rmeral (, 1s that branch of Mechanies which de l f taking io account the cause of the motion itt the study of motion ‘The term ‘kinematics’ is derived from the is 1 pir the G Word ‘kinema’ mear n of a partie tion: In the study of particle icle without studying the cause of a eho the Particle that is moving. nine af some ofthe important lileo has contributed a lot to the matics, we describe the motio, tion, We also do not attach any significane motion, speed, velocity, acceleration an pts required for analysis of motion, Gy pt of velocity and acceleration, PARTICLE DYNAMICS The word ‘dynamics’ comes from the Greek word Since force is the cause of motion, therefore the study eor less, a study of force. Newton has contributed a uncing his three famous laws of motion. OBJECTS IN MOTION object is said to be in motion if its position changes with respect to the ings in the course of time. n object in motion is the simplest example of a physical system whose roperty changes with time. Other examples of such systems are : (i) The of an enclosed gas as it is being heated. In this case, the pressure aes to increase with time as long as it is heated. (ii) A hot body allowed to In this case, temperature varies with time. are many examples of objects in motion. i) Our Earth rotates not only around its own axis but also about the ‘dynamis’ meaning of particle dynamics lot to this concept by i) The Sun along with its planets travels through our own galaxy. Aeroplanes, trains, cars, trucks, footballs, cricket balls, etc., are all one or the other time. 7A Sean nice ‘Mechanics and optics are the two oldest of the physical sciences Mechanics is fundamentally the stucty of the state of rest as well as the state of motion of material objects. The study of Mechanics can be broadly classified into two categories, statics ‘and dynamics. Statics is the study of ‘objects at rest. [An object is said to be at rest if it does not change its Position with respect to the surroundings in the course of time.] In the study of statis, we deal with ‘forces in equilibrium’. As in opties, time has no importance in staties. On the other hand, the study ofdynamies involves time. Galileo has contributed a lot to dynamics. ved with CamScannerA person ost passengers but i : - pad motion are relative t sb a ter a esting to UY ‘jure s0™e 1 ce IW ee neoly note tha rearded as fixed reference : motion’. We ase of Earth. C2 athe Sun Even Sun canno are dthe galactic centre. Nn object’, Consider the ¢ No, it is not possible b arded as ‘fixed’ beet sause se itisil be rega PT OF APOINT OBJECT An obec is said tobe a point bet ifit chan which are much greater than its size. 18 Examples. (i) Consider the revolution 0! ath of its orbit around diameter ofthe Earth is very small 85 compared to the lent it object. the Sun. So, Earth can be regarded as & PO ; : (di) Acar travelling few hundred kilometre may pe regarded as a point Pasa CONCE! 1s position by distances iges i jarth around the Sun. The object. : js an example of a point object. (iii) A kite flying in the sky int ol dd the Barth is a point object. (iv) A satellite circling aroun fs MOTION IN ONE, TWO OR THREE DIMENSIONS yf three ‘The position of a particle in space is expressed in forme oY fates change with time, rectangular co-ordinates x,y and2, When these co-ordin: then the particle is said to be in motion. However, it is not necessary that all the three eeordinates may change with time. Even if one or two co-ordinates change with time, the particle is said to be in motion. (a) Motion in One Dimension 5 ‘One-dimensional motion is the motion ofa particle moving along a straight ine. Aa __ One-dimensional motion is sometimes known as rectilinear or Hinear a motion. : —L- In this type of motion, only one of the three rect i is ty tion, angular changes with time. Consider one-dimensional motion eric Fig. 7.1. One-imesst particle moves from A to B, the x co-ordinate changes from x, ie “ab ae ‘The straight line along which one-dimensi mick be taken as x-axis ory-axis or z-axis, ee Examples. (i) If we ignore the width i a n and ce i i ‘moving on a straight railway track, then Sennen oe elie be one-dimensional. Be