Al-khair Secondary School form3 note

Introduction to Relations
Example 2
and functions
Find the domain and range of the relation
Relations {(Alabama, 7), (California, 53), (Colorado, 7),
A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x, y) where (Florida, 25), (Kansas, 4)}
x is the input value and y is the output value.
The domain is all possible inputs of a relation,
and the range is all possible outputs of a Solution:
relation.
Domain: {Alabama, California, Colorado,
For example, for the following relation, the Florida, Kansas}
input, x, is the ages of boys and the output, y, is
their corresponding height, in inches Range: {7, 53, 25, 4} (Note: The
element 7 is not listed twice.)

Skill Practice
Find the domain and range for the
relation
a) {(2, -6), (1, 4), (2, 4), (0,0), (1, -6),
(3, 0)}
b) Find the domain and range for
the table below
Finding the Domain and Range of a
Relation
x y
3 4
Example 1 7 2
0 -1
Find the domain and range of the relation -2 2
linking the ages and heights of the boys -5 0
3 3
Solution: c) {(1, 4), (2, 8), (3, 12), (4, 16)}.
Domain: {7, 8, 9, 10, 10,11,12} Set of
first coordinates
Range: {41, 45, 49, 52, 53, 55, 59}
A relation may be defined as a set of
Set of second coordinates ordered pairs.

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Al-khair Secondary School form3 note

{(1, 2), ( -3, 4), (1, -4), (3, 4)}
A relation may be defined by a
correspondence (Figure below). The
corresponding ordered pairs are {(1, 2), (1,
-4), ( -3, 4), (3, 4)}.
Cartesian product
Cartesian product is the multiplication of two
sets to form the set of all ordered pairs. The
first element of the ordered pair belong to first
set and second pair belong the second set. 

For example, 
Suppose, A = {fox, cat}
B = {meat, milk} then,
A×B = {(Fox,meat), (Fox,milk),
(cat,meat)} (cat,milk),
EXAMPLE 1
A relation may be defined by a graph
(Figure below). Suppose two sets A = {a,  b} and B = {1, 2,
3}. Find A×B and B×A.
The corresponding ordered pairs are {(1, 2),
( -3 , 4), (1, 4), (3, 4)} Here,
A = {a, b}
B = {1, 2, 3}
Now,
A×B = {(a,1), (a,2), (a,3), (b,1), (b,2), (b,3)}
B×A = {(1,a), (1,b), (2,a),(2,b), (3,a), (3,b)}
That means A x B ≠ B x A
A x B = B x A ıf and only ıf
A=B
Inverse Relations
If A = ø or B = ø, then A x B = ø
R is a relation from A to B, then the inverse
If

of R written R-1 = { (y,x)/ (x , y) ∈R}.

Example 3
R = (2, 0), (4, 9), (a,b)
R-1 = (0, 2), (9, 4), (b,a) Example 2

Domain R = range R-1 and range R = domain Express the following relatıon as a set of
R-1 order paırs. y = x+2 where

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Al-khair Secondary School form3 note

x ∈ {0 ,1,2,3,4} b) B x A
c) Graph A x B
SOLUTION 4. Let A ={1, 2} and B ={a,b, c}. Then find A x B
Y = x+2 where X ∈ {1,2,3,4} and B x A
5. If A= 1,2,3 and 𝐵=
When X = 1, y = 3
1,2,5,7,8,9 list the following
X = 2, y = 4
relations
X = 3, y = 5
R1 = (x, y): x∈ A, and y ∈ B /
X = 4, y = 6
y= 2x }
Therefore R2 = (x, y): x∈ A, and y ∈ B
{ (1,3) , (2,4) , (3,5) , (4,6)} and y = x }∈∈

Example 3 R3 = (x, y): x∈ A, and y ∈ B /

Write 4 ordered pairs for each of the y >x}

following relations R4 = (x, y): x∈ A, and y ∈ B /

R1 = { (x , y) : y is capital city of country x in east y= 3x + 1}

Africa }
6. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {5, 7, 9}.
R2 = { (x , y) : y is height in meters of mountain x Determine (i) A × B (ii) B × A (iii) Is A × B = B
in the world } × A ? (iv) Is n (A × B) = n (B × A) ?

