Childrens World Atlas PDF

The atlas that brings the world and its people to life
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Desert s as ng
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Islands
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Thar nges 29,035ft Islands
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Ahaggar Gulf (8850m)

Desert Taiwan
D e se
Red
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Arabian Deccan
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Trench
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A F R IC A Bay of Sea
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Ph
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Bengal Islands
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S a h e l China
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Cape Verde d Sea
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Ethiopian Andaman
N
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G ulf
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Islands Highlands Islands
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aw le Horn of Sri Lanka Caroline
Trench
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Va
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Ad ghl Maldive Nicobar
Malay
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Gulf of
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Guinea Basin Borneo Celebes

Gr
Con go Lake Victoria
Su
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m
B asin
Gre atR
Kilimanjaro
East Indies
o
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New
ong
19,340ft Somali
Lake (5895m)
ATLANTIC
a
C Seychelles Java Sea Guinea
Tanganyika va Java
Ja
Basin
if tV
Ninetyeast R
Ascension Island Tr Arafura

enc
all
Great B
h Sea
l
Timor
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Lake
OCEAN Ang o la Nyasa Sea
I N D I A N
Cha
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St Helena Za
scar
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Ba sin G
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Nam
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Madaga
Great
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Sandy Desert
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Kalahari Réunion
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AU S T R A L I A
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Desert
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Great
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C ap e Victoria Desert
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Mid
So s t
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Limit of winter pack ice
South Indian Basin
S O U T H E R N O C E A N ANTARCTICA
Limit of summer pack ice
Ellesmere Island
A R C T I C O C E A N
lands
zab eth Is
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East Siberian Sea
Limit of summer pack ice
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Brooks Range M
nd
ac
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rai
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St
g Great Bear
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rin Mount McKinley Lake
Be (Denali)
20,321ft Great Slave
C
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Ca
inter Labrador
pack
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na
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M
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Bering Sea
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Kam
A l e u ti an Basin lan iel d
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Aleut ch Winnipeg Laurentian
ren
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M
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N O RT H A M E R I C A
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re
Empero
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Island
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Great Lakes
r
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G
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Mi
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Grand Banks
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M
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n
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Ra
Pl
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Mend ge
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N or t h w e s t North
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Sierra M
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tai c C en tr a l Hawai‘i tilles
n
M s Pacific
l
M id Caribbean L esser
dle
i B a si n
P A C I F I C
Am Sea A n t illes OCEAN
y
eri
ca
Marshall Tr
c
Islands en
n
Islands ch
r
Guiana
O C E A N Highlands
o
e
Li
n
Equator
ne
n Galapagos
Isl
s
e
Phoenix A ma z on
e Islands
an
Solo Islands Amazon Basin

s
mo
ds
A n
i
n Isl s
i
SOUTH
s
a
Physical key
nd
nd
i
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a
a
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AMERICA
d
Hi g
a Samoa Elevation
Co
e
Pe
B razil
lian
k
o
Co r a l
ru
Is Planalto de
la 19,686ft/6000m Peru
azi
Vanuatu Fiji Tonga B asin
- Ch
Se a nd Mato Grosso
Br
s 13,124ft/4000m Basin
New Caledonia
ile Trench
co
9843ft/3000m Tropic of Capricorn

Trench
Cha
6562ft/2000m
Gran
d e s
3281ft/1000m
ec
ná
mad
P ar a
1640ft/500m Cerro Aconcagua

Ker
820ft/250m Juan Fernandez 22,831ft

A n
(6959m)
Pa
328ft/100m Islands m
Tas m an pa
Southwest s
S ea North 0
Island
-820ft/-250m
a
A rgen t in e
ni
South Pacific
Island New -1640ft/-500m
go
Zealand B asin
-3281ft/-1000m
ta
Basin
Pa
Campbell
Plateau Mountain Falkland Islands
South Georgia
Permanent ice cap/ice shelf Tierra del Fuego
Cape Horn South Sandwich
Limit of winter pack ice
Winter limit of pack ice ss age Islands
D rake Pa
Summer limit of pack ice
Antarctic
Peninsula
Antarctic Circle
Severnaya Zemlya
Franz Josef Land
SVALBARD New Siberian Islands
(to Norway)
Novaya Zemlya
JAN MAYEN
(to Norway)
ICELAND N
DE
FAEROE ISLANDS
SWE
(to Denmark)
FINLAND
NORWAY R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N
ESTONIA
RUSS. E u r o p e a n
ISLE OF MAN LATVIA A s i a t i c R u s s i a
(to U.K.) DENMARK FED.
LITHUANIA R u s s i a
UNITED
Y
IRELAND KINGDOM
AN
NETH. POLAND BELARUS

M
SLOVAKIA
BELG. ER CZ.REP. UKR AIN E
CHANNEL ISLANDS LUX.
G
LIECH.
(to U.K.) MOLDOVA K A Z A K H S T A N
FRANCE SWITZ. AUSTRIA HUNGARY M O N G O L I A
SLOVENIA ROMANIA
MONACO CROATIA SERBIA
S.M. KOSOVO
ANDORRA B.&H. BULGARIA GEORGIA UZBEKISTAN
VATICAN
Azores CITY MONT. KYRGYZSTAN
(to Portugal)
SPAIN ALB. MACEDONIA ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN
PORTUGAL I TA LY TURKMENISTAN NORTH KOREA
GREECE TURKEY TAJIKISTAN
AZERBAIJAN JAPAN
GIBRALTAR (to U.K.) SOUTH
Madeira TUNISIA
SYRIA
LEBANON
C H I N A KOREA
O MALTA CYPRUS I R A N AFGHANISTAN
(to Portugal)
CC ISRAEL IRAQ
RO NEPAL BHUTAN
N
Canary Islands A
O
KUWAIT ST
M
(to Spain) ALGERIA JORDAN K I Ryukyu Islands

L I B Y A BAHRAIN PA (to Japan)
EGYPT
A
WESTERN SAHARA LAOS

QATAR BANGLADESH TAIWAN
NI
(disputed) U.A.E.
MYANMAR
TA
SAUDI I N D I A NORTHERN
AN
RI
ARABIA (BURMA) MARIANA
VI
CAPE
AU
M
Paracel ISLANDS
ET
VERDE M MALI O
NIGER ERITREA (to U.S.) Islands
NAM
CHAD YEMEN THAILAND (disputed)
SENEGAL A Socotra GUAM
KIN S U DA N Laccadive Andaman
GAMBIA (to Yemen)
UR SO Islands Islands
CAMBODIA (to U.S.)
GUINEA- GUINEA B FA NIGERIA
DJIBOUTI (to India)
(to India) PHILIPPIN E S
N
BISSAU Spratly
OO
CENTRAL Islands
IA
SIERRA LEONE BENIN ETHIOPIA Nicobar (disputed)

ER
AFRICAN MICRONESIA
AL
LIBERIA SRI LANKA Islands BRUNEI

M
EQ REPUBLIC M PALAU
CA
MALDIVES (to India)

CÔTE D’IVOIRE .G
UIN
E UGANDA SO M A L AYSIA
O
(IVORY COAST) A SINGAPORE

GHANA KENYA
NG
TOGO GABON RWANDA

DEMOCRATIC BURUNDI
O
SAO TOME & PRINCIPE C I N D O N E S I A

R EP UB L IC PAPUA
TA
Cabinda OF C ONG O ZA NEW

N
BRITISH INDIAN
(to Angola) NI SEYCHELLES
OCEAN TERRITORY CHRISTMAS ISLAND GUINEA
ASCENSION ISLAND
A (to U.K.) (to Australia) EAST TIMOR
(to St. Helena) COMOROS Agalega Islands
ANGOLA MALAWI (to Mauritius) COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS ASHMORE &
MAYOTTE (to France) (to Australia) CARTIER ISLANDS
ZAMBIA
UE
AR
ST. HELENA (to Australia)

Q
(to U.K.)
ASC
BI
ZIMBABWE
AM
DAG
NAMIBIA MAURITIUS
A T L A N T I C
MO Z
BOTSWANA REUNION (to France)

MA
O C E A N SWAZILAND I N D I A N A U S T R A L I A
LESOTHO
S OU T H
A F RIC A O C E A N
Abbreviations key
ALB. ALBANIA
BELG. BELGIUM Tasmania
B. & H. BOSNIA & HERZEGOVINA
FRENCH SOUTHERN
CZ. REP. CZECH REPUBLIC Prince Edward Islands & ANTARCTIC TERRITORIES
EQ. GUINEA EQUATORIAL GUINEA (to South Africa) (to France)
LIECH. LIECHTENSTEIN
LUX. LUXEMBOURG
NETH. NETHERLANDS HEARD & MCDONALD ISLANDS
(to Australia)
NETH. ANT. NETHERLANDS ANTILLES
RUSS. FED. RUSSIAN FEDERATION
S. M. SAN MARINO
MONT. MONTENEGRO
SWITZ. SWITZERLAND S O U T H E R N O C E A N
U.A.E. UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
A N T A R C T I C A
A R C T I C
Queen Elizabeth Islands
O C E A N GREENLAND
(to Denmark)
Baffin Island
ALASKA
(to U.S.)
C A N A D A
.S . )
Aleutian Islands (to U
Kurile Islands
(to Russ. Fed.)
ST. PIERRE
& MIQUELON
(to France)
P A C I F I C
U N I T E D S T A T E S A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
O F A M E R I C A O C E A N
BERMUDA
(to U.K.)
PUERTO RICO (to U.S.)
MIDWAY ISLANDS DOMINICAN REPUBLIC BRITISH VIRGIN ISLANDS (to U.K.)
(to U.S.)
Guadelupe
M
(to Mexico) TURKS & CAICOS ISLANDS (to U.K.) VIRGIN ISLANDS (to U.S.)
CAYMAN ISLANDS ANGUILLA (to U.K.)
E (to U.K.) BAHAMAS ST. KITTS & NEVIS
X HONDURAS ANTIGUA & BARBUDA
Hawaii
I BELIZE CUBA MONTSERRAT (to U.K.)
Revillagigedo C
WAKE ISLAND (to U.S.) Islands O GUADELOUPE (to France)
JAMAICA
(to U.S.) (to Mexico) HAITI DOMINICA
NAVASSA I.
JOHNSTON ATOLL (to U.S.) (to U.S.) CURAÇAO MARTINIQUE (to France)
GUATEMALA (to Neth.)
ST. LUCIA
MARSHALL EL SALVADOR ARUBA
CLIPPERTON ISLAND (to Neth.) BARBADOS
ISLANDS WALLIS & FUTUNA NICARAGUA ST. VINCENT & THE GRENADINES
KINGMAN REEF (to U.S.) (to French Polynesia)
(to France) COSTA RICA VENEZUELA GRENADA
A PALMYRA ATOLL (to U.S.) TRINIDAD & TOBAGO
BAKER & PANAMA
HOWLAND FRENCH GUIANA
ISLANDS Galapagos Islands COLOMBIA (to France)
NAURU (to U.S.) JARVIS ISLAND (to Ecuador)
(to U.S.) GUYANA
ECUADOR SURINAME
K I R I B A T I
TUVALU
TOKELAU B R A Z I L
P E
SOLOMON
(to N.Z.)
ISLANDS P A C I F I C
R
SAMOA U
COOK
VANUATU
ISLANDS O C E A N
(to N.Z.)
B OL I V I A
NEW FRENCH POLYNESIA
FIJI TONGA (to France)
CALEDONIA PARAGUAY
(to France)
NIUE (to N.Z.) PITCAIRN San Felix Island
CORAL SEA ISLANDS ISLANDS (to Chile)
(to Australia) AMERICAN
SAMOA (to U.K.) San Ambrosia
NORFOLK ISLAND Easter Island Sala y Gomez
(to U.S.) Island
(to Chile) CHILE
A
(to Australia) (to Chile)

(to Chile)
Kermadec Island
I N
Lord Howe Island

(to Australia) (to N.Z.)
URUGUAY
Juan Fernandez Island
N T
(to Chile)
NEW
G E
ZEALAND
A R
Chatham Island
(to N.Z.)
Continental key
Bounty Island EUROPE
(to N.Z.)
NORTH AMERICA
Campbell Island pages 2-23 pages 46-73 FALKLAND ISLANDS
(to N.Z.) (to U.K.)
Macquarie Island (to Australia) SOUTH AMERICA ASIA CHILE
pages 24-33 pages 74-99
SOUTH GEORGIA &
AFRICA AUSTRALASIA SOUTH SANDWICH ISLANDS
(to U.K.)
pages 34-45 & OCEANIA
pages 100-109
ANTARCTICA
CHILDREN’S
WORLD
ATLAS
Consultant
Dr. Kathleen Baker

Senior Lecturer in Geography, King’s College London (retired)
Senior Visiting Fellow, London South Bank University
Written by
Simon Adams • Mary Atkinson • Sarah Phillips • John Woodward
A Dorling Kindersley Book

Contents
LONDON, NEW YORK,
MUNICH, MELBOURNE, AND DELHI
ACTIVE PLANET iv
Project editors Lucy Hurst, Sadie Smith, PLANET PEOPLE vi
Shaila Awan, Amber Tokeley
Art editors Joe Conneally, Sheila Collins, MAPPING THE WORLD 1
Rebecca Johns, Simon Oon, Andrew Nash
Senior editor Fran Jones
Senior art editor Floyd Sayers
Managing editor Andrew Macintyre
Managing art editor Jane Thomas
Picture research Carolyn Clerkin, Brenda Clynch
DK Pictures Sarah Mills
Production Jenny Jacoby
DTP designer Siu Yin Ho
Senior cartographic editor Simon Mumford
Cartographer Ed Merritt
Digital Cartography Encompass Graphics Limited
Satellite images Rob Stokes
3D globes Planetary Visions Ltd., London
THIS EDITION
Editor Jessamy Wood NORTH AMERICA 2
Art editors Mark Lloyd, Katie Knutton
Senior editor Rob Houston WESTERN CANADA AND ALASKA 4
Senior art editor Carol Davis EASTERN CANADA 6
Managing editor Linda Esposito
Managing art editor Jim Green
USA: NORTHEAST 8
Picture research Myriam Mégharbi USA: SOUTH 10
Production editor Marc Staples USA: MIDWEST 12
Print production Charlotte Oliver
Senior cartographic editor Simon Mumford
USA: WEST 14
Satellite images Ed Merritt USA: SOUTHWEST 16
3D Globes Planetary Visions Ltd., London MEXICO 18
US editor Stephanie Pliakas
CENTRAL AMERICA 20
First published in the United States in 2003. THE CARIBBEAN 22
This revised edition published in the United States in 2011 by
DK Publishing, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014.
Copyright © 2003, 2008, 2011 Dorling Kindersley Limited
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001 – 179338 – Jun/11
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American

Copyright Conventions. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photycopying, recording or otherwise, without
the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN: 978-0-7566-7584-4
SOUTH AMERICA 24
Colour reproduction by Colourscan, Singapore, and MDP, UK
Printed and bound by Star Standard Industries Ltd, Singapore NORTHWEST SOUTH AMERICA 26
BRAZIL 28
Discover more at SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA 30
www.dk.com ATLANTIC OCEAN 32
ASIA 74
TURKEY AND THE CAUCASUS 76
RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN 78
THE NEAR EAST 80
THE MIDDLE EAST 82
CENTRAL ASIA 84
INDIAN SUBCONTINENT 86
WESTERN CHINA AND MONGOLIA 88
EASTERN CHINA AND KOREA 90
JAPAN 92
AFRICA 34 MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA 94
NORTHWEST AFRICA 36 MARITIME SOUTHEAST ASIA 96
NORTHEAST AFRICA 38 INDIAN OCEAN 98
WEST AFRICA 40
CENTRAL AFRICA 42
SOUTHERN AFRICA 44
AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA 100

SOUTHWEST PACIFIC 102
AUSTRALIA 104
EUROPE 46 NEW ZEALAND 106
SCANDINAVIA AND FINLAND 48 PACIFIC OCEAN 108
THE BRITISH ISLES 50
THE LOW COUNTRIES 52 ANTARCTICA 110
FRANCE 54 ARCTIC OCEAN 111
GERMANY AND THE ALPINE STATES 56
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 58 GAZETTEER 112
ITALY 60 INDEX 134
CENTRAL EUROPE 62 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 136
SOUTHEAST EUROPE 64
BULGARIA AND GREECE 66
UKRAINE, MOLDOVA, AND ROMANIA 68
BALTIC STATES AND BELARUS 70
EUROPEAN RUSSIA 72
ACTIVE PLANET
Active Planet DOWN TO THE CORE

Earth formed from iron-rich asteroids that
smashed together to build the planet.
Early in its history it, melted, allowing
Earth is a dynamic planet that is always the heavy iron to sink and create
a metallic core. The core is
changing its form. Heat generated by nuclear surrounded by lighter rock, with
reactions deep below the surface creates hugely the lightest forming Earth’s crust.
Most of the water on the planet
powerful currents that keep Earth’s rocks on lies in huge oceans, and above
them is the layer of air that
the move, triggering earthquakes and volcanic forms the atmosphere.
eruptions. Meanwhile, solar energy striking the
planet in different ways creates currents in the air, Lower atmosphere,
driving the atmospheric turmoil of the weather. 10 miles (16 km) thick
This changes with the seasons and from place to Crust, 5–45 miles
(8–70 km) thick
place, creating an enormous range of climates and Solid inner
Mantle, 1,800 miles core,
habitats for the most dynamic element of all—life. (2,900 km) thick Liquid outer 1,515 miles
core, 1,400 miles (2,440 km)
(2,250 km) thick across
North American Plate North THE PLATES OF EARTH’S CRUST

American Plate Heat generated deep within the planet creates currents
in the mobile mantle rock beneath the crust. These
Eurasian Plate currents drag some sections of the cool, brittle crust apart
while pushing other parts together, fracturing the crust
Caribbean into separate plates. The biggest of these span oceans
Plate and continents, but there are many smaller plates. At
their boundaries the plates may be diverging (pulling
Pacific
Cocos Plate apart), converging (pushing together), or sliding past
Plate
African Plate each other at transform faults.
Pacific
Plate South American Indo-Australian Key to map
Plate Plate
Transform Divergent
Nazca fault boundary
Plate Antarctic Plate
Uncertain Convergent
boundary boundary
WHERE MOVING PLATES MEET 1 Continental crust, much 5 Oceanic crust formed from Hot-spot volcano erupting
9
The boundaries between the plates are thicker than oceanic crust heavy basalt rock over mantle plume
volcanic earthquake zones. The plates
move very slowly, pulling apart at divergent 2 Broad basin formed near 6 Upper mantle, mostly solid 10 Ocean trench marking
boundaries. This allows hot rock below to uplifted area but very hot convergent plate boundary
melt, erupt, and cool to form new crust –
3 Ancient converging 7 Mantle, solid but mobile 11 Volcano erupting over
especially at the spreading rifts that form
mid-ocean ridges. Meanwhile, at boundary, now inactive owing to heat currents convergent boundary
convergent boundaries, one plate slides 4 Mountains created when 8 Spreading rift forming 12 Earthquake zone—one plate
beneath another, pushing up mountain plate boundary was active a mid-ocean ridge grinding under another
ranges and making volcanoes erupt. Other
volcanoes erupt over hot spots in the 13 Plates pulling apart, creating
mantle below the crust. a rift valley
10
9 11
2 8
4
5 13
iv 1 7
12
3
ACTIVE PLANET
North Pole
THE SEASONS
Earth spins on a tilted axis, so as it orbits the Sun once a December is
year, the North Pole points toward the Sun in June and the southern
March is the
away from it in December. This means that in summer and
northern spring
regions north of the Tropics it is summer in June northern winter
but winter in December—and the opposite is
true to the south of the tropics. Near the
Equator it is always warm and there are
annual wet and dry seasons. Arctic Circle,
South Pole where Sun’s rays
are dispersed
Cold air (in blue) Earth’s axis

becomes chilled in
upper atmosphere
Warm air (in red)

heats up near
Earth’s surface June is the
northern The Sun
summer and
Equator, where
southern winter
Sun’s rays are
concentrated
Tropic of
Cancer
Tropic of
Capricorn
Descending cool, COLD POLE

dry air over The Tropics are the hottest parts of the
desert zone planet because the Sun’s rays directly
strike them, concentrating the heat
energy. Near the poles the same amount
JUNGLE AND DESERT of heat energy is spread out over a
Concentrated sunlight near the Equator heats broader area, so it does not have as much
Sahara Desert Earth’s surface, warming the air above. The warm heating effect, even in the summer. At
air rises, carrying moisture with it. This forms huge midwinter, the entire polar region is in
clouds that spill tropical rain, fueling the growth of permanent darkness, so it gets no solar
rainforests. The dry, cooling air then flows north energy at all and is bitterly cold.
and south and sinks over the subtropics, creating
deserts. Similar air-circulation patterns affect the
climate in the far north and south.
Rainforest,
Borneo
RAINFALL
Some parts of the world get much more rain than others. Key to map
The wettest regions are mostly rainforest zones, where
year-round rain and warmth promote lush plant growth. Less than 20 cm (50 in)
Rising Regions of moderate rainfall are naturally forests and
warm, grasslands, although most of this land is now used for 20–79 in (50–200 cm)
moist air farming. The driest regions may be too dry for many
near plants to grow, creating deserts—but they also include More than 79 in (200 cm)
Equator some northern forest zones and polar tundra.
Atacama Desert,
Chile
Cool, dry air sinks

over desert zone
v
PLANET PEOPLE
Planet People
POPULATION IN BILLIONS
10
In 2050, there are expected
8 to be almost 9 billion people
6
The number of people on the planet has quadrupled since 4
1900. A lot of this growth has taken place in the developing world,
which is now home to more than 80 percent of the population. 2
Many of these people are very poor and do not enjoy the living
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
conditions that most citizens of the developed world take for YEAR
granted. This is changing, however, especially in nations such as
China, India, and Brazil. Here, new technology and international POPULATION INCREASE
For centuries, the number of people on the planet stayed
trade are fueling rapid economic growth that is transforming how the same, at roughly 300 million. But since the 1750s, better
living conditions and health care have allowed more babies to
people live. But as more of the planet’s people demand more of its survive, causing a population explosion. In only 60 years from
scarce resources, there may be some difficult challenges ahead. 1950, the population soared from 2.5 billion to 6.8 billion. It
will keep growing, but probably not quite so fast.
Russia
POPULATION DENSITY
On this map the area of each United Kingdom
part of the world is adjusted to
Canada China
reflect the number of people who
live there. For example, Japan’s EUROPE
Japan
population of 128 million is much ASIA
bigger than that of Australia, with NORTH
22 million, so it is shown much AMERICA United
larger here despite being a smaller States
country. More people live in
Nigeria—153 million—than in all Philippines
of Russia. But the nations with the India
biggest populations by far are
AFRICA
India and China, each with far SOUTH Pakistan
more than 1 billion citizens. AMERICA
Nigeria
Indonesia
AUSTRALASIA
FAMILY SIZE
All over the world, some women have more
children than others, but the average varies from AFRICA ASIA SOUTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICA AUSTRALASIA EUROPE
continent to continent. European women have
1.5 children on average, so two families may have
three children between them. This is much fewer
than in Africa, where the population is growing
faster despite higher death rates among children.
Worldwide, the average is 2.6—more than
enough to replace both parents. 4.6 children 2.3 children 2.2 children 2 children 1.8 children 1.5 children
per woman per woman per woman per woman per woman per woman
BIRTH AND DEATH RATES

If the birth rate is the same as the death rate, the population A country with few young people is
stays the same. But in most countries, the birth rate is higher. said to have an aging population.
In Niger, west Africa, there are 50.6 births but only 13.1 deaths But these school children in Burundi,
per 1,000 people, and the population is growing at 4 percent east Africa, are part of a youthful
a year. Brazil’s population is also growing, with 14.2 births population, with fewer elder
compared to 6.5 deaths. By contrast, Lithuania has a shrinking people. Both situations can
population, with 9.9 births outweighed by 13.8 deaths. cause problems.
NIGER BRAZIL LITHUANIA
vi
PLANET PEOPLE
34,000,000
CITY POPULATIONS
As populations grow, people
tend to move from the country
to a city to find work. Today
one third of the world’s people
live in cities, which grow bigger 23,400,000
every year. Some are colossal, 22,200,000
like Tokyo, Japan—the largest 20,900,000
city in Asia. The other cities
shown here are the most
populous on each continent. 15,200,000
They are vibrant centErs of 12,400,000
civilization, but some cities
are fringed by sprawling
shantytowns, where poor
people live in makeshift 4,475,000
shacks with no public health
services or clean water.
TOKYO MEXICO CITY NEW YORK CITY SÃO PAULO CAIRO LONDON SYDNEY
LANGUAGES
These are the 10 most common languages worldwide,
sized in proportion to the number of native speakers.
Chinese outstrips the others because China has such a
HINDI ARABIC SPANISH
CHINESE
huge population. But Spanish comes next because it is
the main language of many Latin American countries,
such as Mexico. English is almost as common, thanks
mostly to it being the language of the United States.
It is also used as an international language for trade.
Christianity
2.1 billion
Islam
ENGLISH PORTUGUESE
BENGALI JAPANESE GERMAN
RUSSIAN
1.5 billion
Others
Sikhism 23 million
Juche 19 million
Hinduism Spiritism 15 million
900 million Judaism 14 million
Baha’i 7 million
Jainism 4.2 million
Shinto 4 million
Cao Ðái 4 million
Chinese Zoroastrianism 2.6 million
traditional Buddhism Tenrikyo 2 million
394 million 376 million Neo-Paganism 1 million
Indigenous
Unitarian
300 million African traditional Others Universalism 800,000
100 million 97.7 million Rastafarianism 600,000
Scientology 500,000
RELIGIONS AND BELIEFS

Almost three fourths of the world’s population are followers of
Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, or Buddhism. But many people follow
other faiths, especially in China, where the traditional folk religion,
Shenism, is practiced by almost one third of the huge population. The
“indigenous” and “African traditional religions” data points are both
groupings of different, but similar, religions. Others are listed at the
far right, in order of popularity. AFRICA 10.9% EUROPE 58.4% SOUTH AMERICA 39.5% MIDDLE EAST 29.8%
% of population
using the
ONLINE ACCESS Internet
Over the 10 years, the Internet has become a vital tool ASIA 21.5% CENTRAL AMERICA 24.9%
for global business, education, and politics, so the more
people who can use it, the better. These charts show the
percentage of people with Internet access both worldwide % of population
and in particular regions. North America, Australia, and not using the
Europe lead the field, but the number of Internet users is Internet
growing fastest in the Middle East and Africa. AUSTRALIA 61.3% NORTH AMERICA 77.4% WORLDWIDE 28.7%
vii
PLANET PEOPLE
WEALTH
A country’s wealth is usually measured in terms of the
money it earns divided by the number of its citizens
living both at home and overseas. This is called its
gross national product (GNP) per capita. Qatar in the
Middle East has huge wealth generated by exports
of oil and natural gas, and since it has a small
population, its GNP per capita is very high. Burundi
in east Africa has only one thirtieth of the income of
Qatar divided between seven times as many people,
so its GNP per capita is very low.
Burundi Bolivia Lithuania Japan Canada Norway Qatar

$135 $1,457 $11,871 $38,207 $41,729 $87,068 $93,201
BUSIEST AIRPORTS
Air travel has expanded hugely since the
1950s, when international air travel was
a luxury enjoyed by a few wealthy people
known as the “jet set.” Today, flying is often
the most economical way to travel, as well
as the quickest. This is reflected in the vast
number of passengers who pass through the
world’s airports as they travel for business or
pleasure. The busiest airport is Hartsfield-
Jackson International Airport in Atlanta,
Georgia, with more than 90 million people
arriving and departing each year.
HARTSFIELD-JACKSON, AIRBUS A380

ATLANTA, GEORGIA The growth in air travel has led to the development of
giant airliners such as the Airbus A380. When it
HEATHROW,
entered service in 2007, this was the world’s
LONDON, U.K.
largest passenger plane, capable of carrying
90,039,280 up to 853 people. The first commercial
TOKYO,
jet airliner, the Comet 1, had seats
JAPAN
for only 44 passengers at the most.
KINGSFORD SMITH,
67,056,379
SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA
66,754,829
GUARULHOS, SÃO TAMBO,
PAULO, BRAZIL JO’BURG,
RSA
32,900,000
20,400,304
18,400,000
TRADE
Although air freight is an important part
of international trade, about 80 percent of
cargo by weight is transported by sea.
This adds up to around 8.8 billion tons
of freight. A lot of this is transported in
containers carried by more than 4,700
container ships. The busiest shipping
routes link Europe and North America
with the Middle East and Far East, with
ports such as Singapore, Shanghai
(China), Dubai (U.A.E.), and Rotterdam
(Netherlands) handling most of the trade.
Traffic in millions of tonnes
400+
300–400
200–300
100–200
20–100
10–20
5–10
viii
MAPPING THE WORLD
Mapping the World

ABOUT THE ATLAS MAP LOCATER MAP COLORS
This atlas is divided into six This map shows, in red, the location The colors shown on the maps are built up
continental sections—North America, of each country, part of a country, or from numerous satellite photographs and reflect
South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, group of countries in relation to the the true colors of the land, averaged over the
and Australasia and Oceania. Each entire planet. There is a locater for seasons. Certain colors give clues to what the
country—or group of countries—then each map in the book. land is like—whether it is forested or farmland,
has its own map that shows cities, mountains or desert.
towns, and main geographical
features such as rivers, lakes, and Land appearing sandy tends to
mountain ranges. Photographs and be desert, semidesert, or scrub
text provide detailed information ASIA
about life in that country—its people, B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P
Mountainous desert looks like

traditions, politics, and economy. Each Central Asia Ustyurt Aral
KA
ZA
ARAL SEA
The vast inland Aral Sea, between Uzbekistan and
Kazakhstan, was once a thriving freshwater lake
full of fish. Over the years, the rivers flowing
1
this, with shadows on the

The five central asian nations rise up from hot deserts Sea K
into it were diverted or drained to provide
irrigation for crops. The sea has now
continental section has a different in the west and south to cold, high mountain ranges in the east.
The area has oil, gas, and mineral reserves, as well as other Mo’ynoq
l
Plateau
a
n d ST
H shrunk to half of its original size,
reducing the numbers of fish and
leaving former fishing villages A man in front of sandy background color
A
stranded inland. his home, called
natural resources, but water is often scarce and agriculture
N
colored border to help you locate that
a yurt, in western
2 is limited. The four northern nations were w Pamir, Tajikistan
2
o Chimboy KAZ A KHST A N
once part of the Soviet Union and are Taxtako’pir
Sarygamy∞
Pale green is usually grassland
L
now independent nations. Afghanistan is Nukus Kyz yl K The
section. There is also a gazetteer BISHKEK

Köli
a landlocked country, and three fourths of Köneürgenà
Takhiatosh um fishing
village of
Aral Sea K i Kara-Balta Tokmak
Tyup Dzhergalan
r
Talas g h i
Gubadag Muynoq is now Kemin Ozero Issyk- MOUNTAIN LIFE
n
its land is inaccessible terrain. It was Uchquduq Karakol
Ga
Gurbansoltan Eje more than 30 miles (48 km) Leninpol’ z R
ange Balykchy Kul’ Kyzyl-Suu
n
The two small eastern republics of
or cropland
pla
Urganch e Pik Pobedy
invaded by the Soviet Union in 1979, Da∞oguz UZBEKISTAN Gora Manas
ng
Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are both
(place-name index) and an index

away from the Aral Sea
a
Kadzhi-Say
a 24,406ft
ng
14,705ft a very mountainous and are subject
lR KYRGYZSTAN
Uà
(7439m)
prompting a civil war that has lasted (4482m)
h
yr P
To’rtko’l
Xiva tk a to earthquakes and landslides. Only
tag
3 3
Ch a
r
Zarafshon
for more than 20 years. In 2002, Türkmenba∞y Üngüz Moldo-Too S Kara-Say about six percent of Tajikistan can be
la to
TASHKENT Chirchiq ebet
an
Lebap
Gazojak
(TOSHKENT) Tash-Kumyr Khr Naryn Karakol used for agriculture, whereas
u
Gum
American and other Western forces
sy
u
Ta
to help you access information.
Türkmenba∞y Angyrsyndaky
Aydark
Angren n Kyrgyzstan is more fertile.
Yangiyo’l Namangan Ko k s h a a l -
Am
Aylagy o’l K
overthrew the fundamentalist Islamic o Dzhalal-Abad
e
y
Balkanabat Garagum ’li
uD
T
Nurota Chatyr-Tash
Olmaliq
regime in Afghanistan because of its Derweze Andijon i
arya
Hazar Langar Qo’qon
Bereket Gazli
TURKMENISTAN
Darker greens usually indicate
Guliston Osh
support for international terrorism. G’ijduvon
Navoiy
Oqtosh Jizzax
Bekobod
Khujand Farg’ona T Këk-Art
The country, however, has been Serdar Buxoro Kattaqo’rg’on Sulyukta
LOCAL WEALTH
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and
4 Ko pet Seÿdi Kogon 4
destroyed by these years of da
g
Ga Samarqand Ûroteppa Khaydarkan Sary-Tash
Kyrgyzstan all grow considerable
ra
woodland or pasture
G e Baharly Galkyny∞ Zeravshan Daroot-Korgon crops of cotton—Uzbekistan is the
Urgut
continuous warfare, making it Caspian Magtymguly
rs gu Türkmenabat Koson b world’s fifth-largest producer—as
nge kho Qarokûl
C
one of the poorest and most h i m
Kitob r Ra Sur
Qullai Ismoili Somoní well as fruit and vegetables. The
Sea Abadan Qarshi sa
Geok-Tepe Saÿat i s DUSHANBE 24,590ft (7495m) S three countries are also rich in
H
deprived nations on Earth. ASHGABAT G TAJIKISTAN ar
ik mineral deposits, such as gold,
Gora Chapan ol
Denov Ghûdara mercury, sulfur, and uranium,
I N
9478ft (2889m) Kelif Norak
Amyderÿa Qal’aikhum Murghob and have reserves of coal, oil,
Mary Gar a Boysun Danghara P
Ra
gu
g
n
One of the world’s largest Kaka
Tejen
Bayramaly
m C ana l
Atamyrat Kûlob Ba
rt a a
and natural gas.
ng
5 Murgab Qûrghonteppa 5
Uzboyy Moskva Dzhelandy m
gold mines is at Muruntau
A
Murgap
e
Jarqo’rg’on
White shows land under

Termiz Khorugh
Áqchah Dûstí Farkhor
m
ir i Qizilrabot
Harvesting cotton
in the Kyzyl Kum desert Sarahs Andkhvoy Fey∞ábád r
Pa
Balkh in Uzbekistan
Garabil Kondoz Ishkoshim s
Kholm Táloqán
in Uzbekistan. Belentligi Sheberghán Mazár-e Baroghil Pass
permanent cover by snow

Khánábád 12,392ft (3777m)
Meymaneh
Sharíf
Baghlán K u s h TAJIKS
FESTIVALS IN AFGHANISTAN Bálá Morgháb Pol-e Khomrí d u The majority of people of Tajikistan are Iranian in
6 Tor ke sta n n origin and speak Tajik, which is related to Farsi. 6
Da
Despite the horrors of recent years, Afghans still Serhetabat Moun i
and ice
The minority Uzbeks are mostly made up of
ry
á-
celebrate important Islamic festivals, notably Eid al-Fitr, Towraghoudí ye Morgháb t ai n
which marks the end of the holy month of Ramadan. Sels
s h ma
rd H Baríkow¢ descendents of Turkic-speaking (related to
Ka Turkish) nomads. This division has led to ethnic
People visit friends and family and eat a festive meal el eh- á - ye Cháríkár Maímúd-e Ráqí
together. The art of storytelling still flourishes in ye Saf ary tension between the two groups. Civil war
íd Kúh Harírúd
D
Asadábád between the government and Islamic rebels
Afghanistan, as does the attan, the national dance. -e Báb á KABUL (KÁBOL)
Ghúríán Herát Kú h Mehtar Lám in the east of the country during the 1990s
An Afghan refugee carries bread with Maydán Shahr led to an exodus of Uzbeks and Russians,
which to break the Ramadan fast. Jalálábád who had moved into the country when it
7 Children in Kabul,
AFGHAN ISTAN Khyber Pass
3543ft (1080m)
was part of the Soviet Union.
7
Gardíz
Afghanistan, made Shíndand Ghazní
homeless by war
LIFE EXPECTANCY N Tajik horsemen
As a result of war, drought, and poverty, people Khowst A
T in Pamir, Tajikistan
b
in Afghanistan can expect to live an average of
dá
Rú
d S
an
only 45 years, one of the lowest life expectancy h
rg
I
h
rates in the world. Infant mortality is extremely Faráh eA Zarghún

rá
K
Delárám -y
Fa
high. Health services have almost completely h ry á Shahr
PA
collapsed, and few trained doctors and h ás Da
-e K Gereshk Qalát
nurses are available to help the sick. Sadly, Da s h t Tilla-Kari, a 17th-century
8 there are not enough orphanages to cope Lashkar Gáh Islamic religious school in 8
with the increasing number of Hámún-e Kandahár Samarqand, Uzbekistan
Chakhánsúr
children made homeless by war. fláberí Zaranj ow
rg
Má Spín Búldak
Dasht-e Kúchnay THE SILK ROAD
Darweyshán
0 km 100 200
Deh Shú The Silk Road is the ancient trade route that brought silks
D
ary
n and other fine goods from China through central Asia and
e stá
á -ye Helm an d
g the Middle East to Europe. Many cities were built along
Rí its route, including Buxoro (Bukhara, Uzbekistan),
0 km 100 200
an important place of pilgrimage for Muslims, and
Chágai Hills
FOREIGN NAMES 9
PAKISTAN
0 miles 100 200
Samarqand, which contains some of the finest Islamic
architecture in the world. Many of these cities are
now UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites.
9
84 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P 85 0 miles 100 200

