1.

What are the factors to be considered to start a Petroleum industry

   The site has to be reasonably far from residential areas.

 Infrastructure should be available for supply of raw materials and shipment of products
to markets.
 Energy to operate the plant should be available.
 Facilities should be available for waste disposal.

Refineries which use a large amount of steam and cooling water need to have an
abundant source of water. Oil refineries therefore are often located nearby navigable rivers or
on a sea shore, nearby a port. Such location also gives access to transportation by river or by
sea. The advantages of transporting crude oil by pipeline are evident, and oil companies often
transport a large volume of fuel to distribution terminals by pipeline. Pipeline may not be
practical for products with small output, and rail cars, road tankers, and barges are used.

2. What are the products of cracking of liquid feedstock?

Petroleum products are usually grouped into three categories: light distillates (LPG, gasoline,
naphtha), middle distillates (kerosene, diesel), heavy distillates and residuum (heavy fuel oil,
lubricating oils, wax, asphalt). This classification is based on the way crude oil is distilled and
separated into fractions (called distillates and residuum) as in the above drawing.[2]

 Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)

 Gasoline (also known as petrol)
 Naphtha
 Kerosene and related jet aircraft fuels
 Diesel fuel
 Fuel oils
 Lubricating oils
 Paraffin wax
 Asphalt and tar
 Petroleum coke

3. Define API gravity

 American  petroleum  Institute's inverted scale for denoting the 'lightness' or
'heaviness' of crude oils  and other liquid hydrocarbons. Calibrated in  API
degrees (or  degrees API), it is used universally to expresses a crude's relative density in an
inverse measure lighter the crude, higher the API gravity, and vice versa because lighter the
crude higher its market value.  Oil  with API greater than 30º is termed light; between 22º and
30º, medium; below 22º, heavy; and below 10º, extra heavy. Asphalt on average has an API
gravity of 8°, Brent Crude of 35.5°, and  gasoline of 50°.Formula: {(141.5 ÷ relative density of
the crude (at 15.5°C or 60°F)} - 131.5.

4. New Developments in petrochemical industry

Mega Methanol Technology

Gas to Olefins Conversion Technology

Gas to Dimethyl Ether

Gas to Liquids Technology (GTL)

Technologies Based on Alkane Activation

5. Define petrochemicals?

Petrochemicals  are chemical products derived from petroleum. Some chemical

compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as
coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as corn or sugar cane.

This article focuses on organic compounds that are not burned as fuel (see also Petroleum
product).

Two petrochemical classes are olefins including ethylene and propylene, and

aromatics  including  benzene, toluene and  xylene  isomers. Oil refineries produce olefins and
aromatics by fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions.  Chemical plants  produce olefins
by steam cracking of natural gas liquids like ethane and propane. Aromatics are produced
by catalytic reforming  of  naphtha. Olefins and aromatics are the building blocks for a wide
range of materials such as solvents, detergents, and adhesives. Olefins are the basis
for  polymers and oligomers used in plastics, resins,  elastomers, lubricants, and gels

6. What are meant by refinery gases?

Gas produced in petroleum refineries by cracking, reforming, and other processes;

principally methane, ethane, ethylene, butanes, and butylenes. 
In some cases, refinery gas can be packaged and sold as a final product on the open market. In
others, it can be used as a fuel. It can also be used as feedstock for other processes in the
refinery. Use as a feedstock allows refineries to operate highly flexibly, adjusting what they
produce easily by changing the processes and feedstock they use to meet demand for various
petroleum products.

7 .What are the various processes used in Petrochemical Industry?

A process converts a raw material into products, by-products, intermediate products, or

waste streams. The main processes conducted in the basic petrochemicals industry are
separation and purification. Some chemical conversion processes such as cracking,
hydrogenation,isomerization , disproportionation ,alkylation,aromatization are also carried out

8 . Technological advancement is essential in Petrochemical Industry-Justify?