Solutions
A. ( Somaliland , Hargiesa), ( Kenya,
Nairobi), ( Sudan, Khartum), Equivalence relation
( Ugunda, Kampla)
Definition: A relation is said to be
B. ( everrest, 8848) , ( Ankno, 6959) ,
equivalent relation if it satisfies the
( Maknili, 6194) , ( Antarctica, 5140)
following three properties:
Exercise Reflexive for every a ∈ S, aRa,
Symmetric If aRb, then bRa and
1. Let A = ( 2, 3 ) and B = ( 6, 7 , 8). Find the
transitive If aRb and bRc, then aRc.
product of sets
a) A x B b) B x A
2. If set A = ( 1, 2 ,3) and B = (2, 4). Reflexive Relations
Graph A x B In the xy coordinate
3. Let A = (2,3) and B = (6,7,8).find the A relation R on a set A is reflexive if aRa for
product of sets every a ∈ A, that is, if (a, a) ∈ R for every a ∈
a) A x B A. Thus R is not reflexive if there exists a ∈ A
such that (a, a) / ∈ R.

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Al-khair Secondary School form3 note
EXAMPLE
Consider the following five relations on the
set A ={1, 2, 3, 4}:
R1 ={(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3), (4, 4)}
R2 ={(1, 1)(1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)}
R3 ={(1, 3), (2, 1)}
R4 =∅, the empty relation
R5 = A × A, the universal relation
Determine which of the relations are
reflexive.
Since A contains the four elements 1, 2, 3,
and 4, a relation R on A is reflexive if it
contains the four pairs
(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), and (4, 4). Thus only R2
and the universal relation R5 = A × A are
reflexive. Note that R1,R3, and R4 are not
reflexive since, for example, (2, 2) does not
belong to any of them.
EXAMPLE 2
Consider the following five relations:
(1) Relation ≤ (less than or equal) on the set
Z of integers.
(2) Set inclusion ⊆ on a collection C of sets.
(3) Relation ⊥ (perpendicular) on the set L
of lines in the plane.
(4) Relation ⊥ (parallel) on the set L of lines
in the plane.
(5) Relation of divisibility on the set N of
positive integers. (Recall x |y if there exists z
such that xz = y.)
USER
Determine which of the relations are
reflexive.
Solutions
The relation (3) is not reflexive since no line
is perpendicular to itself. Also (4) is not
reflexive since no line is parallel to itself.
The other relations are reflexive; that is, x ≤
x for every x ∈ Z, A ⊆ A for any set A ∈ C,
and n|n for every positive integer n ∈ N.
Symmetric and Antisymmetric
Relations
A relation R on a set A is symmetric if
whenever aRb then bRa, that is, if
whenever (a, b) ∈ R then (b, a) ∈ R.
Thus R is not symmetric if there exists a,b ∈
A such that (a, b) ∈ R but (b, a) / ∈ R.
EXAMPLE
Consider the following five relations on the
set A ={1, 2, 3, 4}:
R1 ={(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3), (4, 4)}
R2 ={(1, 1)(1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)}
R3 ={(1, 3), (2, 1)}
R4 =∅, the empty relation
R5 = A × A, the universal relation
Determine which of the relations are
symmetric and antisymmetric.
R1 is not symmetric since (1, 2) ∈ R1 but (2,
1)/ ∈ R1. R3 is not symmetric since (1, 3) ∈
R3 but (3, 1)/ ∈ R3.
The other relations are symmetric.
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Al-khair Secondary School form3 note

R2 is not antisymmetric since (1, 2) and (2,
1) belong to R2, but 1 = 2. Similarly, the
universal relation R3 is not antisymmetric.
All the other relations are antisymmetric.
Transitive Relations
A relation R on a set A is transitive if
whenever aRb and bRc then aRc, that is, if
whenever (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R then (a, c) ∈ R.
Thus R is not transitive if there exist a,b, c ∈
R such that (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R but (a, c) / ∈ R.
Example
domain, there corresponds exactly one
element y in the range
Determining Whether a Relation Is a
Function
To understand the difference between a
relation that is a function and a relation
that is not a function, consider Example 1.
Example 1
Determine which of the relations define y as a
function of x

Consider the following five relations on the

set A ={1, 2, 3, 4}:
R1 ={(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3), (4, 4)}
R2 ={(1, 1)(1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)}
R3 ={(1, 3), (2, 1)}
R4 =∅, the empty relation
R5 = A × A, the universal relation
Determine which of the relations are
transitive.