ceeeineanbnaaitta (ii) A ball thrown verticall ly up or a ball dropped from a certain height above the ground m i dimen und moves along a straight line. So, motion of ball is Gif) A mass suspended from a vertical spring can oscil Ee ine, Boi e " avert i along a straight line. So, its oscillatory motion will be one-dimensions moti cca ion. a ‘Scanned with CamScannereet es ive sometimes regard two-dimensional welling a certain distor Pendent one-dimensional motions. Any travelling ‘ded arc’ 0M the surface of Earth possesses tye. ional motion provided the distance travelled is very small ared mference of Earth, eee a () An insect crawling on a lobe. Gi) A planet revoiving around its star, ii) A carrom coin rebounding smoothly from the side of the board. tion in Three Dimensions particle moving in space has three-dimensional motion. this type of n.stion, all the three rectangu i i oner i descbe his mation we regan tae ea 73 shows three-dimensional motion in space. When the particle moves oB, the rectangular co-ordinates (x, y, 2) change from (x,,.9;,2)) to bx, 2522). hree-dimensional motion is the most general type of motion. A kite flying day is an example of three-dimensional motion. Example 1. Which of the graphs represents one- not represent one-dimensional motion? Whatis ™°tion. of the arrows, marked on some graphs? VeLocrTy’ SPEED—> possible. TIME 4 TIMeEt —> ney POSITIONx—> eg wv) significance. 73| Bees Ya) Fig. 7.2. Two-dimensional motion Z Ye ‘ & O92) Fig. 7.3. Three-dimensional motion Solution. The five graphs represented in Figs. 7.4 (i), (Wi), Gi), (v) and (vi) do not represent one-dimensional ‘motion, In fact these graphs represent. ‘impossible situations’. It is only the graph of Fig. 7.4(iv) which | represents one-dimensional onal motion of the particle ? Explain, why the 9 ®*? ‘The graph of Fig, 7.4(i) indicates two different positions of the particle at any given time t. This is not possible. ‘The graph of Fig. 7.4(ii) indicates negative speed. But, speed is never negative. So, the graph of Fig. 7.4li) is not ‘The graph of Fig. 7.4(iii) represents velocities in opposite * i directions at any given time f. This is also not possible. ‘The graph of Fig, 7.4(v) represents a decrease in total path length with time. This is also not possible. ‘The graph of Fig. 7.4(vi) represents two different positions of the particle at any time t. This is again not possible. ‘The arrows marked in the graphs of Fig. 7.4 have no ‘Scanned wih CamScannerobservers are the times thal mide an example FE) sant i onsider ar yen moves WLI order “ to70kmh Tin} ct is niin we nero, be» comes tn on on ni ii i yw coor se in vi we time interval ery Try noted that | orcy fs in 2 I rar wr ptm ote nose | ob —B Cet ime, 8a; 8 vin rn ‘ require unit of me our as ee te viene pa reauvpoose minute of th +d a may ch -e of ‘zero time is purely are an a ged | ative ti Mee ae which take pl ef ro a ni zero time re as a : Similarly, those ‘events which tak ee ‘positive oe negative: san ear Simm yalves. Thus, time TAY BO ste ey un Oe a cere rts opposite an observer 0% Mn reference to observ . | Suppose the car sta 's oppos Sappoet 0. Now, all time eure Hil Oe es nce | = this obs espe taken a8 22°0- Ror this observer, DA peed sine the car started. j j j j } sider the linear motion of a particle, ‘Suppose the waitioa Se slong a straight line L. In order describe aaa tion ofthe particle along the straight ling L, first of all ae nt to choose some point O om the straight line L such That it serves as.a reference point forall position ‘measurements. shatitSference paint is called the origin. The choice of the origin is arbitrary. After having chosen the origin, we choose some convenient lometre or even a centimetre. The voit of length. This could be a metre or a kil choice of the ‘unit of length’ is guided by considerations of convenience only. In the case of a horizontal line, measurements tothe right of O are taken as positive while the measurements to the left of O are taken as negative. In the case of a vertical line, the measurements above O are taken as positive while those below Oare taken as negative. 