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10 To 11-Class
10 To 11-Class
Lecture 10 & 11
GRANULAR FILTRATION
Waterborne particles
influent
Effluent or permeate
GRANULAR FILTRATION
Rapid filtration
Pretreated with coagulants
Gravity-driven downward flow
Filter bed ( 0.6-1.8m)
Particles are collected throughout the bed
Precoat filtration
Thin layer or cake (2-5 mm) of fine granular material
Process Slow Sand Rapid Precoat
characteristics filtration Filtration Filtration
Filtration rate 0.05-0.2 m/h 5-15 m/h 1.3-5 m/h
Media diameter 0.3-0.45 mm 0.5-1.2 mm 4-30μm
Bed depth 0.8-1.3 m 0.6-1.8 m 2-5 mm
Required head 0.9-1.5 m 1.8 -3.0m 6-30 m
Run length 1-6 month 1-4 days 6 h -30 days
Ripening Period Several days 15 min- 2 h None
Pretreatment- Coagualtion
Destabilized particles
RAPID FILTRATION
Classification of Rapid Filtration by pretreatment level
Operation of a rapid sand filter: (a) effluent turbidity versus time and (b) head
loss development versus time
SLOW SAND FILTRATION Depth 0.9-1.5 m
0.30 and 0.45 mm in dia
Source water
turbidity <50 NTU
Color < 30 color units 0.3-0.6 m
Little or no colloidal clay
SLOW SAND FILTRATION
Advantages of slow sand filtration
Simple to operate
No coagulation required
low energy consuming process
It has great adaptability in components and
applications maintenance is minimal
Systems can be built and installed by laymen
Costs of building and running significantly
lower than other methods
PRECOAT FILTRATIONS
Thin cake (2-5 mm) of fine granular
4-30 μm
Straining at surface
Run 10 min – 30 days reported
Diatomaceous earth (Fuller’s earth)
Pure silica
Process flow description
Precoat: material is applied as a slurry (0.5-1 kg/m2)
on septum (supporting material)
Filtration: during filtration, body feed is added to the
influent water
Filtration rate 1.3 to 5 m/h
PRECOAT FILTRATIONS
Not frequently used in drinking water treatment
Effective size, E,
10 percentile size
the media grain diameter at which 10 percent of the
media by weight is smaller, d10
Uniformity coefficient, U.
ratio of the diameter of media at which 60 percent by
weight is smaller to the 10 percentile sizes, d 60 / d 10 .
Typical grain size distribution curve
FILTER MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS
Relations between the effective size, uniformity
coefficient, geometric mean size, and geometric
standard deviation
geometric mean
effective size
Ex11-1
geometric standard deviation
uniformity coefficient
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Hardness
an indicator of the resistance to abrasion and wear
that occurs during filter backwashing Moh hardness number
Diamond has a Moh hardness number of 10
Porosity
in-place media (not of the individual grains)
Specific gravity
arrangement of the filter media in multimedia filters
in the backwash flow requirements
GRANULAR FILTRATION THEORY
Mechanisms of filtration
z Depth in filter, m
concentration of
particles, mg.L or L-1
(2)
filtration rate, m 3 /s ・ m 2 of filter surface area, also m/s
appropriate for
sand filters when the Reynolds
number exceed 6.
headloss through a clean stratified-sand filter
with uniform porosity (Rose 1945)
approach velocity (also known as face velocity, filtration rate, or
frictional headloss through the
loading rate ), m/s (or m 3 /s ・ m 2 of surface area)
filter drag coefficient
mass fraction of sand particles of diameter
Monomedia filters
water source characteristics change only slowly with time
and
chemical conditioning can keep pace with the changes
GRANULAR FILTRATION
PRACTICE
Number
N = 0.01 95(Q)0.5
GRANULAR FILTRATION
PRACTICE
Filtration rate
conservative design filtration rates are
7.5 m/h for rapid sand filters,
15 m/h for dual-media filters, and
Filter
cell
Filter
box Filter bed
COMPONENT PARTS
GRANULAR FILTRATION
PRACTICE
Dimensions
Two cells per filter box bisect by a Gullet
The width of a filter cell should be less than 6 m
“off-the-shelf” wash water troughs
construction cost
1. Identify two design
parameters that may be
adjusted if the clean bed
headloss in a granular filter
is too large.
2. Which of the following
granular filtration systems
should be chosen if the quality
of raw water is highly
variable: (a) dual media, (b)
monomedia?
Example 11-5. In continuing the
design of Ottawa Island’s rapid
sand filter, determine the area
of each individual filter and the
plan (horizontal) dimensions of a
filter box. Use the filtration rate
of 216 m 3 /d ・ m 2 from
Example 11-2 .
SOLUTION
(c)
GRANULAR FILTRATION
PRACTICE
Backwashing
Criteria
The headloss across the filter reaches the
maximum design level or more customarily a
preset limit in the range of 2.4 to 3.0 m;
trough
GRANULAR FILTRATION
PRACTICE
Design elevation of the weir edge of the trough
Depth required for maximum bed expansion +
depth of the trough +
a margin of safety of 0.15 to 0.3 m (Castro et al.,
2005)
Anthracite
the distance to the top of the troughs from the surface of the
filter bed should be 1.1 to 1.2 m [Cleasby and Logsdon
(1999)]
GRANULAR FILTRATION
PRACTICE
GLUMRB (2003) recommends
The bottom elevation of the trough be above the
maximum level of the expanded media during
washing;
A 5 cm freeboard inside the trough be provided;
The top edge be level and at the same elevation for
all troughs;
The troughs be spaced so that each trough serves the
same number of square meters of filter area;
The maximum horizontal travel of suspended
particles to reach the trough not exceed 1 m.
Example 11-6. Design the backwash
system for Ottawa Island’s rapid sand
filter. Use the filter dimensions from
Example 11-5 . The backwash system
includes the layout of the backwash
troughs, backwash velocity, volume of
backwash water per trough, the
trough dimension (width and depth),
trough elevation, volume of backwash
tank, and elevation of the lowest
water level in the backwash tank.
SOLUTION
a. Using GLUMRB guidance
the wash troughs are to be spaced
so that each trough serves
approximately the same number of
square meters of filter area and
so that the maximum horizontal
travel of suspended particles to
reach the trough does not exceed
1 m.
Using the sketch from
Example 11-5 , place wash
troughs at intervals as
shown below to achieve an
even spacing.
this rate will avoid washing out the finest sand (EX 11-3)
acceleration due to
gravity, 9.81 m/s 2 width of gullet, m
length of gullet, m
GRANULAR FILTRATION
PRACTICE
If the bottom of the gullet is above the media, the width may
be too large.