Solution
The relation R3 is not transitive since (2, 1),
(1, 3) ∈ R3 but (2, 3)/ ∈ R3.All the other
relations are transitive.

Functions
In this section we introduce a special type
of relation called a function
Definition of a Function
Solution:
Given a relation in x and y, we say “y is a
a. This relation is defined by the set of
function of x” if for every element x in the
ordered pairs ( 1, 4), (2,-1), (3, 2)

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Al-khair Secondary School form3 note
Notice that for each x in the domain there
is only one corresponding y in the range.
Therefore, this relation is a function.
When x =1, there is only one possibility for
y: y= 4
When x = 2, there is only one possibility for
y: y = -1
When x =3, there is only one possibility for
y: y= 2
b.This relation is defined by the set of
ordered pairs
When x =1, there are two possible range
elements: y =3 and y = 4.
Therefore, this relation is not a function.
c. This relation is defined by the set of
ordered pairs (1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)
When x =1, there is only one possibility for
y: y =4
When x = 2, there is only one possibility
for y: y= 4
When x = 3, there is only one possibility for
y: y= 4
Because each value of x in the domain has
only one corresponding y value, this
relation is a function.
Exercise
Determine which of the relations define y as a
function of x
1.
USER
2. {(4, 2), (5, 4), (0, 0), ( )}
3. {(1, 6), (8, 9), ( 1, 4), ( 3, 10)}
4. {(3, 4), (7, 2), (0, -1), (-2, 2), (-5, 0), (3, 3)}
5. {(4, 1), (5, 2), (8, 2), (9, 8)}
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
The function can be divided into
different ways. But, one of the
most common types of functions
are: one- to- one, many- to- one,
onto functions and one-to-one
correspondences.
One- to- one function
In a one-to-one function, given any
y there is only one x that can be
paired with the given y.
Such functions are referred to as
injective. In other words, f is one-
to-one (injective) if f maps every
element of A to a unique element in
B.
Example 1
The function below is 1-1:
This function is not one-to-one.
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Al-khair Secondary School form3 note

correspondence (bijection) if they each

This function is one-to-one
Many-to-one and one
A function for which different inputs
can produce the same output is called
a many-to-one function. The function
below is many-to-one.
have the same number
of elements, and they can be paired off
such that one element in the first
function corresponds to one element in
the second function and vice versa.
In the figure below, A function is
one-to-one correspondence.

Exercise

Onto Functions 1. State the kind of the

following functions
A function f from a set A to a set
B is said to be onto (subjective) , if
and only if for every element y of B a)
, there is an element x in A such that
f(x) = y , that is, f is onto if and
only if
f( A ) = B . The function below is a
subjective function from domain X to
co- domain Y. b)

c)

One-to-one correspondence
A function is said to have a one-to-one

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d)

d)

e)

f)

Function Notation
When we know that a relation is a
g) function, the “y” in the equation
can be replaced with f(x).
fm (x) is siply a notation to designate a
function. It is pronounced ‘f’ of ‘x’.
The ‘f’ names the function, the ‘x’ tells
h)
the variable that is being used

i)

Evaluating functions
Example1
1. If f(x) = x - 2. Find f(4):

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Al-khair Secondary School form3 note