Yes , technological advancement is essential in petrochemical industry

Producing some chemicals involves handling hazardous materials and managing large
amounts of energy. In the drive to improve safety and reliability, chemical process facilities tend
to rely heavily on automation using sophisticated instrumentation, computers, and
programmable logic controllers to run their plants. In an effort to improve energy efficiency and
reduce pollution, various pieces of equipment are interconnected in ways that complicate their
operation. Chemical process accidents are often the result of unexpected interaction between
automated process equipment and operators.

9.What is mean by refining in petroleum processing?

Petroleum processing and refining involves a series of steps by which the original crude oil is
converted into products with desired qualities in the amounts dictated by the market. In fact,
a  refinery is essentially a group of manufacturing plants that vary in number with the variety of
products in the mix. Refinery processes must be selected and products manufactured to give a
balanced operation; that is, crude oil must be converted into products according to the demand
for each. for example The separation of petroleum into fractions and the treating of these
fractions to yield marketable products. Petroleum is a mixture of gaseous, liquid, and
solid hydrocarbon  compounds that occurs in sedimentary rock deposits throughout the world.
In the crude state, petroleum has little value but, when refined, it provides liquid fuels (gasoline,
diesel fuel, aviation fuel), solvents, heating oil, lubricants, and the distillation residuum asphalt,
which is used for highway surfaces and roofing materials.

10. List of the products produced in indian refineries?

The Indian refineries product range covers petrol, diesel, LPG, auto LPG, aviation turbine fuel,
lubricants,naphtha,  bitumen, paraffin, kerosene etc. Xtra Premium petrol, Xtra Mile diesel,
Servo lubricants, Indane LPG cooking gas, Autogas LPG, IndianOil Aviation are some of its
prominent brands.Recently Indian refineries has also introduced a new business line of
supplying LNG (liquefied natural gas) by cryogenic transportation. This is called "LNG at
Doorstep".

11. Crude Oil Characterization

• TRADING : Density, API Gravity

• TRANSPORTATION: RVP, Pour Point, KV,

Wax content

• CONTAMINATION : Salt content, BS&W

• PROCESSABILITY : Sulfur, Nitrogen, TAN,

Asphaltene, MCR

• CRACKING POINT : ASTM Distillationedit]

12.Milestone in Indian petroleum refineries

Thirty eight technologies having licensed capacity around 25 million tonnes per annum have
been transferred to the industry. Almost every refinery in the country has technologies licensed
by the institute. Test techniques have been developed for evaluation of petroleum products
included in BIS specifications. Global tie-ups have been established for contract research and
technical services.

IIP has filed 185 patents in India and 29 patents abroad. PhD degrees have been awarded to
about fifty research fellows and scientists of the institute by universities.
 Production of food grade hexane by using nmp technology 2001.
 Lube oil base stock (lobs) production through nmp 2000.
 Propane deasphalting 1999.
 Visbreaking technology 1998.
 Sulfolane production technology 1997.
 Business development and technology marketing 1996.
 Low air pressure film burner 1994.
 Food grade hexane 1993.
 Bimetallic Pt-Re reforming catalyst 1992.
 Production of benzene/toluene through sulfolane extraction 1990.edit

13.composition of crude oil

13.Composition by weight

Percent
Element
range

Carbon 83 to 87%

Hydroge
10 to 14%
n

Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%

0.05 to
Oxygen
1.5%

0.05 to
Sulphur
6.0%

Metals < 0.1%

Four different types of hydrocarbon molecules appear in crude oil. The relative percentage of
each varies from oil to oil, determining the properties of each oil.

Composition by weight

Hydrocarbo Averag
Range
n e
 15 to
Paraffins 30%
60%

30 to
Naphthenes 49%
60%

Aromatics 15% 3 to 30%

remainde
Asphaltics 6%
r

14. Enhanced Oil Recovery (abbreviated EOR) :

It is a generic term for techniques for increasing the amount of crude oil that can be
extracted from an oil field. Using EOR, 30-60 %, or more, of the reservoir's original oil can be
extracted compared with 20-40%  using primary and secondary recovery.

