V

Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis Sesaxeb

(religiuri aspeqti)

giorgi oTxmezuri

msoflios erT-erTi udidesi dampyroblis Temur-lengis cxovreba

da moRvaweoba yovelTvis iyo mecnierTa didi interesis sagani. Temur-
lengis Tanamedrove da momdevno xanis mematianeTa cnobebze dayrd-
nobiT, qarTul istoriografiaSi dawvrilebiT aris gaSuqebuli misi
saqarTveloSi rvagzis Semoseva.1
erTsulovania yvela mkvlevris Sefaseba, rom saerTod Temur-len-
gis laSqrobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sisastike saqarTveloSi kidev
ufro gansakuTrebuli iyo religiuri faqtoris gamo.
miuxedavad amisa, qarTul istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli Tva-
lsazrisiT, saqarTvelos aseTi umowyalo aoxreba Temur-lengisagan,
bagrat V-isa (1360-1393 ww.) da, gansakuTrebiT, giorgi VII-is (1393-1407
ww.) gaufrTxilebeli, SeiZleba iTqvas, ugunuri moqmedebebis Sedegi
iyo.
somexi da qarTveli mematianeebis (Toma mewofeli,2 beri egna-
taSvili,3 axali qarTlis cxovreba, II teqsti;4 vaxuSti bagrationi5)

1
Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis mimdinareoba da istoriografia ix.
karlo tabataZe, `qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg XIV-XV
saukuneTa mijnaze~, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, red. z. anCabaZe, v. guCua, III
(Tbilisi, 1979), 670-719.
2
Toma mewofeli, lang-Temuris istoria, somxuri teqsti qarTuli Targman-
iTurT gamosca, Sesavali werili da komentarebi daurTo l. meliqseT-begma
(Tbilisi, 1937), 20.
3
beri egnataSvili, `axali qarTlis cxovreba, pirveli teqsti~, qarTlis cxovre-
ba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t.
II (Tbilisi, 1959), 329.
4
`axali qarTlis cxovreba, meore teqsti~, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959), 455.
5
vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba,
 Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis Sesaxeb 55

cnobiT, yarabaxSi tyved myofma bagrat V-m moCvenebiT miiRo islami

da Semdeg, SurisZiebis mizniT, `moiÃelovna ganzraxva eseviTari~,
`gaabriyva~ da daarwmuna Temur-lengi Tavis gulwrfelobaSi da da-
iTanxma gaeyolebina misTvis jari sruliad saqarTvelos gasamahmadi-
aneblad.
1400 w. (VI laSqroba) saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan momdgarma Temur-
lengma mociquli gaugzavna giorgi VII-s, mosTxova morCileba da al-
injis cixidan wamoyvanili Taher jalairianis gadacema. saqarTvelos
mefem RirsebiT savse gabeduli pasuxi gaugzavna dampyrobels:
`daRacaTu sarkinoz xar da barbaros sjuliTa, da ara uwyi winas-
warmetyuelTa mier Tqmuli, Tu viTar ityÂs: `ufali ampartavanTa Se-
musravs, xolo mdabalTa moscis madli~, ese uwyode, rameTu me mefo-
bisa Senisa ara umcires var, arca uadres. ara uwyia, rameTu ZirTagan
daviT winaswarmetyuelisaTa aRmocenebul varT, da mis gamo RmrTisa
mier cxebiT ganegebis mefoba Cuen bagratoanTa da tomni varT da-
viT mefisa da winaswarmetyuelisa? romlisaTÂs brZana RmerTman, vi-
Tarmed: `erTgzis vefuce wmidasa Cemsa daviTs, da me ara vecruo mas,
nayofisagan muclisa Senisa davsua saydarTa SenTao~ (fsalm. 131, 11).
da ese daviT igi ars, romelman erTiTa SurduliTa mokla goliaTi da
Semusra qedmaRloba misi. amisTÂsca gangebiTa mravalmowyalisa Rmr-
TisaTa mefed damkÂdrebul varT sruliad saqarTvelosa zeda, da es-
reT ganTavisuflebul varT, da sxua mefe ara uflebul ars Cuen zeda,
garna meufe igi zecaTa ufali Cueni ieso qriste. xolo mefoba Seni
aqaca mswrafl warmaval ars da umkÂdro, da mun saukunod gegulebis
cecxli uSreti, romeli ganmzadebul ars eSmakTaTÂs da Senebr msax-
urTa yovelTaTÂsve. da mzakuarebiTa magiT da ÃelovnebiTa belzeb-
ulTaTa dagipyries sruliad aRmosavleTi da gyavs simravle banakTa
da spani uricxuni. da ese samgzis mosrul xar da iavar giyofies samkÂ-
drebeli ese samefo Cemi, da wilxdomili ese samwyso wmidisa dedof-
lisa Cuenisa RmrTismSobelisa, da ese araTu Zalisa Senisa moqmedeba
ars, aramed codvaTa CuenTa ganmravlebisaTÂs samarTlad guwuarTna
Cuen RmerTman... moved Tumca ara xar sefeqal da diac, da Tu Sen ar mox-
val, me moval ZaliTa RmrTisaTa rCeuliTa spiTa CemiTa... daRacaTu
simravliTa Zalisa SenisaTa mravali boroti giyofies Cuenda momarT,
aramed uvneblad arca Cuen mier warsul xar~.6

teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV

(Tbilisi, 1973), 266.
6
`axali qarTlis cxovreba, mesame teqsti~, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959), 460-461.
56 giorgi oTxmezuri

aseve uari SeuTvala Taher jalairianis gadacemaze: `ar aris Cveni

naTesavT wesio, rom Semoxvewili kaci vinme mivsceTo~.7
iv. javaxiSvilis SefasebiT: `saqarTveloSi saqmeTa maSindel mim-
dinareobis dakvirvebiT ganxilvis Semdgom, SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom
saqarTvelos is mravalgzisi aoxreba, romelic qveyanas Tavs daatyda,
marto Temur-lengis brali ar iyo. damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad
brZola srulebiT kanonierica da bunebrivic iyo saqarTvelosTvis, ma-
gram giorgi mefes gaTvaliswinebuli ar hqonda, ra pirobebSi iyo aqti-
uri politikis warmoeba SesaZlebeli da ra pirobebSi ukve aseTi moqme-
deba mizanSewonil nabijad ar SeiZleba miCneuli yofiliyo... Temur-le-
ngis saqarTvelosadmi pirveli Semosevis dros SedarebiT `lmobieri~
moqmedeba cxadyofs, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobas rom xelSekrulebiT
nakisri valdebuleba aesrulebina, is saqarTvelos Tavisi Semoseve-
biT aRar Seawuxebda. amave dros gamomwvevi aqtiuri warmoebiT giorgi
mefem es mrisxane mtarvali gaaRiziana da Tavisi qveyana daundobeli
brZolis asparezad aqcevina. ...Temur-lengis sikvdilma ki – cxadyo,
rom frTxili politikis saSualebiT saqarTvelos SeeZlo is saSineli
ubedurebac Tavidan aecilebina, romelic mas Temur-lengis mravalg-
zisi Semosevebis dros Tavs daatyda, da politikuri damoukideblobis
aRdgenac gacilebiT ufro advilad da swrafad moxerxdeboda.
amrigad, iseve, rogorc bagrat V, giorgi mefec guladi mebrZoli
iyo, magram politikuri SorsmWvreteloba da mizanSewonili sagareo
politikis xelmZRvanelobis unari giorgi mefes aklda~.8
daaxloebiT aseTive Tvalsazrisia gatarebuli 2008 wels gamo-
qveynebuli saqarTvelos istoriis sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloSi:
Temur-lengis mier yvela mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebis Semdeg, giorgi
VII-sagan `aqtiuri sagareo politikis warmoeba SesaZloa Secdomac ki
iyo... avadmyofurad pativmoyvare Temur-lengisaTvis gamowveva iyo.
1399 wlisa da momdevno laSqrobani gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gam-
oirCeoda da, TiTqos, SurisZiebiT iyo nakarnaxevi~.9
marTalia, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis III tomSi es mZime
braldeba saqarTvelos mefeebisadmi pirdapir wayenebuli ar aris, ma-
gram arc misi uaryofa an axsnis mcdelobaa mocemuli.10
bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva, ram ganapiroba bagrat V-sa da giorgi VII-is

7
farsadan gorgijaniZe, saqarTvelos istoria, s. kakabaZis gamocema, saistorio
moambe, II (Tbilisi, 1925), 302.
8
ivane javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, III (Tbilisi, 1966), 422-423.
9
givi jamburia, `Temur-lengis Semosevebi~, saqarTvelos istoria, sauniversi-
teto saxelmZRvanelo, red. n. asaTiani, g. jamburia, II (Tbilisi, 2008), 96-97.
10
tabataZe, `qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg~, 670-719.
 Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis Sesaxeb 57