'At any time f, we can assign a real number x to the positis : t osition of t moving particle. This number, known as position coordinate, et a a positive value, zero or negative value. In Fig. 7.6, M Ee 2 units and’ =~ 3 units In the case ofa moving particle, the positi faethe Pee ae hate in a #4 positon co-ordinate isa function of Fees Sarai Age ith respect to time ¢, Thus, the en Uriiln SBS eEoi ee observer O and is in motion eLearn ofa car which has started opposite an Observers are supposed to right along a straight ‘ be posted at regular intervals of orate . f e observers P, Q, R, ..... to the ri ean ae ie right J z 200m, + 300m,..... . Succ ire ntent of willbe said to be at positions + 100m,+ ‘Scanned wih ComScannerMMU Hue NIFOR! 75 id to be at positions — 100 m, ~ 200 m, - 300 m, ...... These are the co- nates of the different observers along the s Siccl the ayabel ig the straight stretch of the road and hus, xp = + 100 m, xq = + 200 m, x, Xu =~ 100 m, xy = ~ 200 m, x, ‘The displacement of one observer rel ‘minus the co-ordinate of second. displacement of P relative to M Sa ae tou oN Oo P a A 300 m. Fig.7.7 lative to the other is the co-ordinate =*p— Xu = +100 m~(~ 200 m) = + 300 This implies that P is 300 mtotherightofM. “Conversely, the displacement of M relati i Beto mito thelef ot P. relative to P is ~ 300 m. This implies [t may, however, be noted that if w. ‘co-ordinates will change but the will not change. e change the reference observer, then displacement of one point relative to To every listed position of the car, there corresponds a time of transit. ly, to every time of transit, there corresponds a position. Thus, the m of the car is a function of time or time is a function of position. In price, we give a rivileged status to time. So, we say that position is a on of time. This can be mathematically represented as x(¢), where x and t Add to Your Knowledge he symbols for position and time respectively. In x(t), t is regarded as the ——————________ endent variable and x is regarded as the dependent variable. For the | What will be the position-time graph of of convenience, x(¢) is simply written as x. train waiting at a railway station ? STATIONARY OBJECT Consider the case of a stationary object. This object does not change its 4 tion with respect to its surroundings in the course of time. So, the position co- xo .xhas a constant value x9. It becomes independent of time The position- graph ofa stationary object is a straight line parallel to the time axis. DISPLACEMENT AND DISTANCE ay 2 . 2 i ‘The average speed is the arithmetic mean of the Wn=2,then B= individual speeds, r,t iy Consider an abject which over dere ‘The average speed is the harmonic mean of the be pively. use Sper 84 wont, With velocities Uy, Ug, 35 ~~ Ya TOSPeCtvely: scan ‘Scanned wih CamScannernTY Jar fe ecocrn] ticle in a particu c of position of a pa! ‘hange of ime rate of chan rea the time rate of han (i Velocity. The ti ‘also be defined as t valle direction i called velocity. me in a particular direction eon It is for dislacoent. Insp Ode a th mag and dirues, including [Facts about Uniform It is a vector quantity, Le. itive and negatt itude th that velocity ean have both posit on, then the magni It is on a straight jing. °% an “Trthe particle does not change its direction of motion, always in the same diy, zero. Ifthe particle = > eee (i # The magnitude of veloc, of velocity 7 is known as speed 0 roan =~ eal val 1 The average veloct i locits « ty ig nove with unifor ot 7 hese | instantaneous velocity,” ae + Acceleration is 210, Neg, wero. i id tom (di) Uniform Velocity. An object is sai ifit covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time, howsoev intervals of time may be. Ages vi An object is said to move with variable (iii) Variable Velocity. An object i Ot MEE ual if it covers equal displacements in unequal interval in u displacements in equal intervals of time, howsoever small these intervals of time may be. (iv) Average Velocity. The average velocity of an object is that uniform velocity with which the object undergoes the same displacement in a given time as it undergoes while moving with variable velocity during the given time. Ttmay also be defined as under : Average