Enhanced oil recovery is also called  improved oil recovery or tertiary recovery (as opposed to
primary and secondary recovery). Sometimes the term quaternary recovery is used to refer to
more advanced, speculative, EOR techniques.

Enhanced oil recovery is achieved by gas injection, chemical injection, microbial injection, or

thermal recovery (which includes cyclic steam, steam flooding, and fire flooding).

15. Key issues of Petrochemical Industry

Like all petroleum production, oil sands operations can have an adverse
effect on the environment. Oil sands projects can potentially affect: the land when the bitumen is
initially mined and with large deposits of toxic chemicals; the water during the separation
process and through the drainage of rivers; and the air due to the release of carbon dioxide and
other emissions. Additional indirect environmental effects are that the petroleum products
produced are mostly burned, releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Heavy metals such
asvanadium,  nickel, lead,cobalt,  mercury, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, copper,  ma
nganese, iron and  zinc  are present in oil sands.

16 .the down stream products of crude oil?

 The petroleum industry is usually divided into three major
components: Upstream, midstream  and downstream. Midstream operations are usually
included in the downstream category.

The downstream oil sector is a term commonly used to refer to the refining of crude oil,

and the selling and distribution of natural gas andproducts derived from crude oil. Such
products include liquified petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, jet fuel, diesel oil,
other fuel oils,asphalt and petroleum coke.

The downstream sector includes oil refineries[1], petrochemical plants, petroleum

product distribution, retail outlets and natural gas distribution companies. The downstream
industry touches consumers through thousands of products such as petrol, diesel, jet
fuel,  heating oil, asphalt, lubricants, synthetic
rubber, plastics, fertilizers,  antifreeze, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, natural gas and propane.

17.India’s refining capacity

India is likely to boost its refining capacity by 45% or 65.3 mtpa (million tonne per
annum) over the next five years. The country would be a net exporter of petroleum products due
to aggressive expansion plans by most of the refiners, reveal a recent Deutsche Bank report.
India, in 2004-2005, met 75% of its crude oil demand through imports. India has a total refining
capacity of 146 mtpa at present

18.Objective of ninth five year plan on Petroleum industry

The Fifth Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee adopted the Proposal on
the Ninth Five-Year Plan on National Economy and Social Development and Long-Range
Objectives to the Year 2010 on September 28, 1995. It was the first medium-length plan made
under a socialist market economy, and a cross-century development strategy.

The basic tasks stipulated in the Plan were: to complete the second phase in the modernization
drive; to cap population growth at 300 million by 2000; to quadruple per capita GNP as
compared to 1980; to eliminate poverty; and to speed up the establishment of a modern
enterprise system.

Long-range objectives to the year 2010 were: to double 2000’s GNP; and to continue to build
the socialist market economic system.The Fifth Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central
Committee adopted the Proposal on the Ninth Five-Year Plan on National Economy and Social
Development and Long-Range Objectives to the Year 2010 on September 28, 1995. It was the
 first medium-length plan made under a socialist market economy, and a cross-century
development strategy.The basic tasks stipulated in the Plan were: to complete the second phase
in the modernization drive; to cap population growth at 300 million by 2000; to quadruple per
capita GNP as compared to 1980; to eliminate poverty; and to speed up the establishment of a
modern enterprise system.Long-range objectives to the year 2010 were: to double 2000’s GNP;
and to continue to build the socialist market economic system.