aseTi gamomwvevi moqmedeba da amayi pasuxi Temur-lengis SemoTavazebul

morigebaze. nuTu emociebma, SurisZiebis grZnobam da pativmoyvare-
obam ise daabrmava qarTveli mefeebi, rom maT verc mtrisa da sakuTari
Zalebis Sefaseba SesZles, verc qveynisaTvis mosalodneli saSiSroeba
dainaxes da uazro gabedulebiT, yovlad gaumarTlebeli JinianobiT,
momakvdinebeli safrTxis winaSe daayenes qveyanac da sakuTari Tavic.
vfiqrob, aseTi varaudis daSveba mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli,
Tu CavTvliT, rom bagrat V-sa da giorgi VII-s mcdari warmodgena hqon-
daT Temur-lengis laSqris mravalricxovnebasa da siZliereze, ar ic-
nobdnen mis xasiaTsa da brZolis meTodebs. magram wyaroTa monacemebis
analizi sworedac rom sawinaaRmdegos gvimtkicebs. momxduris Sesaxeb
rom realuri informacia hqonda (amisaTvis arsebobda saqarTveloSi
menapireTa instituti), amitomac aarida bagrat V-m gaSlil velze br-
Zolas Tavi da TbilisSi Seiketa – iqneb mtkice zRudeSemovlebul da
kargad gamagrebul qalaqSi moexerxebina Tavis dacva. mas Semdeg, rac
bagrat V-m Tavis Tavze gamoscada Temur-lengis Zala (tyveobaSi yof-
nisasac darwmundeboda amaSi), vfiqrob, gamoricxulia `SurisZiebis~
mizniT mas TviTon SeeTavazebina Temur-lengisaTvis mTeli saqarT-
velos gamahmadianeba da moeTxova jari. rogorc samarTlianad aris
SeniSnuli da dasabuTebuli iv. javaxiSvilis mier, `araferi amis ms-
gavsi arc SeiZleba momxdariyo da arc momxdara. Temur-lengi iseTi
cbieri da eWviani kaci iyo, rom misi ase sulelurad motyueba aravis
SeeZlo. srulebiT daujerebelia, miT umetes, rom bagrat V-isaTvis,
am guSindeli mowinaaRmdegisaTvis, Tavisi mravalricxovani laSqari
mieca da sardlobac misTvisve Caebarebina. amas garda, Temur-lengs
Tavis banakSi, rogorc misi samxedro moqmedebebidanac cxadad Cans,
saqarTvelos gzebis kargi mcodneni sakmaod hyolia da Tavis laSqars
romelsame maTgans, ra Tqma unda, mainc gaayolebda. aseT pirobebSi, cx-
adia, bagrat V-es monRolTa mbrZaneblis laSqris misi nebiT viwroebsa
da gauval adgilebSi Semwyvdevis arc uflebas da arc saSualebas ara-
vin miscemda~.11 amasTanave, ra Tqma unda, araviTari garantia, rom mtris
12-aTasian mxedrobas uvnebeli gadaurCeboda, ar arsebobda.
amrigad, giorgi VII-is Casafreba `xunanis12 pirispir, aRmosavliT

11
javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, 291-292. iv. javaxiSvilis erT-erTi argu-
mentia isic, rom Temur-lengs sapasuxo laSqroba ar mouwyvia bagrat V-is winaaRm-
deg. marTalia, ivane javaxiSvilis mosazreba ar aris gaziarebuli (rogorc cno-
bilia, swored bagrat V-is moqmedebis sapasuxod, 1387 wels, moewyo Temur-lengis
meore laSqroba), magram es srulebiTac ar akninebs mis mier moyvanili argument-
ebis sabuTianobas.
12
xunani – istoriuli cixe-qalaqi qvemo qarTlSi.
58 giorgi oTxmezuri

kidesa berdujisasa~,13 sadac saqarTvelos mefeebma `mosres da amosw-

yÂtes TaTarni~,14 aucileblobiT iyo gamowveuli da ara SurisZiebis
surviliTa Tu politikuri viTarebis SeufaseblobiT. bagrat V-s ar-
Cevanis saSualeba ar hqonda. mas an cecxliTa da maxviliT unda gadaer-
julebina saqarTvelo, an sakuTari da Tavisi ojaxis (dedofali ana da
ufliswuli daviTi tyveobaSi imyofebodnen masTan erTad) sicocxlis
riskis fasad SeeCerebina mteri. bunebrivia, rom saqarTvelos mefem es
ukanaskneli gza airCia.
aseve zustad iyo informirebuli giorgi VII, rom 1400 w. Temur-
lengma Tavisi uzarmazari imperiis mTeli samxedro potenciali mimar-
Ta saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. amas adasturebs grigol bandaisZis mier
largvisis XIV s-is paraklitonze Sesrulebuli minaweri da qsnis eri-
sTavTa sagvareulo matiane `Zegli erisTavTa~-Si daculi amis iden-
turi cnoba; 1. paraklitonis minaweri: `moqcevasa id. qks: pe (=1400 w.),
maiss z., movida Temur-beg sultani samaryaneli da gamoitanna yaanni
siniCarisai, CineTisai, qomaneTisai, xvarazmisai, qamanisai, nahroeTi-
sai, siyalbisai, CaRanisai, alabisai, sindeTisai, xataveTisai, erayisai,
Turqistanisai da simravlisa maTisa ara iyo ricxÂ~;15 2. Zegli eri-
sTavTa: `movida Temur samangleli yovliTa spiTa CaRanel-qaSanel-
siyalbel-nahromel-industaneliTa da yovliTa sparseTisa da aR-
mosavleTis laSqriTa~.16 es orive minaweri movlenaTa Tanamedroves
`Zegli erisTavTa~-s erT-erT avtors, grigol bandaisZes ekuTvnis.17
amave dros giorgi VII-m Zalian kargad icoda isic, rom marto iyo
darCenili Temur-lengis pirispir (darbeuli da damorCilebuli Crd.
kavkasiis mosaxleoba, danebebuli `oqros urdo~, Temur-lengis mxa-