Features on the maps are generally
labeled in the language of that country.
For example, you will see: USING THE GRID REFERENCES
Lake on English-speaking countries The letters and numbers around the outside of the page SCALE
Lago on Spanish-speaking countries form a grid to help you find places on the map. For Each map features a scale that shows
9
Lac on French-speaking countries example, to find Kabul, look up its name in the gazetteer how distances on the map relate to
However, if a feature is wellknown (pp. 112–133) and you’ll find the reference 85 J7. The first kilometers and miles. The scale guide
or mentioned in the main text on the number is the page and the letter and number refer to the can be used to see how big a country
84 A square made by following up or down from J and across is. Not all maps in the book are drawn
page, it will appear there in English
so that readers can easily find it. from 7 to form J7. to the same scale.
KEY TO MAP SYMBOLS

BORDERS PHYSICAL FEATURES COMMUNICATIONS LATITUDE & LONGITUDE NAMES continued
International border: Mountain Highway Equator PHYSICAL

Border between
countries which is Depression
Major road
Tropics/Circles Andes Landscape
mutually recognized.
Volcano features
Minor road NAMES Ardennes
State border: Pass/Tunnel REGIONS Balearic Islands Island group
Border used in some Rail
large countries to show
internal divisions. DRAINAGE FEATURES Airport
FRANCE Country Majorca Island
JERSEY Dependent Lake/River

Disputed border: Lake Baikal
Major river (to UK) territory /Canal
Border used in
practice, but not TOWNS & CITIES KANSAS Administrative
Minor river
mutually agreed region
between two More than 500,000
PAC I F I C
Seasonal river Dordogne Cultural region
countries. OC E A N
Dam 100,000 – 500,000
Claimed border: TOWNS & CITIES
Gulf of Sea features
Border which is not 50,000 – 100,000
mutually recognized – Canal PARIS National
Mexico
where territory capital
Less than 50,000
belonging to one Waterfall SAN JUAN Dependent Bay of Campeche
country is claimed by territory
another. Seasonal lake capital city Undersea
National capital Chile Rise
feature
Ceasefire line
MISCELLANEOUS FEATURES
Internal Seattle
administrative Other
Limón OTHER FEATURES
Undefined boundary capital towns
Tropic of Cancer Graticule text
Site of interest
Polar research Genk & cities
Ancient wall station San José
1
NORTH AMERICA
The North American continent extends from the frozen wastes of Arctic Canada to
the Caribbean islands and the tropical jungles of Panama. It is politically dominated
by the United States, the richest nation on Earth, yet life in countries such as Mexico and
Nicaragua is still a struggle. The data below is arranged in order of each nation’s size.
Canada Mexico Honduras
3,855,103 sq miles 758,449 sq miles 43,278 sq miles

9,984,670 sq km 1,964,375 sq km 112,090 sq km
33,600,000 110,000,000 7,470,000
Ottawa Mexico City Tegucigalpa
English, French, Chinese, Spanish, Nahuatl, Mayan, Spanish, Garífuna (Carib),
Italian, German, Ukrainian, Zapotec, Mixtec, Otomi, Totonac, English Creole
Portuguese, Inuktitut, Cree Tzotzil, Tzeltal
United States
of America Nicaragua
3,794,100 sq miles 50,336 sq miles The warm waters and

glorious beaches of
9,826,675 sq km 130,370 sq km
the Caribbean make
315,000,000 5,740,000 islands like St. Lucia
Washington, DC Managua magnets for tourists.
The wealth they
English, Spanish, Chinese, Spanish, English Creole,
bring is vital to the
French, German, Tagalog, Miskito
local economy.
Vietnamese, Italian, Korean,
Russian, Polish
Dominican
Cuba Panama Republic
42,803 sq miles 29,120 sq miles 18,792 sq miles

110,860 sq km 75,420 sq km 48,670 sq km
11,200,000 3,450,000 10,100,000
Havana Panama City Santo Domingo
Spanish English Creole, Spanish, Spanish, French Creole
Amerindian languages,
Chibchan languages
Guatemala Haiti
42,042 sq miles 10,714 sq miles

108,889 sq km 27,750 sq km
14,000,000 10,000,000
Guatemala City Port-au-Prince
Quiché, Mam, Kakchiquel, French Creole, French
Kekchí, Spanish
Costa Rica Belize

51,100 sq km 22,966 sq km
4,580,000 306,800
The Statue of Liberty
San José Belmopan
in New York Harbor
is a potent symbol of Spanish, English Creole, English Creole, Spanish,
freedom, especially for Bribri, Cabecar English, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib)
political refugees to
the United States who
arrived by ship.
2
El Salvador Dominica
8,124 sq miles 290 sq miles

21,041 sq km 751 sq km
6,160,000 70,400
San Salvador City Roseau
Spanish French Creole, English
Antigua and
Bahamas St. Lucia Barbuda
5,359 sq miles 238 sq miles 171 sq miles

13,880 sq km 616 sq km 443 sq km
341,700 172,200 82,800
Nassau Castries St John’s
English, English Creole, English, French Creole English, English Patois
French Creole
Jamaica Grenada

10,991 sq km 344 sq km
2,720,000 103,900
Kingston St George’s
English Creole, English English, English Creole
Most of Canada is still

untamed wilderness—a
land of huge, dramatic
landscapes like this lake
high up in the rugged,
frost-shattered
Rocky Mountains.
Trinidad and St. Vincent and St. Kitts and

Tobago Barbados the Grenadines Nevis
1,980 sq miles 166 sq miles 150 sq miles 101 sq miles

5,128 sq km 430 sq km 389 sq km 261 sq km
1,340,000 255,900 109,200 46,100
Port-of-Spain Bridgetown Kingstown Basseterre
English Creole, English, Bajan (Barbadian English), English, English Creole English, English Creole
Hindi, French, Spanish English
3
NORTH AMERICA
B C D E F G H
Western Canada and Alaska

Canada is a huge country and its western half FORESTRY
Large parts of western Canada are
stretches from the flat prairies in the east to the towering covered in forests, and lumbering is a
major part of the local economy. The
Rocky Mountains in the west, and from the relatively mild trees are used to make buildings,
south to the permanently frozen area north of the Arctic furniture, and paper. In the past, entire
forests of trees were cleared, but now
2 Circle. Harsh conditions throughout most of the region sustainable methods, such as selective
mean that most of the population is concentrated in cities cutting and replanting, are practiced.
in the south, such as Vancouver, Calgary, and Winnipeg. Felled trees transported down
The Prairies—once a vast expanse of grassland—are now a river near Vancouver
mostly used for growing wheat on huge mechanized
farms. Oil and natural gas are found there, too. These Chukchi Se ARCTIC Prince Patrick
natural resources are also important in Alaska, a Island
3 Wevok Point Lay
Near
Islands
a part of the United States. The Ber
ing S
Barrow
OCEAN Mould Bay
majority of Alaska’s people t r a i t Kivalina

Gambell Wales
moved there to work Saint Lawrence Beaufort
Co
vi
l
l le
Rat in these lucrative Island Riv e r
Prudhoe Bay Sea
Islands Deering Banks
industries. Nort
on Br Umiat
Island
S ou oo Kaktovik
nd ks Sachs Harbour
4 Bering Alakanuk
Ran (Ikaahuk)
ge
A
River
S ea Yuk
on
le
Nunivak Kokrines
Grayling Tuktoyaktuk Amundsen
A Is
ti Island
u
Pribilof Fort
A L A S K A
n la
a Yukon Gulf Holman

Islands
d
Kwigillingok
n Mt s . (to U.S.) Aklavik Inuvik
re
Y u k on
n a n Atka Is k w im
a Range
Fairbanks Fort Paulatuk
d o la Platinum s ko s k
s f Ku a McPherson
nd Al
Riv
s McKinley
er
Mount Kugluktuk
Iliamna McKinley Park Fort
5 Umnak Island Dutch Harbor Bristol (Coppermine)
Lake Susitna 20,433ft Good Hope
Unalaska Island Bay Anchorage (6194m) YUKON Great
Ma M
Unimak Island cke Bear
sula Hope Gulkana a
Belkofski Alaska Peni n nz
ck
ie Lake Echo Bay
en
TOTEM POLES Valdez Chitina TERRITORY
zie
The native peoples of British Shumagin Kodiak Cordova R
M
Columbia use totem poles to record Islands Mount Logan
o NORTHWEST
ou
Katalla
their clan histories. Each carved and Kodiak Island 19,551 ft
nta
painted totem describes (5959m) c TERRITORIES
ins
a real or mythical event Whitehorse
6 Edzo
Gulf of Yakutat
k
and often features Tungsten
P Yellowknife
animals that the
A Fort Simpson
y
clan has a close Alaska Great Slave
connection with, C Haines
Atlin Fort Providence Lake
such as the IF Gustavus
Fort Liard Hay
M
eagle (left). Juneau River
C o
BRITISH Fort Nelson

IC
Ale ipel ag
Ar
Kake o u Fort
DOGSLED RACING
a s
ch
xan
The state sport of Alaska Vermilion

Port Ware
is dogsled racing. Here,
t
der
Alexander COLUMBIA
competitors take part in the
O
Fort
n t a
Fort
M o
C A
o
annual Iditarod Trail Great Sled Ketchikan St. John McMurray

Race, a gruelling run across the
CE
rugged landscape for drivers Prince Rupert ALBERTA

u n
and their teams of dogs. Queen Grande Prairie

Charlotte Kitimat
AN
t a
Athabasca
Islands
i n
haba s c
VANCOUVER Prince At a
i n
Ocean Falls North

This city’s vibrant cultural mix is
Queen George Edmonton
8 typical of Canada’s diversity. Many Mount Robson
s
Charlotte Mount 12,972ft

South Asian, Chinese, as well as other Leduc
s
Sound Waddington (3954m)

ethnic groups live here and reflect 13,176ft Red Deer
Vancouver’s historic role as Port Hardy (4016m)
a destination for migrants. Kamloops Calgary
Campbell River
Hosting the 2010 Winter
Vancouver
Olympics raised its
Island Vancouver Kelowna
profile and its bustling Lethbridge
economy, mild climate,
Nanaimo Cranbrook
Milk River
and cultural links Victoria
9 make it an attractive
place to live. U N I T E D
4 B C D E F G H
WESTERN CANADA AND ALASKA
I J K L M N O P
0 km 200 400
NATIVE PEOPLES
0 miles 200 400 1
The native peoples of Alaska are
the Aleut, and those in northern
Canada are the Inuit. Native
peoples are often called “First
Nations” because they were
Ell
the first to live in North
America. Most of their
esm
land was later taken by

Nar es St ra it European settlers. First
ere Isl
Nation culture has 2

Axel Heiberg revived, and Nunavut is
now a self-governing
Island Inuit territory. The Inuit
and
Ellef Ringnes have adapted to the harsh

Island Inuit children outside environment and often
their summer camp combine modern
Amund technology with their
Ringnes on Baffin Island
Grise Fiord traditional lifestyle.
Island (Ausuituq)
Qu een E l iz a b e th I sl ands B a f f i n 3
Bathurst Devon Island B a y Da
Melville Island Cornwallis nd vi
ou s
Island t e rS
Island Resolute L anc a s St
ount ra
Visc lville (Qausuittuq)
Me und
P e nin
Somerset
it
B r o dsula
So Island Baff CENTRAL STATES

Prince of in
M c Cl
eu
Large parts of Alberta,

Isl
r
Wales
G ul
Saskatchewan, and Manitoba

Island an 4
in t
have rich soils and form one

d
fo
oc
of the largest wheat-growing

f
Ch Boothia oo
k
thi Igloolik Cumb areas in the world. More wheat

an erland Sou n d
nel Peninsula a is grown here than Canadians
Nettilling
Victoria Kugaaruk
Lake can consume, so vast amounts
(Pelly Bay)
Island King William Melville Iqaluit
are exported. Wheat is used
Island Gjoa Haven Peninsula
F o xe Amadjuak to make flour for staple
(Frobisher Bay)
(Uqsuqtuuq) Basin Lake foods such as bread. Once
Cambridge Bay
(Ikaluktutiak) harvested, wheat is stored in
Repulse Bay
grain elevators, waiting to be 5
Southampton Hu d s o n S t r a i t transported by lorry or train.
de
si Island
Bu
rn NUNAVUT Grain elevators dominate
Coral
Garry Lake Harbour the skyline of the prairies
k
B ac
Baker Lake
Mansel
Rankin Inlet Coats Island
Whale Cove
Island Canada has a population
6
of 34 million people, but only
t
Dubawn
Reliance
Lutselk’e
(Snowdrift) Arviat H u d s o n about 30 percent of them live
B a y in western Canada, and most
Fort Smith
Churchill Belcher
Lake Athabasca
Reindeer
Islands live near the U.S. border.
Lake
Southern
Wollaston Lake Indian Lake
son
Akimiski Grizzly bear

Lynn Lake Island
N A D A
el
Buffalo Thompson
Narrows
SASKATCHEWAN MAN ITOBA
Flin Flon
Lake
wan The Pas
Sask he Winnipeg ROCKY MOUNTAINS
atc
tc
he a The rugged Rocky Mountains

w S ask
stretch south through western
an
Prince Albert Canada and into the United

Saskatoon States. Every year they attract
Kindersley Yorkton Lake millions of visitors, who enjoy
Qu ' Appelle Manitoba walking, hiking, and canoeing
Regina Winnipeg in the dramatic scenery. Tourists
Brandon sometimes see wildlife such as
Medicine Hat
Weyburn the grizzly bear, black bear,
Estevan Melita elk, moose, and wolf.
S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A
I J K L M N O
NORTH AMERICA
B C D E G H
Maple sap
Eastern Canada collected from cuts

in the tree trunk
Ivujivik
Charles
Island
The most industrialized and heavily populated

parts of Canada are in the east. Ottawa, the capital, is
Ungava
located here, along with other important cities, such as
Peninsula
Toronto, Montreal, and Québec. Some of the earliest settlers
MAPLE SYRUP
2 were French, and many people speak French as their first The maple trees of Québec and Ontario
language. The Great Lakes—the largest system of lakes in are tapped for maple syrup, a major
export—and a popular topping on
the world—and the St. Lawrence Seaway link the interior pancakes for Canadians. The maple leaf
to the coast. The most easterly parts of Canada, the Atlantic is the national symbol of Canada and
Inukjuak
features on the nation’s flag.
Provinces, have rugged coastlines and dramatic scenery. (Port Harrison)
However, soils are thin and commercial agriculture is limited
3 to a few areas. Fishing used to be the main activity, but fish
Lac
stocks have been so depleted that few people H u d s o n Minto
are now employed in the industry, despite recent
environmental efforts to rebuild the stocks.
Fort Severn B a y Belcher
ern
A growing oil and gas industry and new Islands
Sev
high-tech businesses are attracting Peawanuk
4
younger workers, although many
James
people still migrate to the bustling Bay
cities farther west.
Akimiski
Sandy Lake
Wi nis
k Island
Q U
C Attawapiskat A Attawapiskat
N
Canadians have a high an
y
Fort Albany
5 O N T A R I O
b
life expectancy—the
Al
de Rupert
Moosonee Rivière
average person lives Lac Seul

Armstrong
se
Kenora
Ha
Dryden
oo
to be 80 years old.
rri
M
can
Lake of Lake Longlac
a
the Woods Nipigon Hearst
Fort Frances Atikokan
Nipigon
6
Kapuskasing Cochrane
Thunder Bay Marathon Réservoir
Tip Top Mountain Timmins Amos Gouin
TORONTO 2100ft (640m)
Foleyet Rouyn-Noranda
Toronto is Canada’s most Wawa
Superio
Lake
Kirkland Val-d'Or
important economic center. r Lake
Located on Lake Ontario, close
to the U.S. border, it is not only
an industrial and commercial
centre but is also home to a Sault Ste. Marie North
7
wide diversity of ethnic and Sudbury Bay
cultural groups. The Canadian ICE HOCKEY
National (CN) tower, which Sports and leisure are important to Gatineau
Ge Pembroke
dominates the Toronto Canadians. A popular sport is ice hockey, Manitoulin o Hull
skyline, is the world’s Island B
rg y
which thousands of people play or watch OTTAWA

ia n
a
tallest tower, and locals and

tourists can get an impressive
enthusiastically. Teams of skaters use long, Lake Midland
curved sticks to try to get a hard rubber
view of the city and Lake disk—called a puck—into the opposing Huron Kingston
Ontario from the top. team’s goal. Both the men’s and women’s Peterborough
national ice hockey teams won gold medals Brampton Oshawa Lake
8 at the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics. Toronto Ontario
Kitchener
Sarnia Hamilton St. Catharines
London Niagara
Windsor Falls
r ie
CN Tower Leamington
a k e E
L
9 UNITED STATES
OF AMERICA
6 A B C D E F G H
I J K L M N O P
Baffin
Island ATLANTIC PROVINCES 1
Nova Scotia, New
Hu Resolution Brunswick, Prince Edward
dso Island
n Strai
Island, and Newfoundland
t and Labrador attract
Button Islands tourists for their landscape,
Akpatok wildlife, and quaint seaside
Island villages. Icebergs are a
regular sight off the coast
of Newfoundland and
Ung a v a Labrador as they drift 2
south from the Arctic.
Ba y
es
ill
eu
uxF Kuujjuaq
FISHERIES
ea
Riv
r The Grand Banks, off the coast of

viè
Ri
ière
Newfoundland, are shallow waters that once

contained huge stocks of fish. Stocks have declined,
à
aB
k
oa Nain
l
ks ale however, owing to overfishing, and now catches are

Ko in
C an i a
e severely restricted. Tourism has been a valuable alternative 3

L Hopedale for those who relied on fishing for their livelihood.
pis
a Makkovik
b r
cau
Cape Harrison
a d
o r French
Cartwright signs in
Lac
Bienville Schefferville N E La Québec city
Smallwood Lake Melville

W
F O br
Reservoir
C h u r c h i ll
U Se ad 4
& N a o
Réservoir de L A St. Anthony D
Caniapiscau B L
r
R A
É B E C A N
D
e
I sl
A D A O
lle
D
f Be
Gagnon
R
i n s
in
n t a
a
Str ai t o
tm Réservoir Gander
Eas u
Mo
Manicouagan 5
Havre-St-Pierre FRENCH CANADA
an
Grand Falls
Lac Île d’Anticosti
St. John’s Québec province is the main
Mistassini ti Sept-Îles
Corner Brook Newfoundland French-speaking part of Canada.
n With a different language and
re cultural traditions from other parts
Chibougamau u Gaspé Gulf of Channel-Port of the country, there have been calls
a Baie-Comeau ce St. Lawrence aux Basques Cape Race in the past for Québec to become
LLac wr
en Péninsule de Ca independent from the rest of Canada.
La
St.-Jean Matane Gaspé Îles de la bot ST. PIERRE
.
St
Madeleìne Stra 6
Chicoutimi it & MIQUELON
Rimouski
Jonquière Bathurst PRINCE (to France)
Rivière-du-Loup EDWARD
Edmundston Glace Bay
La Tuque ISLAND Sydney
NEW Charlottetown
Charlesbourg BRUNSWICK Cape Breton
Moncton Amherst Island
Québec New Glasgow
Trois-Rivières Oromocto
St.-Georges Truro
Fredericton
NOVA SCOTIA 7
Laval Drummondville Saint John dy Dartmouth
Sable Island
n
Fu
Sherbrooke Halifax
of
Montréal
y
Ba
Liverpool
N
Yarmouth
A
E
OC
ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY
Stretching far inland, the
TI C St. Lawrence Seaway provides a link 8
ATLAN
from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.
A series of huge locks descends from Lake
Ontario to sea level, allowing oceangoing ships
to transport their cargo as far inland as Lake
Superior. Large amounts of iron ore, for
example, are transported inland from Labrador
0 km 100 200 to Ontario for processing. Corn, soy, and other
agricultural products move in the opposite
0 miles 100 200 direction, from the prairies east to
the markets of the world. 9
I J K L M N O P 7
NORTH AMERICA
B C D E F G H
U.S.A.: Northeast THRIVING CITY

The northeastern united states is a heavily populated Lake
Hudson
River
New York is the largest city in the U.S.
Historically it grew because it has a good
area that is steeped in history. This is traditionally the main Ontario harbor and sits at the mouth of the
Hudson River. Immigrants from overseas
immigration point into the United States, with the Statue of flooded into the city in the 19th and
Liberty lighting the way for those arriving into New York City 20th centuries, boosting its
population and economy. Today,
2 by boat. People from all over the world have settled in this it is the main financial
region to live and work, creating a “melting pot” of cultures center, not just of the
U.S.A., but of the world.
and ethnic groups. Important historical events, such as the
signing of the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution,
took place in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. These documents set
the foundations for American life today. It is also here that the
3 capital and center of government were established. Today, while
New York
industry and agriculture are still important, finance and City
commerce are the driving Appalachian A nc
e
forces of the economy. Mountains
D w
re Ogdensburg
a
A
.L
St
N
4 The White House in A ck
ONTA RIO da ns
Washington, D.C. has C iro
n
Ad unt a
i
been home to every Mo

Watertown a
president except Oswego
Boonville p
Lake Ontario p
George Washington, PITTSBURGH Rochester
AMoh
Syracuse awk River
Once a major steel-manufacturing centre Niagara Newark Utica
5
whom the city is with a polluted environment, Pittsburgh, Falls Lockport
Pennsylvania, is now a thriving financial Niagara N E W Y O R K
named after. center with a large number of corporate
headquarters. Bridges span the three
Falls Buffalo Avon
Oneonta
e Dansville
rivers that run through the city,
E ri Hamburg Ithaca
Catskill
Lake
connecting the core downtown
area (above) to the suburbs. Dunkirk Mountains
e ny Binghamton
CENTRE OF GOVERNMENT Erie Jamestown
Pl egh
u Elmira
6
All three branches of the federal ea Sayre
l
Al
at
government, the executive, Warren Mansfield

legislative, and judicial, reside
Middletown
in Washington, D.C. The Scranton
United States Congress (the Meadville Wilcox
legislative branch) meets Wilkes Barre Milford
here in the Capitol P E N N S Y LVA N I A
building. Many of the Mercer
Lock Haven
i n s Stroudsberg
Al Ri
city’s residents work

a
leg ve
Du Bois Milton
nt
he r
for the government.

OHIO
ny
State College
7
Capitol building,
Butler u Allentown
the seat of Indiana o
government M Reading Trenton
Aliquippa Pittsburgh Altoona
Harrisburg
Philadelphia
n
Washington
Bedford Carlisle Lancaster NEW
ia
York Wilmington Cherry

Uniontown
Hill
ch
Hagerstown Aberdeen
8 Towson Vineland
Cumberland
la
Oakland
Baltimore
WEST Columbia Dover
a
VIRGINIA
p
Annapolis DELAWARE
p
WASHINGTON, D.C.
A
VIRGINIA
Cambridge Ocean
City
9 MARYLAND Salisbury
Chesapeake
Bay
8 A B C D E F G H
K L M N O P
MAINE
Madawaska
Although Maine is a large state,
it is relatively sparsely populated. 1
N EW
Early settlers were attracted to its
Presque Isle coastline, and fishing communities
gradually developed. To this day,
B RU N
Mars Hill fishing remains an important
activity, while colorful foliage
attracts tourists in the fall.
SWICK
s
Houlton
Mount Katahdin
CRANBERRIES 5266ft (1605m)
i n
The northeast U.S. is a major 2
cranberry-growing region.
Cranberries grow in flooded bogs, Moosehead
and once harvested—often with Lake
er
t a
scot Riv
high-tech equipment (above)—they
Jackman Calais
can be eaten in pies and sauces. Lincoln
Penob
Milo
n
M A I N E Machias
u
QUÉBEC Bangor
Millbridge
3
o
Searsport Bay of
Newport Waterville Bar Harbor Fundy
M
Plattsburgh VERMONT Berlin Augusta

Mount Desert
Lake Champlain Island
Camden
Burlington n Lewiston Bath Maine (above),
Mount
Montpelier a Washington e famous for its
i clam chowder and
n
6289ft (1917m)
ai
lobsters (right)
hChelsea NEW
M
Portland
c HAMPSHIRE
of
a
s
Lebanon Laconia
nta in
Biddeford
lf
l
Gu
Rutland Rochester THANKSGIVING

Connecticut River
The first Thanksgiving was held in

Mou
Glens Falls Concord

Portsmouth 1621 as a gesture of friendship between
Hillsboro American Indians and the Pilgrims after the
een
Manchester Pilgrims’ first successful harvest. Americans

AN
Gr
Nashua honor this tradition every November by

Lawrence gathering with family and friends to give 5
Schenectady
Troy Lowell thanks for life’s blessings and to share a meal.
Greenfield
Albany Boston
OCE
Worcester
Pittsfield Provincetown Cape Cod
iv er
M AS S AC H USET TS
R
Orleans
Pawtucket Providence
Hudson
Springfield
Windsor
New Bedford HIGHER EDUCATION
Hartford
Kingston Bristol Warwick Martha's Vineyard A large number of universities are located in this
6
CONNECTICUT RHODE Nantucket Nantucket Island
region, including two of the most famous—Harvard
Waterbury ISLAND (above) and Yale. As well as studying, students
Groton enjoy a full campus life, including taking
IC
New Haven part in sport. Links between industry

Yonkers Bridgeport and education are strong, so many
T
Stamford high-tech companies have

Paterson
Long N been established here.
LA
New York
Island Tourists can take an
Newark
Middletown
AT elevator to the top of
the Statue of Liberty
7
0 km 50 100 150
0 miles 50 100 150

JERSEY
Atlantic City 8
NEW YORK CITY

The center of U.S. commerce and business
is New York City. People living here have
a fast-paced lifestyle, and many travel by
train or bus from the suburbs to work in
the towering high-rise office buildings
of Manhattan. People traveling by
boat across the harbor pass the
Statue of Liberty, a huge monument 9
that represents freedom and
opportunity to Americans.
I J K L M 9
NORTH AMERICA
B C D E F G H
U.S.A.: South 0 km 50
0 miles 50
100 150 200
100 150 200
The southern states of the U.S.A. have a varied landscape and an interesting Cincinnati
mix of people, both culturally and economically. Some areas of the region are poor,
Newport
especially the Appalachian Mountain communities, while other parts, such as the
Florida coast, are wealthy and attract many people from other states and countries. I N D I A N A
Louisville Frankfort
2 The cultural mix includes people of Latin American origin, African-Americans, Cajuns Evansville
(French-Canadians), and European Americans, giving rise to diverse music styles, Lexington
Henderson
Owensboro
dialects, pastimes, and food. While coal mining in the Appalachian Mountains Elizabethtown Richmond
has declined in recent years, agriculture is still ee K E N T U C K Y
Gr
Paducah nR
M Somerset
important, as are tourism and industry. Tourism I S S O U R I Hopkinsville
iv er
Kentucky Bowling
is especially important in Florida and in Rogers Bull Shoals Mountain
Lake Green
ea
u
Pocahontas Clarksville
at
3 New Orleans, Louisiana, Lake Home Union
Pl
Fayetteville City Cookeville
Nashville
near the mouth Walnut Ridge
nd
Bosto n M o un ta in Blytheville Dyersburg
s Franklin Murfreesboro
rla
of the mighty Fort Smith
A R K A N S A S JonesboroJackson T E N N E S S E E
be
MA
Mississippi River. Searcy West
Memphis Lawrenceburg Columbia
Maryville
um
Russellville
Memphis North Cleveland
OKLAHO
C
Ouachita Little Rock Forrest City r Chattanooga
Te
nn
ve
Mountains Corinth e s s e e Ri
Ri
Little Rock Holly
ve Huntsville Dalton
pi
Ark
r
COTTON CROPS Hot Springs Florence
sip
Benton an Springs
Decatur Scottsboro
sis
4 Cotton was once s as
Mis
Pine Riv
Ouac
the main crop of the Tupelo Cullman
Rome
South and was Bluff Clarksdale Hamilton
er
Re Grenada Marietta
h ita
grown by African- dR Gadsden
iv er Texarkana ive
Atlanta
R
American slaves. Greenwood Columbus Anniston
Camden
Today, cotton is still
r
El Dorado Greenville Tuscaloosa Birmingham
important for the
economy of the Bastrop MISSISSIPPI Alexander City
region and is grown Shreveport Yazoo City Griffin
Ruston
in large fields and Monroe Canton A L A B A M A Opelika
Bossier City Clinton Demopolis
5 harvested with huge Tallulah Meridian
er
Prattville Phenix City
Tombigbee Riv
machinery. Cotton
LOUISIANA
S
Vicksburg Jackson
Montgomery Columbus
has many uses,
er
Chattahoochee
T E X A
Re
Pe a r l
primarily as the raw Natchitoches
iv
dR
iR
Laurel
iv e r
material for textiles. Natchez
ive
Troy
ipp
River
Riv
aR
r
Brookhaven
Mississ
Alexandria Hattiesburg
Andalusia Albany
am
er
Ozark
ive r
McComb
ab
De Ridder Brewton Dothan
Al
eR
Bogalusa Prichard Bainbridge

in
Opelousas Crestview Lake Seminole

Sab
Baton Rouge Mobile

6
Fort Walton
Lake Charles Lafayette Gulfport
Biloxi Pensacola Beach Tallahassee
New Iberia Panama
Metairie New Orleans City
The Mississippi Cotton pod, or boll Morgan City
Houma
Chandeleur
Islands
Cape San Blas
Venice Apalachee
is the largest river in Jazz musician on Gulf of Me
xico
Bay
7
North America and Bourbon Street,
New Orleans
Mississippi River
Delta
the third largest in Chef holding CAJUN CULTURE
the world. a skillet of

jambalaya, a
The Cajuns in this region are
French-speaking people who
Cajun dish were expelled from Canada in the
1700s. They mixed with other cultures in
Louisiana, but their French influence can
be seen in the music, food, and place
names, such as Lafayette.
8 MUSICAL ORIGINS
The southern U.S.A. is famous for
its music, most of which reflects
the cultural mix of the region. FLORIDA EVERGLADES
New Orleans and other parts of The increasing population
Louisiana are the birthplaces of jazz of Florida means that the
and Cajun music, while bluegrass and Everglades, swampy plains
country have origins in Nashville and inhabited by alligators and other
Memphis, Tennessee. These music wildlife, are under threat as land
styles started here, but quickly spread is needed for houses and farms.
9 throughout the country and developed However, the Everglades National
even further in the cities. Park protects part of this
important ecosystem.
10 A B C D E F G H
U.S.A.: SOUTH
I J K L M N O P
PENNSYLVANIA 1
Parkersburg Clarksburg Winchester

Spruce Knob WASHINGTON D.C.
OHIO WEST 4862ft
Arlington
(1482m)
s
Portsmouth VIRGINIA Dale City
in
Huntington Harrisonburg MARYLAND
Ohio River Fredericksburg
Staunton P
Saint Albans
Charleston ta
2
oto e
CharlottesvilleR
iv a c Chesapeake Bay
m r
KENTUCKY DERBY
VIRGINIA
n
Beckley James R Richmond Every year on the first

u
iver Saturday of May, the

Lynchburg Cape Charles
o
Petersburg
Pikeville Bluefield Kentucky Derby takes place in
M
Roanoke Newport News Norfolk Louisville. This horse race and the
Pulaski Virginia Beach festivities based around it mark
London Portsmouth
Roa the beginning of spring for people
Middlesboro Kingsport Danville n ok
n
e in the area. The best horses and

Bristol a Elizabeth City
i jockeys, as well as massive crowds
Ri
Greensboro
ve
Greeneville h Durham of spectators from around the 3

Winston
r
c Rocky Mount country, travel here for the event.

la
Knoxville Salem
Mount Mitchell
High Raleigh Greenville
a 6683ft (2037m) Point Cary Goldsboro Cape
p
d o
li
c
p Asheville NORTH CAROLINA New Bern m
Pa oun
Hatteras
A Gastonia Charlotte Fayetteville
S
Havelock
Spartanburg
Laurinburg
Greenville Rock Hill Jacksonville TOURISM
Union Onslow Tourism is an important industry in
Bay the south, especially for Florida. As
Gainesville SOUTH CAROLINA Wilmington well as warm weather and appealing 4
Greenwood Florence
scenery, tourists are attracted to the
Athens
Clark
Hill Lake
Columbia Cape Fear
N amusement parks around Orlando. Jobs and
Aiken
Lake Marion
Myrtle Beach
Long Bay A income are generated by tourism, with many
Augusta Orangeburg Georgetown
E people working in retail outlets, restaurants,
hotels, and amusement parks. Kumba roller coaster,
C
Sa
GEORGIA an the fastest in Florida, in

O
v
North Charleston
Milledgeville Busch Gardens, Tampa
nah
Macon Charleston
IC
R
ive
Statesboro r 5
T
Dublin MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR

Vidalia Hilton Head Island
N
Alta Martin Luther King, Jr., (left) was born in Atlanta in 1929.
Cordele ma Savannah In the 1960s, he led many peaceful protests to end the
A
ha
Hinesville laws that discriminated against black Americans. King
Ri
TL
ver
Tifton was assassinated in 1969 and has since been seen

Waycross as a symbol of the struggle for racial equality.
A
Brunswick Many African-Americans live in the southern

Valdosta U.S., where, before the Civil War (1861–65),
Okefenokee their ancestors were forced to work on cotton
Thomasville 6
Swamp plantations and farms.
Jacksonville
Lake City
Saint Augustine
Gainesville
Lake
George
Ocala Daytona Beach
De Land
Deltona
Orlando Martin Luther King, Jr., speaking at the final rally 7
Spring Hill Cape Canaveral of the March Against Fear, Mississippi, 1966
Clearwater Lakeland Melbourne

Largo Tampa Lake Kissimmee
Tampa Saint Petersburg Fort Pierce
Bay Hutchinson FLORIDA’S SUNSHINE COAST
Sarasota FLORIDA Island Florida’s sunny weather and sandy beaches
Port Charlotte Lake West Palm have traditionally attracted many retired people,
Charlotte Harbor Okeechobee Beach many of whom live in apartments along the 8
Fort Myers Boca Raton coast in resorts such as Miami Beach (right).
es
Pompano Beach Florida also attracts young people, especially

glad
Big Cypress
to the vibrant city of Miami, where many
Naples Fort Lauderdale
Swamp immigrants from Central America, Cuba, and
ver
Miami Beach other Caribbean islands live, and Spanish is

eE
Miami spoken by half the population. The Florida Keys,

Th
an island chain in the south of the peninsula,

a
id
Cape Sable is also popular with tourists, and contains

or
Key Largo
sone of the largest living coral formations
Fl
Florida
in North America. 9
s
Bay y
of
Key West Ke t s
ida ai
Flor St
r
I J K L M N O P 11
NORTH AMERICA
B C D E F G H
U.S.A.: Midwest C A N A D
The American Midwest is dominated by the Great SASKATCH
EWAN
Plains, once the home of cattle ranches, cowboys, and M A N I T O
B A Lake
Native American peoples. However, the discovery of gold of the
in South Dakota brought a rush of settlers to the area. Woods
Red Riv e r
Minot
2 This, combined with a decline in buffalo numbers, led to Williston Grafton
A
International
Devils Lake Thief River Falls
the eventual displacement of the Native Americans from
T A N
East Falls Upper
n d s
the Plains. The area is prone to dramatic weather— N O R T H Grand Forks
Red Lake
Lake Grand Lower
Crookston Red Lake
tornadoes, blizzards, and hot summers. To the west, vast Belfield
Sakakawea
Carrington Forks
Dickinson
l a
areas of farmland generate more wheat and corn than Bemidji
Leech Grand
M O N
Jamestown Valley City
Fargo
anywhere else in the world. East of the Mississippi Mandan Lake Rapids
a d
Bismarck
er
Detroit Lakes
ouri Riv
West Fargo
3 River, the landscape varies and, although farming is D A K O T A Moorhead
B
important, this is the industrial center of the country. Fergus Falls Brainerd
Wahpeton
i ss
Mille Lacs Lake
Cities such as Chicago (Illinois), Detroit (Michigan), and
eM
Buffalo Alexandria Little
ttl
Li Falls
Cleveland (Ohio) are major manufacturing centers. Moreau River Lake
Selby
Aberdeen MINNESOTA
Oahe Morris Saint Cloud
Spearfish S O U T H Coon Rapids
G
BUFFALO ON THE PLAINS Watertown Montevideo
Up to 100 million buffalo once grazed on the Great Plains. Sturgis Minneapolis
James Rive
B i g Si ver
Riv e r
M I N
Bloomington
Bl
4 They provided local Native Americans with food for the Rapid e Pierre
nn
ac
Huron Burnsville
Ri
City Marshall
eye
New Northfield
k
family, and skin for clothes and tepees. The Dakota people
oux
D A K O T A
Hi
Ulm Faribault
Ch
used buffalo bones to make shields and tools, and the
r
ver Brookings
l ls
animal’s bladder was made into a bag for carrying water. Ri Madison
Mankato
G
te Mitchell
W Y O
But overhunting and the destruction of the buffalo’s hi Owatonna
W Lake Worthington Fairmont
habitat by early European settlers drastically reduced
Francis Sioux Falls
r
the number of animals. The buffalo is now a protected Albert Lea
Case
species and lives in reserves. Chadron Spencer
Sheldon Mason
Yankton
e
Ni City
obra
Sand r a R iv er Algona
5 Alliance Vermillion Fort Cedar
a
Sioux Falls
Scottsbluff South Sioux City City Dodge
Gering Hills Webster City
No Norfolk
t
rth Denison Ames
Pla
tte
N E B R A S K A Harlan I O W
R ive Columbus Fremont Ankeny
Sidney r Ogallala Des Moines
er
North p Riv
P
u
er Omaha Indianola
Lo
Platte
Grand Island Riv Council Bluffs
t e Papillion
Lexington at York
l a Pl Bellevue Creston
6 Kearney Lincoln
Hastings Nebraska City Clarinda Lamoni
McCook
R A D O
Beatrice
M i iv e
Maryville
i n
R
s so r
Colby Saint Joseph
ur
Concordia
i
Goodland Atchison Excelsior
Buffalo herd on a reserve, Manhattan Springs
South Dakota Hays Junction City Kansas City
s
C O L O
Salina Rive r
Scott sas Ka n Topeka Independence
7 City K A N S A S Ottawa
Great Bend McPherson
MOUNT RUSHMORE Garden City Hutchinson Emporia
Mount Rushmore, in the Black Hills of South Dakota, was created as a Newton
tribute to the American presidency. Four of the United States’ greatest Dodge Pratt Iola M I S
presidents—(left to right) George Washington, Thomas City Wichita El Dorado
Chanute Fort Scott
Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln—
Liberal Wellington Pittsburg
were carved into the granite cliff between 1927 and Parsons Springfield
1941. Teams of workers hung from saddles Arkansas City Carthage
anchored to the mountain to complete O K L A H Joplin
8 the work, often enduring harsh Each carved face is about O M A Aurora
winds or blazing sun. Today, it 60 ft (18 m) high
r k
Oza
is a popular tourist attraction.
TORNADO ALLEY
Dramatic tornadoes, or “twisters,” regularly tear
through the states of Kansas and Missouri along
a path known as Tornado Alley. Tornadoes occur
when warm and cold air masses meet. As the warm
air rises, it cools, and under the right conditions,
9 it can suck in more and more air until a whirling
twister develops. The more air that is pulled in,
the greater the power of the tornado.
12 A B C D E F G H
I J K L M N O P
RURAL U.S.
Although most Americans today live in cities and
large towns, there are still many small towns 1
with populations of less than 10,000 people.
These towns are often in farming
A communities and are where people go to
shop or attend church. Children, such as
these boys from Iowa (left), often have to be
taken to and from school by special bus.
The Great Lakes 2
O contain one-fifth
N
T
Chisholm
Isle Royale A
R of Earth’s fresh
e Superio
Lak
Virginia
Eveleth r water.
I
Hibbing Keweenaw
Apostle Peninsula
O
Duluth Islands Houghton
g
e
Superior an Marquette 3
ic R
G o ge b
Cloquet Ashland Sault Sainte Marie
Ironwood
ix Ri
ver Iron M Saint Ignace
t Cro Woodruff Mountain Cheboygan
n
ai Rice Lake Rhinelander Escanaba
S
L
Petoskey
I
ak
y
Ladysmith
Ba
Door Alpena
e
C
en
Saint Paul Peninsula

Hu
Wausau
Gre
River Eau Claire Traverse City GREAT LAKES

H
ron
Falls WISCONSIN Green Several large cities are located 4

n
Red Wing Stevens Beulah Roscommon on the shores of the Great Lakes,
Bay
a
Point Cadillac ay
wB including Chicago on Lake Michigan.
Michig
Wisconsin Rapids Appleton na

Lake
Burned to the ground in the late 1800s,

i
Winona Lake Ludington

Sag
G
Oshkosh Winnebago it is now a leading industrial and financial

Rochester Tomah Sheboygan Midland
La Crosse Mount Bay City center and the third-largest city in the country.
Austin Fond
A
Pleasant The Great Lakes and their lakeside retreats are

Mi s s
isconsi n du Lac Saginaw

W ver West Bend Muskegon also a popular tourist destination for vacationers
Ri Port Huron
issi p p i R
Grand who enjoy watersports.