velocity is defined as the ratio of the displacement and the corresponding time interval. Displacement Average velocity = oy Corresponding time interval fax is the displacement undergone in time At, then the average velocity a isgiven by: one At (©) Instantaneous Velocity. When the velocity ofa particle is variable, we are generally interested in instantaneous velocity. The instantaneous velocity of a particle is the velocity of the particle at ‘any instant of time or at any point of its path. = Instantaneous velocity is the limiting value of average velocity “* as ar At approaches zero. It is denoted by 7. Instantaneous velocity » = Lt, ato The magnitude of the i aaa ¥ speed. Itis given by instantaneous velocity is known as instantaneous peX The speed ss lometer of i ee o'tn automobile measures the instantaneous speed of ‘Scanned wih CamScannerypERAGE VELOCITY AND DISPLACEMENT-TIME GRAPH gp ws thi __ 7.14 shows the displacement-time graph of a moving particle. Fig ; : enn painine Oat Ba cS Graph. The point A corresponds a point B corresponds to time t, and vine 10 aco 8 aight line AB = tan 0 = Ax at ty OF 1D (average velocity) go, we conclude that the slope of the straight line joining two points on the 6 ient-time graph gives the average velocity of the particle between those aces Fig. 7.14. Displacement-time graph INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY AND DISPLACEMENT- ‘TIME GRAPH rig. 7.15 shows the displacement-time graph of a particle moving with sariable velocity. When At approaches zero, the point B approaches point A. In the limiting stage, the chord AB would become the tangent to the curve at A. the slope of this tangent would give the value of instantaneous velocity corresponding to point A. If this tangent slopes upwards to the right, then the . antaneous velocity would be considered positive, This is because of positive jax irrgc of slope. On the other hand, ifthe tangent slopes dolimnard wieherighhion = then the instantaneous velocity would be considered negative. This is because of » at spe. Ifthe tangent is parallel to the time-axis, then the instantaneous ero. > negatit selocty i Fig, 7.16 shows the displacement-time graph of a particle moving with constant velocity. In this ease, the slope of the graph ‘airectiy gives the | P76, Displacement-time graph festantaneous velocity. It may be noted that in this case, the instantaneous in the case of variable velocity ‘locity will be equal to the average velocity. ‘UNIFORM MOTION IN A. STRAIGHT LINE ‘A body is said to be in uniform motion if it covers equal distances in qual intervals of time, howsoever small these intervals of time may be, always inthe same direction i.e., along a straight line, It may also be defined as under : ‘Abody sid tobe in uniform motion fit undergoes el diplacements “ ‘ : in equal intervals of time, howsoever small these intervals may be. aa Crea nent-time graph in Some special features of uniform motion are as under (i) The simplest of all motions that we may come across in every day life is uniform motion. Strictly speaking, no motion is uniform. SRS rc an ci ni oi nse in a mee Pisitive direction of x-axis. ‘Scanned wih CamScanner7.10 (i) In general, the magnitude of displacement may or may not be ence to the distance travelled by a body. However, for uniform motion along a straig! : line in a given direction, the magnitude of displacement is equal to the actual distance travelled by the body. . (ii) When a particle has uniform motion, neither the magnitude nor the direction of velocity changes. So, velocity is constant in uniform motion. (io) When a particle moves with constant velocity, the average velocity of the particle between any two points along its path is the same and this is equal to the instantaneous velocity of the body. (©) The velocity of uniform motion is independent of the choice of origin. interval.) The Velocity of uniform motion is independent ofthe choice of time o (vii) When a body is in uniform motion towards the right of origin, its the lett yy locity is taken as positive. When a body isin uniform motion towards © left of origin, its uniform velocity is taken as negative. (viii) “A body