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1.2 Understanding base and derived quantities

Physical quantities
Physical quantities  contains magnitude and unit
 can be measured

Base and derived quantities

Base quantities Derived quantities
Physical quantities that cannot be defined in terms of other physical Physical quantity that is derived by combination of base quantities.
quantities. Can be done by multiplication, division, or both.
Example: Example:
(Other than base = derived)
length, l (m)
area, l x l
mass, m (kg)
volume, l x l x l
time, t (s)
density, m / v
temperature, T (K)
speed, l / t
current, I (A)
acceleration, (v - u) / t
Exercise: SI unit
Using the formula provided, state the SI unit for each physical quantity.

area, I x I speed, l / t

volume, l x l x l acceleration, (v - u) / t

density, m / v momentum, m x v

Standard form

𝐴 × 10𝑛 , 1 ≤ A <10

Example:

Convert 149 to standard numbers. Convert 0.00003 to standard numbers.

Exercise
Change all the numbers below to standard form.
12345 2679

0.453 0.987

200000 34

0.099 31.7

10.56 0.000067

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Prefix
Prefix Symbol Standard form
tera T 1012
giga G 109
mega M 106
kilo k 103
hecto h 102
deka da 101
deci d 10-1
centi c 10-2
milli m 10-3
micro μ 10-6
nano n 10-9
pico p 10-12

No prefix  prefix ( ÷ ) Prefix  No prefix ( x )

100m = _____ km 0.1 km = ____ m

100 ÷ 103 = 0.1 km 0.1 x 103 = 100 m

340 s = ______ ms 0.005 Tm = _____________m

5033300 g = _______ Mg 4.66 hs = ___________s

456000000000 m = _________Gm 100 kg = ___________ g

100 kg = ___________ Gg Nm = 5000000 ______________cm

Ms 0.67 = ____________ μs 0.0004 Tg = _______________ g

1.3 Understanding scalar and vector quantities

Scalar quantity Vector quantity
Physical quantity that has only magnitude Physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction
Example: Distance, speed, time, mass, energy Example: Displacement, velocity, weight, force

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1.4 Understanding measurement

Vernier caliper
How to read a Vernier caliper:
1. Find the '0' on the Vernier scale.
2. Read the immediate left of '0' on a major
scale.
3. Read the value on the scale Vernier scale
that is in line with main scale.
4. Add 2 and 3.
Example reading:

5.00 + 0.02 = 5.02 cm

Zero error
Take the Vernier scale reading that is in line with main scale

Positive (right) – read from'0' Negative (left) – read from '10'

= + __________ cm = - _________ cm
Exercise
Given that (a) is the scale without object and (b) is the scale with object. What is the actual reading of the object?

a. a.

b. b.

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Micrometer screw gauge

How to read the micrometer:
1. Take the main scale reading.
2. Take the reading on thimble scale that is in
line with main scale.
3. Add 1 and 2.
Example reading:

Zero error
Take the reading of thimble that is in line with main scale.
Positive (right) - read above '0' Negative (left) - read below '0'

= + __________ mm = - _________ mm

Exercise
Given that (a) is the scale without object and (b) is the scale with object. What is the actual reading of the object?

a. b. a. b.

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Type of errors
Systemic error: caused by measuring tool Random error
Example: Example:
 Zero error: measuring tool does not start exactly from zero.  Parallax error: Error while reading an instrument because
observer’s eye and the pointer are not in a line
perpendicular to the plane of the scale.

Sensitivity Consistency Accuracy

The ability of a device to respond
Ability to register the same reading when The degree of how close a measurement
to a small change in the value of
the measurement is repeated. is from the actual value.
the quantity to be measured.

micrometer > Vernier calipers>

ruler

1.5 Scientific Investigation

Relationship between variables of a graph
y is directly proportional to x y increases linearly with x y is inversely proportional to x

y is inversely proportional to x y decreases linearly with x