19. list of Overseas Oil Refineries

Conoco Ltd
Humber Refinery
South Killingholme
North Lincolnshire
Esso Petroleum Company Ltd
Fawley Refinery
Fawley
Southampton
Ineos Grangemouth
Grangemouth
Stirlingshire
Murco 
Milford Haven Refinery
Milford Haven
Pembrokeshire
Petroplus 
North Tees Works
Seaton Road
Port Clarence
Cleveland

20.REFINERIES IN INDIA

 Mumbai  Refinery
 Barauni Refinery
 Numaligarh  Refinery Township
 Guwahati Refinery

21.The oil and gas reserves estimation methods can be grouped into the following categories:

1. Analogy,
2. Volumetric,
3. Decline analysis,
4. Material balance calculations for oil reservoirs,
5. Material balance calculations for gas reservoirs,
6. Reservoir simulation.

22.Most of the associated with gas is flared why?

A gas flare, alternatively known as a flare stack, is an elevated vertical conveyance found
accompanying the presence of oil wells, gas wells, rigs,refineries, chemical plants, natural
gas plants, and landfills.

They are used to eliminate waste gas which is otherwise not feasible to use or transport. They
also act as safety systems for non-waste gas and is released via pressure relief valve when
needed to ease the strain on equipment. They protect gas processing equipment from being
overpressured. Also in case of an emergency situation, the flare system helps burn out the total
reserve gas.

23.Present position of crude and gas reserves in India?

There are 18 refineries operating in the country, 17 in the Public Sector and one in the
Private Sector, with a total installed capacity of 127.37 million metric tonnes per annum
(MMTPA).

At the end of 2005, India had 0.5 % of the Oil and Gas resources of the world and 15 % of the
world?s population whereas the reserve to production ratio is 20.7 (BP statistics 2006). At the
end of 1995 India had the 5.5 thousand million barrels of reserves, grown only 1% till the end of
2005 whereas crude oil consumption has grown more than 10% over the last 5 years.

24.CRUDE OIL COMPONENTS

On average, crude oils are made of the following elements or compounds:
 Carbon - 84%
 Hydrogen - 14%
 Sulfur - 1 to 3% (hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, disulfides, elemental sulfur)
 Nitrogen  - less than 1% (basic compounds with amine groups)
 Oxygen  - less than 1% (found in organic compounds such as carbon dioxide, phenols,
ketones, carboxylic acids)
 Metals - less than 1% (nickel, iron, vanadium, copper, arsenic)
 Salts  - less than 1% (sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride)

25.Elements of petroleum

Crude oil   is the term for "unprocessed" oil, the stuff that comes out of the
ground. It is also known as petroleum.

On average, crude oils are made of the following elements or compounds:

 Carbon - 84%

 Hydrogen - 14%

 Sulfur - 1 to 3% (hydrogen sulfide, sulfides, disulfides, elemental sulfur)

 Nitrogen  - less than 1% (basic compounds with amine groups)

 Oxygen  - less than 1% (found in organic compounds such as carbon dioxide, phenols,
ketones, carboxylic acids)

 Metals - less than 1% (nickel, iron, vanadium, copper, arsenic)

 Salts  - less than 1% (sodium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride)

petr

26. Why Petrochemical plant is to be given the highest priority for safety?
Fires, explosions, chemical reaction hazards, toxicity
 CAMEO Chemicals Web Portal :  Searchable database for over 6,000 chemicals
provides physical properties, health hazards, information about air and water hazards,
and recommendations for firefighting, first aid, and spill response.
 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS): On reserve in library (604.7 M425);  Internet
resources;   hazard.com
 Fires: 
           Avoid:
            A mixture containing a combustible material and oxygen between the
upper and lower flammability limits (see below), taking into account pressure,
temperature, and oxygen concentration.
           A combustible stream from a condenser at a temperature above its  flash
point .
           Formation of a pyrophoric reaction product, such as iron maleate from the
reaction of maleic acid with iron.
        
27.Why oil recovery rate low in india?