F (4) = 4 - 2 1
d) g(-2) = (-2) -1 = -1-1 = -2
2
F (4) = 2
Example3
2. If g(s) = 2s + 3, find g (-2).
If f(k) = k2 - 3, find f(a - 1)
g (-2) = 2(-2) + 3
Solution
=-4 + 3 = -1
f(a - 1)=(a - 1)2 - 3
g (-2) = -1
=(a-1)(a-1) - 3
3. If h(x) = x2 - x + 7, find h(2c).
2
= a2 - a - a + 1 - 3
h(2c) = (2c) – (2c) + 7
2
= a2 - 2a - 2
= 4c - 2c + 7
Exercises
1. If f(x) = 6x -2, g(x) = -x2 -4x +1 and k (x) =
Example 2 4 x−2
, evaluate
1 3
Given the function defined by g(x) = x -1,
2 1
find the function values. a)g(2), b) k(2), c) g(0), d) f( ) , e) k(5) ,
2
a) g(0) b) g(2) (c) g(4) (d) g(-2) −1
f) k( ), h) g(a-1), i) g(-2) j) f(3), k) f(-3)
2
Solutions:
3 x +2
1 2. If f(x) = , calculate:
g(x) = x -1 4
2
a) f(2) b) f(8) c) f(2.5)
1
a) g(0) = (0) -1 = 0-1 = -1 d) f(0) e) f(−1.5 ¿ f) f(−6 ¿
2
1 g) f(−4 ¿ h) f(−1.6 ¿
g(x) = x -1
2
5 x−3
3. If g (x) = calculate:
1 5
b) g(2) = (2) -1 = 1-1 = 0
2
a) g(3) b) g(6) c) g(0) d)
1 g( -3)
g(x) = x -1
2
−6 x+7
1 4. If h:x , calculate:
4
c) g(4) = (4) -1 = 2-1 = 1
2
a) h(1) b) h(0) c) h(−0.2 ¿d) h(−3 ¿
1
g(x) = x -1 −5 x −7
2 5. if f(x) = calculate
−8

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Al-khair Secondary School form3 note

a) f(5) b) f(1) c) f(3) the domain is the set of all t-values that
make the radicand greater than or equal to
d) f(-1) e) f(-7)
zero:(/698.t must be greater than or
Domain of a Function equal to zero)

A function is a relation, and it is often The domain is the set of all real
necessary to determine its domain and numbers.
range. Consider a function defined by the
Exercises
equation y = f(x).The domain of f is the set
of all x-values that when substituted into Determine if the relations define y as a
the function, produce a real number. function of x
The range of f is the set of all y-values
corresponding to the values of x in the
domain.
To find the domain of a function defined by
y = f(x) keep these guidelines in mind.
• Exclude values of x that make the
denominator of a fraction zero.
• Exclude values of x that make a negative {(4, 2 ), (-5, 4 ), (0,0 ), (8,-4 )}
value within a square root. {(-1, 6), (8, 9), (-1, 4), (-3, 10)}

Example 4
Find the domain of the following functions
x +7 x −4
Inverse functions
f(x) = b) h(x) = 2
2 x−1 x +9 The inverse function for f is the unique
c) k(t) = √ t+ 4 d) g(t) = t2 -3t function f −1 that satisfies

( f 0 f −1)(x) = ( f −10 f) (x) = x.

Solutions
The function will be undefined when the Example1
denominator is zero, that is, when Find the inverse of the following functions
1 1 a) F(x) = 3x + 2
X = , the value X = must be excluded
2 2 b) F(x) = x + 3
from the domain. 3 x −5
c) F(x) =
the domain is the set of all real numbers 2

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Al-khair Secondary School form3 note

Solution 1
+5
1 3 16
a) F(x) = 3x + 2 f −1 ()
3
=
3
= ÷3
3
x−2
f −1 ( x )=
3
16
b) F(x) = x + 3 f −1 ( x )=
9
f −1 ( x )=x −3 x +5
f −1 ( x )=
3 x −5 3
F(x) = , then
2 −2+ 5 3
f −1 (−2 )= = =1
2 x−5 3 3
f −1 ( x )=
3 x +1
g−1 ( x )=
Example 2 5
3+1 4
If F(x) = 3x – 5 and g(x) = 5x – 1 evaluate g−1 ( 3 )= =
5 5
g−1 ( 2 )
Exercise
g−1 ( 13 ) Find the inverse of the following functions
F (x) = 6x + 4
f −1 (−2 )
1
g−1 ( 3 ) F (x) = x−3
2
Solution F (x) = 6(x + 5)
f ( x )=3 x−5 , then 1
G (x) =
3x+4
x +5
f −1 ( x )=
3 G (x) = 3(x – 6)
g ( x )=5 x−1 , then
Composite function
−1 x +1
g ( x )= The composite function f 0 g is defined by
5
( f 0 g)(x) = f (g(x)).
x +1
g−1 ( x )=
5 The notation f 0 g is read “f follows g” or
“the composition of f and g.”
2+1 3
g−1 ( 2 )= =
5 5 Example 1
x +5 If f (x) = x2 and g (x) = x + 2
f −1 ( x )=
3
Find