13
berduji – mtkvris marjvena Senakadi. dRes md. Zegam-Cai (azerbaijani) iyo
saqarTvelos aRmosavleT sazRvari albaneT-iranTan.
14
beri egnataSvili, `axali qarTlis cxovreba, pirveli teqsti~, 330.
15
javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, 298-299.
16
SoTa mesxia, `Zegli erisTavTa~, masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istori-
isaTvis, nak. 30, red. v. gabaSvili (Tbilisi, 1954), 358.
17
`Zegli erisTavTas~ avtoris vinaobaze qarTul istoriografiaSi ori mosaz-
reba arsebobs: zogi mas avgaroz bandaisZed miiCnevs, zogi ki – avgarozis Svil
grigol bandaisZed. vfiqrob, grigol bandaisZe `Zegli erisTavTa~-s daskvniTi
nawilis avtori da mTlianad Txzulebis gadamwer-redaqtori unda iyos (avgaroz
bandaisZe 1298 wlisaTvis gardacvlilia). ZeglSi imdenad Tanmimdevrulad da de-
talurad aris aRwerili XIV-s-is movlenebi, rom SeuZlebelia grigol bandaisZes
ar esargebla winamorbedTa CanawerebiT, rac swored mamamisis, avgarozis xelidan
unda yofiliyo gamosuli. ix. giorgi oTxmezuri, `Zegli erisTavTa~-s zogi adgi-
lis gagebisaTvis~, samecniero paradigmebi, krebuli eZRvneba prof. naTela vaCnaZ-
es, red. giorgi WeiSvili (Tbilisi, 2009), 555-562.
 Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis Sesaxeb 59

res gadasuli giorgi VII-is erTaderTi mokavSire Saqiseli siidi alis

Svili siidi ahmedi) da isic, Tu rogor uswordeboda Temur-lengi ur-
Cebs (1388 w. ajanyebis gamo xorezmis mospobili saxelmwifoebrioba,
miwasTan gasworebuli misi dedaqalaqi urgenCi, gaJletili, ayrili da
samaryandSi gadasaxlebuli mosaxleoba).
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare ismis kiTxva, ram ganapiro-
ba bagrat V-isa da giorgi VII-is aseTi ukompromiso damokidebuleba
da Seurigebeli brZola Temur-lengis winaaRmdeg, ra iyo dampyrob-
lis moTxovnaSi iseTi, rac kategoriulad miuRebeli unda yofiliyo
saqarTvelos samefo karisaTvis.
Cemi azriT, es iyo mTeli qveynis (da ara marto mefis an samefo
ojaxis) gamuslimebis moTxovna.
mTeli Cveni istoria, SeiZleba iTqvas, gareSe mtrebTan brZolis
istoriaa. brZola qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobisa da damoukide-
blobisaTvis wiTel zolad gasdevs Cvens mravalsaukunovan warsuls.
saqarTvelo xSirad mdgara fizikuri ganadgurebisa Tu moraluri
gadagvarebis safrTxis winaSe, magram maRali erovnuli TviTSegneba
da marTlmadidebluri qristianoba iyo yovelTvis is Zala, romelic
gansacdelis Jams gvifaravda. SemTxveviTi araa, rom qarTul enaSi
erovnebasa da religias erTi saxeli aqvs – rjuli. marTlmadidebluri
qristianoba, rogorc droSa, win migviZRoda, gvaerTianebda da gvicav-
da ucxotomelTa momZlavrebisagan. es momxdursac kargad esmoda.
amitomac iyo, rom yvela dampyrobeli, pirvel rigSi, Seurigebel br-
Zolas ucxadebda Cvens erovnul mrwamss. saqarTvelos rigiT iranul
provinciad gadaqceva, swored qristianobis aRmofxvris gziT esaxebo-
daT sasanian Sahebsa Tu yizilbaS yaenebs. osmaleTis islamuri imperi-
isaTvis Tu minimalurad mainc dasaSvebi iyo kaTolikuri salocavebisa
da somxuri tipikonis funqcionireba samcxe-javaxeTSi, kategoriu-
lad miuRebeli iyo marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis arseboba. marTl-
madidebluri mefis ruseTic ki, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis
gauqmebiT (1811-1814 ww.), eklesia-monasterTa raodenobis mkveTri Sem-
cirebiTa da qarTul enaze RvTismsaxurebis akrZalviT, cdilobda im-
periuli asimilatoruli eqspansiis ganxorcielebas.
es kargad hqonda gaazrebuli Temur-lengsac. politika da reli-
gia mis dampyroblur gegmebSi mWidrod iyo gadajaWvuli. qristiano-
bis mospoba iyo is aucilebeli piroba, rac qarTuli miwismflobelo-
bis wesis mahmadianuriT Secvlas, misi batonobis uzrunvelyofas da,
saboloo jamSi, Sedegad `qarTvelobis~ ganadgurebas moitanda.18

18
tabataZe, `qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg~, 681.
60 giorgi oTxmezuri