Adding oil recovery methods adds to the cost of oil — in the case of CO2 typically between 0.5-
8.0 US$ per tonne of CO2. The increased extraction of oil on the other hand, is an economic
benefit with the revenue depending on prevailing oil prices.[15] Onshore EOR has paid in the
range of a net 10-16 US$ per tonne of CO2 injected for oil prices of 15-20 US$/barrel.
Prevailing prices depend on many factors but can determine the economic suitability of any
procedure, with more procedures and more expensive procedures being economically viable at
higher prices. Example: With oil prices at around 90 US$/barrel, the economic benefit is about
70 US$ per tonne CO2. In Canada, a CO2-EOR project has been established by Cenovus
Energy at the Weyburn Oil Field in southern Saskatchewan.

28.Crude oil based on boiling range?

Petroleum gas  - used for heating, cooking, making plastics

 small alkanes (1 to 4 carbon atoms)

 commonly known by the names methane, ethane, propane, butane

 boiling range = less than 104 degrees Fahrenheit / 40 degrees Celsius

 often liquified under pressure to create LPG (liquified petroleum gas)

Naphtha or Ligroin - intermediate that will be further processed to make gasoline

 mix of 5 to 9 carbon atom alkanes

 boiling range = 140 to 212 degrees Fahrenheit / 60 to 100 degrees Celsius

Gasoline  - motor fuel

 liquid

 mix of alkanes and cycloalkanes (5 to 12 carbon atoms)

 boiling range = 104 to 401 degrees Fahrenheit / 40 to 205 degrees Celsius

 Kerosene  - fuel for jet engines and tractors; starting material for making other products

 liquid

 mix of alkanes (10 to 18 carbons) and aromatics

 boiling range = 350 to 617 degrees Fahrenheit / 175 to 325 degrees Celsius

Gas oil  or  Diesel distillate  - used for diesel fuel and heating oil; starting material for making
other products

 liquid

 alkanes containing 12 or more carbon atoms

 boiling range = 482 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit / 250 to 350 degrees Celsius

Lubricating oil - used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants

 liquid

 long chain (20 to 50 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics

 boiling range = 572 to 700 degrees Fahrenheit / 300 to 370 degrees Celsius

Heavy gas  or Fuel oil - used for industrial fuel; starting material for making other products

 liquid

 long chain (20 to 70 carbon atoms) alkanes, cycloalkanes, aromatics

 boiling range = 700 to 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 370 to 600 degrees Celsius

Residuals  - coke, asphalt, tar, waxes; starting material for making other products

 solid

 multiple-ringed compounds with 70 or more carbon atoms

 boiling range = greater than 1112 degrees Fahrenheit / 600 degrees Celsius

29. The major unit operations in Petrochemical Industry?

Cracking and reformation are two main unit operations involved in the
manufacturer of Petrochemicals. In cracking a hydrocarbon molecule is fractured or broken
into two or more smaller fragments. There are three principal types of cracking:
thermal cracking, catalytically cracking and hydro cracking The purpose of reforming naphtha
is to rearrange or reform the molecular structure of hydrocarbon, particularly with the objective
of producing aromatics. The chemical processes involved in reformation are as follows:
Dehydrogenation of naphthenes to aromatics
Dehydrocyclisation of paraffins to form aromatics

30. Why transportation is important in Petrochemical Industry?

Almost all transportation modes depend on a form of the  internal combustion

engine, with the two most salient technologies being the  diesel engine and the gas turbine,
since they are the lynchpin of globalization. While ship and truck engines are adaptations of the
diesel engine, jet engines are an adaptation of the gas turbine. Transportation is almost
completely reliant (95%) upon petroleum products with the exception of railways using
electrical power. While the use of petroleum for other economic sectors, such as industrial and
electricity generation, has remained relatively stable, the growth in oil demand is mainly
attributed to the  growth in transportation demand. What varies is the type and the quality of
petroleum derived fuel being used. While maritime transportation relies on low quality bunker
fuel, air transportation requires a specialized fuel with additives. Isomerisation of paraffins to
more highly branched isomers