N
Madison Rapids Milwaukee

Flint
Waukesha Lake Saint Clair rie
Waverly v e Janesville Racine
Wyoming
Lansing
Pontiac
k e E 5
Warren
i
La
r
PENNSYLVA
Waterloo Kenosha Livonia

Iowa Evansdale
Dubuque Rockford Waukegan Detroit
Falls Marion Ann
Evanston Kalamazoo Arbor
A Cedar Rapids Elgin
Chicago Adrian Cleveland Euclid
Newton Sterling Aurora Elkhart Toledo
Davenport Joliet Gary
South Bend Sandusky Warren
NIA
Iowa City
Rock Island Valparaiso Bowling
Oskaloosa
Muscatine Fort Green Findlay Akron
Ottawa
ois River Wayne Youngstown
Mount Pleasant Kankakee llin Van I Mansfield
Ottumwa Galesburg Wabash Wert Canton
6
Burlington Peoria INDIANA Marion O H I O
Keokuk Fort Madison Lafayette Kokomo Delaware Wheeling
er
Pekin Bloomington
Macomb Anderson Muncie Sidney Cambridge
iv
Kirksville Champaign
sR
Carmel Springfield Zanesville

Quincy
oi
ILLINOIS Columbus
in
Dayton
ve
Macon
Ill
IA
Decatur Indianapolis
Springfield Wilmington
Ri
IN
Hannibal Kettering Oh
io
Jacksonville Terre Haute
RG
Moberly Chillicothe Athens

Cincinnati
VI
Mexico Effingham Bloomington Oh

Columbus io R
T
Florissant Alton ive r Portsmouth FOOTBALL

ES
Columbia 7
W
Saint Louis The first official game of football was played between Princeton
r
ive
Kirkwood East Saint Louis Vincennes Huntington and Rutgers universities in New Jersey on November 6, 1869.
R
Jefferson City Arnold New Albany K Y

ash
M Belleville C Since then, college and professional teams have been founded
S O U R I i ssi
Wab
ss Mount U all over the country, and playing and watching football have
Farmington ip
Evansville become some of Americans’ favorite pastimes.
Vernon T
Rolla
pi
Carbondale r N 0 km 100 200

Riv
Lebanon
R ive
Perryville
K E
er
au Cape Ohi
o
Jackson
te Girardeau
0 miles 100 200
la Dexter Alton 8
P Poplar Bluff Sikeston
Malden
Kennett AGRICULTURE
E
SE
Caruthersville The Great Plains extend across

ES
the west of this region and are

ARKANSAS
NN
important for agriculture. Rich

soils support crops of wheat and
TE
corn, while livestock grazes

on the extensive grassland.
Millions of people live on 9
the Great Plains, many on
family-owned and -run farms.
I J K L M N O P 13
NORTH AMERICA
B C D E F G H
U.S.A.: West V
an
co
Str
ai
uv
to
er
G
f
eo
The Rocky Mountains separate rg BRIT C A
Is
ia
Strait o ISH
la
de Fu f Juan Bellingham COLUMBIA
nd
the coastal region from the drier ca
Anacortes ive
r r
Ri
ve
Skag i t R
inland states. Fast-growing Oak Harbor
a
lumbi
Pug Mount Vernon
Port Angeles et
cities in California, such as Everett Libby
Soun
Olympic
Co
Mountains
Seattle Sandpoint
2 San Francisco, Los Angeles,
d
Lake Pend
e
Bremerton
Bellevue Spokane Oreille
and San Diego, hug the Pacific Olympia Auburn Wenatchee Coeur
g
Aberdeen Tacoma d'Alene
coast and have attracted Ellensburg S a in
t Joe
n
Centralia Riv
many migrants because of W A S H I N G T O N Moscow
er
Yakima Pullman
a
Kelso
good job opportunities. Inland, Longview Richland Pasco Lewiston
R
Walla Clearwater
blazing deserts and towering Portland
Vancouver Kennewick
Col u mbia R iver Walla Mountains
Hermiston
mountains provide some of the Newberg
R
3 The Dalles
McMinnville Gresham Pendleton
most dramatic landscapes in the La Grande
er
o
Salem Woodburn
Riv
Riv c h utes
Jo h
S almon
C
e
Albany
country. National parks, such as n D River
ake
Lebanon
c k
R i v er
o
ay
er
NORTHERN FORESTS Corvallis Baker
Des
l u
Sn
Yellowstone in northwestern Wyoming
d
The coastal areas of Oregon
Eugene
m
and Washington contain large Salmon River
Bend
and Montana, and Yosemite in central
a
Mountains
y
b i
forests. These produce
C
Springfield O R E G O N
California, protect some of these economically important timber, Coos Bay
a
c
but a lot of land is also left in its Burns
o
wilderness areas. Farther east, the Caldwell Boise
s
natural state and is popular Roseburg
r P l
4 Cape Blanco Summer
ve
with hikers. Most people here Nampa
foothills of the Rockies give way to vast Ri
a
Grants Upper Lake
a
Harney
a t
live in large cities like Seattle,
hee
Pass Klamath Basin
plains grazed by large herds of cattle. Washington, and in the fertile Lake na
S a
s
e
C
Ow
ke Ri r
inland valleys. Medford Klamath Falls u ve
P A C I
Ashland Goose
t
Lake
Crescent City
Yreka
Klamath
sert
Mountains Independence
R
Arcata Mountains
De
5 Eureka
k
Winnemucca Wells
a
Redding
oc
R
The Native
Sacramento V a l l e
k
er
ins
Susanville ac
iv
Bl
tR
nta
ver
old
Honey Pyramid
Ree s e Ri
American name
mb
Mo u
C e
Lake Lake
Cr e e k Ran ge
Chico
F I C
Hu
S a cr a ment o Ri
Ruby
Reno Sparks
for Death Valley Carson
n t
Yuba
Ukiah Great
e
City Sink
CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE Lake Carson City
r a
California is warm, fertile, and well N E V A D A
is Tomesha, Tahoe
s
South Lake Tahoe

y
irrigated, ideal for agriculture. Grapes Ely
Santa Rosa
l
ver
Citrus Heights
S ch e ll
are an important crop north of Walker
6
which means Napa Sacramento Lake Basin
S i e
San Francisco in the Napa Valley. Fairfield
Farther south, citrus crops such as Berkeley Mono Hawthorne
Stockton
oranges also flourish. Premium farming “land where the San Francisco Oakland
Lake
r r
land is under threat, however, as the Yosemite Tonopah
Palo Alto Modesto
population expands. ground is on fire.” Sunnyvale San Jose
a
V a National
Park
O C
Santa Cruz Gilroy Madera Alamo

N
l l
Monterey Bay Salinas e v

Monterey Mount Whitney
e y
Sa
Fresno 14,495ft
a d
Sa Ra
7 Visalia (4418m)
Las
nta nge
Jo
Dea
Hanford
aq
-282ft Vegas
Lu
a
E A
ui
Porterville (-86m)
c ia
th
n
Atascadero Delano Ridgecrest

Va
Henderson
V
le
al
le
l
San Luis Obispo y
y Bakersfield
Santa Maria
San C A L I F O R MN I A
Lompoc oja
N
Raf ve D
a e l M Lancaster ese
ts. Barstow rt
Santa Barbara Oxnard
Pasadena
8 Los Angeles San Bernardino o
Rivorad
Riverside er
Col
Long Beach Santa Palm Springs

LOS ANGELES Huntington Beach Ana Salton Blythe
This sprawling Oceanside Sea
city—the second largest in Encinitas Escondido
the U.S.—is home to migrants San Diego El Cajon Brawley
from all over the world as well as El Centro
other states in the country. Sandwiched Chula
between the coast and the mountains, the city Vista
9 has major air-pollution problems. This mostly arises MEXICO
from the exhaust fumes from the high number of cars
used by commuters on the city’s highways.
14 A B C D E F G H
U.S.A.: WEST
I J K L M N O P
0 km 100 200 300 CATTLE RANCHES

Many people who live in Montana, Wyoming, Utah,
0 miles 100 200 300 and Colorado work in the booming farming and mining 1
industries. A lot of the land on these foothills and plains
is grazed by cattle on huge ranches, established originally
N A D A to provide food for the flourishing east coast. Modern
cowboys may use horses, trucks, or even
ALBERTA S A S K A T C H E W A N helicopters to watch over the cattle.
Eureka
Le
Milk
Whitefish Shelby Havre Riv
Malta
wi
er
D A K O T A
s R
Baldy Mountain 2
N O R T H
Kalispell 6624ft Fort Peck ouri River
Miss
ange
Flathead (2019m) Lake

Lake Sidney
Great Falls
Glendive
Orchard Homes M O N T A N A
Mi Lewistown r
ve
Missoula Helena
Ri
ssou
ne
Yello w s t o Miles City
ri River
Boulder
rn Riv er
u ri River
Anaconda iv er
Butte Billings 3
R
Pioneer Bozeman
Bit
er
Laurel
gho
Mountains Livingston
wd
o
ter
D A K O T A
iss
Bi
Po
S O U T H
M
Dillon Bi
ro
gh ttl
e
Li
ot
Sheridan
A bs ar
or
Lem
Ra
Cody Powell
n
Gillette
M
ng
Cloud Peak
hi
oka
o un
e
Ra
13,166ft (4013m)
ge
n
Worland DEATH VALLEY

tains
Rexburg
Ra
in
The driest place in the

ng
Pla
e
I D A H O Idaho Falls U.S. is Death Valley,
W Y O M I N G which also holds the
er
iv
Blackfoot highest recorded

eR
M o u
k Pocatello Riverton Douglas

Sna
NEBRASKA
temperature in
Twin Falls American Falls Lander Casper L
ar North America
Burley Reservoir a of 135°F (57°C).
Bear Wheatland
m
Although seemingly
ie
Lake Torrington
Mo
Rawlins inhospitable, its

untai
Green River
n t a i n s
Brigham City Logan canyons, rock

Great Evanston Rock Springs Cheyenne formations, and
Ogden
ns
Salt Lake Laramie sudden spring

Great Bountiful blooms make it
Magna Salt Lake City Steamboat Fort Collins
Salt Lake Craig Springs popular with tourists.
Sandy City Vernal Loveland Greeley Sterling
Tooele Fort Morgan
Desert Utah Orem Longmont
Boulder Brighton
Lake Provo Broomfield Denver
K A N S A
COLORADO
Lakewood Aurora The Rocky Mountains
Mount Elbert Littleton Englewood
Price Grand cut through this region.
14,432ft (4399m)
Junction
G r e en River
U T A H The stunning terrain and the

C O L O R A D O light, dry snow that falls here YELLOWSTONE 6
Sevier Pikes Peak Colorado Springs
Lake Moab Gunnison 14,108ft support the skiing industry The first national
Richfield (4300m) park in the world,
Montrose Canon City
Pueblo in Colorado. Resorts such
San as Aspen are popular with Yellowstone was
r
gre
ve
Mount Ellen Uncompahgre established in 1827

S
La Junta Americans as well as

Ri
Cedar City 11,522ft Peak 14,308ft San Juan in Wyoming and

de
overseas visitors.
do
(3512m) (4361m) Mountains Rio

C
ra
Montana to protect the

ris
lo
Gran
Trinidad
to M
Lake
Co
Saint George Powell Durango Alamosa abundant wildlife and

oun
hydrothermal activity.
de
OKLAHOMA
tains
The United States

now has more than 7
Lake
A R I Z O N A N E W M E X I C O 350 national parks,
Mead
which attract millions
of visitors every year.
EARTHQUAKES
San Francisco, California
suffers from frequent
earthquakes owing
to its location on the
San Andreas fault line. 8
Modern skyscrapers are
designed to withstand Tourists watching
tremors, but many the Old Faithful
Silicon, an element,
houses, especially those geyser, Yellowstone
is used in many
on typically steep streets, National Park
computer products
are still at risk.
SILICON VALLEY
The area between Palo Alto and San Jose has been
nicknamed “Silicon Valley” because of the many
companies engaged in high-technology research 9
and manufacturing here. It is the center of the
world’s computer industry.
I J K L M N O P 15
NORTH AMERICA
B C D E F G H
U.S.A.: Southwest HOT PLACE TO LIVE

The climate across much of the
southwest is hot and dry, with summer
temperatures often reaching 38°C
(100°F). Although water can be scarce,
The Southwest is an area of huge contrasts. A lot of many people have a swimming pool in
their garden so they can cool off.
Oklahoma and Texas consists of flat, rolling grasslands and
huge farms, while both Arizona and New Mexico are hot, arid,
and mountainous, with vast canyons and river valleys carving
2 their way through the land. Since the discovery of oil in 1901,
Texas has become the country’s top oil producer Suburbs of Phoenix, Arizona
with Houston as the center of the billion-dollar U T A H
San Ju
Sa
industry. Tourism is also important to the Lake Powell a n River C O L
n
Ju
southwest, with visitors flocking to see the Page
C h Shiprock Aztec
an
Wheeler Peak
Grand Canyon, the Painted Desert, N E V A D A Lake y o n u s Farmington
M
n k 13,159ft
a a Bloomfield
and other natural wonders. Buildings Mead dC
ou
(4011m)
3 a n C o l o r a d o
Gr
nt
Tuba City
here reflect the mix of Hispanic,
ou
ai
Coconino
Plateau
ns
ntai
Plateau
Pa
Native American, European American, Los Alamos Espanola
in
ns
and modern American cultures.
ted
Kingman
Humphreys Peak
12,365ft (3851m)
Gallup R o c k y Santa Fe
De
Hualapai Sanders Corrales
ser
DESERT LIFE
CALI
Peak Flagstaff Albuquerque
t
The saguaro cactus can 8419ft (2566m) Sedona Grants
reach up to 50 ft (15 m)
4 tall, grow as many as
Lake Havasu
City
Prescott Holbrook
M o u n t a in s Vaughn
FORNIA
40 branches, and live for Belen

200 years. Cacti, yucca, A R I Z O N A Willard
ive r
and other plants have Wickenburg Show Low

all adapted to the hot, Socorro
do R
dry desert conditions

Glendale Scottsdale
N E W M E X
e
ora
found in the Southwest.
M o u nm e n t o
d
R ang
tains
ran
Signal Peak Mesa
Col
So, too, have many Globe

Phoenix Elephant
Rio G
4879ft San Carlos
animals, including the Butte
(1487m) Casa
deadly rattlesnake. Yuma Reservoir
Sacra
Black
5 Grande Clifton
Somerton G il a Ri v e r Eloy Alamogordo
Sonoran Safford
Desert Ajo
Las Cruces Organ Peak
Saguaro cacti in the Tucson Willcox 8871ft (2704m)
Sonoran Desert Deming
Benson
Sierra
0 km 50 100 150 200 Vista
Bisbee El Paso
Nogales
6 0 miles 50 100 150 200
Douglas
M E Fabens
X
THE GRAND CANYON
I
The Grand Canyon in northern Arizona is one of the natural wonders of
the world. This incredibly deep gorge was slowly cut out of the rock, beginning NATIVE-AMERICAN CULTURES C
6 million years ago, by the Colorado River. People can hike around its edge or Native Americans, including Navajo, Hopi,
venture down into the canyon to camp for the night. and Apache, used to live across the Southwest
O
but are now concentrated in reservations set up
by the U.S. government. The largest of these is in
7 Arizona and New Mexico and is home to the
Navajo people. The Navajo farm the land and
produce crafts, such as the woven blanket
wrapped around these Navajo children.
9 Kachina doll made

by the Hopi
16 A B C D E F G H
I J K L M N O P
ADOBE HOUSES Astronaut leaving the

Traditional homes of the Pueblo peoples of Space Shuttle by means of
the Southwest were made from adobe bricks a manned manouvering 1
of sun-baked earth and straw covered with unit (MMU)
plaster. Dwellings had a flat roof and smooth
walls. Modern adobe-style buildings can still be
seen in the Southwest but are often made of
concrete and then painted to look like adobe.
Here, a woman demonstrates baking bread in
an adobe oven.
M IS S O U R
O R A D O K A N S A S
Miami
A rk
I
Beaver Riv Alva Ponca City Bartlesville
er ns Vinita
a
Raton
S a ng
Boise City as
Guymon Woodward Enid R iv Claremore
er
re de
Perryton
Sand Springs Tulsa 3
Clayton Broken Arrow
Stillwater Sapulpa
Taloga Tahlequah
Cr i st o M
Dalhart Muskogee
Dumas The Village Okmulgee
Lake Borger Clinton Oklahoma City Warner
ARK
El Reno NASA
o u n t ai n s
Meredith Moore Eufaula

Pampa Shawnee Houston, Texas, is the centre of the
iv er Elk City Lake
ian R Norman United States space program. After a rocket
Canad Chickasha McAlester
Amarillo Ada has blasted off from Cape Canaveral in
ANSAS
Tucumcari Florida, its journey is controlled by
Canyon O K L A H O M A
Altus the National Aeronautics and Space
Hereford Lawton 4
Red Duncan Lake Administration (NASA) in Houston.
Clovis R Texoma
Tulia Childress ve Ardmore Hugo Astronauts are also trained at the
i
r Burkburnett Durant Idabel

Muleshoe Vernon center, and new space technology
Plainview is developed here.
iver Denison Paris
I C O W i c hita R Wichita
Littlefield Sherman Texarkana
Lubbock Falls Gainesville
Levelland Atlanta
Greenville
Roswell
Llano
Denton
Plano Sulphur Springs The Grand
Artesia
Estacado Brownfield
Snyder
Mineral Wells Garland Lake Tawakoni
Dallas
Marshall Canyon is up 5
Fort Worth Tyler

Hobbs
Seminole
Lamesa
Sweetwater
Abilene
Cleburne
Arlington
Ennis
Athens
Henderson
Longview
to 1 mile
LOU
Carlsbad Andrews Big Spring Colorado
Stephenville
Corsicana Jacksonville (1.6 km)
Tri
City Toledo
nit
Coleman T E X A S Nacogdoches Bend

deep, 18
yR
Reservoir
ISIAN
Guadalupe Peak Odessa Midland Ballinger i
Waco
ve
Br
8750ft (2667m) Pineland

r
Monahans Brownwood Lufkin

miles (29
az
San Angelo
os
Killeen ver
Riv
Neches 6
Pecos Copperas Cove
km) wide,
i
Van
er
Temple
Sabine R
Brady Livingston
Riv
Horn Belton Bryan

A
Fort Stockton McCamey Lake
er
Huntsville
S E Buchanan Taylor
and 217
Pe
Fort dw Round Rock College Conroe Beaumont

cos
ier
Davis ar Station Brenham

Sto ckton Lake Travis
miles (349
Riv e r
ra
ds Austin Color
P late au a do Baytown Port Arthur
Vie
Pl Kerrville Riv Houston

Alpine
at New er
km) long.
ja
ea San Marcos
u Braunfels Pasadena
Schertz Seguin Rosenberg Texas City
Amistad Alvin 7
Reservoir San Antonio Guadal El Campo Angleton Galveston
Emory Peak Hondo Lake Jackson
up
an Edna
S
7825ft (2385m) Del Rio

e Ri
Uvalde
An
to er Bay Freeport Gulf of
v
Pearsall City
ni
R iver Victoria
o
Kenedy
Eagle Pass
Beeville
Port Lavaca
Port O’Connor
Mexico
io
R
G SPANISH INFLUENCE
Portland
Robstown Close to Mexico and Central America, the southwestern
ra n
8
Alice states have long been settled by Hispanic people,
de
Corpus whose influence can be seen—and heard—throughout

Kingsville Christi the Southwest. Spanish is widely spoken, and the
Laredo Roman Catholic religion that the Spanish brought is
evident in the churches scattered here.
Laguna Madre
Norias
Padre
Island
OIL FIELDS Edinburg
The oil industry has provided Texas with a lot of its wealth. Mission Harlingen
Oil lies deep underground and is brought up to the surface San Benito 9
McAllen Brownsville
by huge oil jacks, also known as nodding donkeys.
I J K L M N O P 17
NORTH AMERICA
B C D E F G H
Mexico
ALONG THE BORDER
In 1994, Mexico signed the
North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA), which effectively bound its
economy to that of the U.S. A large
Once home to the great Aztec and Mayan civilizations industrial area has developed along
the Mexican border with the U.S.,
and then the focus of Spanish conquistadors who came in and many American companies have
relocated south of the border to
search of wealth, Mexico today reflects its colorful past benefit from the lower labor costs.
through its culture and architecture. The majority of Mexicans
2 is mestizo (mixed race)—of Spanish
and native Indian descent. Mexicali
Mexico City, the site of the San Luis U N I T E D S T A T E S
r
ive
Tijuana O F
Colorado R
Des
ancient Aztec capital, is Rosarito iert
od Ciudad Juárez
eA Ri
today one of the largest Ensenada lt Ri
oG
ra
Ped
Sier Már
de o Br nd
cities in the world, with
ar
Agua Prieta Samalayuca e
Nogales lNo av
rte o
ro
ra S ti r
3
a population of more than Cananea
Río Bavisp
16 million. Despite oil and natural
an
Caborca Magdalena
Nuevo
gas reserves and a plentiful supply Cumpas Casas Grandes El Sueco Ojinaga
of labor, large numbers of Mexicans B
e
Isla Ángel
os
are still poor, especially in rural areas de la Guarda a San Pedro El Sáuz
ch
de la Cueva
j
on
Río C
and urban slums. Bahía Hermosillo a
Chihuahua
Río
Seb
astí
Isla Guadalupe an C
Yaqui
4 Vi
zc a Isla
Cuauhtémoc
Delicias
Tiburón
Si
l
aí
Empalme
no
Isla Cedros i Ciudad Camargo

Guaymas
er
f Esperanza
Guerrero Negro o Jiménez
San Francisco
ra
Ciudad Navojoa Hidalgo
r
del Oro
u
San Ignacio Obregón del Parral
n
lf
Santa Barbara
M
Huatabampo
i
DAY OF THE DEAD
a
One of the biggest festivals in
ad
Gómez Palacio
Sie
5 Mexico is the Day of the Dead. San Blas
f
rra
It is believed that once a year Los Mochis
re
C
the souls of the dead can come
de
Loreto
a
back and visit their loved ones. Guasave
la G
li
M E
O
In celebration of this, special Guamúchil
Culiacán
igan
cc
food is prepared to welcome
r
o
Bahía
the souls, and offerings of n
ta
Navolato
P
de La
id
flowers, candles, and incense Isla Magdalena Paz ia Durango
A
are made at gravesides.

C El Dorado n
e
6 IF Isla Santa Margarita
La Paz
ta
LIFE IN THE CITY The volcano IC l
Mexico City is the political, economic, and cultural Tropic of Cancer Mazatlán
Popocatépetl is Miraflores
hub of the country and is home to some 16 million the highest peak Santa Genoveva Escuinapa
people. Its location, in a basin surrounded by around the city O 7894ft (2406m)
mountains, means that expansion is difficult. Air CE Acaponeta
pollution from factories and cars cannot escape,
so on most days a thick layer of smog builds AN Tuxpan
up over the city. Attempts to deal with
7
the pollution, including banning Tepic
cars from some areas, have had I s las
limited success. Marías
Puerto Vallarta
WORKING ON THE LAND
Agriculture employs 6.5 million people—about
one eighth of Mexico’s work force. However,
only 12 percent of the land is suitable for
farming because it is so mountainous
8 Mexico City and dry. The peasant communities of Manzanillo
is contained the south rely on farming for their
within a ring food, while communities
of mountains in the north are more
industrialized. Here, the
agave plant is being
harvested near the
town of Tequila.
18 A B C D E F G H
MEXICO
I J K L M N O P
Mexican selling CHEWING GUM

baskets, Puerto Chicle is a latex produced
Escondido by the sapodilla tree, 1
native to the Yucatán
Peninsula. In 1867,
American inventor
Thomas Adams added
sugar to chicle pellets and
invented an early form of
chewing gum. This worker
(right) is stretching heated
chicle with a stick,
preparing it to be made 2
into chewing gum.
TOURIST INDUSTRY
One of Mexico’s largest employment sectors is tourism.
Tourists are attracted to the numerous beautiful beaches
on both the Pacific and Caribbean coasts, as well as
Mexico’s rich blend of history and culture. Popular
A tourist sites include the archaeological
M remains of the Aztec and Mayan
E civilizations, such as the Mayan
R ruins of the city of Palenque. 3
I
Villa Acuña C FAMILY TIES
Mexico has a large population, almost half
Boquillas of which is aged 24 or under. Very often MEDIEVAL RULERS
A
extended families live together in one The Aztecs ruled a large part of this
Piedras Negras region from about 1428 until 1521,
house, with the mother at the center of
Ri
San Miguel when they were conquered by the

oG
ra the family. Mother’s Day remains one

nd of the most important dates in the Spanish. Their capital, Tenochtitlán,
e
Nueva Rosita Mexican calendar. was located on the site that is now
Sabinas Nuevo Laredo Mexico City. The influence of this 4
great civilization has left its
mark on Mexico—more than
Sabinas Ciudad 1 million Mexicans speak
Monclova Hidalgo Miguel Alemán Nahuatl, the native Aztec
language. This feather
Reynosa headdress is thought
Río Matamoros to have belonged to
Bravo Moctezuma, the last
San Pedro Monterrey
Saltillo Aztec ruler.
Torreón 5
Matamoros
Montemorelos
Aztec headdress
Ciudad Lerdo Linares
Sier
X I C O Ciudad Victoria Tropic of

Cancer Mexico is the world’s tán Channel
Yuca
ra M
Juan Aldama
Miguel Asua
Río Grande
main producer Rio Lagartos Cancún
of silver, which is Tizimín
6
adr
Fresnillo Ciudad Mante Progreso

Motul Isla
Zacatecas Guadalupe Ciudad Madero mined in the center Mérida Cozumel
Tampico
e O
Pánuco Umán Chichén-Itzá Valladolid

San Luis Potosí of the country. Ticul
Villanueva Uxmal Peto
Ciudad Valles
bbean Sea
Aguascalientes Laguna de Oxkutzcab
rie
Lagos de Río Verde Tamazunchale Tamiahua

Tekax
Felipe Carrillo
Jalpa Moreno Dolores Campeche Puerto
nt
Yahualica
Hidalgo Tuxpán
Poza Rica
Gulf of Y u ca tá n
al
León Guanajuato Champotón Pe nins u la 7

Tequila
Guadalajara Querétaro Tulancingo
Papantla Mexico Chetumal
Irapuato Pachuca Teziutlán Laguna de
Bay of Campeche Términos
Tlaquepaque Zamora de Perote Xalapa
MEXICO CITY Fransisco Escárcega
Cari
Hidalgo Veracruz Frontera
Carmen
E
Tlaxcala
Ciudad Guzmán
(MÉXICO) Alvarado Comalcalco L IZ
Morelia Toluca Puebla
Zapotiltic
Tuxpan Popocatépetl 17,887ft (5452m)
Córdoba Coatzacoalcos Villahermosa BE
Uruapan Cuernavaca Cuautla Tehuacán
San
Teapa
Macuspana
Colima Andrés Río
Taxco Zacatepec Minatitlán Us 8
Aguililla
Tuxtepec Tuxtla Palenque um
aci
Río Balsas
Iguala nt a
Tecomán
I s t m o d e T e h u a n t e p e c Tuxtla San Cristóbal
A
Huajuapan
AL
de Las Casas
Chilpancingo Oaxaca Ocozocuautla
Lázaro Cárdenas Chiapa de
M
Monte Alban Ixtepec Matías Romero Corzo Comitán

TE
Ixtapa Tecpan
Tehuantepec Arriaga Presa de la
Juchitán
A
Acapulco Pijijiapán Angostura

U
Pinotepa Nacional Miahuatlán Salina Cruz G

0 km 100 200
Gulf of Escuintla 9
Puerto Escondido Tehuantepec Huixtla
Tapachula
Puerto
0 miles 100 200 Angel Ciudad Hidalgo
I J K L M N O P 19
NORTH AMERICA
B C D E F G H
Central America Corozal

Lake Nicaragua
is the only
Volcanoes, earthquakes, and hurricanes
Caledonia
Orange Walk
freshwater lake
threaten the livelihoods of people in the M E X I C O Indian Church
San Pedro
in the world
seven countries of Central America. People Hill
Belize City that contains
Carmelita Bank
here have also struggled with poverty and
ze
i
2 civil war. In more recent years, however, Santa Elena
Bel sharks.
San Ignacio BELMOPAN
peace and economic recovery have offered Rí
oU Flores Dangriga
hope, and education is now free in all sum San Benito
ac
in La Libertad
BELIZE
countries. Remains of the ancient Mayan t ya s ahía
Ma tain Monkey River
la B
a
Dolores n Town e
civilization that flourished until the 1500s, Mo
u d
as
s Roatán
Sayaxché la
Is
ur
San Antonio
when the Spanish invaded, can be seen San Luis n d
Trujillo
Iriona
Punta Gorda Ho
3 throughout the region. Large numbers Gulf
f
o Puerto Cortés
La Ceiba
Limón
of the native population died Barillas Chisec
Puerto Barrios San Pedro Tela Tocoa
after the invasion, mostly from Jacaltenango Sula Savá
G UChajul AT E M A LLagoAde Morales El Progreso San Esteban
disease. Today, Spanish is the ie
S
Cobán Gualaco
Huehuetenango r r Nebaj Izabal La Unión
a ua Los Amates Yoro
main language of the region. M Rabinal Salamá
Mo
ta g
Gualán Catacamas
ad Río
Santa Cruz del Quiché re
Quezaltenango
Zacapa H O Siguatepeque
NDURAS Juticalpa
San Marcos Santa Rosa
Chiquimula Campamento
4 de Copán Guaimaca Bocay
GUATEMALA CITY Comayagua
La Esperanza
Jutiapa
Metapán TEGUCIGALPA Danlí
Escuintla
Santa Ana
eca
Chalatenango Jalapa
lu t
Ahuachapán SAN SALVADOR Ocotal
ho
San José C
San Vicente Somoto
o
Sonsonate
Rí
FAUNA AND FLORA San Miguel Condega
5
Ecotourism, which encourages visitors
but aims to protect and preserve the
EL SALVADOR Usulután aCholuteca Estelí
Jinotega
environment, is increasingly important in the sec Somotillo

n Sébaco
Matagalpa
Fo Muy Muy
region. In Belize, tourists can dive in the clear, of Ciudad Darío
warm waters off the world’s second-largest
N I C ABoaco
R
lf
Chinandega
Gu
barrier reef, and there are wildlife hikes to many
forest areas. Animals include jaguars, howler Corinto Lago de Managua
León
monkeys, and butterflies.
PA Tipitapa
Juigalpa
MANAGUA Masaya
C Granada
6
TEMPLE PYRAMIDS
Between 250–900 CE, the Maya IF Jinotepe
Nandaime Isla de
designed ceremonial centers filled Ometepe
Belén
with temples, courts, and plazas.
IC
Without metal, they shaped Rivas
DECORATED CHURCHES
tools from the solid lava The Spanish colonizers of the 1500s,
of volcanoes to carve the La Cruz
O
and the missionaries who came with
limestone buildings. One them, converted the native population and Golfo de
C
of the largest sites is at established Roman Catholicism throughout Papagayo
Tikal (left), Guatemala, Liberia
EA
Central America. They also built many
where temple remains
7 beautifully decorated churches. Filadelfia
lie in a huge area of The one shown here, El Merced,
tropical rainforest. Nicoya
N
is built in a low, squat style to
resist the ever-present threat
of earthquakes. The majority Península
of people still follow the de Nicoya
Roman Catholic faith.
Pyramid has nine

sloping terraces VOLCANIC REGION
Central America is an unstable area because
it lies along the meeting point of two of
Steps lead up to the Earth’s tectonic plates. There are at least
temple at the top 14 active volcanoes here, including Volcán
de Pacaya (right). Although this makes it a
dangerous place to live, the volcanic
soil is very fertile and is good for crops.
D E F G H
CENTRAL AMERICA
I J K L M N O P
FOOD MARKETS NATIVE PEOPLES

Coffee, bananas, and sugar These Cuna Indians of Panama wear
cane are all key exports from traditional embroidered clothes. 1
here to the food markets of Native Indians and mestizos
the world. Most are cultivated (people of mixed heritage) form
on large plantations. However, a small minority in the region,
food for the local population, although the ethnic mix varies
such as potatoes, avocados, from country to country.
rice, and corn, is grown on In Guatemala, more than
small farms and sold at half the people are direct
local markets. descendants of the
Maya Indians.
2
Brus
Laguna
BANANA INDUSTRY 3
Laguna de Caratasca
The hot, wet climate of Honduras is perfect
ca
tu
for cultivating fruit, such as bananas. These

Pa
Puerto Lempira
are often grown on huge plantations,
o
Rí
which employ local people who may

co work long hours for very little pay.
Co
Río Cayos Once cut down, the bananas are
Miskitos washed, inspected, and packed into
Waspam
boxes to be sent overseas. Bananas
are a major export for Honduras.
Tuapi 4
Yablis
Bonanza Puerto Market, selling fresh fruit
Cabezas and vegetables
Coast
Siuna As bananas grow,

they begin to point
upward
Prinzapolka
Mosquito
COFFEE BEANS
Barra de
Costa Rica was the first
La Sirena
Río Grande 5
country in Central America
to grow coffee and today
Laguna de Perlas
produces more than
AG UA 100,000 tons each
year. Coffee is harvested
El Rama from the fruit of the
Bluefields coffee bush. Once
picked, the beans are
left to dry in the sun.
This worker is raking 6
Lago de Punta the beans as they dry.
Gorda
Nicaragua
San Carlos
San Juan
del Norte
Upala Rí
oS
an Juan
Puerto
Bagaces
Cañas
Viejo
Quesada
COSTA
Siquirres
RICA 7
Istmo de Panamá
Alajuela Heredia El Porvenir
Limón Portobelo
SAN JOSÉ Caribbean Aligandí
Puntarenas Colón llera de San B
Cartago Guabito Cordi las Gulf of
Co Sea Cristóbal
oya
Cerro Chirripó r Panama Canal Lago Bayano

Grande Ta dille Almirante Lago Gatún San Miguelito
Puerto Darien
lam ra d
Nic
Quepos 12,530ft Mosquito S Obaldía

an e Laguna Balboa de e r
(3819m)
ca de Chiriquí Gulf PANAMA Chimán l D r an
de
Buenos Aires
Bahía Capira CITY
ía n
ar
o
Volcán Barú 11,401ft (3475m) La Palma PANAMA CANAL

lf
Cortés
ié
o de Coronado Palmar Sur Penonomé 8

G
BIA
Archipiélago Forming a vital link

Boquete Cordillera Central Isla El Real Yaviza
Aguadulce de las Perlas between the Atlantic
del Rey Garachiné
La Concepción and Pacific oceans,
Península de Osa David P A N A M A the Panama Canal is
ce
ul
D Santiago one of the world’s

Go lf o Gol fo
Chitré busiest waterways. After
Ocú Gulf
O
d e Chi ri quí Guarumal Las Tablas Jaqué sharing the canal with the
o f Pa n a m a
L
Península de U.S., Panama took full

0 km 50 100 150 200
Azuero O control in 1999. Over the years,
Isla de Coiba
Isla C trade has made Panama City a 9
0 miles 50 100 150 200 Cébaco major financial center.
I J K L M N O P 21
NORTH AMERICA
B C D E F G H
The Caribbean UNITED STATES