Temur-lengi rom marto giorgi VII-is gamuslimebiT ar dakmayofil-

deboda da mis mizans mTeli saqarTvelos (da kavkasiis) gamahmadianeba
Seadgenda, amas sparseli istorikosebic adastureben. Temur-lengis
laSqrobebis mowme da TviTmxilveli moin ad-din naTanzis cnobiT,
`saqarTvelos mefes (giorgi VII) danebebisa da morCilebis sruli mis-
wrafeba hqonda, magram gamusulmanebis SiSiT Seupovar winaaRmdegobas
eweoda da am sijiutes, aTeul aTasobiT qarTvelis sicocxle Seewira~;
xolo abd ar-razay samaryandi saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis mizezebs
aq islamis gavrcelebis saWiroebiT xsnis.19 vaxuSti bagrationic
aRniSnavs, rom Temur-lengi `garna kualad ara dascxra gulis-wyro-
mad, vinaÁTgan eneba mooÃreba da mahmadianoba saqarTvelosi~.20
Temur-lengi rom saerTod qristianobis aRmofxvrasa da islamis
gavrcelebas Tavis erT-erT umTavres amocanad miiCnevda, es CrdiloeT
kavkasiis magaliTzec naTlad gamoCnda, sadac 1395 wels (ToxTamiSis da-
marcxebis Semdeg) qristianuli salocavebi daangria, mosaxleobas Zal-
iT miaRebina islami da Camoacila saqarTvelos. `daimorCila daRistani
umetes pirvelisa. ityÂan romel pirvel JamiTgan iqmna mun mahmadianoba
dasxmuliTa misgan xeliTa, rameTu pirvel iyvnen Sereulni qristianeni,
viTarca sxuani kavkasielni... waravlina spani ovseTad. ganvles spaTa maT
darubandi, lekeTi da mividnen ovseTs, moswyÂdnes, tyue-yvnes... ese hyo
Temur rameTu uwyoda, mefe Zals icems munidam. xolo kualad ityÂan, mi-
erTgan iwoda Cerqezi da iqmna mahmadianoba maT Soris~.21
mrwamsis sakiTxi rom wina planze iyo wamoweuli Temur-lengisa da
giorgi VII-s dapirispirebaSi, amas saqarTvelos mefis `pasuxic~ (1400 w.)
da Samqoris zavis (1401 w.) pirobebic migvaniSnebs. bibliur mcnebebsa da
qristianul moralze dafuZnebiT Sedgenil `pasuxSi~ swored qristiano-
bisa da bagrationTa gvaris upiratesobaa xazgasmuli islamsa da Temur-
lengis warmomavlobasTan SedarebiT. Samqoris zavis xuTi punqtidanac
ori religiis sferos ganekuTvneba: 1. qarTvelebs TavianT qveyanaSi ar
unda SeeviwroebinaT muslimebi; 2. qarTvelebs ekrZalebodaT qristian-
uli religiis adaT-wesebis aSkarad Sesruleba muslimur qveynebSi.
sparseli istorikosebis (nezam ad-din Sami, Saraf ad-din ali iez-
idi) cnobiT, Temur-lengis `mZvinvarebis ali kidev ufro abrialda
urwmuno giorgis ugunuri guladobis gamo~ da Tavis laSqars ubr-
Zana `saRvTo omad mklavi aRemarTaT borotsa da cTomil xalxze~.22

19
iqve, 681-682.
20
vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, 273.
21
iqve, 268, 272.
22
tabataZe, `qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg~, 693-694.
 Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis Sesaxeb 61

wyaroebis monacemTa analizi da movlenaTa qronologia, vfiqrob,

imis mauwyebelia, rom giorgi VII-is `pasuxamde~ hqonda Temur-lengs
gamocxadebuli saqarTvelosTvis `saRvTo omi~. 1399 wlamde, sxvadasxva
mizezebis gamo (xorezmis ajanyeba, oqros urdosTan brZola, indoeT-
Si laSqroba), man `saTanadod~ ver moicala saqarTvelosTvis. am wels
ki (giorgi VII-is `pasuxamde~), misi V laSqroba sworedac rom `saRvTo
omis~ xasiaTs atarebda. unda aRgviliyo pirisagan miwisa kaxeT-hereTi.
mosaxleobis gaJleta, eklesia-monastrebis da sacxovrebeli saxlebis
dangreva, sameurneo kulturebis ganadgureba – aseTi iyo Temur-len-
gis brZaneba. qarTuli jaris Seupovarma winaaRmdegobam amiraxor xim-
Sia abazasZis meTaurobiT da didTovlobam aiZula dampyrobeli erTi
Tvis Tavze Seewyvita saomari moqmedebebi da gascloda kaxeT-hereTs.
am laSqrobis dros unda iyos dangreuli kaxeTis upirvelesi saloca-
vi, alaverdis wm. giorgis kaTedraluri taZari. taZris dasavleT kar-
ibWis safexuris or qvaze amokveTili 8 striqoniani mxedruli warwera
aleqsandre I kaxTa mefis (1476-1511 ww.) mier Catarebul aRdgeniT sam-
uSaoebs gvamcnobs:
`...kacTa mier Tayvaniscema Tnavs ama taZarsa wmidis savane axovanis
mowamis wmidis giorgis... moyuareTa mefeTagan aRSenebuli iyo da
viTare[bisagan daqceulni] Senebulebani gumbadisani vidre samÃremd[e
aRaSe]na warCinebulman da sanatrelman mefema[n aleqsandre]~23 (kuTx-
ur kavebSi mocemuli teqsti Cem mier aris aRdgenili).
Temur-lengis Seurigebeli damokidebuleba qristianobisadmi, qris-
tianuli salocavebis masobriv ganadgurebaSi da RvTis msaxurTa sazarel,
barbarosul JletaSic aisaxa: `xolo ara Tu yovelTa kacTa srva kma eyoT,