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Al-khair Secondary School form3 note

fg (x) f(x) = 2x - 5 and g(x) = x2 - 3x, evaluate

gf (x) Fg(-2) b) gf(2) c) fg(6) d) gf(x) e)
fg-1(x)
fg (3)
If f(x) = 3x +2 and fg(x) = 6x-1 , find g(x)
gf (3)
If g(x) = 2x +3 and fg(x) = 2x +5, find f(x)
Solution
2
fg (x) = f(x + 2) If F(x) = 2x – 5 a n d g(x) = 2x – 1. Find the
values of
fg (x) = ( x +2 )2
g(f(-3)) fg (√ 2), gf(2) , ff(5), fg(a-1)
gf (x) = g(x)2
If f(x) = 3x-2 and g(x) = 2x+1, evaluate
gf (x) = x2 + 2
(a) fg(x)
2
fg (x) = ( x +2 )
.Fg(2)
2 2
fg (3) = ( 3+2 ) =5 =25
Fg(-2)
2
gf (x) = x + 2 gg(1.5)
gf (x) = 32 + 2 = 9 + 2 = 11

Exercise
find fg (3) and gf (3), if f (x) = x + 2 and g (x)
=x–2
1 1
f (x) = and g(x) = , find fg (x), fg
x+2 x−2
(4)

f (x) = x – 4 and g (x) = 2x. find x if

fg (x) = 8 , gf (x) = 8
x−4
f (x) = , g (x) = 2x
2
Find fg( x) , gf (x) , ff (x), gg (x)
Given h(x) = 2x – 3 ,find
hh-1(x) b) hh-1(2)

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Al-khair Secondary School form3 note
Examples of reflexive relations include:
 "is equal to" (equality)
 "is a subset of" (set inclusion)
 "divides" (divisibility)
 "is greater than or equal to"
 "is less than or equal to"
Examples of irreflexive relations include:
 "is not equal to"
 "is coprime to" (for the integers>1,
since 1 is coprime to itself)
 "is a proper subset of"
 "is greater than"
 "is less than"
 Equivalence relation
 Definition: A relation is said to be
equivalent relation if it satisfies the
following three properties.
 Reflexive
 A relation R on a set A is said to be
reflexive if every element of A relation
to itself. In
 notation aRa for all at A
 Example 1: Consider the following
relations on {1, 2, 3, 4}:
 Which of these relations are reflexive?
 R1 = 1, 1 , 1, 2 , 2,1 , 2, 2 , 3, 4 , 4.1 ,
4, 4 ,
 R2 = 1, 1 , 1, 2 , 2, 1 ,
USER
 R3 = 1, 1 , 1, 2 , 1, 4 , 2, 1 , 3, 3 , 4, 1
, 4, 4 ,
 R4 = { (2, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 1), (4, 2),
(4, 3) },
 R5 = { 1, 1 , 1, 2 , 1, 3 , 1, 4 , 2, 2 , 2, 3
, 2, 4 , 3, 3 , 3, 4 , 4, 4 }
 R6 = 3, 4 ,
 R7 = { 1, 1 , 2, 2 , 3,1 , 1, 3 , 1, 4 , 4,
1 , 2, 4 , 4, 4 , 4, 2 }
 Solution:
 the relation are reflexive because they
all contain all pairs of the form
 (a ,a), namely, (1, 1)1(2, 2), (3, 3), and
(4, 4).
 The other relation are not reflexive
because they do not contain all of these
ordered pairs. In particular , R1
 , R2 , R4 and R6 are not reflexive.
 Symmetric
 A relation R on a set A is symmetric if
given aRb then bRa
 Example 2.
 If set A = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Which of the
relation are symmetric?
 R1 = 1, 1 , 1, 2 , 2,1 , 2, 2 , 3, 4 , 4.1 ,
4, 4 ,
 R2 = 1, 1 , 1, 2 , 2, 1 ,
 R3 = 1, 1 , 1, 3 , 1, 4 , 3, 1 , 3, 3 , 4, 1
, 4, 4 ,
 R4 = { (2, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 1), (4, 2),
(4, 3) },
 R5 = { 1, 1 , 1, 2 , 1, 3 , 1, 4 , 2, 2 , 2, 3
, 2, 4 , 3, 3 , 3, 4 , 4, 4 }
 R6 = 3, 4 ,
 R7 = { 1, 1 , 2, 2 , 2,1 , 1, 2 , 1, 4 , 4,
1 , 2, 4 , 4, 4 , 4, 2 }


