Table 3. Respondents’ Answer on their Level of Awareness in Handwashing
No. (%)
I wash my hands… Always Sometimes Never
1.)Before meals 75(54.3) 61(44.2) 2(1.4)
2.)After meals 64(46.4) 73(52.9) 1(.7)
3.)Before using the restroom 18(13.0) 82(59.4) 38(27.5)
4.)After using the restroom 115(83.3) 23(16.7) 0
5.)After using public transportation 51(37.0) 70(50.7) 17(12.3)
6.)After touching animals 105(76.1) 31(22.5) 2(1.4)
7.)Before touching sick people 61(44.2) 59(42.8) 18(13.0)
8.)After touching sick people 98(71.0) 34(24.6) 6(4.3)
9.)After touching garbage 130(94.2) 6(4.3) 2(1.4)
10.)After using gadgets 13(9.4) 74(53.6) 51(37.0)
11.)After holding money 54(39.1) 69(50.0) 15(10.9)
12.)After blowing nose, coughing or sneezing 82(59.4) 53(38.4) 3(2.2)
13.)After handshaking 8(5.8) 73(52.9) 57(41.3)
14.)When my hands are soiled 115(83.3) 23(16.7) 0
15.)After cleaning my home (e.g. laundry , dishes , dusting etc.) 110(79.7) 26(18.8) 2(1.4)
CHAPTER 6
30
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