23
Teimuraz barnaveli, kaxeTis istoriuli Zeglebis warwerebi (Tbilisi, 1961), 14.
marTalia, warweraSi aleqsandre mefis saxeli ar ikiTxeba, magram warweris teqst-
Si zustad imave saamSeneblo samuSaoebzea saubari, rac moTxrobilia `anaseuli
qarTlis cxovrebis~ anderZSi: `adiden RmerTman da daamyaren orTave cxorebaTa
Sina patronni: dedofalTa dedofali nestan-darejan da Ze maTi mefe aleqsandre
da dedofali ana. eseni iyunes umetes yovelTa qarTlisa mefeTa da mTavarTa morw-
muneni, maSenebelni eklesiaTani. rameTu alaverdi wartyuenul iyo warmarTTagan,
romel sxuaTa mefeTa ver Ãel-eyo ganwmendad da aRSenebad, amaT aRaSenes ... caÁ
da gumbaTi da samxroni~. ix. ivane javaxiSvili, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. VIII, red.
m. lorTqifaniZe (Tbilisi, 1977), 303-305. aqedan gamomdinare, warweris teqstSi
dazianebul adgilas unda aRdges aleqsandre I kaxTa mefis saxeli da `anaseuli
qarTlis cxovrebis~ analogiurad daTariRdes – 1476-1495 ww. warwera daRupulia.
aleqsandre I kaxTa mefis Semdgom alaverdis taZari kidev ramdenjerme iqna da-
zianebuli da restavrirebuli. warweriani qvebi, romlebic Tavis droze, ra Tqma
unda, eklesiis kedelSi iqneboda Casmuli, saamSeneblo masalad iqna gamoyenebuli
(safexurebze warwerebs ar kveTdnen), ramac gamoiwvia kidec warweris daRupva.
62 giorgi oTxmezuri

aramed wmidani eklesianica da mas Sina myofni samRvdeloni krebulni cecx-

liTa damwvar iqmnnes maT mier~.24 am mxriv, iseve rogorc sabrZolo moqmede-
bebiT, gansakuTrebiT masStaburi iyo VI laSqroba (1400 w.). gogCis tbasTan,
lores, Tbilisis, goris, Zamis, savaneTis da sxv. cixeebTan gamarTul brZo-
lebSi, Temur-lengma mxolod udidesi Zalisxmevisa da msxverplis fasad
miaRwia gamarjvebas, Tumca mefe giorgis, romelic `daWrili vefxviviT
ibrZoda tyeebsa da viwroebSi~, verc Sepyroba da verc damorCileba ver
SesZlo. gaborotebuli dampyrobeli gzadagza spobda yvelafers.
yvela qarTveli istorikosi xazgasmiT da ramdenimegzis aRniS-
navs Temur-lengis mier eklesia-monastrebis `safuZvliTurT~ dan-
grevas, rasac, sxvaTa Soris, sparseli istorikosebic adastureben.
magaliTad, nezam ad-din Sami specialurad uTiTebs, rom Temur-len-
gis jarebma `urjuloTa Senobebi dawves, yanebi da eklesia monastre-
bi daangrieso~.25 qarTul istoriul sabuTebsa da epigrafikul Zeg-
lebSic mravali aseTi faqtia dafiqsirebuli.
nabuqodonosor II-is mier ierusalimSi datrialebul ubedurebas
gadaameta Temur-lengis borotebam sveticxovelTan mimarTebaSi:
`maSin mivides usjuloni igi wmidasa kaTolike eklesiasa mcxeTas,
ufrosRa da umetes savseni SuriTa misiTa... rameTu esred saxed yove-
live hyo mZlavrman uwyaloman lang-Temur saqarTvelosa Sina, viTarca
mefeman babilovnisaman nabuqodonosor moawia ierusalimsa zeda, aman
ufrosRa gardamata mas. rameTu man ara ikadra darRueva taZrisa mis
solomonisa, TÂnier warRebisa mravalfassa mis patiosanTa WurWel-
Ta taZrisaTa, aramed aman lang-Temur eseodeni boroti qmna, romel
wariRo sruliad patiosani samkauli da Semkobilni WurWelni wmidisa
kaTolike eklesiisani, da igi ara jer uCnda kmayofad, aramed TÂTca Se-
hkadra da bilwiTa ÃeliTa warmdebad Ãel-hyo darRuevad da mooÃre-
bad suetisa cxovelisa Sinagan, da gareT zRudeni da palatni da yovel-
nive Senobani sruliad iavar hyves spaTa lang-TemurisaTa~.26
mas Semdeg, rac `Semusres da daarRÂes wmida kaTolike eklesia mcxeTi-
sa~, dampyroblebma `miiwivnes muniT quabTa-Ãevs,27 da Seipyres mun myofni
kacni, mamani da dedani, mRvdelni da diakonni da monazonni, da Seamwyudes
taZarsa wmidisa quabTa-Ãevisa RTismSobelisasa, da Seugznes cecxli Si-
gan eklesiisa da dawves, romelic iyofodes eklesiasa mas Sina~.28