in uniform motion has zero acceleration. (&) Net external force acting on a body in uniform motion is zero. jon, ©, body moving with uniform speed may or may not be in uniform motion. However, a body moving with uniform velocity is definitely in uniform motion, VELOCITY-TIME GRAPH OF UNIFORM MOTION v When an object possesses uniform motion, its velocity-time graph is a A v=constant been taken above the time-axis. This indicates that the velocity ofthe object is being taken as positive. In this case, the object is moving towards the right of the origin i.e., along positive x-axis, straight line parallel to the time-axis, In Fig. 7.17, the straight line (AB) has | Ifthe velocity is taken as negative, then the velocity-time graph will be ° eet a a straight line (A’B’) below the time-axis as shown in Fig. 7.18. In this case, the lime graphin object is moving towards the left of origin i.e., along . Uniform motion negative x-axis. The importance of the velocity-time graph lies t in the fact that the area enclosed by the graph with | o} the time-axis gives displacement. | Select two points C and D, on the velocity- time graph AB, corresponding to times, f, andt respectively. Let v be the velocity corresponding to Fig. 7.18 points C and D. = A 8 SAeh (perp) hh Area CDEF = CE x EF = v(t, ~t,) = =x; ~x, = Displacement of the particle in the time interval (t, ~ f,) Scanned wth CamScannerro meres 7M Fig. 7.20. Position-time graph x -xev(t- in uniform motion “ a= ut 2) a + ¢ x =x+u(t-t) o Fig. 7.21 ‘This is another equation of uniform motion. Thisis rep 723 iti 4 . Thisis i ip Fig. 7.22. The position-time graph in this case is a Peotone SC oping spars ‘The slope of the line AC gives the velocity of the particle -OD _¥n% tan 0= 55 = ag PA FORMULAE FOR UNIFORM MOTION| D (in magnitude) t T — Fig. 7.22. Position-time graph Following are the three equations of uniform motion : (i) v=constant (ii) x =x9 + vt (iii) ¥ =x + v(t -1) Solved Problems Example 2. A car is moving along a straight line, say OP in Fig, 7.23. It moves from O to P in 18 s and returns from P to Qin 6.0. What are the average velocity ‘and average speed of the car in going (a) from 0 to P? and (b) from O to P and back to Q? INCERT Solved Example] Q P om 240m 360m Fig.7.23, Solution, (a) Average Velocity, _ 4240 m (8+6)s Path length. | OP +PQ ‘Time interval Note that, in this case, the average speed is not equal to the magnitude of average velocity. This is because the mation here involves change in direction so that the path length is, greater than the magnitude of displacement. CE The speed is, in general, greater than the magnitude of velocity. The ratio of speed and magnitude of. velocity is generally greater than one, Of course, the ratio ‘may also be equal to 1 EE Ifthecarin Example 2 moves from Oto Pand ‘comes back to O in the same time interval, the average speed is 20 ms" but the magnitude of the average velocity is zero. So, the ratio of average speed and magnitude of average velocity is infinite, And the reverse ratio is zero ‘Scanned wih CamScannern vacuum is 7.12 , elocity of light in vacune tt a ERA arate the time taken by distance of 6X m. golution, 172-6 10'm,v=3x10° z = Distance Coe een Time= Speed x10 3x10® Example 4. A train 100 m long is moving witha speed of 60 km h~!, In what time shall it cross a bridge 1 km ‘Note thatthe average speed isu othe harmon the individual speeds. © kia ong? Solution. Total distance to be covered ete | Acyclist cycles for t second at a 3 plies for the same time at a speed of ‘longa straight road due north. What is the average © of the cyclist? Solution. Total tim aor Total distance covered In train-bridge problems, the total distance to be covered Average speed, —v, = Length of bridge + Length oftrain Example 5. A bicyclist is travelling along a straight road for the first half time with speed v, and for the second alt ie wine ,, What is the average speed of the @ Example 8. A car covers the first half of rently . distance between two places at a speed of 40 km h* Sotntion._..Lat ibe the total ine taken second half at 60 km h~, Calculate the average s Distance covered in the first half tim =o (f)- sess BIS Solution. Let