OF AMERICA
Grand Bahama
Island
Freeport
Marsh Harbour
This region consists of thousands of islands stretching from rov

Bimini
Islands
Great Abaco
i d en ce C
han nel
Cuba in the west to Trinidad and Tobago in the southeast. European Berry rthe
ast P
N o
colonists wanted control of the islands in the 1500s, but the diseases Islands
they brought wiped out most of the local Carib and Arawak peoples. Nicholls NASSAU Eleuthera Island
a
id
Town New
2 African slaves, imported to work on plantations, replaced local Rock Sound
or
l Providence
F Andros Town
peoples, and today most of the population are descended from
Ex oun
of Cat Island
S
um d
s Exuma
those Africans. English, Spanish, and i t
a
a Cays San Salvador
Str Andros Island
French are spoken in different Tropic of Cancer
Anguilla Cays
BAHAMAS
countries, depending on HAVANA Rum Cay
(LA HABANA) Guanabacoa George Town
which European power Artemisa Great Exuma Island Long Island
Cárdenas e
Pinar Matanzas ss ag
claimed the territory. Sagua la Grande Clarence P a Crooked
del Río
C h a na t á n
3 Archipiélago d
l
Town n
Consolación la
ne
Santa Clara Island

Tourism and agriculture La Fé del Sur
de Camagüey
k e d Is
Cienfuegos Placetas Croo
are major sources
Yuc
Nueva Gerona Ragged Island Acklins

Morón
na
Range Island
Ba
of employment. Cayo Largo Sancti ua
Isla de Ciego de Ávila ag ag
hía
e
Spíritus May s
la Juventud Pas
C U B A
d
os
Archipiélago de los Canarre
eC
ch Nuevitas
o
in Camagüey
os
Lake Rosa
4 Archipiélago de Las Tunas Holguín Matthew
los Jardines de la Reina Town
ge
Bayamo
ssa
Manzanillo
Pa
Cayman
Guantánamo
Palma Soriano
Brac
d
Santiago de Cuba
ar
Little Cayman
dw
Guantánamo Bay in
GEORGE
TOWN Grand Cayman
G (to U.S.) W
CAYMAN ISLANDS
r Île de la Gonâve
5
(to U.K.)
e NAVASSA ISLAND
(to U.S.) Jérémie
Montego Bay a am
t
J
ai Cayes
Spanish Town ca
CUBA e Ch
ann
Cuba is the largest island and the only communist country in JAMAICA KINGSTON r el
the region. It was supported by the communist superpower,
Car
the U.S.S.R., until the U.S.S.R. collapsed in 1991, at which
ibbea A
6
time many Cubans suffered great conomic hardship. The
Cuban government invested its money in improving social
services. The people benefit from good health care and a high Cuba specializes in
n Sea
literacy rate. Children who complete pre-college education making top-quality cigars
are awarded the Bachillerato. 0 km 50 100 150 200
JAMAICA
The Rastafarian religion began in Kingston,
Jamaica, in the 1930s. Followers worship
The most 0 miles 50 100 150 200
Rastafarian, whose
Haile Selassie, the former emperor of
Ethiopia (Ras Tafari), and believe that God
densely populated CARIBBEAN CROPS
The semitropical climate here creates ideal conditions
7
religion forbids him
from cutting his hair
will lead black people back to Ethiopia, the
Promised Land. Jamaica is also home
country in the for many crops, especially sugar. The growing and
processing of sugar is an important industry in Cuba,
to reggae music, a rhythmic
blend of African, European, Caribbean is Jamaica, and many of the Lesser Antilles, providing
jobs and income for the region. Fermented cane sugar
and South American
styles that can be heard Barbados. is used to make rum and is a major export.
across the island. Sugar cane
The lyrics often tell
of hardship and Plantain
political struggle. Breadfruit
Sweet potato
8
Papaya
Okra
9
Mango Ginger Chilli Banana
22 A B C D E F G H
THE CARIBBEAN
I J K L M N O P
HURRICANES
The Caribbean islands can
be devastated by hurricanes 1
between May and October
each year. These powerful
and damaging storms occur
when a normal storm builds
up energy as it moves
across the Atlantic Ocean.
Eventually, violent winds
and torrential rain are
released on the islands.
2
Tropic of Cancer FAMILY LIFE

Family is very important here,
and is usually the center of TROPICAL ISLES
everyday life. Some Caribbean White sand and warm
people migrated to other water attract vast numbers 3
TURKS countries, such as the U.K., but of visitors to these islands.
Mayaguana Tourism is important to the
s a g e & CAICOS return when they retire –
a s economies of many countries,
sP ISLANDS often bringing considerable
co including the Bahamas and
C ai (to U.K.)
money back with them.
the Dominican Republic. Many
COCKBURN TOWN people work in tourism-related
jobs, such as at hotels.
Little Inagua
Great Inagua
A T L 4
DOMINICAN A N
L e e
Cap- REPUBLIC w a r T
Monte Cristi
BRITISH VIRGIN d I
Haïtien Puerto Plata
VIRGIN ISLANDS I s C
Santiago ANGUILLA
Gonaïves San Francisco de Macorís ISLANDS (to U.K.) l
(to U.K.) a
C o r d i l La Vega (to U.S.) ROAD n
HAITI le SAN JUAN THE VALLEY
Centr ANTIGUA & d s
TOWN
O
Sint Maarten 5
ge
ra
La Romana CHARLOTTE (to Netherlands)

ssa
al
BARBUDA
C
AMALIE
Pa
SANTO Caguas Barbuda

PORT-AU-
E
a
Isla Saona on Ponce

DOMINGO Isla ST JOHN’S
Jacmel PRINCE M
Mona Mayagüez St. Croix BASSETERRE
Antigua
A
PUERTO RICO SAINT KITTS & NEVIS PLYMOUTH
GUADELOUPE
N
Isla Beata (to U.S.)
s L e MONTSERRAT Grande Terre (to France)
n t i l l e ss (to U.K.) Pointe-à-Pitre
6
er BASSE-TERRE
Basse-Terre
Marie-Galante
HAITI DOMINICA
Haiti was the first ROSEAU
A
Caribbean country to M a r t i n i q ue P a ss a g e
n
Is lands
become independent.
ti
However, political unrest, MARTINIQUE FORT-DE-FRANCE

combined with poor soils, (to France) el
hann
S t . L u cia C
l l e
have made Haiti one of

the poorest countries
ST. LUCIA CASTRIES 7
in the world. Health-care
and sanitation levels are Sa Vieux Fort
in t BARBADOS
s
Vincen
poor and, as a result, life t P as s a g e
expectancy is low. Saint Vincent
BRIDGETOWN
SAINT VINCENT &
KINGSTOWN
ard
THE GRENADINES
The Grenadines
dw
Haitian man Lesser Antilles

selling flowers ARUBA GRENADA ST. GEORGE'S 8
in
(to Netherlands)
CURAÇAO
(to Netherlands)
W
ORANJESTAD
BONAIRE
(to Netherlands) A TIME TO CELEBRATE
The celebration of Diwali (Hindu), Eid al-Fitr Tobago
WILLEMSTAD
B IA (Muslim), and Christmas (Christian) reflect the TRINIDAD &
varied religions of people in Trinidad and Tobago.
M The woman above is dressed for Carnival in
PORT-OF-SPAIN TOBAGO
LO Port of Spain to mark the beginning of the
Trinidad
O Christian season of Lent. Gulf of
San Fernando
9
C
Paria
V E NE Z U E LA
I J K L M N O P 23
SOUTH AMERICA
Although South America is much poorer than its northern neighbor, it is rich in natural
resources. Its mineral wealth led to its invasion by the Portuguese and Spanish in the 1500s,
and their languages and culture still shape the lives of the people here. The nations below
are listed in order of area, headed by Brazil—the world’s fifth-largest country.
Brazil Venezuela
3,287,612 sq miles 352,144 sq miles Latin American culture

8,514,877 sq km 912,050 sq km is world famous, thanks
to its infectious music
194,000,000 28,600,000 and dance. Here a
Brasília Caracas couple in Buenos Aires,
Portuguese, German, Italian, Spanish, Amerindian Argentina, demonstrates
Spanish, Polish, Japanese, languages the art of the tango.
Amerindian languages
Bolivia Chile

1,098,581 sq km 756,102 sq km
9,860,000 17,000,000
La Paz Santiago
Aymara, Quechua, Spanish Spanish, Amerindian
languages
Argentina Paraguay Ecuador
1,073,518 sq miles 157,048 sq miles 109,484 sq miles

2,780,400 sq km 406,752 sq km 283,561 sq km
40,300,000 6,350,000 13,600,000
Buenos Aires Asunción Quito
Spanish, Italian, Amerindian Guaraní, Spanish, German Spanish, Quechua, other
languages Amerindian languages
Peru Guyana Uruguay
496,225 sq miles 83,000 sq miles 68,037 sq miles

1,285,216 sq km 214,969 sq km 176,215 sq km
29,200,000 762,500 3,360,000
Lima Georgetown Montevideo
Spanish, Quechua, Aymara English Creole, Hindi, Tamil, Spanish
Amerindian languages, English
Colombia Suriname

1,138,914 sq km 163,820 sq km
45,700,000 519,700
Soccer is a national
Bogotá passion in Brazil. Paramaribo
Spanish, Wayuu, Páez, and Most of these barefoot Sranan (creole), Dutch,
other Amerindian languages boys on Ipanema beach, Javanese, Sarnami Hindi,
Rio de Janeiro, will be Saramaccan (creole),
dreaming of playing for Chinese, Carib
Brazil in the World Cup.
24
Hidden high up
in the Andes, the
ruined city of Machu
Picchu is a spectacular
symbol of the Inca
Empire of Peru that
was destroyed by
Spanish invaders.
25
B C D E F G H I
1
Northwest
2
South America 2
High mountains and plateaus, dense tropical rainforests,
and coastal swamps are found in this region. In the 1500s, promises
of untold riches attracted the Spanish to the countries here. They
found the vast empire of the Inca, which stretched from what is
now Peru into northern Colombia. To the north and east, other
colonizers—Dutch, English, and French—arrived. Today, although
3 the countries are independent—with the exception of French 3
Guiana—Spanish remains the main language. The population is ANDES MOUNTAINS

The Andes, the world’s longest mountain
mostly a mix of native peoples and Europeans, except along the chain, extends 4,505 miles (7,250 km) down the
Caribbean coast where descendants of former African slaves live. western edge of South America. Barley, wheat,
and potatoes grow well in highland areas and
are cultivated on the terraced hillsides.
C a r i b b e a n Puerto FRENCH GUIANA
Santa López French Guiana is the
4 Ríohacha Punto Fijo Isla Blanquilla only remaining colony 4
S e a Marta in South America and
Coro Isla de La Asunción Tobago
Barranquilla Margarita is governed by France.
Maracaibo CARACAS Carúpano TRINIDAD &
Gu lf o f Da rie n Soledad Valledupar Porlamar TOBAGO Tropical forests cover more
Cabimas
Cumaná Valencia than four fifths of its land.
Cartagena Ciudad Ojeda Puerto La Cruz Trinidad In 1968, the European Space
Barquisimeto Maracay Barcelona
Sincelejo Maturín Agency established a launch site
PA NAM Valera Acarigua Anaco on the coast in Kourou, which is
Montería Valle de Tucupita
A
El Vigía Guanare still used today.
la Pascua El Tigre
5
Aguachica s co Ciudad Guayana 5
uc a
Mérida Barinas San Fernando o Río Orino
Caucasia Ca Cúcuta n Upata Matthews A T
Río
a Ciudad Embalse
San Cristóbal e
u r l Ridge Charity L
p L Bolívar de Guri
Dabeiba Yarumal Bucaramanga Río A u ca El Callao
a Aurora GEORGETOWN
O C A N T
R ío A r
Bello Barrancabermeja A New E A
ta N I C
V E N E Z U E LEl Dorado
N
Medellín Río Me Peters Mine Amsterdam PARAMARIBO
I F
Puerto Carreño Angel
A I C
Sogamoso Falls Linden
ral
C
Quibdó Tunja
Nuquí eta Puerto R Totness Sinnamary
Kamarang
ío
E
Yopal ío St.-Laurent- Kourou
A
Manizales Ayacucho GUYANA
R
Río Caur
Orealla
Car
C
du-Maroni
a
Pereira Zipaquira
P
G
Cent
ins Apoera
í a
on
6 CAYENNE 6
í
Armenia nta
O
u
BOGOTÁ Kurupukari
n
Mou Grand-Santi Ouanary
Río Orinoco
Tuluá Ibagué i Pa karaima
o
Villavicencio Puerto Inírida a SURINAME FRENCH St.-Georges
z
Buenaventura
Ess
Palmira n Lethem
a
(Venezuela claims all GUIANA
Co
Cali a of Guyana west of (to France) Camopi

m
C O L O M B I A
ura
Essequibo River)
ra
Neiva
n
Tum uc
A
H -Humac Mountai n s
le
-
tyn
Garzón
l
e
Río
Popayán
equibo Rive
San José del O

r
a
i g
Tumaco rino
di
co
í
Pitalito Guaviare
r
(claimed by
h l
o u
IL
Pasto Río V a n Suriname)

7 Esmeraldas C Mocoa Florencia q aup
és d s (claimed by 7
o Z Suriname)
Ibarra n Rí Mitú A
Santo Domingo Tulcán i oA
pa
r po Equator BR
de los Colorados O ris
Equator QUITO CARACAS
Manta Río Venezuela’s population is growing rapidly, and more
ECUADOR Pu Rí
t oC than 88 percent of the people now live in cities. The oil
Ambato aq u
um
Portoviejo et á industry brings in considerable wealth, but many people

ay
Rí
o
Riobamba oN are still poor. Although Caracas, Venezuela’s capital city, is

Guayaquil apo
an important financial center, it has many shantytowns.
Milagro
8 R 8
Cuenca ío
Machala Pa Am
Iquitos
staza
Tumbes Loja a zo
n
Nauta
ri
Sullana n
Chulucanas ñó
ra
a
i
Yava
M
Piura l
ay a ANGEL FALLS
A
Rio
Río
Uc Each year, thousands of
9 9
Río
Ferreñafe Chachapoyas 0 km 100 200 300 400
tourists visit the spectacular
Tarapoto Angel Falls on the Churún
Chiclayo Cajamarca River in eastern Venezuela.
0 miles 100 200 300 400 They were spotted by an
n
San Pedro
Río
de Lloc American pilot, Jimmy Angel,
Hua
P E R U in 1935 and were later
ll a
Trujillo Pucallpa named after him. The water
ga
Chimbote drops for 807 m (2,648 ft),
d
Aguaytía making Angel Falls the
Huaraz Abunã
10 Rio highest uninterrupted 10
Huarmey Fortaleza
Huánuco waterfall in the world.
Chiquián
e
Cerro de Pasco
Huacho Cobija Riberalta
ni
D ios
Be
de
B
Callao Huancayo dre R
Puerto a
Río
M
s
Maldonado ío
AZ
R
LIMA Ri
C
IL
Quillabamba oG
uap
or
oré
11 11
di
Pisco Ayacucho Magdalena
R í o Ma
ll
Ica e r a Cusco Reyes
moré
O
c A Ayaviri B O L I V I A
Nazca c i Nevado Pupuya
de
Juliaca 19,088ft (5818m) Trinidad
Río
Lomas nt
al Lake
San
Nevado Ampato n Titicaca
M
20,702ft (6310m) Puno Copacabana
ig
ue
Camaná LA PAZ l San Matías
12
Arequipa 12
P Montero
A Moquegua Cochabamba Buena Vista San José
d
C Nevado Oruro The railroad
I Tacna Sajama Santa Cruz
F 21,391ft Lago Aiquile
A
Uncía Puerto from Lima climbs
I (6520m) Poopó
l
Suárez
C
Sabaya
C
SUCRE
e
15,807 ft (4,818 m)
H
Potosí
i p
Monteagudo
O
Villa Uyuni into the Andes and
l
13 Martin 13
I L
AY
GU
C E
is the highest in
E
A
a n
Tupiza
R
MACHU PICCHU
o Tarija the world.
PA
The conquering Spaniards never found the remains of this important Villazón
A N
Inca city—it stayed a secret until Hiram Bingham, an American
archaeologist and explorer, discovered its ruins hidden in the forest ARGENTINA
in 1911. Situated on a high ridge northwest of Cusco, Peru, this Tropic of Capricorn THE INCA
magnificent ruined city covers 5 sq miles (13 sq km), and has small The Inca first lived in the mountainous
14 houses, temples, and staircases built around a central square. area near Cusco in Peru. By the time of 14
Quechua the Spanish invasion, the Inca Empire
woman in extended north into southern Colombia
MINERALS LAKE TITICACA and south through Bolivia and into
Many countries in this area At 12,507 ft (3,812 m), Peru
Argentina and Chile. The Quechua
have extensive reserves of Lake Titicaca is the highest Indians were the most powerful group
gold, silver, copper, and gems. navigable lake in the world. It in the empire, and Quechua was
Colombia produces more than is also South America’s largest the official language. The Quechua
half the world’s emeralds. The lake. The Uru people live here and Aymara peoples now live on
Inca made good use of these in houses built on huge the high plains of the Andes.
15 resources and created many floating reed islands. They 15
beautiful golden objects, such grow potatoes, hunt birds,
LIFE ON THE HIGH PLAINS
as this llama. and catch fish, using
boats made from tightly The Altiplano is a cold plateau at high altitude between two ranges
bundled reeds. of the Andes Mountains in southwest Bolivia and southern Peru. The
native peoples who live here graze sheep and llamas on the windy
plains. They have usually retained their own language and customs.
16 16
27
NORTHWEST SOUTH AMERICA
A B C D E F G H I
SOUTH AMERICA
B C D F G H
GUYANA
VENEZUELA
Brazil
G
A u Uraricoera
ia
BI na
Boa Vista
The vibrant culture of brazil—with M

Hi
Caracaraí
LO
its fusion of music and dance—reflects the ghl
Ror ands
CO
rich mix of its ethnic groups. The country Pico da Neblina aima
Equator
9888ft (3014m)
also boasts immense natural resources with COFFEE Represa
Ri Balbina
2 well-developed mining and manufacturing Brazil produces about one fourth
of the world’s coffee, which is
oN
egr
Rio Jap u r á o
industries. Brazil grows all of its own food grown on large plantations in the
states of Paraná and São Paulo.
and exports large quantities of coffee, However, because world coffee Rio Içá Manaus
sugar cane, soybeans, oranges, and cotton. prices go up and down so much, A
ma
zo n
Brazilians are now growing other Tefé
However, the wealth is not evenly
ruá
crops for export, too. ra
Coari
distributed, with some people living in
ei
Ju
ad
io
s
ri
M
luxury, most struggling with poverty. ava R
ru
o
3 ioJ Rio P u Ri
R
São Paulo is home to almost 10 million
people, but poverty and lack of housing
Amazon Basin
means that many live in shantytowns Humaitá
Japiim
without running water or sanitation. Brazil Feijó
B R
PE
was colonized in the 1500s by the Portuguese,
who established their language and Roman A c r Porto
e Abunã
Rio Velho
R
4
Catholic faith. It remains a deeply Catholic R
U
country with a strong emphasis on family life. on
dô
nia
Cha
B Guap a d a
p
Rio Juruena
AMAZON RAINFOREST O oré d o Vilhena
Covering more than one third of LI s
Pa
Brazil, the rainforest is home to a VIA
re
ci
huge variety of animal and plant life.
s
5 At one time, more than 5 million
native Indians also lived here, but
now only about 200,000 remain. Over
the years, vast areas of forest have
been cut down to provide timber for
export, make way for farmland, or
mine minerals such as gold, silver,
and iron. The Kaxinawa Indians
(left) still cultivate root vegetables
as a food crop.
6
BRASÍLIA
Brazilian morpho butterfly Brasília replaced Rio de Janeiro as Brazil’s capital
7 with brilliant blue wings, in 1960 as part of a program to develop the interior
lives in rainforests from of the country. Situated on land that was once
Brazil to Venezuela. rainforest, the city is laid out in the shape of an
airplane. Government buildings are in the “cockpit,”
and residential areas are in the “wings.”
PEOPLE OF BRAZIL
8
Brazilians come from a variety
of different ethnic groups,
including descendants of
the original native Indians,
Portuguese colonizers,
African slaves brought
over to work in the
SOCCER FANS
sugar plantations,
Brazilians are passionate about football,
and European
which is played everywhere from beaches
9 migrants.
to shantytowns. There is fervent support for the
national team, which has won the World Cup more
times than any other country, most recently in 2002.
28 A B C D E F G H
I J K L M N O P
FRENCH
GUIANA 0 km 200 400
(to France)
SURINAME 1
0 miles 200 400
Tum
u c - Hum ac ths o
f
T
A
M o u n tains Mou mazon
the A L
Amapá Ilha Caviana de Fora A
N Equator
Macapá
Ilha Baía de Marajó TI
Belém C 2
azon
de Marajó de
ía arco
s OC
Alenquer Am
Ba o M EAN
Sã
Santarém Parnaíba
Altamira
São Camocim
Itaituba Represa de Luís Fortaleza
Tucuruí Piripiri AMAZON TRANSPORT
Bacabal
R i o Xin
C a b o de The Amazon River provides

Teresina
jós
Sã o R o q ue Brazil with its most important

Imperatriz
pa
Marabá Mossoró transportation link, not only for 3

ão Ceará
Ta
Açu
Maranh
gu
tourists but also for trade. Large

io
R Rio Grande do Norte

Floriano Natal boats can travel as far inland as
P a r á João the city of Manaus.
Carolina ba
Se
Picos Paraí Pessoa

a Araguaína
rr
do s Balsas Juazeiro do Norte

in
C ac í Campina Grande
au
ant
A him bo
Z I L Pi
ús
ambuco
Pern
Rio Toc
Al
da
Cachimbo Represa de Sobradinho

ago Recife
as
Ri
Juazeiro
Gra
oS
Maceió 4
sa
Palmas
ão
sco
mo
a
Ma
do Tocantis
dos
nsi
ad na
ap nti
For
nuel
Rio São Fra
Tocantins Estância Aracaju

a
D Ch
M
Barreiras
Serra
m
Serra
Feira de
ia
at
Taguatinga
Santana
o
G
ia
ro
agua
ss B a h i a Salvador B aí a d s
o s o s S a e To do RIO CARNIVAL
i á
r
n to s 5
Rio A
P lan al to During the five days leading up to Lent,

o Vitória da Rio de Janeiro celebrates Carnival. There are
Cuiabá G Conquista Itabuna
BRASÍLIA parties, balls, and parades in the streets, and
Janaúba samba schools compete for awards for best
Anápolis Cen tral Canavieiras costume and best float.
Rondonópolis Montes Claros
Goiânia Mi
na Araçuai
Jataí s G
Pan
era Caravelas
Mato Grosso Araguari is São Paulo has the world’s
ta
do Sul Governador 6
na
l
Campo
Uberlândia
Uberaba Valadares Espírito
Santo
largest Japanese community
Aquidauana
Grande
São José
Divinópolis
Belo Horizonte outside of Japan.
do Rio Preto Vitória
Presidente Epitácio Ribeirão Preto
Juiz de Fora Campos
Marília
PA Londrina lo Campinas Nova
au
Rio de Janeiro 7
oP
R Maringá São Paulo Iguaçu

Sã
Tropic of Capricorn
Paraná Santos
A
Represa
G
Ponta Grossa
IC
de Itaipú
U
R i o Iguaçu Curitiba
AY
Saltos do
C NT
Iguaçu Joinville
N
Blumenau
a Catarina
EA
Sant Florianópolis
LA
Passo Fundo 8
Rio Grand e
T
O
Santa Maria BEACH CULTURE

A
Canoas
Wide, sandy beaches along the
do Sul Porto Alegre eastern coast of Brazil provide
playgrounds for large numbers of
U Bagé Lagoa dos Patos Brazilians who come here to relax,
RU meet friends, and play volleyball or
G Rio Grande soccer. By far the most popular beach
UA Mirim Lagoon
is Copacabana (right) in Rio de Janeiro. 9
Y Only the strongest swimmers brave
the strong tides of the Atlantic.
I J K L M N O P 29
B C D E F G I
Mix of Colonial
1
Spanish, Italian,
and Art Deco styles
Southern South America of architecture
shows Montevideo’s
SOUTH AMERICA
Towering mountains, vast grassy plains, and hot rich history

deserts create a very diverse geographical landscape. The
four countries in this region—Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay,
2 and Argentina—were once Spanish colonies but gained 2
their independence in the early 1800s. Each country
has an elected government, but their
economies remain fragile. Most of RU
the population speak Spanish and P E
ITAIPÚ DAM
Co
The enormous Itaipú Dam on the
rd
are mestizo—of mixed Spanish and Arica
Paraná River in Paraguay is one
ill
3
native Indian descent—except for of the world’s largest hydroelectric LIVIA o 3
era
Argentina, where up to 97 percent projects. It can generate BO
90 percent of the electricity that Capitán
c
Occ
are descended from Europeans. Paraguay needs, as well as Pablo Lagerenza
large amounts for export. General Eugenio
Iquique
a
A.Garay
ATACAMA DESERT Fuerte Olimpo URUGUAY’S CAPITAL
Lagunas
idental
Sandwiched between the high Andes and the ocean, the The capital of Uruguay, Montevideo, is
h
Atacama Desert in northern Chile is one of the hottest and Mariscal home to almost half the country’s
driest areas in the world. Rain hardly ever falls here. This Tocopilla Estigarribia population. It is also the main
4
Chuquicamata La 4
C
harsh landscape, however, is rich in copper deposits. Pedro Juan port and economic center.
Calama Quiaca
D e s e r t
San Ramón de la Caballero This lively capital lies on the
Mejillones Nueva Orán PARAGUAY east bank of the Río de la
Plata and is a
Antofagasta Concepción
n
Pi Tropic of Caprico popular vacation
E
Nevado de Chañi
lco
m rn
20,341ft (6200m)
San Salvador ay resort because
de Jujuy o
Par
of its white
m a
Río
B Las Lomitas Rosario sandy beaches.
Salta
r
a
erm
aguay
ejo
L
5 5
G
Taltal Metan Coronel Oviedo

Cafayate ASUNCIÓN
Ciudad
Chañaral Cerro Galán Villarrica Caazapá del Este
Formosa
I
21,654ft (6600m)
A t a c
á
e s
San Miguel de Tucumán Yuty Eldorado
an
Caldera San Juan r

Cerro Ojos Santiago Pilar Bautista Pa
Copiapó del Salado Resistencia
del Estero
d 22,572ft
(6880m)
San Fernando
Corrientes Encarnación
Posadas
H
6 Añatuya 6
del Valle de
Vallenar Santo Tomé
n
Frías
R ío
Catamarca y
S
Domeyko al Reconquista ua
ug
L
ad Mercedes
o
Ur
Vera Goya
C La Rioja I
La Serena
A
Z
Deán Funes Laguna A
Coquimbo Mar Chiquita Monte Caseros Artigas R
Monte Patria
Ovalle
ná
Jesús María B
ra
7 Rafaela Rivera 7
Pa
San Juan Concordia Salto

Illapel Cerro Córdoba
Aconcagua Santa Fe Tacuarembó
Salamanca 22,835ft Paraná
(6960m) Paysandú o
Villa María e gr
La Ligua Rosario Río N Melo
La Calera Mendoza
Viña del Mar San Luis Río Cuarto
CHILEAN EDUCATION Mercedes
Chile has a relatively high literacy rate Valparaíso Godoy Cruz Gualeguaychú Mirim
Villa Mercedes URUGUAY Lagoon
(ability to read and write). This may be San Antonio SANTIAGO Pergamino Dolores
because between the ages of 6 and 18, Trinidad
8 Rancagua Florida 8
education is both free and compulsory. Rufino Junín Zárate
Pichilemu San Rafael BUENOS AIRES Chuy
Curicó Realicó s La Plata
General Alvear a mpa
(
Talca P Lomas de Zamora ve MONTEVIDEO

Ri Río
r
Pehuajó
de
Parral Linares Trenque la
Pl a
Pla te
Santa Rosa Lauquen ta)
Talcahuano Dolores
Chillán Olavarría Azul
9 Concepción Tandil 9
Rí A R G E N T I N A
oB
Balcarce
R
ío Los Ángeles ío
Lebu B ío Co
lor Tres Arroyos Mar del
ad o
Bahía Blanca Plata
Temuco Zapala Cipolletti Coronel Necochea
Neuquén Punta Alta Dorrego
Loncoche Choele Choel Bah
ía Blanca
Valdivia Río
Ne
10 San Antonio gro 10
Lago Oeste IC
Nahuel Huapí Viedma T
Osorno
s
Puerto Varas N N
San Carlos Maquinchao
A
de Bariloche
Golfo San Matías A
Puerto Montt
E
L
Ancud Peninsula
e
Valdés
do
Castro Go
Esquel
O
AT
lfo N
Isla de Chiloé Trelew u ev o
11 WINES FROM CHILE 11
rc ova
About 90 percent of Chileans live in Rí
o C h ub ut
Rawson
Co
the central region, where the rich soil
d
a
o Paso
is ideal for a wide range of agriculture. G olf
de Indios
o
Vines were brought to Chile by the
i
hic
Spaniards, and the country now has Lago
DANCING THE TANGO
oC
C
an important winemaking industry Musters Rí Popular around the world today, the tango
os
that exports wine all over the world. Puerto Aisén Comodoro
n
Sarmiento originated in the slums of Buenos Aires in
Coihaique Rivadavia
the late 1800s. This passionate dance with its
o n
Cho n
Lago Golfo San Jorge
12 Buenos Aires characteristic rhythm is accompanied by music 12
l os i pi él a g o
0 km 200 400
A
e
Chile Chico on a type of accordion known as a bandoneón,
H
Caleta Olivia
d rc h
Cerro Perito together with the piano and violin.
R
San Valentín Moreno ío
A
0 miles 200 400 De
13,314ft
s
sea
a
d
o
na (4058m) Cochrane Puerto
I
Pe Deseado
o de Chile has a large
G ol f Cerro
ANDES WEATHER Mellizo Sur
The Andes stretch the entire length of 10,007ft (3050m)
concentration of
South America, and this has a major Rí
L
oC
13 effect on the weather. As westerly air from hi Puerto San Julián astronomical 13
co BUENOS AIRES
P a t
the Pacific Ocean rises over the mountains, Isla
Wellington More than one third of Argentina’s population
its moisture can fall as rain and snow. By the aC ruz lives in or around the capital, Buenos Aires. A observatories
time it reaches the eastern side, the air is Río Sa nt
thriving port on the River Plate estuary, it is the
E
much drier and the landscape is more arid. El Calafate Bahía largest city in Argentina. The colorful La Boca because of its
Cerro Paine Grande neighborhood, with its painted walls, is home
8760ft (2670m) to the descendants of Italian immigrants. exceptionally
Río Gallegos
Puerto Natales
clear skies.
PA
14 14
Strait of Magellan
C IF
Punta Arenas Porvenir
I C
Ti Gaucho herding
err
a de Isla cattle in the
l Fueg de los Estados Pampas region
Ushuaia o
O
C
15 E Beagle Channel 15
A Cape Horn
N (Cabo de Hornos)
PAMPAS
Vast treeless plains called the Pampas—
which means “flat” in Spanish—cover
most of southern and western Argentina. The
16 Pampas are used to grow grain and raise 16
cattle. Gauchos—Argentinian cowboys—
work on large ranches, or estancias.
31
A B C D E G H I
ATLANTIC OCEAN
B C D E F G H
Atlantic Ocean GREENLAND

The largest island in the world,
Greenland is a self-governing
part of Denmark. Most
Greenlanders live on the
Fishing for
halibut
The world’s second-largest ocean, the Atlantic southwest coast. Mostly Inuit,
with some Danish-Norwegian
separates the Americas from Europe and Africa. The influences, they make their
living by seal hunting, fishing,
Atlantic is the world’s youngest ocean, starting to form and fur trapping.
about 180 million years ago, as the continental plates
2 began to separate. This movement continues today, NORTH
as the oceanic plates that meet at the TOURISM AME RIC A
Mid-Atlantic Ridge continue to pull apart. The volcanic islands and black
beaches of the eastern Atlantic,
The Atlantic is a major source of fish but, especially the Canaries (left),
due to overfishing, stocks are now low. Madeira, and the Azores, are BERMUDA
popular with tourists, who are (to U.K.)
Many shipping routes cross the Atlantic, attracted to the scenery and
Pla eras
3 and pollution is an international problem subtropical climate.
in
tt
Ha
Gulf of
as ships dump chemicals and waste. There Mexico
are substantial reserves of oil and gas in
the Gulf of Mexico, off the coast of west Gr
ea Pu e r t o R
ter T r e nc h ico
Africa, and in the north Atlantic. Ant
illes
Caribbean Sea
es
Colombian
ill
4 nt
Basin rA
Guatemala Le ss e
WARM CURRENTS Mid-Atlantic Tristan da
Cunha island Basin
The Gulf Stream flows up the Ridge
east coast of North America
and across the Atlantic. It brings Panama
warm water and a mild climate to Basin
northern Europe, which would Galápagos Islands
otherwise be cooler. (to Ecuador)
At the
5
center of
the ridge
Peru-
is a valley
at least 10 miles
(16 km) wide SOUTH
Ch
Pe
ile
ru
UNDERWATER MOUNTAINS
Tr
Ba
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a huge
A
en
underwater mountain chain that runs
sin
n
ch
6
the entire length of the Atlantic. It was
formed by magma that oozed up from the
sea bed, cooled to create solid rock, and PACIFIC
d
gradually built up to form a ridge. Some
peaks are so high that they break the
e
surface to form volcanic islands, such OCEAN
Peru
as the country of Iceland.
s
Chile
-Chi
ATLANTIC FISHING INDUSTRY
The Atlantic Ocean contains more than half of the
7
Basin
le T
Humpback whale world’s total stock of fish. Herring, anchovy, sardine,
breaching cod, flounder, and tuna are among the most important
WHALES
ren
fish found here. However, overfishing, especially of cod
Many whales and tuna, has caused a significant decline in numbers. Ch
ch
live in the Atlantic, ile
migrating from Ri
summer feeding se
grounds in the cold polar
regions to warmer waters
in the Caribbean for the
8 winter. They give
birth and mate
again before
returning FALKLANDS
north. Set in the windy south Atlantic
off the coast of Argentina,
the Falkland Islands belong
to the U.K. but are also
claimed by Argentina.
Fishing and sheep farming
9 are important. The land is
rocky, mountainous, boggy,
and almost treeless.
32 A B C D E H
I J K L M N O P
GREE N L AN D ait
Str 1
Labrador (to Denmark) rk
ma ICELAND
Sea en
D
REYKJAVIK FAEROE ISLANDS
Reykjanes
a
(to Denmark)
Labrador
e
Iceland
cS
Basin
nk
Basin Basin a British North
lB
lti
Charlie-Gibbs Fractu
re Zone c k al Isles Sea Ba
Ro EUROPE
g e
Newfoundland
s
Grand Bank
s of Bay of l p Mineral-rich waters
in the Blue Lagoon,
nd Biscay A 2
Newfoundla
Newfoundland id Iceland, are said to
be beneficial to
R
Basin Azores Med people’s health
(to Portugal) it
Zone
er
c
ti East Azores Fracture ra

Ris uda
s nea
ntain
Sohm
an
n Sea
m
u
e
Madeira o
Ber
ICELAND
Plain l (to Portugal)
a sM
t Great Meteor Canary Islands At
l Iceland is situated in the north Atlantic on
A Tablemount (to Spain)
the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. As a result, it has at
Sargasso Madeira least 20 active volcanoes and suffers from
-
3
d
frequent earthquakes. There are numerous

Sea Plain
S a h a r a
Mi
thermal springs with boiling mud lakes and

geysers. Water from hot springs (above) is
Nares used to provide hot water and heat for a
Pl a i n Cape Verde large proportion of Iceland’s population,
Kane Plain most of whom live on the coast. The
Fractur
e Zone
Cape Verde warm Gulf Stream ensures that
Basin PRAIA the country’s ports stay
CAPE icefree in the winter.
VERDE
S a h e l 4
ATLANTIC AFRICA
Dem
Pla erar
in a
Doldrums Fractur
e Zone Sierra The Atlantic
Leone Sierra
Rise Leone covers one fifth
Amazon
OCEAN Basin
Guinea Gulf of of Earth’s
Fan
M Basin
Ce a
i d
e
Guinea
surface. 5
rá Zon
Pl
a Pernambuco r act ure
on F
Ascensi
Fernando de
-
in
Noronha Plain
(to Brazil) ICEBERGS
AMERICA ASCENSION ISLAND
A t
(to St. Helena) Icebergs in the Atlantic Ocean

are formed when ice sheets and
Brazil Angola
l a n t i c
glaciers reach the ocean. Parts

Basin Basin break off and start to drift, driven
by winds and currents.
6
ST. HELENA
(to U.K.) Zubov
Seamount
Ilha da
Vitória
e
Trindade
idg
Seamount (to Brazil)