24
`axali qarTlis cxovreba, meore teqsti~, 451.
25
tabataZe, `qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoeli dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg~, 697.
26
`axali qarTlis cxovreba, meore teqsti~, 452.
27
dRes qvaTaxevi, md. kavTuris saTaveSi, kaspis raioni.
28
beri egnataSvili, `axali qarTlis cxovreba~, 328-329.
 Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis Sesaxeb 63

aseT mZime viTarebaSic ki giorgi VII cdilobda yuradReba ar moek-

lo saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis. 1399-1401 ww-Si mis mier gacemuli sige-
lebiT, mcxeTis sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZars ganuaxlda da daumt-
kicda Zvelad Sewiruli da mkvidri mamulebi.29
Temur-lengis saqarTvelodan wasvlisTanave, qveynis saSinao saq-
meebis mogvarebis paralelurad, giorgi VII-m `ubrZana mooÃrebulTa
Senebad eklesiaTa~.30
giorgis Semdeg gamefebulma konstantine I-mac (1407-1411 ww.) `iwyo...
aRSenebad eklesiaTa~.31
gansakuTrebiT farTe aRmSenebloba gaiSala aleqsandre I didis
(1412-1442 ww.) dros, rogorc cnobilia, man `usjulo Temuris~ mier
`safuZveliTgan daqceuli~ cixeebisa da eklesia-monastrebis aRsad-
genad specialuri gadasaxadi daawesa.32
qarTul naratiul wyaroebsa33 da istoriul dokumentebSi34 dacu-
li cnobebi gvauwyeben aleqsandre I-is mier bebiamisis, cnobili poli-
tikuri moRvawis qucna amirejibis meuRlis, rusas (+1413 w.) dawyebuli
sveticxovlis restavraciis dasrulebas.
Temur-lengis urdoebis mier `ZiriTurT aRmofxvrili~ da `vidre
safuZvliTurT daarRveuli~35 ruisis RvTaebis taZris xelaxla aSe-
nebas gvamcnobs taZris das. Sesasvlelis Tavze amokveTili orstri-
qoniani asomTavruli warwera:
`† ze adiden RmerTman mefeTa-mefoba didisa aleqsandresi, rom-
lisa mier kvalad aReSena saydari ese. adiden RmerTman da suli maTi
kurTxeul yos~.36
igive bedi ewia ulumbis RvTismSobels: `mas Jamsa odes uRmrTosa
demurs sruliad aReoÃra da umkÂdro eqmna saqarTvelo, da waru-
tyunnes yovelni monasterni da umetesad yovelTasa udabno ese TquÀ-

29
pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, XI-XVII ss-is qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mi-
xedviT, gamosacemad moamzades darejan kldiaSvilma, mzia surgulaZem, elene ca-
gareiSvilma, guram jandierma, I (Tbilisi, 1991), 243.
30
vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, 275.
31
iqve, 177.
32
`malis amokveTis sigeli aleqsandre mefisa, 1440 w.~, qarTuli samarTlis Ze-
glebi, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, t. II
(Tbilisi, 1965), 126.
33
`axali qarTlis cxovreba, meore teqsti~, 474.
34
pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, I, 215.
35
beri egnataSvili, `axali qarTlis cxovreba~, 329; `axali qarTlis cxovreba,
meore teqsti~, 453.
36
giorgi CubinaSvili, `ruisis taZris istoriisaTvis~, enis, istoriisa da mate-
rialuri kulturis institutis moambe, V-VI (1940), 462.
64 giorgi oTxmezuri

ni, romel saZirkvelica ara daSTomil-iyo~ – aRniSnulia qucna amire-

jibis Sewirulebis wignSi ulumbis RvTismSoblisadmi.37
`mefeTgan didad Sewyalebulman amirejibman qucnaman~ imave adgi-
las axali taZari aRmarTa (`axlad saZirkulis safuZvlis STagdebisa~)
da aRapebi daawesa TavisTvis da Tavisi ojaxis wevrebisTvis, maT Soris
aleqsandre I-sTvis (SviliSvili), konstantine I-sTvis (siZe) da giorgi
VII-sTvis (siZis Zma).38
qucna amirejibis agebulia nabaxtevis eklesiac. taZris moxatu-
lobaSi qucna amirejibi warmodgenili iyo eklesiis modeliT xelSi
(rac mis qtitorobas miuTiTebs), Tavisi ojaxiT – meuRle rusa, aleq-
sandre I didi da dedofali (amJamad freskebi daculia saqarTvelos
xelovnebis muzeumSi).39 advili SesaZlebelia, rom ulumbis msgavsad,
nabaxtevis eklesiac Temur-lengis mier dangreuli saydris adgilze
aeSenebina qucna amirejibs.40
rkonis samonastro kompleqsis naTlismcemlis eklesiis dasav-
leT da aRmosavleT fasadebze Temur-lengis darbevis mauwyebeli ori
asomTavruli warweraa amokveTili:
1) `† aqa movida langdemur da daaqcivna eklesiani da rkonica daaq-
cia. qoronikoni iyo pe (=1400 w.)