the car cover the distance (= x/2) fr to B at a speed of 40 km h” in time ¢, hour. 2t second 3¢ + 5¢ = 8 metre Total distance covered Total time taken Distance covered in the next halftime = ty (£) 4 Then 40= 22 or, =~ hour 4 T= 80 Average speed wits _— 2 A 8 ¢ ‘Note that the average speed is equal to the arithmetic 3h wrx — mean of individual speeds. Fi ote | © Bey Word orm tao 22% | aprraunric MEAN Similarly, the car travels a distance (= x/2) from at a speed of 60 km h” in time ¢, hour. Example 6, A person travels along a straight road due east for the first half distance with speed v, and the Then 60 we or t= 355 hour second half distance with speed v,. What the ai 2 peed of the person ? erage Solution. Let x be the total distance travelled. Now, avec teeage cela rela i i 1 x/80+x/10 “™ Time taken for the first half distance = */? - _* eg = 80%120 pap 200 ‘Scanned wih CamScanner«t of the objects in this wor . world are conti ® continuously in relativ age accent ons. (ii) Pedestrians move the sky, (iv) The autumn leaves othe # nye term ‘Velocity’ is not an abs ive ture. It is rt y’ Is not an absolute term. It is ‘relative’ i in nature. It is “easured with reference ys to some fi ofa body on tl ixed object. As ay fe a {he surface of Barth it measured with ene ‘wrface of Barth, Here the Earth is assumed tebe at rer hinrece in ‘est. However, in al ions, it becomes neces: sary to to another body when both the bodies a ee ry eh s case, the distance or direction or both may unierge» ceenge or Fier body i said to have a velocity relative to asa tildes ‘The relative velocity of body A with respect to another body B, when bot vin motion, is the rate at which the Body A changes ts, parr = ie ody B. en Consider two objects A and B having uniform one-dimensional motion. jot uyand uybe their respectivé velocities. Their respective positions x, ands any given time £ are represented by the following equations: Sizes xq =Xoa + Uat aNd xp = Xop + Upt ‘The difference xy ~2, gives the displacement (in magnitude) of object B from object A. This could be positive, negative or zero. A positive value implies 7:3 | }&—_»1»_—_—4 at ee a ° A 8 t Fig, 7.25. Uniform one-dimensional motion of two bodies that object B is to the right of object A (Fig. 7.25]. In the direction of increasing }¢——xy——* position co- ordinate, object B is ahead of object A. So, a negative value of xp —x, implies that, in the direction of increasing position co-ordinate, object A is ahead of object B [Fig 7.261, Again, xp-a=Xon-*oa + (Up~ Yt ‘The physical explanation ofthe above equation is thatthe relative velocity afobject B with respect to object A is (Up — Ua). As seen from object A, object B has aivelocty Uy Ug. ‘This is because the distance from A to B changes steadily by an amount (vy U,) in each unit of time. Now, relative velocity of object Opa = Up- YA= BB+ YW) tual velocity of object B + reversed velocity of object A. Proceeding on the same lines, it ean be ptoved that the relative velocity of object A with respect to object Bis given by Vag = YAq YB B with respect to object A, This gives us a formula for the calculation of relative velocity. Let us now apply this formula to different situations. 1. Consider two trains A and B moving along parallel tracks same velocity in the same direction. Let the ve ity of each train be 60 km east, with the hrtdue ce ae Gare ° 8 at ——— % Fig. 7.26. Uniform one-dimensional ‘motion of two bodies $$ ‘Scanned wih CamScannerie of Bivy) + reversed velocity of Bw: 60 km b> Rela velocity of AC U9) = Similarly, relative vel So, the relative velocity of ay is also ZerO+ 1 to the other train is Jocity of A w.r.t. Bie Us cither train with respec velocities along dB be 60 km hr” _ with uniform i ins A and B are movin 2, Suppose two trains A and B a Aah salle tracks and in the same direction. Let the vel due east and 65 km h~' due east respectively. ‘Then, the relative velocity of B w.rst. A, Una = actual velocity of B(v,) + reversed velocity of A (— Uy) =5km h™ due east Similarly, the relative velocity of A w.r.t. Bie., Up =5km h" due west To a passenger in train A, the train B will appear to be moving east with a velocity of km