R i d
s R
Santos
O ra nge Fan
vi
Plateau
al
Cape
W
Rio Grande
g e
7
Rise Basin
Cape of
TRISTAN DA CUNHA Good Hope
(to St. Helena)
Argentine e Gough Island
Gulf of San Matías u re Zon (to Tristan da Cunha)
Fract
Basin Gough
Gulf of San Jorge
FALKLAND ISLANDS Za p io l a R id ge BOUVET 8
(to U.K.) Scotia SOUTH SANDWICH ISLAND
Sea ISLANDS (to Norway)
(to U.K.)
Cape SOUTH GEORGIA
Horn
ke P
assa ge (to U.K.)
SOUTHERN OCEAN
Dra
East Scotia
Basin
I J K L M
AFRICA
Covering one fifth of the world’s land area, Africa has a rapidly growing
population. Many of its 52 nations—listed below in order of size—are
desperately poor. This is partly due to hostile climates, especially in and
around the vast Sahara desert, but also because of a history of political
turmoil, ethnic tennsion or conflict and, in some countries, war. Despite
this, African culture is among the most vibrant on Earth.
Sudan Chad Ethiopia Namibia Madagascar Zimbabwe
967,500 sq miles 495,755 sq miles 426,373 sq miles 318,261 sq miles 226,658 sq miles 150,872 sq miles
2,505,813 sq km 1,284,000 sq km 1,104,300 sq km 824,292 sq km 587,041 sq km 390,757 sq km
42,300,000 11,200,000 82,800,000 2,170,000 19,600,000 12,500,000
Khartoum N’Djamena Addis Ababa Windhoek Antananarivo Harare
Arabic, Dinka, Nuer, French, Sara, Arabic, Maba Amharic, Tigrinya, Galla, Ovambo, Kavango, English, Malagasy, French Shona, isiNdebele, English
Nubian, Beja, Zande, Bari, Fur, Sidamo, Somali, English, Bergdama, German, Afrikaans
Shilluk, Lotuko Arabic (Oromu)
Ivory
Algeria Niger Mauritania Mozambique Botswana Coast
34,900,000 15,300,000 3,290,000 22,900,000 1,950,000 21,100,000
Algiers Niamey Nouakchott Maputo Gaborone Yamoussoukro
Arabic, Tamazight (Berber: Hausa, Djerma, Fula, Hassaniyah Arabic, Wolof, Makua, Xitsonga, Sena, Setswana, English, Shona, Akan, French, Kru,
Kabyle, Shawia, Tamashek), Tuareg, Teda, French French Lomwe, Portuguese San, Khoikhoi, isiNdebele Voltaïque
French
Congo, Dem
Rep of Angola Egypt Zambia Kenya Burkina Faso
66,000,000 18,500,000 83,000,000 12,900,000 39,800,000 15,800,000
Kinshasa Luanda Cairo Lusaka Nairobi Ouagadougou
Kiswahili, Tshiluba, Portuguese, Umbundu, Arabic, French, English, Bemba, Tongan, Nyanja, Kiswahili, English, Kikuyu, Mossi, Fulani, French,
Kikongo, Lingala, French Kimbundu, Kikongo Berber Lozi, Lala-Bisa, Nsenga, English Luo, Kalenjin, Kamba Tuareg, Diyula, Songhai
Congo,
Republic of Mali Tanzania Somalia Cameroon Gabon
2,344,858 sq km 1,240,192 sq km 947,300 sq km 637,657 sq km 475,440 sq km 267,667 sq km
3,680,000 13,000,000 43,700,000 9,130,000 19,500,000 1,470,000
Brazzaville Bamako Dodoma Mogadishu Yaoundé Libreville
Kikongo, Teke, Lingala, Bambara, Fula, Senufo, Kiswahili, Sukuma,Kichagga, Somali, Arabic, English, Bamileke, Fang, Fula, Fang, French, Punu, Sira,
French Soninke, French Nyamwezi, Hehe, Makonde, Italian French, English Nzebi, Mpongwe
Yao, Sandawe, English
Central African
Libya South Africa Nigeria Republic Morocco Guinea
6,420,000 50,100,000 155,000,000 4,420,000 32,000,000 10,100,000
Tripoli Tshwane Abuja Bangui Rabat Conakry
Arabic, Tuareg English, isiZulu, isiXhosa, Hausa, English, Yoruba, Igbo Sango, Banda, Gbaya, Arabic, Tamazight (Berber), Pulaar, Malinké, Sousou,
Afrikaans, Sepedi, Setswana, French French, Spanish French
Sesotho, Xitsonga, siSwati,
Tshivenda, isiNdebele
34
Uganda Eritrea

241,038 sq km 117,600 sq km
32,700,000 5,070,000
Kampala Asmara
Luganda, Nkole, Chiga, Tigrinya, English, Tigre,
Lango, Acholi, Teso, Lugbara, Afar, Arabic, Saho, Bilen,
English Kunama, Nara, Hedareb
Guinea-
Ghana Benin Bissau
92,098 sq miles 112,622 sq km 13,948 sq miles

238,533 sq km 43,484 sq miles 36,125 sq km
23,800,000 8,940,000 1,610,000
Accra Porto-Novo Bissau
Twi-Fanti, Ewe, Ga, Fon, Bariba, Yorùbá, Adja, Portuguese Creole, Balante,
Adangbe, Gurma, Dagomba Houeda, Somba, French Fula, Malinké, Portuguese
(Dagbani)
Senegal Liberia Lesotho Rwanda Gambia Mauritius
75,955 sq miles 43,000 sq miles 11,720 sq miles 10,169 sq miles 4,361 sq miles 788 sq miles
196,722 sq km 111,369 sq km 30,355 sq km 26,338 sq km 11,295 sq km 2,040 sq km
12,500,000 3,960,000 2,070,000 10,000,000 1,710,000 1,290,000
Dakar Monrovia Maseru Kigali Banjul Port Louis
Wolof, Pulaar, Serer, Diyula, Kpelle, Vai, Bassa, Kru, English, Sesotho, isiZulu Kinyarwanda, French, Mandinka, Fula, Wolof, French Creole, Hindi, Urdu,
Mandinka, Malinké, Soninke, Grebo, Kissi, Gola, Loma, Kiswahili, English Jola, Soninke, English Tamil, Chinese, English,
French English French
Equatorial São Tomé

Tunisia Sierra Leone Guinea Djibouti Cape Verde and Príncipe
63,170 sq miles 27,699 sq miles 10,831 sq miles 23,200 sq km 1,557 sq miles 372 sq miles
163,610 sq km 71,740 sq km 28,051 sq km 8,958 sq miles 4,033 sq km 964 sq km
10,300,000 5,700,000 676,300 864,200 505,600 162,800
Tunis Freetown Malabo Djibouti City Praia São Tomé
Arabic, French Mende, Temne, Krio, Spanish, Fang, Bubi, French Somali, Afar, French, Arabic Portuguese Creole, Portuguese Creole,
English Portuguese Portuguese
Malawi Togo Burundi Swaziland Comoros
45,747 sq miles 21,925 sq miles 10,745 sq miles 17,364 sq km 863 sq miles

118,484 sq km 56,785 sq km 27,830 sq km 6,704 sq miles 2,235 sq km
5,300,000 6,620,000 8,300,000 1,180,000 676,000
Lilongwe Lomé Bujumbura Mbabane Moroni
Chewa, Lomwe, Yao, Ewe, Kabye, Gurma, Kirundi, French, Kiswahili English, siSwati, isiZulu, Arabic, Comorian, French
Ngoni, English French Xitsonga
35
AFRICA
B C D E F G H
Northwest Africa
Four countries, plus the disputed area of Western Sahara, make
up this part of Africa. Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia have rich supplies
of oil and natural gas that boost their economies. Morocco relies
on tourism, phosphates used for chemicals and fertilizer, and
2 agriculture. In the fertile valleys of the Atlas Mountains, farmers
grow grapes, citrus fruit, dates, and olives. The area also attracts SUN AND SEA
tourists to its colorful Many tourists visit Tunisia and Morocco each year to enjoy
the warm climate and sandy beaches. Tourism provides jobs
markets, historical sites, for the local people and brings much-needed income.
and sandy beaches. The
Sahara Desert dominates Tizi Ouzou
the region, especially in C
I t rai
S ALGIERS
3
T t of GIBRALTAR
(to U.K.)
(ALGER)
Algeria and Libya. N Gibra
ltar
Ceuta (to Spain) N Chlef
A A Tangier
Melilla
Oran Blida
E Tetouan
L
(to Spain) Mostaganem
ARAB INFLUENCE Ksar-el-Kebir
T
C
Arab invasions during Chefchaouen Sidi Bel Abbès
A
Kénitra Oujda
O
the 600s and 1000s have Salé Tlemcen Djelfa
influenced the culture, RABAT Fès
u x Chott ech Chergui
religion (Islam), Casablanca Jerada
la te a
Mohammedia ts P en
4
architecture, and El-Jadida Ha u s a r i Laghouat
language of northwest in S ah
Africa. Today, Arabic is Khouribga n t a Atl as
Safi Beni-Mellal u
Mo
the main language, and
more than 95 percent MOROCCAN MARKET Marrakech s Ghardaïa
of the people here In a souk, or market, craftworkers Essaouira
A t l a Er-Rachidia Figuig
are Muslim. sell handmade products to l
tourists. Goods are displayed in MOROCCO Béchar n ta
booths along the bustling streets. ide
Agadir Ouarzazate
Occ
Erg
5 Tiznit Grand El Goléa
r a
a d a du D
H a m
Tan-Tan
A L G E R
Plateau
LAÂYOUNE Tindouf
El Mahbas Adrar du Tademaït
Smara
Boujdour
i
uîd
Bou Craa I-n-Salah
6
Ig Reggane
Galtat-Zemmour
rg
‘E
ITANIA
Muslims going to worship at the Hassan II
mosque in Casablanca, Morocco
WESTERN MAUR
ch
SAHARA
Ad Dakhla he S
BERBERS
(disputed territory
under Moroccan occupation)
Er
g
C a
7 The Berber people were Tropic of Cancer
an
T
the original inhabitants of

northwest Africa. Most now ez
live in the Atlas Mountains or M ro
uf
the desert. Although most
Berbers converted to Islam Lagouira A t
when the Arabs arrived, they
kept their own language and Berber woman L
working the land in
way of life. In 2001, Algeria
recognized Berber (Tamazight) the Atlas Mountains I
8 as an official language.
36 A B C D E F G H
NORTHWEST AFRICA
I J K L M N O P
ANCIENT RUINS
Phoenicians, Romans, and Greeks
DATE PALMS from ancient times have all left their 1
Dates are an important marks on this part of Africa. Today,
crop for Algeria and Tunisia. tourists come to admire the historical
Date palms are often grown sites along the coast. These ruins
at oases, where water lies of Carthage, near Tunis, date from
close to the surface of the desert. 146 BCE, when Romans laid waste
Here, the clusters of dates are shown to this city. The Romans went on to
ripening beneath polyethylene. control all of the north African coast.
Leaves from the trees can be used for
thatch and the trunk is cut for timber.
2
M e d i t e r r a
S e a Bizerte n e a n The pits from dates
Annaba Carthage
can be roasted and 3
TUNIS
Sétif
Constantine Sousse
ground to make a
Batna Kairouan
Kasserine
traditional date coffee.
Mahdia Ruins of a Roman
Biskra
Chott
Gafsa Sfax bath in Carthage
Melghir
de Gabès
Golfe Al Bayçá’ Darnah
Tozeur Gabès Île de Jerba TRIPOLI
Chott el Jerid Médenine Al Marj r ◊ubruq 4
Zuwárah (◊ARÁBULUS) h ça
Benghazi Ak
El Oued
TUNISIA Al Khums a l al
Touggourt
(Banghází) Al Jab
Az Záwiyah Mi§rátah Gulf of Sirte Cy rena SURVIVAL IN THE SAHARA
YafranGharyán (Khalíj Surt) ica The Sahara Desert covers almost one third
Nálút Ajdábiyá of Africa and is an inhospitable place to
Ouargla
Wádí al Íamí m
l
Surt live, with high daytime temperatures and

ta
Al Jaghbúb freezing nights. The Tuareg are nomads

en Marsá al Burayqah
ri and call the desert home. Traditionally,
g O
they raise camels for transportation
E G Y
5
r Tr i p o l i t a n i a Marádah and to provide meat, milk, and hides.
a n d E Jálú Many Tuareg now live in mountain
Gr Waddán
Great
San areas or dwell in cities.
d S
I A L I B Y A
ea
P T
Bordj Omar Driss
Birák
Tiguentourine
Sabhá
Awbárí 6
á na h
Tassili Zawílah ab y
-n-
Aj F e z z a n R am l a t R Libyan
jer Al 'Uwaynát
r a Al Kufrah
h Djanet
a Idhán Desert
Tropic
Cancer
of
ar
agg Murzuq 7
Ah Tahat Picco Bette
SUDAN
9573ft (2918m) 7500ft (2286m)
Tamanrasset C
H
R A Tuareg nomads in the Sahara
E D carry salt to trade in markets
G
I 0 km 100 200
8
N 0 miles 100 200
LIBYAN OIL RESOURCES

The discovery of oil and gas in 1959 brought considerable
wealth to Libya, and oil and gas currently make up 95 percent
of the country’s exports. As a result, Libya’s cities have grown
as people have moved from rural areas to find work in the oil 9
Libyan oil field industry. Some of the money from oil is spent on better health
care and education for Libyans.
I J K L M N O P 37
B C D E F G H I
NILE RIVER
AFRICA
The Nile is the world’s longest river. It flows north from

Burundi running along the Tanzania–Rwanda border, then 1
through Uganda, Sudan, and Egypt to the coast. Most of
Egypt’s population lives around the valley and delta of the
Northeast Africa Nile, which provides the region’s water. The river also
provides irrigation for local crops, such as cotton.
This region, known as the Horn of Africa, contains the oldest
civilizations in the continent and some of its poorest countries. The
borders that divide the countries today were mostly created by colonial
2 rulers in the last 100 years. Pastoral nomads with their herds of 2
animals often cross these borders in search of pastures. Most people
still live in the countryside and farm the land, but many people now
live in cities. Tourism and agriculture are important sources of income
for Egypt and Kenya, two of the richest and fastest-growing countries
in the region. Elsewhere, tribal rivalries and disputes over land and
3
resources have sometimes erupted 3
into full-scale wars and these,
together with droughts and M e d i t e reraa n e a n
S Nile
poverty, have blighted the Sîdi Barrâni D e l t a Dumyát
lives of millions of people Alexandria Port Said
Al ’Alamayn Suez Canal SUEZ CANAL
in the region. Qattara Az Zagázíg Al Ismá‘ílíyah The Suez Canal, opened in 1869,
Depression Giza Suez is one of the world’s longest and
4 CAIRO Sinai 4
-436ft most important artificial waterways.
Gr
(-133m) Beni Suef Gebel It links the Mediterranean Sea with the
e
Síwah Mûsa
Gu
at
7497ft Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea, providing
Sa
Bawí√í Al Minyá
lf o
(2285m) a crucial shortcut from Europe to India
fS
a
Mallawí ue and east Asia. The tolls from the canal
San
z
(W
Ni
le
Hurghada are a large source of income for Egypt.
í es
Qa§r
Asyút Akhmím
d Se
Faráfra
rá tern
a
Sawháj
Qiná
Luxor
a
a l Des
5 El Khârga 5
e
rb
Tropic of Cancer Isná Tropic of Cancer
Gh rt
)
íy
a Idfú
(administered
E G Y P T Aswan Dam Aswán
Gilf Kebir by Sudan)
Lake Nasser
Plateau
Plowing fields in
R
(administered by Egypt)
o
Ethiopia
Wadi Halfa
6 Jabal al 6
e d
‘Uwaynát
Wadi Ok
Nubian
LIBYA
6257ft Akasha
(1907m)
Delgo Desert Port
Abu Hamed
Sudan
Argo
Dongola Suakin
Shereik
S
Merowe Tokar
El‘Atrun
Atbara Haiya
AD
Ed Debba
ar
e a
lk
7 How i Ed Damer 7
i M LOSING FARMLAND
ád i el
W ad N ile Shendi As the population grows in Ethiopia, forests are cut
ABU SIMBEL W ERITREA
C H
Tourists come to Egypt to see the Omdurman down for firewood or to cultivate new areas for food
Massawa
pyramids in Giza and the temples Kassala ASMARA crops. The soil, no longer held firm by the trees, is easily
Umm Buru KHARTOUM Zula blown or washed away, and valuable farmland is lost.
along the Nile River, such as these Khashm Teseney
two built in Abu Simbel, south of fur Sodiri el Girba
Aswan. Tourism brings in money ar Wad Medani Da
to preserve these historical sites. Kebkabiya D El Fasher Gedaref Mek’elé na
Umm Sennar ki
El Obeid Ruwaba Maych’ew
lD
Aseb
El Geneina
Bl
8 8
es
Gonder en Caluula
er
t
Lalibela DJIBOUTI Ad
ue Ni
Nyala Er Tána Hayt’ of

Obock
Nile
le
S U D Rahad
A N Bahir Dar Weldiya f Boosaaso
Dilling DJIBOUTI G u l Shimbiris
Ed Da‘ein Ed Damazin Desé Dikhil
El Muglad Ch’ok’é Karin 7897ft (2407m)
White
Kadugli Buré Ábuyé Méda
13,123ft (4000m) Berbera Bandarbeyla
CE
E t h io p ia n
N
Malakal Diré Dawa Somaliland Puntland
Sumeih Hargeysa
TR
H ig h la n d s Mí’éso Dooxo Nugaa Sinujiif
A
9 Jur Hárer lee 9
Raga ADDIS ABABA Áwash Garoowe d
LA
W hite N
(ÁDÍS ÁBEBA) Oga
F
Sudd Nazrét den
Goré
ile
Ágaro
RI
Wau Duk Faiwil SOMALIA
C
A Tonj Jíma
ey
N E T H I O P I A Gaalkacyo
ll
Rumbek Kongor N
RE Shilabo
Va
Gellinsoor
Elemi Triangle Ábaya Háyk’
Sue
Bor
ft
PU
N
She
i
(administered be li Dhuusa Marreeb
R
BL
Tambura Amadi by Kenya) Negélé
IA
IC
A
at
Kapoeta Beledweyne
e
10 Juba 10
E
Maridi Yabélo Doolow
Gr
Busy street Kinyeti Lotagipi Xuddur
Yambio 10,456ft
Swamp Lokitaung
C
bazaar in Cairo (3187m) Luuq Buulobarde

Lake
IN
Baydhabo
O D
CAIRO DEM. REP. Arua Turkana

Gulu Lodwar Jawhar
Juba
The largest city in Africa is Cairo, the capital of Egypt, Marsabit Wanlaweyn
with a population of more than 15 million. Here, Arab,
CONGO Lira MOGADISHU
Baardheere
African, and European influences exist alongside Lake Albert Masindi
(MUQDISHO)
more traditional Egyptian customs.
Mbale KENYA Marka
UGANDA Baraawe
11 Eldoret Afmadow Jilib 11
KAMPALA Jinja Equator
Equator Meru Jamaame
Kisumu Kismaayo
Lake Edward Masaka Entebbe Kirinyaga
Nakuru 17,060ft (5200m) Garissa
Young Mbarara Lake Nyeri
Dinka man Kabale NAIROBI Buur Gaabo
Victoria Water makes up
RWANDA Bukoba Musoma
Lake Kivu Garsen
alley
KIGALI Mwanza Kilimanjaro almost one fifth of
Biharamulo Nyantakara 19,341ft (5895m) Malindi
Arusha
12 Shinyanga 12
SUDANESE DINKA BUJUMBURA the surface area
Moshi
There are more than BURUNDI Nzega Mombasa
Kasulu
Masai of Uganda.
500 different tribes in
gar
Steppe Pemba
G r e a
Sudan, who speak more Tabora Singida
Mala asi
Great Rift V
Kigoma Tanga
t
than 100 languages and
dialects. Like many tribal Lake TANZANIA Zanzibar
people here, the Dinka are Tanganyika Morogoro Zanzibar Coptic
DODOMA
R
nomadic—their cattle graze DAR ES cross RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
Ruaha
i
on the plains east of the at The Ethiopian Orthodox
13 Kipili G re SALAAM 13
Nile. Cattle are central to
f
Lake Rukwa Rufiji Tewahedo Church has existed
their lives—young Dinka Iringa
Mafia since the 300s CE. It is a branch
t
Sumbawanga Mohoro
men officially become Sao Hill of the Coptic Church and mixes
adults with an initiation Mbeya Kilwa Kivinje
V Christian beliefs, such as Catholic
Z
ceremony in which they are Njombe go
a we saints, with some traditional
A
given an ox of their own. l Lu Lindi African spiritual beliefs.
M l e
y Nyamtumbo Mtwara
Masasi
BI
A Songea
Tunduru Newala
14 14
Lake Nyasa
E
QU
MBI TEA IN KENYA
MOZA
MALAWI
Kenya is an important world producer of tea, which

is grown on plantations in the highland areas (such as
Kenyan workers this one below). High rainfall here ensures good crops.
MOUNTAIN GORILLAS carefully select tea Coffee is also a valuable export.
The Volcanoes National Park 0 km 200 400 leaves for picking.
in Rwanda is one of the few
15 places where you can still see 0 miles 100 200 300 400 15
a mountain gorilla (right) in
the wild. These animals are
threatened with extinction
because of poachers and the
destruction of their habitat.
Tanzania and Kenya also
have many important game
reserves that preserve the
wildlife of the savanna.
16 16
39
NORTHEAST AFRICA
A B C D E F G H I
AFRICA
B C D E F G H
West Africa 0 km 100
0 miles
200
100
300
200
400
300 400
i
Dramatically different climates and landscapes influence life in
îd
u
west Africa. In the hot, dry north, it is difficult to grow crops. Only oases
g
‘Aïn Ben Tili I
in the Sahara Desert and seasonal rainfall in the Sahel make crop- Bîr Mogreïn r g
growing possible. To the south, the climate is warm and wet, and ' E
k
2 crops such as cocoa and coffee are grown on large plantations. e n
h a
g H g
This region also has many valuable minerals. Despite these WESTERN Tropic of Cancer K
â
El E r h
rich resources, most countries are poor. Since independence h e c
SAHARA Fdérik Zouérat C
from colonial powers, there has been a lot of political unrest, under(disputed territory
Touâjîl e
often sparked by poverty and tribal rivalries in the region.
Moroccan occupation)
â n Taoudenni
a r
West Africa is also divided by religion, with Islam u
O
Choûm
dominant in the north and Christianity in the south. Nouâdhibou
â rAœâr
3
c h Chingueœœi S a
Ak
GAMBIA Akjoujt Oujeft El M
In recent years, tourism rey
yé
has become increasingly
important to the economy M A URI T A NI A
Araouane
of Gambia. Visitors come to NOUAKCHOTT
see wildlife along the Gambia Idîni Tîchît
Tidjikja
River and to visit the Atlantic Boutilimit Magœa‘
coast beaches. These safari Laìjar Boûmdeïd
4
tourists are admiring Rkîz Aoukâ Oualâta
a giant termite mound. Rosso Seneg Aleg Tâmchekkeœ r Lac
Richard Toll Kiffa ‘Ayoûn el ‘Atroûs Faguibine
al
Dagana Kaédi
Néma
Saint Louis Louga Timbedgha
Matam Goundam
Kobenni Amourj
DAKAR
Mékhé
SENEGAL Sélibabi Bassikounou
Thiès Mbaké Nioro
Mbour Diourbel
Ténenkou Mopti
5 PEOPLE OF GHANA
Family ties and a sense of community are
Sokone Kaolack Kayes S a
BANJUL er Baudiagara
important to the people of Ghana, and GAMBIA Tambacounda
Ga Kolokani Nig
mb Toukoto
ceremonies throughout the year mark the
Bafi
Bignona Kolda ia Ségou B a ni
events of childbirth, puberty, marriage, and Kita
San
ng
Ziguinchor Sédhiou Koulikoro
death. About half of Ghanaians are Ashanti
people whose ancestors developed one Bafatá BAMAKO
of the richest and most notable BISSAU Gaoual Koutiala
A
oé
civilizations in Africa. GUINEA-
g
Dinguiraye Bougouni
Ba
Boké Labé Sikasso
6
BISSAU Pita Tikinsso Siguiri
G U I N E A
T
Kankan
Bobo-Dioulasso
Kindia Mamou
O
Faranah
Ko
Tengréla
moé
L
CONAKRY Tokounou Odienné Ferkessédougou

S IE R RA
C
Boundiali Korhogo
A
Makeni Kissidougou
LE O NE Beyla CÔTE Katiola

E
FREETOWN
N
Bo Kenema D'IVOIRE
7 (IVORY COAST)
A
Nzérékoré
T
Gbanga Danané Lac de

Kossou
Tubmanburg YAMOUSSOUKRO
N
Harbel Gagnoa Ban

MONROVIA Zwedru S
da
C
Buchanan
ma
LIBERIA
as
Divo
san
dra
Cavalla
Abidjan
Sassandra
8 San-Pédro
Harper
DIAMONDS AND GOLD

West Africa has many valuable
minerals, including diamonds, uranium,
copper, and gold. In Sierra Leone,
where diamonds (left) provide crucial
9 income, the mines have been
a focus of fighting in the civil
war between rebel groups
and the government.
40 A B C E F G H
WEST AFRICA
I M N O P
FOOD CROPS
In wetter, southern regions, Cassava
root vegetables, such as yams 1
and cassavas, are grown for
food. Peanuts, which also grow
under the ground, are
cultivated in the north for
export or to cook in
traditional stews.
Peanuts Yam
2
LIBYA
Lake Volta in Ghana,
Tropic of Cancer
SPREADING SAHARA
The Sahara may be spreading south into a region
A formed by a dam, is
of semi-desert known as the Sahel. People are I
planting grass to try to halt the erosion
that may be a result of droughts, R the largest artificial
n e
overgrazing, and tree removal.
E Ténéré lake in the world.
h â kâ a r a G du
Séguédine
3
-S Tafassâsset
g I-
n
Tessalit L
‘E r Adrar des
A é
ér
Ifôghas Iferouâne
Assamakka
d Massif n
â
a
é
de l'Aïr
m
l
Ma o u A L I
T
Bi
de 4
A D
A z
Monts Bagzane
g
Er
6634ft (2022m)
Agadez nd
Gra
Timbuktu
(Tombouctou)
Gao
Ménaka
N I G E R Ngourti
H
Lac Ansongo
Niangay Di
Hombori lia
Tahoua Keïta
C
Ayorou
h e Tillabéri l Birnin Dakoro
Zinder
Nguigmi
5
Konni Tessaoua Gouré Lake Chad
Ouahigouya Dogondoutchi
NIAMEY
Maradi Guidimouni
BURKINA oto Hadej i a
Sok
Kaya Sokoto Nguru

Nig Katsina
OUAGADOUGOU er Jega Hadejia Maiduguri
Gusau Kano
Koudougou Fada-Ngourma Potiskum
Tenkodogo Koko
FASO Zaria ong
ola
Bawku Kandi 6
G
Yelwa Biu
Black Volta
Bolgatanga Sansanné- Kaduna Bauchi

Mango Natitingou Kainji Kumo
Reservoir Jos Gombi
olta
Wa BENIN N I G EP lJaotse aRu I A

Ot i
T O
N
Wh V
e Yendi Yola
it
Parakou Minna
ns
Tamale
un i
Nig ABUJA
Mo e b sh
Sokodé
tai
Ilorin Jebba e WEST AFRICAN FARMERS

GHANA
G O
Lafia In the dry northern areas, crop farming is restricted

Sh
Bondoukou Ogbomosho e to when and where seasonal rain falls. Herders are
O
Oyo Be nu
Wenchi Wukari partly nomadic and they need to follow the rains 7
Lake Ede Lokoja l
Sunyani Abomey Ibadan Owo Makurdi ote ns in search of grazing land for their animals. Further
G ntai
R
Volta
u south, where rainfall is higher, farmers grow a wider
Kumasi PORTO-NOVO Benin City Enugu
o
Kpalimé variety of crops for their families to eat, and for sale.
E
M
Abengourou Lagos
Nsawam
Volt
a Cotonou Sapele Onitsha M
Asamankese
Aboisso
LOMÉ
ACCRA Bight
of Benin Warri Owerri
Uyo C A Herbs, shells, bones, and sticks
Mou
Aba
Cape Coast of Guinea are used by traditional healers
Sekondi- G ulf Calabar
th s
Port Harcourt
Takoradi of
t h e Niger
MEDICINE AND HEALING
Many people here seek advice from a
traditional healer if they got ill. Often
the healer is also a religious leader.
MASKED DANCERS Treatment may include the use of herbs
Masks, such as this one from the Dan tribe of or magical items to fight off the enemy
the Ivory Coast, are worn by dancers who take spirit. Healers may also chant and
on different characters during tribal ceremonies. dance to attract good spirits.
Round-eyed masks represent males, while
straight-eyed masks are for females. However,
the actual dancers are always men.
I J K L M N O P 41
B C D E F G H I
AFRICA
1
Central Africa
All eight countries in central Africa were European colonies
with a painful history of slavery. Since the 1960s, independence has
brought them mixed success. Rich mineral deposits and the discovery
of offshore oil reserves have provided income for Cameroon,
2 2
Congo, and Gabon, while civil war and repressive
governments have damaged other countries in the
region. These include Chad and the Central African Tropic of Cancer
Republic, two of the world’s poorest countries.
Although the north is mostly Massif L
d’Abo I FISHING IN LAKE CHAD
arid, Africa’s largest tropical Aozou B Lake Chad is an important source of food, but it is shrinking
3 at an alarming rate. A shallow lake, it is now only about 3
rainforest dominates the Bardaï
Y
A 6.5–13 ft (2–4 m) deep on average. Its surface area
south, with the powerful Tibesti has also reduced, due to droughts and the
Congo River linking the demand for water to irrigate the land.
Zouar
interior with the coast. The
tiny, volcanic country of 0 km 100 200 300 400
S a h a r E r di a
São Tomé and Príncipe Ounianga
Kébir Ma 0 miles 100 200 300 400
4 Erdi 4
lies off the coast Faya r e s s i o n
Dép
i
E R
of Gabon. du Mourd
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS rab Fada
jou di
G
Although Christianity is Er g du D Enne
the main religion here,
I
many people also follow Koro Toro
traditional beliefs. These N Massif
suggest that natural objects, such as C H A D du Kapka
5 mountains and rivers, have spirits. Masks, 5
like this Bambuku head, are sometimes Nokou
Biltine
used to scare off evil spirits. Lake
Chad Mao
Abéché
Bol Moussoro
Ati
Mangalmé
NDJAMENA Goz Beïda
S U D
Mud-brick Mongo
home Kousséri
6 m 6
Abou-Déïa A zou
Massenya
A
hr
Ba
Maroua
Ch
a ri Am Timan PEOPLE OF CHAD
Ba Illi
N
Birao With almost half the country lying in the

Guider Bongor arid Sahara Desert, more than 70 percent
I A
Fianga of Chadians work on farmland near the
Léré Laï Kyabé
Chari River in the south. Across Chad
R Garoua Lac de Kélo Koumra Sarh Ouanda there are large numbers of ethnic groups,
E k
go
Lagdo B a hr A o u Djallé speaking more than 100 languages.

7 Doba n 7
G Moundou Maro Ndélé
s Bo Women here live an average of only
VILLAGE LIFE
I Mbé Goré de 50 years and have 6.2 children.
Baïbokoum s sif tt o
Most people in rural areas N Ngaoundéré Markounda Ma Ko
live in villages or small towns. Adamawa Highlan ds
Some grow crops, such as Banyo CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
Kaga Bandoro
cotton or cassava, for sale, Bossangoa Bria
Dékoa
but many exist by growing Bamenda C A ME RODO N Bouar Bakala Ippy Djéma
food just for their family. Foumban jé Sibut
Baoro Grimari Bambari Bomu Obo
rem
8 Nkongsamba Bafoussam Damara (O Dembia 8

Bossembélé u Alindao
aga Bertoua Ub bang
Kumba San an ui) Bangassou
Douala Berbérati g i
BANGUI Zongo le
Edéa YAOUNDÉ Mbaïki Mobaye Ue Dungu Aba
MALABO
Isla Nola Bétou Gemena Titule Watsa
Ebolowa Sangmélima Isiro
y
de Bioco Buta
Ambam
le
EQ
Akula Bumba Mungbere
l
UA Ngoko
Bitam Dongou Lake Albert
9 Príncipe
T O Bata
Souanké Lisala Con
go 9
Impfondo
Va
Oyem
RIA
L Sembé Nia-Nia Bunia
SAO TOME &
GUIN EA Ouésso Epéna ri
Acalayong zo
PRINCIPE
en
Bélinga onga Yangambi
Cocobeach Lul A t
São Tomé CONGO Beni
Ubangi
Ruw
LIBREVILLE n
SÃO TOMÉ Mbandaka Butembo t
N DR i f
Etoumbi Kisangani
(Oubangui)
Ndjolé Makoua i
Boende Equator
A
Equator s ea
Owando Lake Edward
Lo m
N B aTshu Lubutu
UG
am
G A B OBonda o
i
L u ala
Port-Gentil
Gr
apa
Lambaréné a
M
C o n g Ikela
ba
Koulamoutou Lac
i
m Oyo
go
as
Fougamou
Al
s
10 Moanda Ntomba Goma 10
Ch
Con
ma
ai if d
Omboué Lake Kivu
Mouila l l u u Franceville
Gamboma D E M . R E P . RWANDA
Mpa
Ndendé Lac Mai-Ndombe Lomela Bukavu
Setté Cama Djambala Kalima
Mossendjo Ngo
Plateaux Bandundu C O N G O Kindu BURUNDI
Kibangou Batéké L u k en i e
Kas
ai Lodja
Ndindi Sibiti BRAZZAVILLE Kibombo
Dolisie Mangai Ilebo
Nkayi
San
Kasongo
k
11 Pointe-Noire Mweka 11
Kikwit ur
u
CONGO Tshela
KINSHASA Kenge
Kongolo
CABINDA Mbanza- Luebo Demba
The Congo River, also called the Zaire, is a (to Angola) Boma Lubao Kalemie
crucial part of the area’s transportation system. Ngungu Kananga
TANZ
Kabinda
Kwilu
Dugout canoes and motor boats take people, Matadi Kasongo-Lunda Lu
kuga
Mbuji-Mayi
R a n g e
goods, and even health clinics from cities to Lake
T
AN Tshikapa Tanganyika
the villages and back. The river is home to Gandajika
Mwene-Ditu Luvu
a
ANI
Kw
many species of fish, as well as crocodiles.
GO
Manono Moba
A OC
an
A
L
b a
go
N
gu
Mulongo n
A
12 12
Lulua
ru
m
TI
Ma
LA EAN
Kasai
u
C
The waters of the Kamina Lac
a
Upemba
i t
Congo River have the Lake

Mweru
M
Lualab
Lu
capacity to provide Kasaji

fira
Kolwezi
electrical power for Dilolo Likasi
13 13
zi
be
all of Africa. m Kipushi
Za
Lubumbashi
ZA
MB
REFUGEES
There are more than 5.4 million African refugees south of the
IA
Sahara—more than 40 percent of the world’s total. Conflicts, such
as the civil war in Chad, and corrupt governments, such as in the Copper
MINING FOR COPPER
Central African Republic, have resulted in huge
14 numbers of Africans leaving their homes. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has 14
vast reserves of copper and was once one of
the world’s major exporters. More recently,
however, competition from lower-cost
producers, such as Chile, has seen a
LOGGING IN GABON
dramatic downturn in the industry.
Timber provides valuable income for
Gabon, with most of the demand for
okoumé—a softwood used to make
plywood. Hardwoods, such as
15 mahogany and ebony, are 15
also felled. Because logging
poses a threat to the
future of the forests,
the government is now
setting up conservation
programs, including
15 national parks that
together cover at least
10 percent of the country.
16 16
43
CENTRAL AFRICA
A B C D E F G H I
AFRICA
B C D E F G H
Southern Africa 0 km
0 miles
200
200
400
400
From the dramatic Namib and
o
ng
CABINDA Cabinda
Co
Kalahari deserts in the west to the tropical (to Angola)
forests in the north, southern Africa M’Banza Congo
DE
Cu
is a region of contrasts. Oil, diamonds, gold,
an
Uíge Lóvua Chitato
M
2 and other precious metals are all mined
o
Ambriz
.R
Lucapa Lake
here. There are huge inland plains that Caxito
Camabatela
Mweru
are home to a variety of wildlife and large LUANDA P.
E
N’Dalatando
Saurimo
areas devoted to agriculture. But flooding Dondo Cua nz a
Malanje CO
and droughts, together with civil unrest, NGO
have hampered development so that, despite
Gabela
ANG OLA Mansa
Sumbe Uaco Cungo zi
an abundance of natural resources, many Luena be
3 Môco
m
Camacupa Solwezi
Za
8563ft Mufulira
countries remain poor. Lobito (2610m) Lu n
o
gé-Bu
mp
Kuito ngo Chingola
Planalto
bo
Benguela Kitwe
Ka
SAN BUSHMEN
Caála Huambo
One of the few groups of hunter-gatherers left in Cubal Zambezi Luanshya
do Bié
San hunter using a
poison-tipped arrow
Africa, the San people roam the Kalahari Desert.
Also known as Bush people, many San are
Caconda
Cubango
Z A M B I A
now changing to a more settled life, Cuan Kaoma Nambala Kabwe
Lubango
K af u e
often working on cattle ranches. Menongue d
LUSAKA
o
Huíla Mongu
4 Namibe Mazabuka Kafue
Cu
Plateau
ba
Tombua Monze Kariba
ngo
Cu Choma
ito
nene N’Giva Katima Mulilo Victoria Lake
Cu Falls Kariba
rip Livingstone
Olifa Oshikango Caprivi S t
Rundu Victoria Falls
Etosha O Hwange
Okavango
ka
Pan
N
va
Tsumeb Delta ZIMBABWE
ng
o
Tunnels transport
a
5 Otavi Grootfontein Maun Bulawayo

water between
m
dams Otjiwarongo Nata

Gwanda
i b
NAMIBIA Francistown
Sh
Ghanzi as
Brandberg he
8442ft (2573m) B O T S W Serowe
ANA
D
Wlotzkasbaken Gobabis o
Karibib Mamuno
Palapye op
p
e s
Swakopmund
Lim
WINDHOEK Mahalapye
6 The Okavango River LESOTHO
Walvis Bay
Rehoboth Kalahari
Polokwane
(Pietersburg)
e r t
Tropic of Capricorn Mochudi

does not run out to the Dams
Water is a
valuable resource in
Fis
h
Mariental
No Jwaneng
GABORONE Modimolle
(Nylstroom)
Werda Kanye
ocean like most rivers,
so
southern Africa, and

Au
are marked
p
TSHWANE / PRETORIA
Lesotho makes good use
Desert
ob
in black
of its mountainous land and
but runs inland into numerous rivers. The Highlands Water Project
Keetmanshoop op
o
Mmabatho
Johannesburg
Soweto
uses dams and tunnels to transport water M ol
the Kalahari Desert.
e
be ot
Klerksdorp
rg
o
AT
to neighboring South Africa. Lüderitz Aus Gr s Vaa

l
ra
7 Klein Karas K a
Karasburg S O U T H Kroonstad
Bethlehem
LA
GOLD MINING O Upington Welkom

JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA ra
nge
With a population of more than 7.5 million, Gold, first discovered near R i v er Kimberley LESOTHO
NT
Johannesburg is the fourth-largest city in Africa Johannesburg in 1886, brought a Oranjemund

great deal of wealth to the region. BLOEMFONTEIN
after Cairo, Lagos, and Kinshasa. Many people
have moved here from the surrounding South Africa currently produces Prieska MASERU
IC
countryside in search of work. about 12 percent of the world’s gold.