 Solution
 The relation R2
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Al-khair Secondary School form3 note

 , R3 and R7 are symmetric, because in
each case (b, a) belongs to the relation
whenever (a, b) does. For R2 the only
thing to check is that both (2, 1) and (1,
2) are in the relation. For R3, it is
necessary to check that both (1, 2) and
(2, 1) belong to the relation, and (1, 4)
and (4, 1) belong to the relation. The
reader should verify that none of the
other relation is symmetric. This is done
by finding a pair (a, b) such that it is in
the relation but (b. a) is not
 Transitive
 A relation R on a set A is transitive if
given aRb and bRc then aRc
 Example 3.
 If set A = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Which of these
relations are transitive?
 R1 = 1, 1 , 1, 2 , 2,1 , 2, 2 , 3, 4 ,
4.1 , 4, 4 ,
 R2 = 1, 1 , 1, 2 , 2, 1 ,
 R3 = 1, 1 , 1, 2 , 1, 4 , 2, 1 , 3, 3 ,
4, 1 , 4, 4 ,
 R4 = { (2, 1), (3, 1), (3, 2), (4, 1), (4,
2), (4, 3) },
 R5 = { 1, 1 , 1, 2 , 1, 3 , 1, 4 , 2, 2 ,
2, 3 , 2, 4 , 3, 3 , 3, 4 , 4, 4 }
 R6 = 3, 4 ,
 R7 = { 1, 1 , 2, 2 , 3,1 , 1, 3 , 1, 4 ,
4, 1 , 2, 4 , 4, 4 , 4, 2 , (3, 3)}
 Solution
 R4, R5, R6 and R7 are transitive. For
each of these relation, we can show
that it I transitive by verifying that if
(a, b) and (b, c) belong to this
relation, then (a, c) also does. For
instance, R4 is transitive, because (3,
2) and (2, 1) , (4, 2) and (2, 1), (4,
3,1), (4, 1), and (4, 2) belong to R4.
The reader should verify that R5 and
R6 are transitive.
 Conclusion
 A relation (R7)is equivalent relation
since it is reflexive, symmetric and
transitive
Best Answer:  Let there be 2x science
and 5x art books 
science books sold = 2x × 0.2 = 0.4x 
science books unsold = 2x – 0.4x =
1.6x 
art books sold = 5x × 0.2 = x 
art books unsold = 5x – x = 4x 
total books unsold = 1.6x + 4x = 5.6x 
5.6x = 2240 
x = 400 
2x science = 800 
and 5x art books = 2000 
_s = S + (5/2)S = (7/2)S 
and in terms of art books: 
T_s = (2/5)A + A = (7/5)A 
If 20% of science and art books are
sold that leaves 0.8S and 0.8A so that
the new total at the end is: 
T_e = 0.8(S + A) = 0.8T_s = 2240 
In terms of science books at the start
this number is: 8
(0.8)(7/2)S = 2240 

3)and (3, 1) and (4, 3) and (3,2) are

=> S = 800 
the only such sets of pairs, and )

USER 14
Al-khair Secondary School form3 note

In terms of art books at the start: 

(0.8)(7/5)A = 2240 

USER 15