hr. To a passenger in train B, the train A will appear to move westwards with a velocity of 5 km ht 3. Suppose two trains A and B are moving with uniform velocities along parallel tracks but in opposite directions. Let the velocity of train A be 60 km h due east and that of train B be 60 km h”* due west. Relative velocity of A w.r.t. B, Usp = 120 km he due east Toa passenger in train B, the train A will appear to move eastwards with «a velocity of 120 km h-}. Relative velocity of B with respect to A, Up, = 120 km h~ due west To a passenger in train A, the train B will appear to move westwards with a velocity of 120 km h-1. Note. When two bodies move in opposite directions, the magnitude of relative velocity of one with respect tothe other is equal tothe sum of the magnitudes oftwo velocities, The analytical treatment of relative velocity discussed above is applicable for one, two and three dimensional motions. Study of Relative Velocity in Terms of Position-time Graphs Case I. Position-time graphs of two cars moving with equal velocities. Consider a case (corresponding to illustration 1 discussed earlier) for which (v ~ v4) is zero. In this case, position-time graphs will be parallel to each other. The distance between the two objects will remain constant. In Fig. 7.30, the position-time graphs have been drawn for two cars A and B. It may be noted that both the graphs are equally steep. Since the steepness of the graph is a measure of the velocity, therefore, we may conclude that both the cars are moving with equal velocities, In such a situation, the car B neither catches up to nor drops behind car A. Itis always 10 km behind A. “O00 0. 30 020 080 ae bic ce ‘sition-time graphs of two cars moving with unequal velocities TIME (a hours) —> »osition-time ‘ection. Consider a situation in which (vp ~ v) is not 2ero,'The _ FI9- 7.30. Postton-ime gaps 9¥ i Sraphs of two cars C and D are shown in Fig. 7.31. The cars moving with equal veloct# ar D is steeper than the graph of car C, + 1-31. The graph of POSITION (in km) ——> we —————— ‘Scanned with CamScanner~ Os , MOTION “ees th one meet once at 0. oeszocfShm Sot opd gee ‘hour, the car i pele State the graph is a straight Pe en eae in every 0.1 hour, So, the eit pour, the car C covers distance of 25 ip ion to the speeds of the two cars, the ie Point P. In: 'm. So, its speed is 25 km h7) Braphs also give the following [ROSITION (in km) ——P nt hind C. At 0.4 b, both the ears are nctes UP: After 0.1 h, Dis only 0 are a 155 (04 hour, ear Dis just overtaking aan Same position. In other rs ofear C. Tt may be noted that before O.4h,se—n ie ponies Oar aa as on os Oe OF ont is negative. At 0.4 h, xox, is zero,” 1” Positive and after TIME (ah) —> a : Fig. 7.31. Position-time graphs of two ‘cars moving with unequal velocities in the same direction WExample 11. A train 110 mlongis travelling at, Solved Problems 60 km h"!. In what time it will cross a cyclist moving at 6 km h" (a) in the same direction (b) in the opposite . directi HExample9. How long will aboy sittingnearthe “°t#°8? sindow ofa train travelling at 54 kmh" see a train passing Solution. Velocity oftrain, v,= 60 kmh {hin the opposite direction with a speed of 36 km, The Velocity of eyelist, v= 6 km ht tuneth of the slow-moving train is 100 m, zi ‘ (a) Relative velocity of train w.r-t. cyclist, Solution. Relative velocity of the slow-moving ees ‘in w.r.t. the boy =(54 +36) kmh = 90 kmh 4, =(60-6): oy earth A 90x55 mst =25ms 54 ote gaan Example 10. A swimmer’s speed in the direction flow of river is 16 km h“', Against the direction of flow of yer, the swimmer’s speed is 8 km h", Calculate the ‘swimmer’s speed in still water and the velocity of flow of the river, When the two bodies are moving in the same direetion, the relative speed is equal to the difference of the individual speeds. Solution. Let v, and v, represent the velocities of ‘swimmer and river respectively. Now, _) When the two bodies are moving in the opposite directions, the relative speed is equal to the sum of the individual speeds. The above results hold good only for one-dimensional ‘motion. { 12 km ht FromEq.(1), 12+u,=16 or v,=4kmbh" ‘Scanned wih CamScanner