A F R I C A Kokstad
er
g
De Aar Colesberg
n sb
O
ke
8 St r a Umtata
C
He D
len
EA
aB Beaufort West Cradock Queenstown
Mdantsane East
ay
Karoo
Great
N
Uitenhage London
Bellville
George Port Alfred
CAPE Worcester
TOWN Mosselbaai Port Elizabeth
Cape of
Good Hope Cape Agulhas
9
44 A B C D E F G H
SOUTHERN AFRICA
J K L M N O P
MOZAMBIQUE FLOODS
Mozambique suffered a devastating
civil war until 1992, and as a result VICTORIA FALLS 1
many people continue to rely on At Victoria Falls, situated on the
foreign aid. Floods in 2000 made Zambia-Zimbabwe border, the mighty
conditions worse, as they left Zambezi River drops 420 ft (128 m) down
millions homeless and vulnerable. a narrow chasm. The sound of the crashing
water can be heard 25 miles (40 km) away.
Lake
2
Rukwa TA Tobacco
NZ plantation
Mbala
A WORKING THE LAND
N In both Malawi and Mozambique, agriculture employs
Kasama
Lake Nyasa
IA more than four out of every five workers. Important crops
Isoka include cotton, tea, tobacco, and sugar.
MALAWI um Mocímboa
Samfya Mzuzu Rov a da Praia
R io
3
Mpika Negomane COMOROS
MORONI
da
gen alo
Grande Comore
Lu Mucojo Tanjona
ess Anjouan
o
M Bobaomby
Ri
Serenje R io Mohéli
LILONGWE Pemba MAMOUDZOU
Chipata Antsiranana
Salima
rio Lúrio MAYOTTE
Monkey Bay Rio Lú
(to France)
Albufeira de Nacala Ambanja
Zomba
Cahora Bassa
E Lumbo
Analalava Sambava 4
Vila do Blantyre U Nampula Maromokotro
Za
Zumbo Tete Antsohihy 9436ft

b eMilange Antalaha
m
zi Q Mahajanga (2876m)
Nyamapanda Maroantsetra
Nsanje I Mocuba
l
R
HARARE
e
Inyangani A
B
8504ft (2592m)
n
Chitungwiza Quelimane
B em
MADAGASCAN MAMMALS
S C
ha
M
Kadoma Fenoarivo
Chimoio Madagascar has an unusual range of mammals
Kwekwe Mutare Atsinanana
a raha
that developed in isolation after the island

C
A
Toamasina split from the African mainland. It is the 5

A
e
Beira only place where lemurs, members of

qu
Masvingo ANTANANARIVO
Z
the primate family, live in the wild.

G
Zvishavane
bi
Machanga Morondava Betafo

O
A
am
e
Rio S av
y
D
ka Ambositra
M
Ma
oz
Mananjary
PORT LOUIS
M A
Musina Fianarantsoa
Ch
M a n g oky
M
(Messina) ST.-DENIS
ang
Ihosy
MAURITIUS 6
ane
Manakara
Inhambane Toliara RÉUNION
Farafangana
n ds
Ring-tailed (to France) la
Vangaindrano Tropic of
n e Is
Quissico C apricorn lemur Masc a re
Xai-Xai
MAPUTO
MBABANE Amboasary
Tanjona
SWAZILAND Vohimena
7
Dundee APARTHEID
In 1994, Nelson Mandela became
the first black president to govern
South Africa. This historic event
Pietermaritzburg marked the end of white rule and
Durban the first fair elections in the new
“Rainbow Nation”. Apartheid was
N
a policy of racial segregation and

IA
restricted the rights of black people.

N
8
A
D
IN
E
WILDLIFE
C
Southern Africa
O is home to a huge
variety of animals. Numerous
parks have been created to protect
the animals and their habitat. The
Gaza-Kruger-Gonarezhou Transfrontier
Park joins parks in Mozambique,
South Africa, and Zimbabwe to 9
form the largest conservation
and ecotourism park in Africa.
I J K L M N O P 45
EUROPE
Separated from Asia by the ridge of the Ural Mountains, Europe is
a continent of very different nations, listed below in order of their land
area. Each nation has its own language and culture, but they share a
2,000-year-old history of civilization that has inspired some of the world’s
greatest political ideas, works of art, and innovations in technology.
Russian United Bosnia and

Federation Germany Kingdom Iceland Serbia Herzegovina
6,601,668 sq miles 137,847 sq miles 94,058 sq miles 39,769 sq miles 29,913 sq miles 19,767 sq miles
17,098,242 sq km 357,022 sq km 243,610 sq km 103,000 sq km 77,474 sq km 51,197 sq km
141,000,000 82,200,000 61,600,000 322,700 7,750,000 3,770,000
Moscow Berlin London Reykjavík Belgrade Sarajevo
Russian, Tatar, Ukrainian, German, Turkish English, Welsh, Scottish Icelandic Serbian, Hungarian Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian
Chuvash, various other national Gaelic, Irish Gaelic (Magyar)
languages
Slovakia
France Finland Romania Hungary Ireland
643,427 sq km 338,145 sq km 238,391sq km 93,028 sq km 70,273 sq km 49,035 sq km
62,300,000 5,330,000 21,300,000 9,990,000 4,520,000 5,410,000
Paris Helsinki Bucharest Budapest Dublin Bratislava
French, Provençal, German, Finnish, Swedish, Sami Romanian, Hungarian Hungarian (Magyar) English, Irish Gaelic Slovak, Hungarian
Breton, Catalan, Basque (Magyar), Romany, German (Magyar), Czech
Ukraine Norway Belarus Portugal Lithuania Estonia
45,700,000 4,810,000 9,630,000 10,700,000 3,290,000 1,340,000
Kiev Oslo Minsk Lisbon Vilnius Tallinn
Ukrainian, Russian, Tatar Norwegian (Bokmål , Belarussian, Russian Portuguese Lithuanian, Russian Estonian, Russian
“book language,” and Nynorsk,“
new Norsk”), Sami
Spain Poland Greece Austria Latvia Denmark
44,900,000 38,100,000 11,200,000 8,360,000 2,250,000 5,470,000
Madrid Warsaw Athens Vienna Riga Copenhagen
Spanish, Catalan, Galician, Polish Greek, Turkish, Macedonian, German, Croatian, Latvian, Russian Danish
Basque Albanian Slovenian, Hungarian (Magyar)
Czech
Sweden Italy Bulgaria Republic Croatia Netherlands
9,250,000 59,900,000 7,540,000 10,400,000 4,420,000 16,600,000
Stockholm Rome Sofia Prague Zagreb Amsterdam
Swedish, Finnish, Sami Italian, German, French, Bulgarian, Turkish, Romany Czech, Slovak, Hungarian Croatian Dutch, Frisian
Rhaeto-Romanic, Sardinian (Magyar)
46
Switzerland Slovenia

41,277 sq km 20,273 sq km
7,570,000 2,020,000
Bern Ljubljana
German, Swiss-German, Slovenian
French, Italian, Romansh
Moldova Montenegro

33,851 sq km 13,812 sq km
3,600,000 624,200
Chisinau Podgorica
Moldovan, Ukrainian, Montenegrin, Serbian,
Russian Albanian, Bosnian, Croatian
Belgium
11,787 sq miles
30,528 sq km
10,600,000
Brussels The cathedral dome of
Dutch, French, German Santa Maria del Fiore
dominates the skyline
of Florence, Italy—one
of the world’s most
beautiful cities.
Albania Kosovo Luxembourg Malta San Marino Vatican City
11,100 sq miles 4,203 sq miles 998 sq miles 122 sq miles 24 sq miles 0.17 sq miles
28,748 sq km 10,887 sq km 2,586 sq km 316 sq km 61 sq km 0.44 sq km
3,160,000 2,100,000 486,200 408,700 31,400 800
Tirana Pristina Luxembourg Valletta San Marino Vatican City
Albanian, Greek Albanian, Serbian, Bosnian, Luxembourgish, German, Maltese, English Italian Italian, Latin
Gorani, Romany, Turkish French
Macedonia Cyprus Andorra Liechtenstein Monaco
9,928 sq miles 3,572 sq miles 181 sq miles 62 sq miles 0.77 sq miles

25,713 sq km 9,251 sq km 468 sq km 160 sq km 2 sq km
2,040,000 871,000 82,200 35,000 32,000
Skopje Nicosia Andorra la Vella Vaduz Monaco
Macedonian, Albanian, Greek, Turkish Spanish, Catalan, French, German, Alemannisch French, Italian, Monégasque,
Turkish, Romany, Serbian Portuguese dialect, Italian English
47
B C D E F G H I
1
Scandinavia and Finland SKIING
The three scandinavian countries of Norway, Sweden, and During the winter months, most
Denmark, along with neighboring Finland, are among the most northerly of Scandinavia is covered in
countries in Europe. Here the winters are long and cold. In the far north snow, so skiing is one of the
easiest forms of transportation. It
above the Arctic Circle, the Sun remains below the horizon for up to two is also a very popular sport.
2 2
months each year. Perhaps because of its harsh climate and the North Cape Sami man in
geographical isolation, Scandinavia has attracted little immigration, N (Nordkapp) traditional
A Magerøya costume
n
Bare
ge
so the population is not very ethnically diverse. Finland is the E nts
an
C
s
most densely forested country in Europe, and wood accounts O Se
a
P or
Sørøya Varangerhalvøya
for 30 percent of its exports. All four countries are highly
Tana n
industrialized and are among the wealthiest in the world. IC rde
V ar a n g e rf j o
3 T Lakselv
Ringvassøya Talvik Kirkenes
C a
URBAN POPULATIONS Tan
R Alta
Scandinavia has a high urban Kvaløya Válljohka
A
population. Many people live in idda Karigasniemi
Copenhagen in Denmark towns and cities, with less than Tromsø rksv Inarijärvi
is the second-largest city one fifth living in the countryside. Senja nma
in
F
in Scandinavia after Since the region is covered in Andøya Kaamanen
Stockholm, Sweden. lakes, fjords, and surrounded
by seas, many people also Ivalo
4 Ve st er ål en Harstad 4
live near the water. Kaaresuvanto d
øya Saariselkä
e n inn
o t H Narvik
L a pM l a n LAPLAND
f Torneträsk
uo
Northern Sweden and
Lo
Muonio
RUSS
n Finland are known as

nion
de
Kiruna
j
or Kebnekaise Sattanen Lapland. Here, the
joki
stf
6946ft Sodankylä local Sami people
Ve
(2117m)
K it
Kolari
i
ne survive in the cold and

n
O u n asjo
Bodø inhospitable climate by

IAN
ki
Malmberget
5 Fauske C ircle herding reindeer, which 5
To
Kemijärvi Arctic
Gällivare they breed for their
n
Skalka
F
se meat, milk, and skins.

rti Rovaniemi
rnionjoki
Kalixä
Arctic Circle Sva Jokkmokk Lu

joki
le o
äl
mi
lven
Mo i Rana al Kuusamo
v
ED
Ke
ven
a
Ki
E
we
Haparanda Tornio
Boden
Se gia
r
Mosjøen
ki
Kalix Kemi
jo
llet
o
Arvidsjaur
e
Vega Livo
6 6
RA
Luleå Pudasjärvi
efj
N
T
Oulu
rg
Storuman Piteå Suomussalmi
Sk
e
lle Hailuoto Oulu

Bø
jok
i
ft e Kempele
Storuman älv
IO
en Skellefteå
0 km 100 200 Kvarnbergs- Raahe
Vilhelmina Lycksele Kajaani
N
Namsos vattnet Kuhmo

Oulujärvi
Ån
0 miles 100 200 Sotkamo

a
Dorotea
ger
t
Um
Kokkola
eä
a
ve Steinkjer
ni
lve
Frøya (Karleby)
n
Hoting
D
h
7 7
Froh
Umeå
F I N L A NNurmes
Hitra Verdalsøra Levanger Strömsund
manälven
Trondheimsfjorden Iisalmi
ot
Jakobstad Pielinen
Smøla
B
Trondheim Stjørdal Holmsund (Pietarsaari) Keitele

SWEDEN Siilinjärvi
Kristiansund Heimdal Örnsköldsvik Vaasa (Vasa) Kuopio
of
Støren Joensuu
Molde Storsjön Östersund
Lapua Kallavesi
lf
Ålesund ll Kramfors Äänekoski

je Røros Seinäjoki
Åndalsnes f Svenstavik
re
Gu
ov Timrå Närpes (Närpiö) Varkaus

D Härnösand Keuruu
8 Femunden Ratan Ånge Jyväskylä Haukivesi 8
Dombås
Sundsvall
Jot Sveg Lj
us Näsijärvi
NORWAY Idre nan
Ljusdal Kankaanpää Päijänne Saimaa
Glittertind
unh
eimen
Ringebu Hudiksvall Nokia Tampere Imatra
Sognefjorden 6946ft
(2464m)
Hermansverk Lappeenranta Joutseno
Lillehammer
Pori Lahti
Glåm
Bollnäs Söderhamn Hämeenlinna
a
Rauma Kouvola
Gol Mora Riihimäki
Bergen Geilo Rättvik
9 Gjøvik Hamar Malung Hyvinkää 9
Leksand Gävle Porvoo Kotka
Eidfjord Mjøsa Vantaa
a
Kla
Hardanger- Sandviken Åland Turku
fjorden vi d d Borlänge Falun Salo HELSINKI
rälv
H ar d a n g e r Hønefoss Tierp (Åbo)
Leirvik Avesta Espoo
en
Lillestrøm Ludvika
Sandvika
Å
Haukeligrend la f
Drammen Sala Uppsala nd Hanko lf o
Haugesund
OSLO sH
Kongsberg Ski Filipstad av (Hangö) Gu and
Bokn
afjorden Västerås Norrtälje l
Horten Moss Mälaren Fin
Stavanger Grums Karlstad Nora Täby
Porsgrunn Sarpsborg Sollentuna
10 Sandnes Halden Örebro 10
Fredrikstad Södertälje STOCKHOLM
Åmål Säffle Hjälmaren
Setesdal
Moi Strömstad
Evje Vänern Askersund
Arendal Mellerud Nyköping
THE SAUNA
k
Liknes Lidköping Mariestad
a Norrköping The sauna, or steam bath,
r Uddevalla
r Vättern was invented in Finland about
Kristiansand ge Trollhättan Linköping 1,000 years ago as a way of
Ska cleaning and relaxing the body.
Gothenburg Borås Gotland After a hot sauna, many Finns
North (Göteborg)
11 Jönköping Visby cool off by plunging into an icy 11
Hjørring Mölndal pool (below) or a snowdrift.
Sea Læsø
Kungsbacka INDUSTRIAL STRENGTH
Aalborg Manufacturing is an important source
Varberg Oskarshamn
of employment and wealth throughout
Hobro Ljungby Växjö Scandinavia. Many of the goods produced,
Halmstad Borgholm
Viborg such as cars in Sweden, electronic goods
Holstebro Randers
Laholm Kalmar in Denmark (above), and cell phones in
Jutland Katt eg at
Öland Finland, are exported all over the world.
øbing ( J y l l a n d ) Århus
a
Ringk Helsingborg In Denmark, many people also work in
12 Fjord Karlskrona e agriculture, fish processing, and brewing. 12
Varde DENMA RK S
Esbjerg COPENHAGEN Lund Kristianstad
Kolding (KØBENHAVN) Hanöbukten i c
Rømø Malmö
Odense Slagelse lt
Sto r
Fyn
eb
Sjælland Ba
æ
lt Rønne NORWEGIAN FJORDS
Møn The west coast of Norway has thousands
Bornholm
GE
RMA Lolland Falster of deep inlets—known as fjords—gouged
NY Nykøbing
out of the mountains by glaciers during
the last ice age and then flooded by the 13
sea. The fjords run inland between high
mountains and make favorite destinations
BUILDING WITH WOOD for cruise ships bringing tourists to admire
Most of Norway and Sweden—and two thirds the stunning scenery.
of Finland—is covered by dense forests of
birch, pine, spruce, and other trees. Finland
has more than 16 times more forested land
per person than the European average.
Many people in the region work in 14
forestry, producing wood for the
construction and furniture
industries. This great natural
resource is also used to build
homes and churches, such as
this medieval stave church
(left) in Norway.
15 15
SAVING THE ENVIRONMENT

The people of Scandinavia are very
environmentally conscious and recycle as
many household items as they can. Strict
national laws protect the environment
from industrial waste and pollution,
although there is growing concern about
16 the levels of pollution in the Baltic Sea. 16
49
A B C D E F G H I
B C D E F G H I
s Unst
nd
la
Yell
EUROPE
Is
1
d
Fetlar
n
The British Isles
a
For such a small group of islands, the British Isles has a very rich Mainland
Lerwick
history. This is evident from its legacy of ancient ruins, medieval castles,
Shetl
dramatic cathedrals, and grand country houses. Once a leading industrial
and colonial power, British monarchs ruled an empire that circled the
2 SCOTLAND 2
globe. As a result, English is still widely spoken around the world. Today, Scotland and England united as a single
Fair Isle
many traditional industries, such as shipbuilding, mining, and ds country in 1707. Today, however, Scotland is
l an a self-governing part of the U.K., with its own
engineering, have declined, and the emphasis is now on Is parliament and distinct legal and educational
Sanday systems. Edinburgh, above, is a popular city
ey
banking and insurance, as well as
n
with a magnificent castle. Each summer, the
pharmaceuticals. The British Isles city hosts an international arts festival.
rk
Kirkwall
O
consists of two countries: the ATLANTIC Mainland
3 Hoy 3
United Kingdom of Great Britain OCEAN
and Northern Ireland (the U.K.), Thurso John o'Groats
Isle of Lewis Wick

and the Republic of Ireland. Ben Hope
3041ft
ch
North
es
Stornoway (927m) s
in
d
Wales has more nd
ri
Sea
eM
hl
b
Th
g
than 200 castles. St. Kilda Ullapool
4 4
Hi
He
Harris irth
yF Fraserburgh
st
North ora
M
er
h
IRELAND Uist
t
Isle of Elgin
inc
We
Tourists visit Peterhead
Skye Inverness
y
Ireland, attracted
Ou
pe
by its unspoiled Stromeferry S
rth
Loch Ness
countryside and lively South Uist a ins
No
cities, such as Dublin Aviemore nt Dee
The Little M
Barra Mallaig ou Aberdeen
(left). Once part of
5 Great Britain, Ireland Rhum M 5
gained independence in Eigg S C O T L A N D
n
Fort William
a
1922. In 2005–2007, it had Montrose NORTH SEA ENERGY
Coll Ben Nevis Forfar
Ta
pi
one of the fastest-growing 4406ft y Beneath the shallow seas around Great Britain, there are supplies
economies in Europe, but its (1343 m) Arbroath
of oil and natural gas. Oil rigs bring oil and gas to the surface,
am
economy shrank along with Tiree Dundee

Oban Perth where it is pumped by pipeline to be refined on the mainland.
Inner H
Europe’s in 2008–2010. Isle of St. Andrews
Gr
Production has declined and supplies are now running low, but
Mull more distant reserves still wait to be exploited. However, few
Lorn F o rt
h Dunfermline
ebr
Firth of Loch of Forth businesses are willing to take on further costly exploration.
i
Lomond Stirling Firth
6 HORSE BREEDING 6
Edinburgh
de
Lush pastures and a mild climate Jura Greenock Glasgow
s
Berwick- MONEY MATTERS
have encouraged the breeding of Paisley upon-Tweed
Islay Hamilton The City of London is the U.K.’s
thoroughbred racehorses in Ireland.
ds
East Kilbride financial center. Before the banking

n
Stud farms here raise some of the Galashiels

Cly
Kilmarnock crash of 2008, more than 500 banks

a
de
finest racehorses in the world. Prestwick pl had offices there. Lloyd’s

Hawick
s
Kintyre Isle of Ayr U Newcastle Insurance Building (right) is one

Arran ll
n Hi upon Tyne of the city’s most distinctive
her Che viot T South skyscrapers. Built of steel
Coleraine Sout
yn
Shields and glass, it has elevators

e
7
Londonderry Dumfries 7
on the outside.
NO RTH ER N Stranraer Sunderland
Stranorlar Strabane IR ELA ND Carlisle
P
Penrith Durham Hartlepool

Donegal Newtownabbey Bangor Workington Tee
Lough
s
Lake
U
Don Middlesbrough
e ga l B a
y Omagh Neagh Whitehaven
e
s
Belfast District Darlington Whitby
Lower Lough Erne
t Portadown UNITED KINGDOM Scarborough
Sligo e Northallerton
n
Enniskillen r Armagh Downpatrick

Irish horse and Kendal Bridlington
8 Collooney Upper Barrow-in- 8
rider on a Newry DOUGLAS Harrogate
Ou
Lough Erne Furness

n
Boyle se
Ribble
training run
Castlebar Lancaster York Beverley
Cavan Dundalk ISLE OF MAN
g ht Ardee (to U.K.)
Leeds Kingston
Blackpool Preston
i
Con n au Longford Castleford upon Hull

Drogheda Bradford
Huddersfield
n
Bolton Grimsby
Lough Corrib Anglesey Liverpool Manchester Doncaster
I R E L A N D Lucan Louth North
e
Galway Athlone ey DUBLIN Holyhead Birkenhead M ersey Sheffield Lincoln Skegness
T r e nt
iff
L
G al w a y B a y
9 on Newbridge Dún Laoghaire Sea 9
Loughrea nn
a
Bangor Chester E N G L A N D
Sh
Wicklow Boston The
Port Laoise w d o n i a Crewe Wash
Lough Mountains S no King's
Derg
Nenagh I rish Se a Stoke-on-Trent Derby Nottingham Great
Leinster Lynn Norwich Yarmouth
Ennis The
Carlow Arklow Shrewsbury Stafford Leicester
Barmouth Fens
Limerick Wolverhampton Peterborough
Rathkeale Kilkenny Tywyn Nuneaton Lowestoft
Cashel Cambrian
Abbeyfeale Cardigan Bay Birmingham Kettering
Mountains Coventry Newmarket
Wexford Aberystwyth Kidderminster
10 Tralee Clonmel 10
Barrow
Munster B
l a c k w a te r Northampton Cambridge Ipswich
Dingle Waterford nel W A LES Worcester Bedford Felixstowe
Bay Chan
W
Killarney g e’s Milton Keynes
Harwich
ye
Cork eor Fishguard Stevenage
Youghal .G Gloucester Cheltenham Luton Colchester
Carmarthen Brecon Harlow
St old Hills
ern
Haverfordwest Beacons tsw mes Oxford St. Albans Southend-
Co a
Sev
y Bantry Llanelli Th Watford on-Sea
y Ba Milford Haven Port Talbot
ntr Celtic Sea Newport Swindon Margate
Ba Swansea LONDON
Cardiff Bristol Reading Windsor Croydon Canterbury
11 Bristol Channel Bath Maidstone 11
Weston-super- Andover Guildford Woking Dover
WALES Ilfracombe Stonehenge Folkestone
Mare Winchester Crawley Channel
Wales was formally united with E xmoor Salisbury
Barnstaple Tunnel
England in 1536 but retains its Taunton Yeovil Eastleigh Brighton
Havant Hastings
own language and traditions. Bideford Tiverton Southampton
Welsh is widely spoken in some Hove
Eastbourne
Exe
Dartmoor Newport Portsmouth
areas, and public signs appear Poole
Exeter Bridport Isle of Wight ish
in both Welsh and English. Coal Lyme Engl
Exmouth Bournemouth
Ta m
mining and steel production Bodmin
l
Bay Weymouth
ar
Saltash nne
12 were once important in the Newquay Torquay Cha 12
south, but both have declined. St. Austell
Rugby is the national sport. Truro
Plymouth LONDON
Penzance The capital of the U.K. is London, a sprawling city on the
Falmouth
Land’s End banks of the River Thames. It is the political and financial
center of the country, as well as home to more than
Isles of Scilly 8 million people. One of its
Alderney most recent attractions is
0 km 50 100 ST. PETER the London Eye—a
13 PORT giant ferris wheel, 13
Wales plays Scotland in Guernsey Sark 443 ft (135 m) high.
0 miles 50 100
rugby at the Millennium
MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY ST. HELIER
Stadium, Cardiff
Britain once controlled a world empire, with
colonies in every continent. Many people— Jersey
from the Indian subcontinent, Africa, and Stonehenge in southern CHANNEL
the Caribbean in particular—came here and England was built from ISLANDS
brought their cultures with them. Today, about 3000 BCE onward. (to U.K.)
about 1 in 12 British people is from
an ethnic minority but is integrated
14 14
into British life.
15 15
BRITISH LANDMARKS
Tourism is a major industry in Britain. Visitors come from all over the Each pod is almost completely
16 world to see the many churches, castles, and ancient monuments, such see-through, giving the occupants 16
as Stonehenge (above), and to admire the pretty villages. Many also a view of the whole city beneath
come for the theaters, galleries, and stores in Britain’s vibrant cities. them when it reaches the top
51
THE BRITISH ISLES
A B C D E F G H I
B C D E F G H I
EUROPE
1
The Low Countries
The netherlands, belgium, and luxembourg are known as the
Low Countries because the land is so flat and lowlying. In the case of the
Netherlands, most of the land is below sea level—Netherlands is Dutch for
“under lands.”The three countries are among the richest in Europe, and while
2 2
farming still plays an important part, they all have strong modern economies
based on manufacturing and trade. Luxembourg in particular is known as
a tax haven and is a major center for international finance. Their location at
the mouth of the Rhine River and other major European rivers
places the three countries at the heart of western European
trade and politics—all three were founding members of
3 3
the European Economic Community (now the
European Union, or EU), established in 1957.
ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
Every year, more than 30,000 ocean-going ships and 110,000 barges call
at the port of Rotterdam. Lying at the mouth of the Rhine River, this
port is the largest in the world and is where huge container ships from
Tulips were introduced all over the world load or unload their cargoes. The smaller barges
4 help transport goods farther inland. With the port’s ultra-modern 4
to the Netherlands from Vessel Traffic Service (VTS), it’s possible to track ships on a radar screen
up to 37 miles, (60 km) off the coast and 25 miles (40 km) inland.
Turkey in 1562. Black
tulips were the
most valuable. Dutch tulips
5 a n d s 5
I s l
n en)
s i a eiland Schiermonnikoog
e n Ameland
Land below sea r i add
level on main map F Terschelling Eemshaven
t (W
e s e Dokkum Loppersum Delfzijl
ze
Vlieland en Winsum
W
d Menaldum Zuidhorn Appingedam
Leeuwarden
ad
6 Groningen 6
RECLAIMING THE LAND Haren
W
Over the centuries, the Dutch have reclaimed land from the sea. Texel Harlingen Leek
Drachten Zuidlaren
They did this by building huge dykes, or dams, to keep out the sea
and then draining the surface water into canals. Windmills originally Sneek Joure Assen
Vlagtwedde
pumped out the water, but electric pumps are now used. Heerenveen
Y
Borger
Den Helder Wolvega Beilen
AN
DUTCH PEOPLE Schagen IJs s el m eer Steenwijk CROPS

Emmen
The Dutch once ruled a vast empire Hoogeveen Fertile soil and
7 Opmeer Emmeloord 7
in Indonesia, the Caribbean, and Meppel Coevorden
good irrigation
South America. As a result, many Alkmaar Hoorn Staphorst have helped the
nationalities now live here. Castricum
Netherlands become
Ethnic minorities make up Hardenberg a major exporter of
GERM
NETHERLANDS
about 20 percent of the Velsen-Noord Purmerend Lelystad Den Ham agricultural products,
population and in some cities, Zwolle with vegetables and
Zaanstad F l evol and Tubbergen
the majority of elementary Haarlem Nunspeet tomatoes forming
Almere Almelo Denekamp
schoolchildren have a non- AMSTERDAM important crops. It is also
Rijssen
IJssel
Zeewolde famous for its bulbs and cut

Dutch background. Amstelveen Hengelo
Noordwijk Vaassen Deventer flowers, notably tulips.
8 aan Zee Hilversum Baarn 8
Apeldoorn Goor
Sassenheim Enschede
Leiden Zutphen
Amersfoort Haaksbergen
THE HAGUE Zoetermeer Utrecht Zeist Eibergen
(’S-GRAVENHAGE) Ede Dieren
Delft Gouda R Arnhem Winterswijk
N eder i j n Elst
Vlaardingen Waal Ulft
R
Spijkenisse Rotterdam hine
(Ri
Bergse M
Goeree a Nijmegen
jn)
0 km 25 50 75 Werkendam
as
9 Dordrecht 9
Schouwen Oss Cuijck
0 miles 25 50 75
Overflakkee Vlijmen
Oosterhout ’s-Hertogenbosch
Noord- Tholen Schijndel
Beveland Breda Nieuw-Bergen
Middelburg
Roosendaal Oirschot
Goes Tilburg Helmond Horst
a th
Vlissingen Essen Baarle-Hertog
Zuid-Beveland
ore
We
N S
Zeebrugge s te r s
ch eld e Veldhoven
Eindhoven Venlo
Blankenberge Oostburg Kalmthout Someren
Terneuzen
S ch
Kapellen Turnhout Bergeyk 10
Ostend Axel
eld
t
(Oostende ) Assenede Antwerp Reuver
Beveren Lommel Weert
Middelkerke Bruges (Brugge) (Antwerpen) Roermond
Kinrooi
Ghent Sint-Niklaas Geel Echt
R
Veurne (Gent) up el Beringen Bree
Torhout Susteren
r
Aalter Herselt
Melle Mechelen
Ijze
Deinze
t Aalst Tremelo Zonhoven Genk
ld
Roeselare Gavere AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS
Ieper Leuven Geleen Heerlen
Sche
s BRUSSELS Hasselt Kerkrade The old architecture and picturesque canals make
Poperinge d e r Kortrijk (BRUSSEL/ BRUXELLES) Schaerbeek Riemst Amsterdam one of the most visited cities in Europe. 11
an Tienen Maastricht
Fl Zwevegem Halle Overijse Occasionally, the canals freeze over, and city officials may
e
der
Lei Wavre Landen Oupeye Vaals
Mouscron Enghien decide, it’s safe for people to go skating. When they do, men
Den
Herstal and women of all ages, from the very old to the very young,
Ath take to the ice. Amsterdam is also home to some of the
B E L G I U M Liège Verviers Our
world’s best museums, including the Van Gogh Museum.
es
Tournai Leuze-en-Hainaut Éghezèe Seraing
Péruwelz Gembloux gn
Huy Fa Botrange
La Louvière Namur euse te s
Mons Hau 694m
e
M
Jemappes
Malmédy
n
Erquelinnes Binche Charleroi 12
n
Thuin Gerpinnes Ciney
Walcourt e
Dinant m Marche-en-Famenne
Ou
n e F a rthe Bicyclists have their
F a g Rochefort Weiswampach own traffic lights—
Couvin this one is green
s
BELGIAN QUALITY Bastogne Hosingen

for “go.”
Belgium is renowned for its beautiful historic buildings e
Ou r
and for its excellent food, especially chocolates. Belgians Recogne n S û re

G E R MAN
13 have been making top-quality chocolates for more than n 13

Se e Diekirch
Y
100 years, and pralines, a type of filled chocolate, are F mo

is d
a speciality. Brussels even boasts a chocolate museum. R A r Neufchâteau Ettelbrück
A LUXEMBOURG
Étalle Arlon Grevenmacher
N
Al z e t t e
Aubange LUXEMBOURG
Pétange
C
Virton
Dudelange
Esch-sur-Alzette
E
14 14
Flags of the member states
of the European Union
TRILINGUAL
The Grand Duchy
of Luxembourg lies BICYCLING
between Germany, The flatness of the land makes
France, and the Netherlands ideal for
Belgium. As a bicycling, and more than
result, the majority 500, 000 people bicycle to school
15 of the people are or work each day. Lines of 15
trilingual—German 20–100 children riding together
and French are to school are common. Most of
widely spoken as is the roads have special bicycle
Luxembourgish, the national lanes, and bicycles are often the
language. The capital, also quickest form of transportation
known as Luxembourg, has to get around the crowded towns
more than 200 banks. and cities. The use of bicycles
also reduces car use and thus
16 cuts down the amount of 16
air pollution.
53
THE LOW COUNTRIES
A B C D E F G H I
B C D E F G H I
EUROPE
I
France
n direct contrast to its mostly rural landscape, France
is a modern nation, with most people now living in towns and
cities. It has flourishing industries and is the fifth-richest economy
in the world after the U.S.A., Japan, Germany, and the U.K. NUCLEAR POWER
Three fourths of France’s electricity is produced by
2 A country of varied scenery, from gently rolling farmland in the 2
nuclear power plants (above), making the country
north to a stretch of dry, warm Mediterranean coast in the south, largely self-sufficient in energy and one of the main
producers of nuclear power in Europe.
France also shares two mountain ranges—the Pyrenees and the Hydroelectric plants are also
an important source of power.
Alps. Each of the 22 regions within France, which includes the
island of Corsica, has its own distinct
identity and culture. The tiny
3 countries of Andorra and 3
Monaco lie next to France.
HIGH-SPEED TRAVEL
France has Europe’s fastest train, the TGV—train à grande vitesse—
Boules, the which travels at up to 186 mph (300 kph) during normal services.
In 2007, a modified TGV even set a speed record for conventional
4 national game of trains of 357.2 mph (574.8 kph). The TGV network 4
connects Paris with all of the country’s major Channel ve r
f Do
cities, which makes it easier to commute or Tunnel trait o
BE
France, is still S Dunkerque
L
visit relatives. It also extends to G

Germany, Italy, Belgium, Calais
played in village Switzerland, and through Boulogne-sur-Mer St.-Omer Tourcoing
IU
the Channel Tunnel
M
squares around le Portel Roubaix
to Great Britain. Lille STREETS OF PARIS
Berck-Plage Arto
Tourists flock to Paris to visit its world-famous
the country. is Douai
5 n nel museums and art galleries, shop in its elegant stores, 5
English Cha Abbeville So Arras Valenciennes and soak up its vibrant atmosphere. Montmartre,
m which overlooks the city, is famous for its artists.
Cherbourg Dieppe Cambrai
m
e
Fécamp Close by, in the Place du Tertre (above), visitors

Albert Hirson can have their portraits painted.
Baie de la Seine Amiens
CHANNEL St.-Quentin Charleville-
ISLANDS le Havre Picardie Mézières
Bayeux Barentin Noyon
(to U.K.) Rouen Beauvais Laon LUX.
St.-Lô Oi s e Sedan
Coutances
Île Lisieux Louviers Compiègne
Golfe de Caen
GE
Senlis
M eus
6 d’Ouessant Morlaix Reims Thionville 6

Se
e
St.-Malo
Granville ) Évreux Château-
RM
in
e
Plérin St.-Malo dy Pontoise Thierry Hagondange

n
AN
Brest Landerneau Avranches a e Argenteuil Metz Y
B r i t t a n y St.-Brieuc r m ndi PARIS Châlons-en-
( N oo r m a Nanterre Créteil Marne L orr
Iroise (Bretagne) Dinan N Champagne a in Alsace
Fougères Versailles Bar-le-Duc
e
Quimper Alençon Antony Haguenau
Pontivy Loudéac Saverne
Rennes Chartres Melun
Champagn
e Nancy
Concarneau Quimperlé Maine Toul Schiltigheim
Vitré Île-de-France Fontainebleau
Troyes Strasbourg
Ma
Lorient Hennebont Laval Nemours

M os
7 Vannes Sens 7
rne
le Mans Châteaudun St.-Dié

Auray Châteaubriant
es
ell e
Redon Sarthe Orléans Yon Chaumont Sélestat

la Flèche Montargis Épinal sg
ne
A Belle Île Vendôme o

T Angers V Colmar
la Baule-Escoublac Trélazé Tou O r Olivet Auxerre Langres
L Nantes r Blois l é a n a i s Cernay
O St.-Nazaire Loire Tours a i n e Mulhouse
A
C Rezé Anjou Cosne-Cours-sur-Loire Côte d'Or Vesoul Belfort
Saumur
N
St.-Louis
Montbéliard
E
Challans Cholet Vierzon un dy) Fran
Thouars
Cher che -Co Audincourt
A
TI
Bourges mté
(Burgrgogne
Île d’Yeu les Herbiers Berry Bo u Dijon ND
N
C
8
Niv RLA 8
Cre
Mor E
Châtellerault Châteauroux er va
Po
la Roche-sur-Yon n Beaune TZ
i
use
to Nevers na Besançon I
les Sables- Dôle
is
u Poitiers Pontarlier
SW
d’Olonne Fontenay- Chalon-
Île de Ré le-Comte Niort F R A N C E sur-Saône
Moulins
la Rochelle Lons-le-Saunier Lake
Rochefort r bonnais Digoin Geneva
Bou Montluçon St.-Claude
V ie n n e
Île d’ Guéret Mâcon
Oléron Cusset FRENCH CHEESES
Thonon-
e
9 Saintes Cognac c h eVichy Roanne Bourg-en-Bresse les-Bains Among France’s best-known 9
Limoges Mar cheeses are Brie, Camembert,
Saôn
Royan Char Riom Thiers Ambérieu-
e nte Limousin and Roquefort. Mountain
Angoulême en-Bugey
s
Tarare Annecy regions each have several
An
Charente Clermont-Ferrand Mont Blanc
go
um Issoire Lyon
m 15,771ft goat cheeses, while cheese
Ussel Villeurbanne
Méd
o is (4807m)
Périgueux Vienne from Normandy
oc
Auvergne Little
ph
Tulle St.-Chamond Chambéry St.-Bernard
tends to be made
Is l e St.-Étienne from cows’ milk.
Mérignac Cenon Pass
re
Dordogn
e Brive-la- Voiron Savoie 7178ft
sè
Pessac Libourne Massif St.-Egrève I A cheese is
Bergerac Gaillarde le Puy (2188m)
l
Arcachon Bordeaux usually named
h
10 Dordogne Aurillac St.-Flour Valence Grenoble Col du Mont after its town or 10
la Teste Cenis
D
Gar
on Figeac region.
Lot C entral Privas Briançon 6834ft
ne
h
au
La
Marmande (2083m)
n
Cahors he Col de
A
de Lot Mende
hi
s Houilles rdèc Montgenèvre
n
A Montélimar D r ô m e
Aqui Agen Rodez é Gap 6070ft
tai Moissac (1850m)
I
Mont-de-Marsan ne Bollene ce
D ur a n
s
Castelsarrasin Carmaux
TA
Rhône
AVIATION INDUSTRY Montauban
A ve y r o n
ne Alès
Dax Albi n Orange
Tarn Digne
LY
The French were pioneers Anglet Bayonne Gaillac ve Sorgues