37
giorgi oTxmezuri, qarTuli feodaluri sagvareuloebis istoriidan – amire-
jibi (Tbilisi, 2009), 48.
38
qucna amirejibis mier aRmarTuli taZari SemdgomSi isev daingra. dRes mis
adgilze dgas 1871 w. agebuli darbazuli eklesia, romlis kedlebSic Catanebulia
Zveli eklesiis fragmentebi, maT Soris 1015-1016 ww-is warweriani qva – giorgi I-is
(1014-1027 ww.) mosaxsenebeli. iqve, 12.
39
inga lorTqifaniZe, nabaxtevis mxatvroba (Tbilisi, 1973).
40
rogorc Cans, swored Zveli salocavis adgilze axlis ageba, an Zveli eklesiis
safuZvliani gadakeTeba, saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli wesi Tu tradicia iyo. amas
mowmobs sveticxovlis, ulumbis, atenis sionis, rkonis da sxva eklesiaTa arqiteq-
turuli da istoriuli monacemebi. agreTve areSis stelisa da eredvis eklesiis
warwerebi, romlebSic kumurdosa da alaverdis taZrebis moxsenieba arsebul say-
darTa aRmarTvis dros ramdenime aTeuli wliT uswrebs. ix. qarTuli warwerebis
korpusi, Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada nodar SoSiaSvilma, t. I (Tbilisi, 1980),
39, 76, 145.
 Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis Sesaxeb 65

2) `aqaÁ amoswyÂda rkoni, Tvesa mervesa~.

orive warwera, Temur-lengis VI laSqrobis erT epizods, rkonis

monastrisa da mimdebare eklesiebis daqcevas gadmogvcems.
`amoswyÂda rkoni~ rkonis monastris mRvdelmsaxurTa gaJle-
tas unda gulisxmobdes (iseve rogorc qvaTaxevSi). Temur-lengis
es laSqroba xangrZlivobiTac iyo gamorCeuli, mTeli gazafxulisa
da zafxulis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda. TeZmis xeobis darbeva am
laSqrobis erT-erTi bolo etapia da, rogorc Cans, agvistoSi (`Tvesa
mervesa~) hqonda adgili.41
1400 wlis saomari kampaniis dros Temur-lengma qsnis saerisTavo-
sac Seusia `marbeveli laSqari~, aqac `Semusra yovelni cixeni da daaq-
civna yovelni saydarni, monasterni da eklesiani~. largvisis monas-
ters, rogorc umTavresi salocavisa da erisTavebis saZvalis `daqce-
vas~ ki mematiane specialurad aRniSnavs: `maSin daaqcives eklesiai ese
aRSenebuli erisTavisa iovanesagan~.42
momxduris mizani giorgi VII-is erTguli qveSevrdomis, virSel qsnis
erisTavis dasja iyo, romelic saqarTveloSi gamarTul brZolebSic da
1398 wels alinjis cixis aRebisasac mxarSi edga mefes. largvisis parak-
litonis minaweris Tanaxmad, `mefobasa Sina mefed mefisa giorgi bagra-
tis Zisasa, da erisTavobasa Sina erisTavT-erisTavisa qvenifnevelisa
virSelisa, odes igi didTa omTagan gamarjvebuli alinjiT movides~.43
Temur-lengis marbieli jaris mogeriebisa da moRalateTa das-
jis Semdeg, imave wels, dangreuli taZris siaxloves virSel erisTav-
ma `iwyo Senebad eklesiisa, saxelsa zeda mowamisasa (igulisxmeba wm.
giorgi), sazRvarsa largvisisa, adgilsa Sueniersa yovliT kerZo~.44

41
giorgi oTxmezuri, `rkonis warwerebi~, artanuji, VI (1997), 9-19.
42
mesxia, `Zegli erisTavTa~, 359-360.
43
oTxmezuri, `Zegli erisTavTa~ zogierTi adgilis gagebisaTvis~, 557-558.
44
iqve, 560. rogorc cnobilia, verc virSel III-is mier agebulma taZarma moaRwia
Cvenamde. mis adgilze daviT erisTavis (1753-1774) mier gumbaTiani eklesia iqna age-
buli, rasac gvamcnobs 1762 w. moWedili xatis warwera. ix. Е. Такаишвили, Археологиче-
ские экскурсии, разыскания и заметки, V (Тфл., 1915), 95-96.
66 giorgi oTxmezuri

rogorc vxedavT, Temur-lengis laSqrobebis Sedegad miyenebuli

udidesi ekonomikuri zaralis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos mefeebi da
qarTveli feodalebi Tavis erT-erT upirveles amocanad eklesia-mo-
nastrebis aRdgenas miiCnevdnen.
vfiqrob, zemoT moyvanili faqtebi cxadyofen, rom Temur-lengisT-
vis saqarTveloSi politikuri gabatonebis safuZveli aq qristianobis
amoZirkva iyo – yovlad miuRebeli da dauSvebeli saqarTvelos samefo
karisTvis da masTan erTad mTeli qarTveli erisTvisac. religiuri Seu-
wynarebloba dampyroblis mxridan iyo is mTavari sakiTxi, rac qarTvel
mefeebs diplomatiuri moqmedebis saSualebas uspobda da aiZulebda
mTel ers, maqsimumi Zalisxmeva gaeRo erovnuli saxis SenarCunebisa-
Tvis.
amitomac aris gadauWarbebeli Sefaseba, rom `es iyo qarTveli
xalxis udidesi gamarjveba am WeSmaritad didi samamulo omis dros
mopovebuli uzarmazari materialuri zaralisa da auracxeli msxver-
plis fasad~.45

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