11 of aviation. They cobuilt Auch Graulhet Cé 11
Biarritz Orthez A c Avignon
Concorde and, in 1970, joined
rma Tarn g uedo Manosque
Toulouse Lan Nîmes Tarascon
forces with German, Spanish, G a s c o gnac
Salon-de-
and U.K. companies to produce Pau g n Montpellier Arles Nice MONACO
e Castelnaudary Frontignan Provence P r o v e n c e MONACO
short- to medium-range aircraft Tarbes Béziers Camargue Aix-en- le Cannet
that were both economic to run Lourdes Sète Antibes
P St.-Gaudens Pamiers Agde Martigues Provence Cannes
and carried up to 300 passengers. Carcassonne Aubagne ur
Narbonne Marseille la Ciotat Az
Called Airbus, these aircraft filled a S y Foix Limoux ’
Hyères d
vital gap in the market and changed
te
P r Toulon
Ro
the face of the aviation industry. A e
Cô
12 n e u s Perpignan
Îles d’Hyères
12
I N e s sil Li gur i an
ANDORRA LA VELLA lon
ANDORRA
Me Sea Bastia
0 km 50 100 150
dite
rranean Sea
0 miles 50 100 150 Monte Cinto
8878ft (2706m) m
Corsica
(Corse)
13 TOUR DE FRANCE 13
The Tour de France bicycle Ajaccio
m
Monte Incudine
race was first held in 1903 7008ft
and is the most important Sartène (2136m)
sporting event in France.
Every July, thousands of Bonifacio
c io
people line the route to Strait of Bonifa
support their favorite team or
cheer on the winner. The race
covers about 2,500 miles
14 14
(4,000 km) and is divided into
20 or more daily stages.
VINEYARDS
15 15
The Romans first planted grape vines in
southern France about 2,000 years ago.
Today, France is the world’s major
wine-producing country, selling
a range of wines for the home
market and for export. The type
HISTORIC HOMES of wine produced depends on
During the 1400s and 1500s, French aristocrats built beautiful châteaus, the soil, location, and climate
such as Chenonceau (above), in the Loire Valley, Bordeaux, and other where the vine is planted.
16 regions of France. These houses were elaborately decorated by the Wines from Burgundy, 16
best artists and craftsmen. Today, most are stateowned and Champagne, and the Rhône
open to the public. valley are sold worldwide.
55
FRANCE
A B C D E F G H I
B C D E F G H I
EUROPE
1
Germany and the Alpine States
Lying at the heart of europe, Germany is one of
the world’s wealthiest nations. It is also Europe’s leading THE JOY OF UNIFICATION
industrial power. To its south lie the Alpine states of After World War II, Germany was divided,
with a U.S.-backed capitalist state in the west
Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, and Slovenia. The and a Russian-backed state in the east. Built in
2 2
region is famed for its beautiful Alpine scenery, mountains, 1961, the Berlin Wall was 96 miles (155 km)
long and was designed to stop East
and lakes. German is the main language in all but Slovenia. Germans from leaving for a
However, each of the five countries has its own distinct better life in the West. The wall
divided Berlin and separated
history, culture, and national identity. In fact, since 1815, families, friends, and a nation
Switzerland has been recognized as a neutral nation and for 28 years. When
Germany was unified
has stayed out of all of the wars that have affected Europe. (reunited) in 1990, the
3 wall was demolished. 3
Westerland
D E
N M
Sc
A R K
Ba ltic Sea
h
F
l e Flensburg Kappeln e h m
sw Kieler arn Sassnitz
Schleswig B elt
ig Bucht Puttgarden Bergen Rügen
Husum -H Fehmarn
(Nordfriesis c h e I n se l
Pomeranian
n
ol Kiel Stralsund
North Frisian Isla )

nds
Rendsburg s t Mecklenburger
4 e Bay 4
Helgoland Oldenburg Bucht Warnemünde
Kiel Greifswald
in
Bay Heide Canal Eutin Wolgast Rostock
Neumünster Lübeck Wismar
sian Islands Cuxhaven Itzehoe Demmin Anklam
t Fre Inseln)
Eas riesische
tf Teterow Oderhaff
(Os Norderstedt Güstrow Malchin
Norden Elmshorn
Bremerhaven Schwerin Waren Neubrandenburg
Stade Hamburg Parchim Pasewalk
Wilhelmshaven Neustrelitz
Emden Rosengarten Winsen Boizenburg
Müritz Prenzlau
S
5 Leer Oldenburg Scheessel Lüneburg Ludwigslust Wittstock 5
GERMAN INDUSTRY
With its coal and iron mines, the Ruhr Valley Weener Bremen Elbe Perleberg Angermünde
Dannenberg
ND
was once the powerhouse of the German Delmenhorst Verden Wittenberge Neuruppin
economy. Today’s industry ranges from Cloppenburg Soltau Uelzen Eberswalde-Finow Celebrations at
A
Oranienburg
engineering to high-tech goods. Quality Bassum Salzwedel Bad Freienwalde Brandenburg Gate mark
er
assembly and design make Germany the Diepholz Bernau the tenth anniversary of
RL
Celle Stendal
Ems
Lingen the fall of the Berlin Wall.
E
third-largest car producer in the world.
We s
Brandenburg BERLIN Frankfurt
H
Osnabrück Hannover Wolfsburg an der Oder
Nordhorn Peine
Potsdam Ludwigsfelde GENEVA
ET
6 Rheine Minden Braunschweig 6
Eisenhüttenstadt
N
Herford Geneva lies on the shores of Lake
Münster Magdeburg
Salzgitter Geneva, Europe’s largest Alpine lake.
PO
Hildesheim Lübben
Rhine Bielefeld Schönebeck Guben
Bocholt Dülmen Seesen S p ree This orderly city is a global
Gütersloh Halberstadt Lübbenau center for banking and
Dessau Cottbus
Ahlen Paderborn Northeim Bernburg finance. It
Recklinghausen
S a a le
Torgau Finsterwalde
LAN
Hamm is also a base

Essen Warburg Göttingen Eisleben Halle-Neustadt Senftenberg
for many
D
Duisburg Dortmund Nordhausen

Bochum Marsberg Kassel Halle Riesa y Hoyerswerda international
Krefeld Leipzig n )
7
Wuppertal x o s e n Bautzen Görlitz organizations, 7
Düsseldorf h such as the
Solingen Döbeln ac Löbau Red Cross.
Leverkusen Olpe
(S S a
Melsungen Hainichen Dresden

G E R MErfurtA N Y Weimar
Alsdorf Cologne Siegen Gotha Pirna
Gera Zittau
FOOD AND DRINK (Köln) Bad Hersfeld Jena
Chemnitz
The annual Munich Aachen Bonn Marburg an der Lahn Hünfeld Saalfeld Zwickau
BE
Oktoberfest is Germany’s irge Giessen .
L
biggest beer festival. Blankenheim efergeb Fulda Suhl ts The Swiss speak
es Schi
Entertainment includes Neuwied Wetzlar H e s s e n Plauen M ge)
i sc h e r
parades and music. ein Koblenz Coburg Kronach Hof
el
O r zgebi German, French,
r
GIUM
8 Rh fel
i M os Boppard Frankfurt am Main Lichtenfels Münchberg ( E 8
E
Wittlich
Wiesbaden Marktredwitz
Mainz Offenbach Schweinfurt Italian, and Romansh.
Bitburg
Ma
Rhin Bayreuth
in
Darmstadt
LUX. Trier (Rhei e
n) Pfungstadt Würzburg Bamberg
Birkenfeld Worms Ludwigshafen Erlangen Forchheim
Kaiserslautern
Bo
b
Merzig Mannheim Fürth C
Schwandorf
he
Al
Neunkirchen Heidelberg Nuremberg
m
ZE
e
Neustadt an Sinsheim (Nürnberg)
ia
h
9 Regenstauf 9
CH REPUBLI
Saarbrücken der Weinstrasse n C
Heilbronn
sc
Da
Karlsruhe Weissenburg
ki
(Do n u b e Fo
N eckar
SWISS WATCHES Ludwigsburg nau
) re
The Swiss invented the Pforzheim ä n Regensburg
Aalen Fr Straubing st Mistelbach an
first wristwatch, the first Baden-Baden Göppingen Ingolstadt Deggendorf der Zaya
Hauzenberg
quartz watch, and the Kehl Stuttgart Donauwörth Passau Zwettl
S LOV
b D Hollabrunn
first waterresistant watch. Al Heidenheim an
Offenburg he Landshut (Doanub
na e Tulln VIENNA
With their worldwide Reutlingen i s c der Brenz Augsburg u) Linz Sankt Pölten
Pocking
AKI
äb Ulm (WIEN)
reputation for quality Lahr
A
Bavaria
Inn
ld)
hw Wels
r
and style, watches Emmendingen Sc Munich Ried im Perchtoldsdorf
10 Neu-Ulm ( B 10
wa est
au)
Rottweil ayern) (München)
z
make up the country’s Bad Vöslau Traiskirchen
D
Steyr
on u b e
Freiburg im Innkreis Vöcklabruck
r
Villingen Mindelheim
a
(D a n
third-largest export. Breisgau Eisenstadt Neusiedler
w Fo
-Schwenningen E nns
Memmingen Rosenheim Salzburg Wiener Neustadt See
ch ck
B
Bad Krozingen Stockach Ebensee
S
Kaufbeuren
( la
Müllheim Singen Lake Constance
Y
Schaffhausen Konstanz Kempten Bad Ischl Mürzzuschlag

er
R
Lörrach R n e
hi Bülach Liezen b ach
Friedrichshafen Füssen a v a r i a n A l p s
c h n
Basel ) Winterthur B Leoben
( R h ei n Bregenz Zugspitze n Fis Alpe
9718ft (2962m) In Kitzbüheler
GA
E
La Chaux- Zürichsee Zürich Sankt Gallen Alpen
ra Innsbruck Schwaz A U ST R I A
C
de-Fonds u Biel r e Zug Graz
11 J Aa LIECHTENSTEIN he Tauern Judenburg 11
Ho
N
Neuchâtel
Luzern VADUZ ler
BERN o l Grossglockner
Schwyz T i r kta
Mur
HUN
12,461ft (3798m)
A
G
Lac de Klosters Brenner Pass ur pen
Al Wolfsberg
Neuchâtel Chur p 4508ft (1374m) s Lienz Murska Sobota
Villach
S WThun in
I T Z E R L A NheD
Eiger rr l
FR
Lausanne Thuner See rde Klagenfurt Maribor
13,025ft Vo Plöcken Pass
(3970m) (1357m) Loibl Pass Velenje Ptuj D r a va
s A St.Moritz I T 4452ft Jesenice 4485ft (1367m)
Lake r n e r A l p Brig
B e Sion Celje
Geneva Tolmin Kranj Trbovlje
A L
Onex Monthey Simplon Pass Bellinzona Y
12 Geneva 6578ft LJUBLJANA Sava 12
e Al ps Locarno Kr#ko IA
(Genève) n ni n (2005m)
T
Pe Lugano
A
Nova SLOVENIA
R hô ne
Matterhorn Lake
14,692ft
Great Saint (4478m) Maggiore
Gorica Novo Mesto
Postojna
RO
Bernard Pass Koâevje

8100ft SLOVENIA
Koper
C
0 km 50 100 (2469m) After centuries of rule by overlords, Slovenia became

independent in 1991. Although the population is only Gulf
0 miles 50 100 2 million, the national culture is strong. The famous
Lipizzaner show horses are named after the Slovenian of Istra
13 farm where they were first bred. Venice 13
The opera ball
in Vienna
VIENNA, AUSTRIA
Vienna is a city of baroque
buildings, palaces, and
famous concert halls. Grand
balls with traditional waltzes
are still common. These
14 14
are a reminder of when
the city was the center of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire,
which controlled large parts
of east and central Europe.
15 15
ALPS
The Alps run from southeast France and spread eastwardsthrough
16 Switzerland and northern Italy into Austria and Slovenia. A The high and graceful stride of 16
popular tourist destination, the Alps are famous for dramatic the Lipizzaner horses makes
scenery and winter sports. them excel in competitions.
57
GERMANY AND THE ALPINE STATES
A B C D E F G H I
EUROPE
B C D E F G H
Spain and Portugal Spanish families tend to

eat dinner late, at around
9 PM. So after school,
The countries of spain and portugal share an area of land called
the Iberian Peninsula. In the north, this land is cut off from the rest of children eat a snack
Europe by the Pyrenees Mountains, while to the south, it is separated called a merienda.
from Africa by the Strait of Gibraltar. The region was once ruled by
2 Islamic people from north Africa known as Moors. Evidence of Gijon
their occupation can still be seen in buildings in the cities of A Coruña Ferrol Luarca Avilés (Xixón) C o s t a V e r d e
(La Coruña) Villaviciosa
Pravia
Andalucía. The Moors were eventually defeated in 1492, Laracha Betanzos Tineo Oviedo
Llanes
A sturias
and for a while, Portugal came under Spanish control, Santa Comba
Vilalba Mieres del Camino
G a l i c i a Cantabria
as did most of Europe. During the 1900s, both countries Cabo
Fisterra Outes
Lugo Pola de Lena Cabañaquinta
were ruled by brutal ra Cantábrica
Muros Santiago
o r dille
3 dictatorships that were Ribeira Lalín Chantada C
Ponferrada
Monforte León
overthrown in the 1970s. Pontevedra O Carballiño
They are now modern Marín Ourense Astorga

(Orense)
Vigo Ponteareas Castilla-León
democracies. ño
Xinzo de Limia
i
M nho Benavente Palencia
i
M Ponte da Barca
Bragança Embalse de
Viana do Castelo
Ricobayo
Braga Chaves Valladolid
4 HARVESTING CORK Póvoa de Varzim Zamora
Guimarães
Cork is made from the outer bark
of the evergreen cork oak tree. Vila do Conde
Vila Real Toro Duero
The bark is carefully stripped Matosinhos
off, flattened, laid out in sheets, Porto (Oporto) Embalse Medina del Campo
and then left to dry. Cork is Vila Nova de Gaia Douro Lamego de Almendra
used for many products, such Ovar São João da Madeira Salamanca Segovia
as stoppers for wine bottles,
mats, and tiles. Portugal is
Albergaria-a-Velha
Aveiro Viseu
S Ávila
P
the world’s leading Ílhavo
tral
Alto da Torre Ciudad-Rodrigo
5 exporter of cork. Guarda
6539ft
Béjar Cen
Coimbra (1993m)
ela tema
S i s de
Figueira da Foz
daE
str Covilhã a Gredos
Serr
a Sierr
Plasencia
Leiria
PORTUGAL
Castelo Branco
Coria
Talavera de la Reina
Tomar Ta gus
LISBON Embalse Embalse de
Portugal’s capital city Entroncamento Abrantes de Alcántara Cáceres Valdecañas
is Lisbon, which is Peniche Caldas da Rainha
6 Trujillo
situated at the mouth Santarém Herrera
Torres Vedras Portalegre
of the Tagus River on del Duque
a series of steep hills Coruche Extremadura
and valleys. In 1755, Sintra Estremoz Elvas Mérida Villanueva de la Serena
two thirds of the
LISBON
Cascais (LISBOA) Don Benito
city was completely ra Badajoz
Almada Barreiro Évora
S er s s a Castuera Puertollano
destroyed by an O Almendralejo
d’
Setúbal
ana
earthquake and tidal Villafranca de los Barros

wave but was rebuilt Alcácer do Sal Zafra
adi
Baía de Pozoblanco
Azuaga
Gu
with beautiful squares Setúbal Jeréz de los

7
and public buildings. Caballeros a
Many explorers have set
Sines Beja M o r e nMontoro
rra
sail from Lisbon in their
quest to find new lands. Cortegana e Córdoba
Trams are a feature of Lisbon
Ourique S i ir Bujalance
streets and a popular form of Nerva quiv al Palma del Río
transportation for both locals Guad
Valverde del Camino La Algaba Alcaudete
and tourists. Carmona
Algarve Seville Ecija Andalucía
Lepe Lucena
Portimão Ayamonte (Sevilla) Osuna
Cabo de Faro Isla Huelva Dos Hermanas
8 Tavira Cristina Archidona
São Vicente Lagos
Olhão Las Cabezas de San Juan Antequera
Lebrija Olvera Álora
Culf of Cadiz
Ronda Málaga
FISHING
(Golfo de Cádiz) Ubrique
Spain and Portugal have well-developed Coín
fishing industries, with large-scale fleets and Jeréz de
Cádiz la Frontera Fuengirola
many smaller local fleets. However, overfishing Marbella l Sol
C os
along Portugal’s coast and in the north Atlantic San Fernando

s t a de
Estepona
Co
ta
has put many people’s livelihoods at risk. A Barbate de Franco

de
huge oil spill off the coast of Galicia in 2002 la GIBRALTAR

9 also affected fish stocks, but the Portuguese Lu Algeciras (to U.K.)
z
government and thousands of volunteers ibraltar
it of G Ceuta (to Spain)
restored beaches to their former beauty. Stra
MOROCCO
58 A B C D E F G H
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL
I J K L M N O P
SPANISH CITIES
The majority of Spanish people live in
towns and cities. Madrid is the largest 1
Spanish city and the capital of Spain.
Bilbao, where this magnificent modern
art museum (left) can be found, is the
capital of the Basque region. It is
a flourishing industrial city, home
to Spain’s most important port.
The Guggenheim
opened in 1997 2
Santander The Pamplona bull run

Laredo Bermeo
Donostia-San Sebastián is an annual fiesta that
Zarautz
Torrelavega Irun takes place in July.
Eibar
Bilbao Tolosa
asque Country
The B s Vasco P F R A N C E
Reinosa
(Paí ) Pamplona y r FIESTAS
Vitoria-Gasteiz (Iruña) e n In Spain, many towns hold their own fiestas, or

festivals, to celebrate a special event in their 3
Miranda Estella-Lizarra e e ANDORRA
history or the birthday of their patron saint.
de Ebro
Navarra Jaca
Monte Perdido
3348m s Figueres These fiestas differ from one region to another.
Burgos Logroño La See d'Urgel One of the most famous is held in Pamplona,
Ripoll
Arnedo Banyoles where the brave run with the bulls.
S Calahorra Huesca C a t a l Berga
on Manlleu Girona (Gerona)
i La Rioja
Lerma Tudela
Ejea de Barbastro ( C a
talu ia
Eb los Caballeros Monzón Balaguer ñ a) Vic Palamós Palafrugell
a
ro
s
av
Tarazona
te
Aranda Zaragoza Lleida Cervera Sabadell Blanes
Br
de Duero Soria (Lérida) Arenys de Mar
m
Tàrrega Terrassa
st
a
Fraga Mataró 4
Co
a
El Burgo
Vilafranca del Penedès Barcelona
de Osma L’Hospitalet de Llobregat
Ib
Calatayud Valls Sitges

Medinaceli Aragón Reus El Vendrell
ér
de
rra ma Daroca Tarragona
Sie darra Alcañiz
ic
a Tortosa
Gu
A I N Amposta ds
o
Guadalajara s l a ne s )
Sant Carles de la Ràpita I ea r
Alcalá de Henares c
r i s Bal Minorca 5
o
Torrejón de Ardoz Teruel Vinaròs

a
an
(Menorca)
MADRID e la
a l (Is
ci
Getafe Javalambre
e n Ciutadella
s
B
gu
Aranjuez Cuenca 6628ft al Castellon de la Plana

Ta
Onda Pollença Mahón

(2020m) V
Tarancón Sa Pobla
Ocaña ís Burriana
Pa Vall d’ Uxó
ar
Toledo Sagunto Palma HOLY WEEK

Castilla-La Mancha Manacor
ah
Burjassot (Sagunt) Golfo de Easter in Spain is marked by

Llucmajor
Co sta del Az
Mota del Cuervo Felanitx solemn celebrations, known as

Valencia Valencia Majorca the Holy Week processions. These
Campo de Criptana Torrente Catarroja 6
Socuéllamos Sueca Illa de (Mallorca) processions vary according to the
La Roda Júcar Ibiza region, but generally, men wear
Tomelloso Algemesí Cullera (Eivissa) Cabrera
Daimiel robes and hoods and carry heavy
Manzanares Albacete Xàtiva Gandía
Oliva Ibiza 0 km 200 400
crosses to show penitence.
Ciudad La Solana Almansa
(Eivissa)
Real Valdepeñas Ontinyent Alcoy Denia
Villanueva de los Infantes Villena Formentera 0 miles 200 400
Benidorm
Hellín Jumilla Elda Villajoyosa (La Vila Joíosa)
Segura
Monóvar San Juan de Alicante
La Carolina Beas de Segura
Alicante (Alicant) 7
Bailén
Moratalla Cieza Elche
Villacarrillo a
nc
Linares UbedaCazorla Mula Orihuela

la
s Murcia
aB
Jaén Murcia
i c o Huéscar
ét
Cost
Martos Totana La Unión
ma
s B Lorca
Cartagena e a Flamenco dancing was
created by the gypsies of
Sist
e Baza
Aguilas
S Andalucía and dates back
Granada Guadix
a n to the 1400s.
ne
Mulhacén
Mojácar 8
11,421ft (3481m)
da
S i e r r a N e v a Berja r ra
Motril Adra Almería
d ite
Me
COASTAL RESORTS
Every year, millions of northern
Europeans head south for the beaches
of southern Spain and Portugal or for
REGIONAL SPAIN the Spanish Balearic Islands. They are
There are 17 Spanish regions, each with its own attracted to the warm climate and the
distinct cultures and traditions. For example, in affordable hotels and restaurants. 9
the south is Andalucía, with flamenco dancing
and traces of Moorish influences.
I J N O P 59
B C D F G H I
EUROPE
Vatican City has a permanent 1

Italy population of only about
The boot-shaped country of Italy stretches from the 800 people, although more
mountainous north down to the Mediterranean Sea. For most
of its history, Italy consisted of city-states—such as Florence than 3,000 come to work in
and Venice—and was united only in 1870. Regional Andrea Bocelli the city-state each day.
2 2
differences in Italy are huge, as each region has its own
cuisine, customs, and dialect and is geographically quite HOME OF OPERA
The idea of setting drama to
distinct. As a result, many Italians identify themselves first music originated in Italy during
the 1500s. Since then, Italian Carnival masks
by region and then by country. The largest division, however, composers, such as Rossini, Verdi,
is between the rich north and the poorer south—a rugged and Puccini, have made opera the
most popular musical form in
region with several active volcanoes and the occasional Italy. Many cities have their own
3 severe earthquake. The mainland of Italy includes two tiny opera houses.
independent states—San Marino and Vatican City.
Brenner Pass
4508ft
(1374m)
SWITZERLAND s A
Rhône U
Mont Blanc
Great St.-Bernard Bressanone
ST
15,771ft Merano
(4807m) Pass 8,100ft p R CITY OF CANALS
(2469m) Bolzano es
IA
Lake i t Cortina d’Ampezzo The beautiful city of Venice is
4 Maggiore
l 4
Aosta made up of 118 islands, 177 canals,
Lake Como lom
Little St.-Bernard Edolo Do and 400 bridges. The only way to get
Pass 7178ft (2188m)
A Varese around is to walk or take a boat: a vaporetto,
Gran Paradiso Como Lo mbardy Trento
13,323ft (Lombardia) Gemona del Friuli Tarvisio motoscafo, or motonave. The most distinctive
(4061m) Monza Arco boat, however, is the gondola. Each year, in
Novara Bergamo Lake Garda Udine the days before Ash Wednesday, Venice hosts
Vercelli Rho Sesto San Giovanni Bassano
SLO
COLISEUM del Grappa a carnival when the city celebrates with

Milan Pordenone
One of Rome’s Susa Turin Brescia Monfalcone fireworks and everyone wears
Rivoli (Torino) (Milano) Vicenza Treviso spectacular masks.
greatest sights is Verona Portogruaro
E
5 the Coliseum, Moncalieri Mestre 5
V EN IA
P
Asti Casteggio Pavia P Cremona
which opened in o Piemo nte Padova
80 CE. Deadly Alessandria o Mantova Monselice Venice (Venezia) Trieste
Savigliano Piacenza
gladiatorial nnino Ligu Ostiglia Adig
Appe re V e A
combats and Cuneo Parma
Po
Mondovì a Rovigo
Chioggia Gulf of A TI
animal fights were l CRO
Genoa (Genova)
FRANC
l e y Venice
staged here before Carpi
crowds of up to Finale Ligure
Reggio nell’ Emilia Ferrara Foci del Po
Savona
55,000 people. A Modena Comacchio
Gulf of Genoa
6 MONACO Imperia Imola 6
Ventimiglia San Remo Carrara Bologna Ravenna
La Spezia p
Massa Faenza Forlì
The oval-shaped Colosseum Viareggio Pistoia Cesena
I
stood at 620 ft (189 m) high. Ap Rimini

Lucca Prato pe SAN MARINO
Arno n e n
Pisa SAN MARINO
i
Florence Pesaro
no
(Firenze) Fano
Livorno
hi
Arezzo Sansepolcro Falconara

a
U
M Marittima SOCCER FANS

nt
m
7 7
i
Cecina a
b
Siena Italians are crazy about

Ancona
ro
rc
-
soccer and fanatically

Tuscany
T
Piombino
M
Civitanova follow the performance of

he
(T osc an a)
ar
Lago Marche
Ar
teams such as Juventus,

n
Portoferraio Trasimeno
ch
ch
Perugia AC Milan, Inter, and Roma.

i
Isola Fermo
igi
Italian teams frequently win

pe
Grosseto Foligno
l
d’Elba Ascoli major European competitions,

ag
Lago di
ano
Todi Piceno and the national team has won

i
T Orbetello Bolsena
os Giulianova the World Cup four times—in
8 ca 8
Viterbo 1934, 1938, 1982, and 2006.
A
no Teramo
Terni
Corsica L’Aquila Pescara
n
re
(Corse) Civitavecchia Ortona

eve
(to France) Chieti

St io Avezzano
rai
t o f B o n if a c Tivoli
A
Termoli
pe
Sardinia Isola Asinara la Maddalena VATICAN CITY ROME n
Ap bru
L
Olive harvesters (ROMA) zz nin
A
(Sardegna) es o
9 Tempio Pausania gather olives in nets e San Severo 9
Porto Torres Anzio Isernia Campobasso
d
Sassari Latina
Olbia
V
ol
i
Alghero Terracina tur Manfredonia
a
no
Ozieri Gaeta Foggia
Siniscola Golfo di C a m p a ni a Barletta t
Isole Caserta
Y Cerignola
Nuoro Gaeta i
Macomer Ponziane Vesuvius Benevento Molfetta c
4190ft (1277m) Andria
Naples o Bari
Punta La Marmora Avellino ant S
Of
(Napoli) Bitonto
6017ft (1834m) Torre del Greco e
10 Oristano 10
Salerno Altamura a
App
Battipaglia P u g l i a
Isola
en
Gulf of Potenza
di Capri Matera
Villacidro Salerno
nin
o
Iglesias Agropoli Sala Taranto Brindisi
L
Cagliari Consilina Lecce
uc
Manduria
a
Carbonia
n
Quartu Sapri
Sant’ Elena Lauria o Maglie
T
Gallipoli
11 11
y
OLIVE HARVEST
Castrovillari Golfo di
rr
n to
S
Italy is a big producer of olive oil, producing around 3.6 million
t ra
Taranto O
tonnes, which is second only to Spain in Europe. The oil is
ea en
ia Rossano of
produced by first pressing the fruit of the olive tree between steel n S tr ai t
or stone rollers and then squeezing oil from the pulp using a press.
Olive trees flourish in the fertile soil and the mild, frost-free Cosenza La Ciro Marino
climate of southern Italy. Isola Amantea Sila
Crotone
l i e Stromboli Lamezia 12
Isole Eo Catanzaro
VATICAN CITY Isola Lipari
This tiny state in Rome is the Trapani Palermo Isola Vulcano Ionian
center of the Roman Catholic Palmi
Church and home to the Pope. Messina
Cefalù
As well as St. Peter’s Basilica and Alcamo Siderno
the surrounding buildings
Marsala Sea
and gardens, the Vatican boasts Mount Etna Reggio
Castelvetrano
M
Sicily 10,958ft 0 km 50 100

e
Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel.

s
(3340m) di Calabria
s i
13 The state has its own flag, ( Si c i l i a) 13

of
St r a i t n a
Si m
postage stamps, and coins. 0 miles 50 100

eto
Caltanissetta Catania
Agrigento HOME LIFE
St Family life is important
Isola di ra Gela in Italy, and most people
Pantelleria
it Siracusa
M of Vittoria live at home until they
Swiss guards, in their red, yellow, and ed Si Ragusa get married This is partly
cil Modica owing to the lack of
blue striped costumes, stand at the ite y
14 gates of Vatican City. rra Pozzallo cheap housing. Lunch 14
nean Ma (pranzo) is often the
Sea lta main meal of the day.
Cha
nnel
RENAISSANCE ITALY
Florence (below) sits on both sides of the Arno River. During the Gozo
1400s, a new movement in art and architecture—known as the MALTA
Renaissance, or rebirth—began in Italy. Painters and sculptors, such as Isole
Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, created beautiful works Pelagie VALLETTA
of art using improved techniques of perspective and realism. Many of Malta
15 these can still be seen in the galleries and churches of Florence.
B C D E F G H I
EUROPE
1
FAMILY FARMS
Poland has one of the largest agricultural sectors
Central Europe in Europe, with more than one fourth of the work
Four countries lie at the heart of central Europe— force employed in farming. Most farms are still
Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. The small, family-run businesses, growing grains, beets,
and potatoes. Large numbers of pigs and other
region is typically composed of wide plains broken up by animals are also raised.
gentle hills and the Carpathian mountain range in the south.
2 2
In the late 1980s, these countries broke away from years of
communist rule. The new democratic governments were
faced with the problems of trying to modernize their nations.
These changes are ongoing, but in some of the countries,
TRADITIONAL TRADES
such as the Czech Republic, there are signs of improvement The countries of central Europe, except
and a rise in living standards. Slovakia, are heavily industrialized. Huge
3 coal mines, steelworks (above), and 3
engineering works dominate the urban
landscape. Although some of these sites are
GOLDEN PRAGUE old and poorly equipped, these countries
Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic, are trying to update the machinery and
is one of Europe’s most beautiful cities. It introduce measures to improve standards
contains many old buildings with golden of environmental pollution.
roofs and grand squares. Unlike other
central European cities, Prague escaped
serious damage during both world wars, a Gulf of
4 and thus retains a lot of its charm. Danzig 4
S eWîadysîawowo
ic
t Ustka Wejherowo
l Rumia Vistula Lagoon KALININGRAD
Lèbork Gdynia (to Russian Federation)
B a Sîawno Sîupsk Braniewo Goîdap
Koszalin Bartoszyce
Pomeranian Gdaúsk Elblàg Lidzbark Suwaîki
Bytów
isî a
Warmiúski Kètrzyn Giæycko
W
Bay Koîobrzeg Tczew
Ko¡cierzyna Dobre Miasto Eîk
⁄winouj¡cie Biaîogard Augustów
y
Malbork
Zalew Biskupiec
r
Jezioro
⁄widwin Szczecinek Ostróda
B
5 Szczeciúski Pisz Grajewo Kuænica 5

Olsztyn ⁄niardwy u
Nowogard Chojnice Kwidzyú
Goleniów Czîuchów Iîawa z Sokóîka
Szczecin Szczytno
EL
Stargard Szczeciúski ⁄wiecie Grudziàdz Nidzica M a

Waîcz Brodnica Îomæa Narew
Choszczno Cheîmæa
Ostroîèka Biaîystok
AR
Pyrzyce Piîa Rypin

Solec Kujawski Mîawa
Trzcianka Bydgoszcz Îapy
Toruú Ciechanów Ostrów Zambrów
Chodzieæ
Od
Noteá Lipno Mazowiecka
er
US
Gorzów Wielkopolski Sierpc

Ænin
(O
Puîtusk
d
6 ra Inowrocîaw Bu Bielsk Podlaski
6
g
) Pîoúsk
Oborniki Gniezno Wîocîawek Wyszków RELIGION
Mogilno
Mièdzyrzecz Pîock Siemiatycze The Roman Catholic
Sîubice Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki
WARSAW
Poznaú Wrze¡nia (WARSZAWA) Church is very strong
GERMAN
Konin Kutno Pruszków Siedlce throughout central
⁄wiebodzin Biaîa Podlaska
Sulechów Europe. Attending
Y
Koîo Îuków
Krosno Odrzaúskie P O L A N D Mièdzyrzec Podlaski mass on Sunday and
Pleszew Góra Garwolin observing religious
ta
Zielona Góra Nowa Sól Skierniewice

ar
Leszno Zgierz Grójec Kalwaria Radzyú Podlaski holidays, such as

W
Od
Lubsko e r (O Kalisz Îód¶ Ryki Christmas and Easter,
7 Æagaú
dra) Pabianice Tomaszów 7
Gîogów Rawicz Ostrów Wîodawa are important features
Part of Prague’s colorful history Szprotawa Sieradz Mazowiecki Radom Puîawy of family life.
S
Lubin Wielkopolski a
is preserved in buildings around Beîchatów Lublin
i
isî
Bolesîawiec Piotrków Skaræysko- Cheîm

W
the Old Town Square. l Wieluú

Zgorzelec e
Legnica Kèpno Trybunalski Kamienna Poniatowa
s Radomsko
Ostrowiec Krasnystaw
S u Jelenia Góra i a Wrocîaw Starachowice Kluczbork
⁄wiètokrzyski
de Brzeg Kielce yna Lubelska
Dçâín t Kîobuck n a Wyæ Zamo¡á
Ústí nad Labem e n ⁄widnica Czèstochowa æ y a
s k Sandomierz
Liberec Snçªka Opole Jèdrzejów
y o l
8
Teplice 5256ft Waîbrzych Lubliniec W op Stalowa Wola 8
Lovosice
Chomutov Turnov (1602m) Zàbkowice ⁄làskie a î Tarnobrzeg
Tomaszów Lubelski
Most Bytom M
Karlovy Vary Zawiercie
PRAGUE Hradec Kèdzierzyn-Koæle Gliwice Miechów Mielec Leæajsk
Kladno Chorzów
Cheb (PRAHA) Podçbrady Králové Rybnik Katowice Dàbrowa Tarnowska Jarosîaw Kraków
Mariánské Láznç Kolín Elbe Pardubice Wodzisîaw ⁄làski Æory Tychy Dèbica Rzeszów
E
Tachov Rokycany Zábüeh Opava Jastrzèbie-Zdrój Wieliczka Tarnów
Limanowa Przemy¡l
N
Plzeõ
Bo
Ostrava Havíüov Bielsko-Biaîa Krosno
EPUBLIC Nowy Sàcz Sanok
he
9 9
C Z E C H RHumpolec Frÿdek-Místek
Olomouc
GE
AI
B ohemia
m
Klatovy Tábor Prostçjov Püerov
thian Mount
ia
Písek C a r pPaoprad FOLK CULTURE
Jihlava
n
Strakonice Zakopane Rysy 8199ft
ain
Bardejov
RM
Moravia Bytâa ·ilina s Traditional folk culture is still
Labo
(2499m)
Tüebíâ Otrokovice Zlín preserved in Slovakia and is
Fo
A
T a tr
rec
Âeské Budçjovice Pre#ov Snina
r
Brno a M ts
va
UKR
h
seen as an essential part of
N
Martin Vranov nad Topl’ou
es
Ruªomberok Poprad
ora
t Znojmo Vá regional identity. Throughout
Y
Hodonín Trenâín Michalovce
Âeskÿ Krumlov Banská Bystrica Roªõava the year, especially during the
AU Ko#ice summer months, folk festivals
STR Pie#˚any SLOVAKIA are held in many towns. The
10 10
IA Zvolen Záhony
Malacky é Rudohrie Sátoraljaújhely people dress up in their colorful
Danube Trnava
Nitra
Nitra vensk regional folk costumes, play
Pezinok
o Luâenec Encs
Sl traditional instruments, and
Galanta Levice Ózd Kisvárda
BRATISLAVA Senec Ip e l ’ sing and dance.
‹urany Miskolc Fehérgyarmat
I po ly
L
D it Kolárovo Kékes Eger Nyíregyháza
Mosonmagyaróvár an t 3326ft Nagykálló
sza
u b el e Alföld Vác (1014m)
Ti
Györ Esztergom Hajdúhadház
Budapest was once two Csorna Gyöngyös
Sopron Tatabánya
Debrecen
11 BUDAPEST A
I
cities—Buda on the Püspökladány
Celldömölk Berettyóújfalu
N
Szombathely ó
a
tty
H U N G A R Y re
A
áb
right bank of the Székesfehérvár
Be
Nagykörös Szolnok
R
Veszprém Dunaújváros Mezötúr
M
Danube River and Pest Körmend Great Gyomaendröd

k o nyn Kecskemét Tiszakécske
Zalaegerszeg Ba at o
Bal Békéscsaba
Keszthely
RO
on the left bank. SL Hungarian

OV Fonyód
EN Mur Lenti Paks
12
IA P l a i n Hódmezövásárhely 12
Kaposvár Szekszárd Tolna
Nagykanizsa Szeged Makó
Csurgó Mecsek Baja
INDUSTRIAL LIFE
C Barcs Pécs
The Czech Republic is central R IA
Europe’s most industrialized Siklós S ER B
Da
O
country. It is renowned for its
nube
centuries-old glass industry. Dra
AT
IA va LANDSCAPE OF SLOVAKIA
The region also produces some
Slovakia is divided between a fertile, lowland south and a more
13 of the world’s best-known 13
rugged, mountainous north. The country is much more rural than
beers. Pilsner beer, for example,
0 km 50 100 its industrial neighbor, the Czech Republic. Most Slovaks live in
originated in the town of Plzen,
small towns and mountain villages. The Tatra Mountains in
while Budweiser beer has been
the north are popular with skiers and hikers, who bring in
brewed in Ceské Budejovice for 0 miles 50 100
much-needed tourist income.
more than 100 years.
14 14
HOT SPRINGS
A land of fertile plains,
Hungary is also famous for its
numerous hot springs.
In the capital city of
Budapest, there are more
than 100 hot springs. The
15 warm waters rise naturally 15
from the ground, and spas
and baths are centerd on
these springs. They are as
popular today as they were
centuries ago, when the
Romans used the hot springs
on the Buda side of the city.
16 Széchenyi baths has 16

the hottest spa water
in Budapest.
63
CENTRAL EUROPE
A B C D E F G H I
B C D E F G H I
EUROPE
1
Southeast Europe
Until 1991, croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia,
Montenegro, and Macedonia were all part of Yugoslavia.
THE ADRIATIC
Ethnic tensions between the Serbs and other peoples in The long Adriatic coastline of Croatia is one
Yugoslavia caused a series of bloody wars that broke up the of the most beautiful in Europe. The wooded
2 hillsides, pretty beaches, such as Markarska 2
country. Peace was eventually restored in 1999, but all (right), islands, and historic towns once
attracted tourists from all over
five countries have suffered from intense economic problems Europe. Now that the country
as a result. So, too, has Albania ever since its communist is no longer involved in the
war, tourists are returning,
government collapsed. The six nations do, however, have contributing vital income
huge potential, with considerable agricultural and mineral to the national economy.
resources. In the north, the Danube River is an important
3 3
trade route for both Croatia and Serbia, while Croatia has a
flourishing tourist industry along its beautiful Adriatic coast.
GROWING FOOD
The Dalmatian The most fertile area in
SPORTING ACHIEVEMENT this region lies along the
Croatia is a great sports nation. Skier Janica dog is named Danube River in northern
Kostelic is not only Croatia’s first triple Serbia and eastern Croatia.
Olympic champion, but she is also the after the coastal Here, vegetables, fruit,
most successful female Alpine skier of all corn, and cereals are
4 grown, as well as grapes 4
time, winning three gold medals at the region of
2002 Winter Olympics and another gold for winemaking. Most
and silver medal in 2006. farms are small-scale
Dalmatia in family businesses that
grow a wide range
Croatia, its first of crops.
Janica Kostelic
IA
Dr
EN
av
known home.
a
V
O Âakovec
5 5
Varaªdin
SL
Family-run allotments
Sa
va Koprivnica
Kriªevci DIFFERENT SCRIPTS
The Croatian and Serbian languages are very
Samobor Sesvete Bjelovar Y similar, but the people of Croatia, a predominantly
ZAGREB Roman Catholic country, write in Roman script,
H U N
Ko Virovitica
G A R Subotica as do Bosnians. Serbians are mostly Eastern
Poreâ Rijeka lp
a
Opatija CROATIA Kanjiªa Orthodox and write using both Roman and
Karlovac Sisak Slatina Beli Manastir Senta Russian Cyrillic scripts.
6 Rovinj a Crikvenica Kutina Dr Baâka 6
tr Petrinja av
Sombor Topola
a
Ada
Tisza
Is Ogulin uk
Glina
S
Pula Krk av Pa p Vojvodina
Nova a Osijek Kikinda
r
Senj Slavonska Poªega Vrbas Beâej
ne
Bosanska Dubica Gradi#ka
Cres
ar
Bosanski Novi Bosanska Gradi#ka Ãakovo Borovo Srbobran
Kv
R
Vukovar Temerin
Cazin Ko Slavonski Brod
Vinkovci Baâka Palanka Zrenjanin
as
n a Prijedor z ar
rb
U a
O
Bihaá V Bosanski ‹amac

Derventa ·upanja Futog Novi Sad Muªlja
Ve l e
Lo#inj Gospiá Banja Luka REPUBLIKA
Pag Modriâa Ruma Magazine Magazine
b
7 7
M
SRPSKA Gradaâac Sremska Indija Vr#ac
A
with Roman with Cyrillic
it
San
Un Doboj Brâko Mitrovica Stara Pazova

a
ac script script
Batajnica
A
d
Kljuâ Bijeljina ‹abac Panâevo Bela Crkva
a
Zadar
B OS NIA & Zemun N
D
Maglaj
r
Tuzla Sa BELGRADE
rin
va
D
Jajce na Loznica (BEOGRAD)

s
D
i
i
Zavidoviái
I A
Smederevo
Bo
Dan
Dugi Knin Troglav Travnik Zvornik ub
Otok 6276ft Zenica Poªarevac e(
a
D
a
(1913m) Mladenovac
un
a)
t
Smederevska Palanka
a
l
Mo r a v a
Ve l i k a
8 H ER ZEGOVINA Valjevo 8
Livno Aranãelovac
i
‹ibenik Visoko Srebrenica
r
Sinj FEDERACIJA BOSNA

m
SARAJEVO
c
i
I HERCEGOVINA Gornji Milanovac

SERBIA
Rogatica
Kragujevac Negotin
Trogir Split c
a
Konjic Uªice Poªega Âaâak Jagodina Bor

t
Áuprija
Bra â A Goraªde
a
Makarska
S
Foâa
i
Priboj Kraljevo Paraáin Zajeâar
Ne
l
Drin
e
Vis
re
a
Hvar Mostar p tv
a
Aleksinac
a
9 Prijepolje Kru#evac 9
Iba r
Korâula Metkoviá
s Pljevlja Knjaªevac
Ploâe
K opa
Sjenica
B
Ni#
oni
Novi Pazar Prokuplje
M
a
Bijelo Polje
k
ou l
Mljet
Juª
nt ka n
MONTENEGRO Pirot
Berane
ai
Dubrovnik Trebinje Mitrovicë Podujevë Leskovac
na M
Nik#iá ns
o
North Vlasotince
r av
DUBROVNIK Vushtrri
a
Pejë
The medieval walled city of Albanian Fushë 10
Kotor Cetinje Ãeravica PRISTINA
Dubrovnik, at the southern tip 8720ft
Kosovë Surdulica
of Croatia on the Adriatic Sea, PODGORICA Alps (2658m) KOSOVO Vranje
is one of the architectural gems Bajram Curri Gjakovë (disputed)
of Europe. In 1991, Serb troops shelled Lake Scutari i i Drini
t Rahovec Bujanovac
um Ferizaj Gjilan
L
the city, causing immense damage. The Prizren Pre#evo
Bar
city was restored after the end of the
war. Other historic cities damaged Shkodër
BULG
Kukës
during the fighting, notably Sarajevo and Tetovo Kumanovo
A
Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina, have Lezhë

11 SKOPJE 11
yet to be fully restored. Koâani
Laç Peshkopi Gostivar a
c
RI
l ni
Krujë Burrel Brega
Veles ‹tip
A
Debar
Kiâevo
Bla
Durrës TIRANA Radovi#
ck D
(TIRANË)
ri n
Kavajë
MACEDONIA
ubinit Struga Kavadarci
Lu mi i Shk Prilep Strumica
Ohrid
Var
Elbasan eka
R
GREAT LAKES Lushnjë

dar
12 Lake Gevgelija 12
Macedonia contains Ohrid Bitola
Crna
Kuçovë
two huge lakes—Ohrid and Fier
Lu
m Lake
Prespa. The latter has clear Berat i i Pogradec
D evollit Prespa
water fed by underground
Strait of
streams and is a popular Vlorë ALBANIA
L
tourist destination. In 2002, Korçë C E
um
Lu i E
Otra
the first Prespa boat regatta mi i E 0 km 50 100
R
i V jo O s u
took place here. Both lakes Tepelenë së m i t
nto
s
have substantial fish stocks, 0 miles 50 100

G
13 especially of trout and eel, 13

which are used to make Gjirokastër
local dishes. Sarandë The remains of an impressive
temple still stands in
Apollonia, Albania.
Konispol
Lake Prespa Corfu
(Kérkyra)
LIFE IN ALBANIA
Albania is one of the poorest countries in Europe. Most
14 people are ethnic Albanian, with a sizable Greek minority 14
in the south of the country. Loyalty to one’s family or clan Eel
is more important than national identity, and married sons
often live with their parents and look after them in old age. An Albanian
family
APOLLONIA
About 8 miles (13 km) outside
the city of Fier, Albania, lie the
ruins of an ancient city called
15 15
Apollonia. Founded in 588 BCE
by Greeks from Corinth, it is
one of 30 cities named after
the Greek god Apollo. Austrian
archaeologists began excavating
the site during World War I,
and French archaeologists
continued digging in the
1930s. However, most of the
city still remains buried in the 16
surrounding hills.
SOUTHEAST EUROPE
D E F G H I
B C D E F H I
1
Bulgaria and Greece
For more than 400 years, Bulgaria and Greece were ruled by the Ottoman
Turks. Bulgaria gained independence in 1908, while southern Greece became
independent in 1832 and was joined by northern Greece in 1913. After World War
II, Bulgaria became a communist state. Both states are now democracies and
2 2
members of the European Union (EU). Bulgaria remains relatively poor while in
2010, it emerged that Greece had a huge national deficit owing to spending more
than it had been collecting in taxes. The EU lent Greece 112 billion euros
(146.6 billion dollars) to restore its economy. Although they border each other,
Bulgaria and Greece are quite different; the Greek
mainland is mountainous, with only one third of the
3 ARCHITECTURE 3
land suitable for cultivation. By contrast, Bulgaria is First held in Athens Bulgaria contains many beautiful
more fertile, with a strong agricultural tradition. old churches, monasteries, and
in 1896, the modern mosques, despite the damage done to the
Tourism is an important source of income to both country during World War II. Rila Monastery (above)
countries, with visitors flocking to the Black Sea Olympic Games was founded by a hermit monk who took to the mountains
in search of solitude in 927 CE. After a fire in 1833, Rila was
resorts in Bulgaria, to the Greek mainland to see were staged there rebuilt, and the magnificent church now boasts three fine
the ancient ruins, and to the domes, a museum, and 1,200 frescoes.
4 Greek islands in search again in 2004. 4
of sandy beaches.
Silistra
Bregovo e
nub
Da v)
Tutrakan
n
u a Alfatar
Vidin (D Glavinista
BULGARIAN AGRICULTURE Danube Dulovo
Wheat, corn, and other
ROMANIA Ruse Zavet Tervel
Dimovo Lom (Dunav)
cereals grow in the fertile Danube Karapelit Durankulak
Belogradchik Miziya Gulyantsi
a Razgrad
5 River valley in the north of the i n Dobrich 5
country. Tobacco (right) grows in
Boychinovtsi D v n Gara Khitrino Kavarna
Vinishte
u n a v s k a R a
the Maritsa River valley in the Polsko Suvorovo Zlatni Pyasûtsi
Montana Borovan Pleven Trûmbesh Dralfa
southeast, while grapes for Pavlikeni
Telish
Var
the wine industry flourish on the Berkovitsa Vratsa Dolna Oryakhovitsa Shumen Varna
ne n s k
i Z a liv
Lukovit Lovech
slopes of the Balkan Mountains. Iskûr Roman Sevlievo Veliko Veselinovo
The festival of Kukerov Den, with Dolni Chiflik
Ba
Dragoman Mikre Tûrnovo
traditional processions, celebrates lk iya
Troyan mch Lyulyakovo Black
Slivnitsa Gabrovo L u d a Ka
the start of the agricultural year.
an
BIA
Trûn Novi Iskûr Sliven Aytos Banya
Mount
6 SOFIA Klisura ains Karnobat Sea 6
(SOFIYA) Kazanlûk
CITY LIFE
SER
Pernik Burgas Burgaski Za
Bulgarians make up about Yazovir
liv
Izvor B U L G A R I A Yambol
85 percent of the total Iskûr Brezovo Sredets Primorsko
population of the country. Kostenets
Stara Zagora
Dupnitsa Sredets Bolyarovo Tsarevo
The rest are Turkish, Kyustendil o v
g Musala Plovdiv
n dz h a
Macedonian, or Roma. Dimitrovgrad Kondolovo

O s o tai n s 9596ft Pazardzhik
Tu
Most people live in u n Topolovgrad Malko

Mo (2925m) Velingrad Rezovo
Tûrnovo
M
apartment buildings in Blagoevgrad Simitli Yakoruda Khaskovo ar

i ts a
7 the main towns and cities. Kharmanli Svilengrad Y
R
They are more likely to Kresna Chepelare

h
o Dospat Kûrdzhali
E
K
use public transportation Strumyani do Ardino A rd as

as not all households Sandanski A rda Orestiáda LANGUAGE
pe Momchilgrad
have a car. The 24 characters in the
A Petrich Mo
Didymóteicho
ONI untai
ns Greek alphabet date from
N és
CED os t the 700s BCE, when the first
TUR
MA Sidirókastro Souflí
Dráma Xánthi Komotiní texts were written in classical
Sérres Sápes Greek. Since then the language
S
Lake Polÿkastro Kilkís try Alistráti has evolved and is now spoken
8 Trams provide an efficient way for people Prespa mó
n as Néa Ávdira Féres 8
Aridaía Lachanás Kavála by 11 million people around
to get around the city of Sofia. Flórina Giannitsá Zíchni Alexandroúpoli the world.
Salonica (Thessaloníki) Thásos
Thr ac i an
Amÿntaio Kalamariá Thásos Sea
Alexándreia Alykí
Kastoría
A
Véroia Arnaía
l
Ch Samothráki
iá
A Neápoli Kastaneá Epanomí
alkidikí Ierissós Samothráki
km
NI Kozáni Kateríni Karyés
ona
s
BA Grevená Velvéntos Thermaic Néa Moudanía
9 GREEK ISLANDS AL Kónitsa Ólympos Litóchoro Sárti
Akrotírio Pínes 9
More than 2,000 9570ft (2917m)
Kalpáki Kraniá Gulf Akrotírio Drépano
islands lie off Sidári Gónnoi Límnos
Stómio
Pi
the mainland of Métsovo Loutrá Akrotírio Mÿrina
Corfu Tÿrnavos
Greece. The P i Palioúri
(Kérkyra) Corfu (Kérkyra)
ne Kalampáka Agiá
s
ió s Ágios
Cyclades and Tríkala Lárisa
Ioánnina
nd ( P í
Igoumenítsa
A e g
Dodecanese in the Efstrátios
u nd
Aegean Sea are often
e
Lefkímmi Kleisoúra
rocky and arid, while Párga Kardítsa Vólos Kyrá Panagía Kalloní
un
r
Alónnisos Ántissa
Mo o s )
d es)
the Ionian Islands, such Argalastí
ta
10 as Zákynthos (below), are Paxoí Skíathos Mytilíni 10
orá a d e s
Lesbos
a n
Árta Rentína
p
Antípaxoi Soúrpi
n
more fertile. Tourists often Domokós Skópelos r (Lésvos)
ins
s S S po
Préveza e
travel from one island to Karpenísi Agriovótano t h ie Plomári
S
another by ferry Lefkáda Lamía
N o r V ó re
(
or hovercraft. Amfilochía Mólos Strofyliá Skÿros Skÿros
Lefkáda Katoúna Livanátes
e a
Kÿmi Psará
Vasilikí G R E E C E Malesína
Lidoríki Euboea Antípsara GREEK WEDDING
Kefalonia Thérmo Chalkída Alivéri Chíos
Neochóri Náfpaktos (Évvoia) About 94 percent of Greeks
Chíos
nia n
(Kefalloná)
I o (I ó n i
Alíartos follow the Greek Orthodox
a
11 Lixoúri Aígio G Kálamos 11
Pátra religion, and weddings follow
I
Póros ulf
the rites of the Orthodox
s
Argostóli Káto Achaïa
of Corinth Vília
Mándra Marathónas
l
Corinth Kárystos Church. At a wedding
Nis
Lechainá Xylókastro ATHENS ceremony it is traditional
i
Corinth Canal Ándros
(ATHÍNA)
an
Gastoúni (Kórinthos)
Piraeus for the best man to place
Ándros
Pe
á)
(Peiraías) Sámos Sámos
Lámpeia
l
Keratéa wreaths of orange
Neméa
ds
Kerí Aígina
o
Ikaría
(Pel
Árgos Lávrio Tínos blossoms, linked by
o
Palaiá Epídavros Ioulís
Tzia Thérma
Zákynthos Pÿrgos Tínos a silk ribbon, on the
pó
Alf Trípoli Náfplio Agathónisi
ei Póros Sÿros heads of the bride
Mÿkonos
ós
Zacháro Pátmos Arkoí
nn
12 Ermióni Ermoúpoli and groom (above). 12
e
Kÿthnos Kÿthnos
p o nniso
Leipsoi
) s
Ÿdra
se
Kyparissía d e s (Kykládes Agía
Cycla )
Dod
Leonídio Sérifos Páros Náxos Léros Marína

Messíni Spárti Paroikiá
eca
Náxos
Io
Kálymnos
M
Kalámata Sífnos Amorgós
ne
n
ir
Geráki Kástro
s
Pÿlos
i
Kos
tó
Kos
e
o Pláka Amorgós
Koróni Gÿtheio Chóra
(D
an
Pe Íos
os
la Akrotírio Floúda o d e
Areópoli Daimoniá
S
g o s Mílos
Folégandros
ká
ni Nísyros
Kólp
13 Neápoli Astypálaia sa Tílos 13
Geroliménas
ea
CORINTH CANAL Thíra ) Rhodes
ós
ik
The Corinth Canal Santorini Anáfi Sÿrna (Ródos)
Karavás
on
Chálki
k
was built to provide
La
Kÿthira Líndos
a shortcut for ships Rhodes
Kÿthira
travelling between the Sea (Ródos)
Aegean and Ionian Kattavía
Saría
(Kr of Cre
Seas. Dug through Potamós itik te
solid limestone, the ó Péla
Antikÿthira gos)
M
steep-sided canal was Kárpathos
14 begun in 1882 by the
e 14
French and completed
d Chaniá Crete (Kríti) Kárpathos
Kíssamos Pánormos Kásos ATHENS
in 1893 by the Greeks.
it
Lefká
Ór The capital city of
i Irákleio Neápoli Siteía
er
Greece is dominated by the
D
Spíli ik Ágios Nikólaos Parthenon, a temple built in

r a Kántanos
tí
n e Chóra Sfakíon TympákiZarós 447–438 BCE on a rocky hill known as
an Mÿrtos Ierápetra the Acropolis. Modern-day Athens is
0 km 50 100 a sprawling city where the large number
Gávdos
of cars causes serious air pollution.
15 15
0 miles 50 100 Sea
EARTHQUAKES
The idyllic landscape of the Greek
Islands, such as Santorini (left), can
be rocked by earthquakes. This is
because the islands and mainland
of Greece, as well as Bulgaria, sit on
16 a plate boundary. There is now a 16
Greek Seismic Code that outlines
regulations for all new buildings.
67
BULGARIA AND GREECE
A B C D E F G H I
EUROPE
B C D E F G H
Ukraine, Moldova, & Romania

T hroughout most of the past century, Ukraine and Moldova B E L
formed part of the Soviet Union, while Romania was ruled for Pripet P A R
ripet M U S
20 years by the dictator Nicolae Ceausescu. In 1989, Ceausescu was a r she
s
Styr
overthrown, while Ukraine and Moldova became independent in Kovel’ Sarny
N D
Bug
2 1991. Today, the three countries are struggling to come to terms Ovruch
Olevs’k
with their communist inheritance and transform themselves into Volodymyr-Volyns’kyy S
lu
A
Kivertsi
modern democracies. All three lack modern technology and face
ch
Korosten’
Luts’k
L
Rivne
serious economic and environmental problems arising from Sokal’ Malyn
O
Dubno Novohrad-
outdated industry. They also face increasing ethnic tensions P Zhovkva Chervonohrad Volyns’kyy Radomyshl’
with their minority populations—Hungarians in Romania, Shepetivka Zhytomyr

Yavoriv
L’viv Kremenets’
Izyaslav Polonne
3 as well as Russians left behind in Ukraine and Moldova Horodok Zolochiv
after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Sambir Zbarazh Berdychiv
Khodoriv Berezhany Starokostyantyniv
Boryslav Kozyatyn
Stryy Ternopil’
U K R
IA
CITY LIFE
Kalush Khmel’nyts’kyy
AK
Romania has many cities and
Dolyna Chortkiv
towns, with a mix of old and Vinnytsya
OV
new buildings. Sibiu (left) was Uzhhorod Ivano-Frankivs’k Lypovets’
Zhmerynka
SL
founded in the 1100s and, at Nadvirna Kam’’yanets’- Pod
one time, had 19 guilds—each Mukacheve Podil’s’kyy il’s Haysyn
4
representing a different craft Berehove Kolomyya ’ka
—within its city walls. Most Khust C Chernivtsi Mohyliv-Podil’s’kyy Vy Tul’chyn
Vynohradiv
a Hora Hoverla so
remains from this colorful Negre∞ti-Oa∞ 6762ft (2061m)
Dn
i es ch
Satu Mare ter yn
rp
history, especially in the painted
Y
buildings of the old town.

Darabani
Soroca
a
at
R
Baia Mare
T
Carei Râdâuπi Dorohoi Balta
A
Sir
∞
hi
r a
Some
Marghita Bor∞a Bâlπi
et
Boto∞ani
G
an
n s
Suceava Rîbniπa Kotovs’k
N
fiimleu Silvaniei
Zalâu Nâsâud
n i
Oradea
U
MOLDOVA
M
Fâlticeni
5 Ale∞d Bistriπa Pa∞cani Ungheni
H
Dej
ou
Câlâra∞i
s t r
FOLK CUSTOMS Salonta Beiu∞ Cluj-Napoca Topliπa Bicaz Ia∞i Dubâsari
nt
Despite years of communist rule, folk Roman
i a
customs thrived in the rural areas of Curtici T r a n s y l v a n i a CHIfiINÂU
ain
Munπii Turda Târgu Mure∞ Piatra-Neamπ
Romania and Ukraine. In Ukraine, Arad
singers perform dumas, historical Apuseni Bacâu Hînce∞ti Tighina
Mure∞
s
epics that tell of slavery under
Cristuru
Miercurea-Ciuc Vaslui Tiraspol
Lipova Alba Iulia Media∞ Secuiesc
the Turks. One of the traditional Jimbolia Deva Basarabeasca
instruments is a bandura (left), Timi∞oara Lugoj R O M A N I A
Hunedoara Sibiu Bârlad
Târgu Ocna
Prut
a stringed instrument that i Fâgâra∞
∞
sounds like a harpsichord. Ti

m Oπelu Ro∞u Haπeg Tra Vârful Moldoveanu Sfântu Gheorghe Ciadîr-Lunga
Boc∞a nsy 8346ft (2544m) Tecuci Cahul Artsyz
lvani
Petro∞ani
Re∞iπa a n A l p sBra∞ov Foc∞ani Bolhrad
SE
Oraviπa Câmpulung Râmnicu

Galaπi Ozero Yalpuh
Târgu Jiu Sinaia Sârat Reni Kiliya
RB
Râmnicu Brâila
Motru Câmpina Mâcin Izmayil
Or∞ova Vâlcea Buzâu
IA
Târgovi∞te Mizil
DRACULA’S CASTLE Drobeta-Turnu Strehaia Pite∞ti Tulcea
Situated in Transylvania, Bran Castle is a favourite tourist Ploie∞ti Babadag
Severin Titu Urziceni
destination. This is where author Bram Stoker’s fictional Filia∞i Wallachia
7 Ia l ∏ândârei Hâr∞ova Lacul Razim
blood-drinking Count Dracula lived. The story is probably Craiova Buftea om iπa
Slatina Lacul Sinoie
based on a 15th-century BUCHAREST
Bâile∞ti Caracal Fete∞ti
Romanian prince, Vlad Dracula, Calafat (BUCUREfiTI) Medgidia
Ji u
who reigned for less than Ro∞iori de Vede Alexandria

Danube
Câlâra∞i Constanπa
Ol
10 years but caused more (Du Corabia Olteniπa

nâr Techirghiol
t
than 50,000 deaths. ea) Zimnicea Giurgiu

Eforie Sud
B U L A Mangalia
G A R I
8
The word
Transylvania
means “land EASTER BREAD
In Romania, Easter is
beyond the celebrated with a meal
of roast lamb served with
9
forests.” a bread called cozonac. This
is made by pounding nuts,
raisins, and even cocoa
into the dough.
68 A B C D E F G H
UKRAINE, MOLDOVA, AND ROMANIA
I J K L M N O P
INDUSTRY IN THE UKRAINE

Ukraine is the world’s eighth-largest Liquid iron ore
producer of steel and has a large coal 1
industry, as well as reserves of oil and
gas. Today, however, most of its industry is
out of date and inefficient. Most of
Desna
the heavy industry is situated in the
central Dnieper River valley.
Horodnya
Shostka
Shchors
Chernihiv Krolevets’ Hlukhiv
2
Dni
RU
0 km 50 100
Kyyivs’ke Konotop
Vodoskhovyshche Bakhmach S
S
0 miles 50 100
epe
Oster Nizhyn Sumy IA

a
Nosivka Romny
Desn
KIEV
N F
EDER
r
(KYYIV) Brovary AT
P se
Pryluky Lebedyn
Boyarka IO
Lo
Yahotyn
Pyryatyn Okhtyrka Zolochiv N
Vasyl’kiv VACATIONS BY THE SEA
3
w
Fastiv Kanivs’ke Derhachi The Black Sea resorts of the

Hrebinka Myrhorod Kharkiv
la
Lyubotyn
l
Vodoskhovyshche Crimea, in southern Ukraine,
ko
Lubny
Os
Bila Tserkva were once a favorite vacation
n
Merefa destination for Russians heading

Poltava
A I N E
d
Kup’’yans’k
south for the summer sun.
Hlobyne D on Today, resorts such as Yalta
ets
Horodyshche Cherkasy Kremenchuts’ke Starobil’s’k
(below), are growing again
Izyum
Shpola Chyhyryn Vodoskhovyshche Rubizhne in popularity, sometimes
Kremenchuk Kreminna as a budget alternative to
Tal’ne Syeverodonets’k
Oleksandrivka Dniprodzerzhyns’ke Slov’’yans’k Lysychans’k Mediterranean destinations. 4
Uman’ Oleksandriya Vodoskhovyshche
Mala Vyska Znam’’yanka Kramators’k Zolote The quality of facilities is
Novomoskovs’k Pavlohrad Kostyantynivka Luhans’k improving as tourist
Kirovohrad Dniprodzerzhyns’k numbers increase.
Ulyanivka Zhovti Vody
Dnipropetrovs’k Horlivka Stakhanov
P’’yatykhatky Krasnodon
Vil’shanka Synel’nykove Yenakiyeve
Dolyns’ka Krasnyy Luch
Pervomays’k Pokrovs’ke Makiyivka Torez
Kryvyy Rih
Kryve Ozero Arbuzynka Donets’k Amvrosiyivka
Inhulets’ Zaporizhzhya
P iv
Novyy Buh Nikopol’ Dokuchayevs’k

Orikhiv Volnovakha
de
Ordzhonikidze 5
nn
y Voznesens’k Marhanets’
y
Bu Polohy
h Kam’’yanka-Dniprovs’ka Dniprorudne
Kakhovs’ka Tokmak Mariupol’ Novoazovs’k
B l a Mykolayiv Vodoskhovyshche
Molochans’k
c k nrog
D n i ep e
r
d Melitopol’ f Taga
Zhovtneve S e (Dnipro) Kakhovka n lf o
a Gu
L o w l a
Ochakiv Kherson Prymors’k Berdyans’k
Tsyurupyns’k Yakymivka
Odesa Hola
Prystan’ Chaplynka Novotroyits’ke
Illichivs’k Kalanchak Heniches’k 6
Armyans’k Sea of
toka Krasnoperekops’k
’ka Za Azov PEOPLE OF ROMANIA
inits
B l a c k Ka rk
Rozdol’ne Dzhankoy Romanians speak Romanian—a language closely related
to French, Italian, and Spanish. The country also has
Krasnohvardiys’ke
Chornomors’ke Zatoka Kerch sizable Hungarian and Roma minorities, which have both
Nyzhn’ohirs’kyy
S e a Syvash
Crimea Children of been discriminated against in recent
Yevpatoriya Lenine the Maramures years. Most Hungarian speakers live
Saky (Kryms’kyy Pivostriv) region of in the region of Romania known
Simferopol’ Feodosiya as Transylvania. 7
Hory Kerch Transylvania
Bakhchysaray s 'k i Strait
y m Alushta
Kr
Sevastopol’ Yalta
Alupka
RICH SOIL OF MOLDOVA

Moldova consists of partially wooded plains
intercut with rivers and streams. About
75 percent of the land is rich in 8
chernozem (black) soil, which is
very fertile. Wine and sunflower
production are important here.
Fruit and vegetables, such
as pumpkins (left), also
grow well.
I J K L M N P 69
B C D E F I
EUROPE
1
Baltic States & Belarus
The three baltic states—Estonia, Latvia, and SINGING REVOLUTION
Estonia is known for its
Lithuania—all share a small stretch of coast on the classical music tradition—
Baltic Sea. Belarus lies between Poland, Ukraine, and most notably its choirs. This
love of music was most
the Russian Federation. Following independence from powerful when people raised
2 2
the Soviet Union in 1991, all of these countries faced their voices during the
Singing Revolution in 1988
problems such as price rises, food shortages, and (right), part of their move
pollution. However, the Baltic States have since tried toward indpendence.
to reform their societies and economies along Western

lines. Belarus has kept close links with Russia and has
been the slowest to reform. This mostly rural country
3 l 3
Kärdla
remains isolated from the rest of Europe and, with few tic e a
a S Hiiumaa Paldiski
B Vormsi TALLINN Gu
natural resources, remains one of its poorest nations. Emmaste Maardu
lf o Political rally in Tallinn
Haapsalu Loksa
Keila
f F
Saaremaa
in
V ä in a m e r i Raasiku la
Risti
TALLINN’S OLD TOWN Orissaare Aegviidu Kunda nd
With its colorful buildings, Kuressaare Lihula
Rapla N ar va
turreted walls, and gabled Virtsu
äi n
Sääre Tapa Rakvere Bay
rV
roofs, Tallinn is one of the Pärnu-Jaagupi Paide
u
4 best-preserved capital cities Su Rakke Kohtla-Järve Sillamäe 4
in Europe. All of the winding, Audru u
Mazirbe Kolkasrags Sindi Pär n Narva
cobbled streets lead Kihnu
Pärnu
Ventspils Kolka ah
t a
to Town Hall Ruhnu Uulu
ESTONIA rv Narva
Roja uL Na
Square (left). Ugále rn Viljandi Palamuse Reservoir
Pávilosta Gulf of Pä Kilingi-Nómme Em
a Puurmani
Usmas Ezers Móisaküla jóg Kallaste
Talsi Ainaªi
Mérsrags i
Liepája Kuldíga Salacgríva Staicele Tartu Lake
Engures Ezers Róngu Peipus
ta Riga Aloja
n
Grobiöa Rújiena
Ve
Durbe Kandava Engure Burtnieku Tórva Vónnu
5 5
r z e m e Tukums Ezers Valka Otepää
K u
Rucava Saldus Júrmala
Saulkrasti Valmiera Valga Pólva Räpina
Brocéni
Salantai Suur Vóru
RIGA Césis G a uja Lake
ON
Munamägi
Kretinga Skuodas
I
Smiltene 1043ft Pskov

Maªeikiai (318m)
Klaipëda Plungë Jelgava Ape
AT
Tel#iai Papilë
L A T V I A
Priekulë Gargªdai Iecava Gaizina Kalns Jaunpiebalga Alúksne
Joni#kis Bauska 1020ft
ER
Pionerskiy Nida ·em Gulbene

aiâ (311m)
6 Zelenogradsk i Aizkraukle 6
D
Primorsk ‹ilutë ù A ‹iauliai Balvi

Courland ‹ilalë uk Pôaviöas Madona Viôaka
Pakruojis
Ne
Lagoon Kelmë # t Birªai Rugáji
FE
Mamonovo
ma
Radvili#kis Viesíte Jékabpils Lubáns
n
Tauragë
um
Kaliningrad Skaudvilë Pasvalys Varakôáni

Belarus used
as
Gvardeysk Neman Nereta Kársava

Bagrationovsk
AN
Raseiniai Panevëªys Líváni to be known

D vi n a
KALININGRAD Naujamiestis
(to Russian Federation) Jurbarkas Roki#kis Rézekne Ludza
SI
Dotnuva Subaâius as Belorussia,

Chernyakhovsk Obeliai Malta
Western
Zheleznodorozhnyy Spogi
7 Gusev LITHUANIA a name 7
RUS
Jonava Anyk#âiai Zarasai Daugavpils Dagda

Vilkavi#kis Kaunas Ukmergë Utena Kráslava that means
Marijampolé Visaginas
AMBER Kai#iadorys
PO
Bihosava Yukhavichy “White Russia.”
Two thirds of the L Kalvarija Prienai Giedraiâiai Vidzy
world’s amber—the Vyerkhnyadzvinsk D
A
rys
Alytus a
Neris
fossilized resin of pine Trakai

N
trees—is washed up from

VILNIUS
Veisiejai Rúdi#kës Pastavy Navapolatsk
D
the seabed along the Baltic Merkinë Vyetryna Yezyaryshcha

8 coast. Amber is used to make Druskininkai Hlybokaye 8
Vil
Polatsk
Varëna Myadzyel
iya
jewelry, among other items. ‹alâinikai Harany

Hrandzichy Ashmyany Sarochyna Obal’
Hrodna Parechcha Voranava Smarhon’ Haradok
Shumilina
Skidal’ Vasilishki Vilyeyka Byahoml’ Bacheykava Surazh
Ne
Lida Maladzyechna Lyepyel’
m
an
Shchuchyn Valozhyn Plyeshchanitsy Vitsyebsk
Krasnaye Chashniki
Masty
Vawkavysk Orlya Lyozna 9
ND B E L A R U S Bahushewsk
in
W
Zel’va Navahrudak
M z
LA Barysaw
vy sk a MINSK
PO Novy Dvor da sh y a Krupki Talachyn
a Hra sh
a Zhodzina
Ruzhany Slonim us kay
Bu Stowbtsy Kruhlaye Orsha Dnieper
Byer
g Pruzhany e lar
By Baranavichy
Rudzyensk Shklow Sava
Chervyen’
ezino
Brest Zhabinka Ivatsevichy Nyasvizh
Lyakhavichy Mar’’ina
Horki
FEDERAT
Kapyl’ Horka Pukhavichy Byalynichy
N
Kobryn Abrova Shyshchytsy Tal’ka Mahilyow
Haradzyets 10
Damachava Hantsavichy Slutsk Yalizava
Syemyezhava Harbavichy
RUSSIA ION
Drahichyn Asipovichy Dashkawka
Makrany Lyusina Chachevichy
Y
Salihorsk Chavusy
a
Ivanava Khodasy
sy
Staryya
el’
Starobin Babruysk
TEXTILES Darohi
da
Bastyn’ Cherykaw Krychaw
The development of the Pinsk Abidavichy
Luninyets Brozha MINSK
textile industry (above) Slawharad The capital of
ich
Pr Shchadryn Rahachow Klimavichy
in these countries is i Mikashevichy
Pts
pe Belarus, Minsk, was
strong, with foreign investment from several other t M
a Zhytkavichy Aktsyabrski Zhlobin Kastsyukovichy destroyed during
11 European countries helping growth. Clothes, r shes Myerkulavichy 11
Svyetlahorsk World War II and
bedding, curtains, and towels are just some Kaptsevichy Buda- then rebuilt in a
of the items made for export. Kashalyova Baron’ki
U Pyetrykaw Ptsich starkly modern style.
Tonyezh Shyichy
K Simanichy Pr Uvaravichy Minsk is the country’s
ipet Kalinkavichy economic center. Cars,
R Lyel’chytsy lorries and tractors, chemicals,
Rechytsa Kastsyukowka
FARMING A Milashavichy Mazyr timber products, and a range of
Yel’sk Dobrush
The fertile soil I Homyel’ high-tech goods are all produced
Dabryn’ Narowlya
and flat landscape N here. Farm produce (above) is
make this region good Khoyniki Tsyerakhowka also sold in markets.
12 E 12
for farming. The Baltic Loyew
States, especially Latvia (left), Byval’ki
have large dairy farms. Belarus is e r
iep
a major producer of flax, which is Dn
used to make linen and other
products. Potatoes—used to make
vodka—beets, and other root crops
are also grown here.
13 13
GYMNASTICS
0 km 50 100 The former Soviet Union worked its
young athletes and gymnasts
extremely hard in order to win
0 miles 50 100
Olympic medals and thus national
glory. Many of the most famous
gymnasts came from Belarus,
LITHUANIAN DRESS notably Olga Korbut and, more
14 recently, Svetlana Boginskaya (right), 14
In some Lithuanian villages, people still wear
traditional folk costumes, especially for festive who has won three gold, one silver,
occasions. Women’s clothing is generally and one bronze Olympic medals.
colorful (left) and might include a white linen
shirt, a skirt, and an apron. The decoration and
style of the costume shows which region of
Lithuania the wearer comes from.
Ferns thrive in this

15 15
Latvian forest
FORESTS AND LAKES

All four countries are lowlying, with
many moors, bogs, unspoiled lakes,
and fir and pine forests. Forestry
is an important industry,
providing wood pulp for
papermaking and timber
16 for furniture and houses. 16
71
BALTIC STATES AND BELARUS
A B C D E F G H I
B C D E F G H I
ST. PETERSBURG
Once Russia’s capital, St. Petersburg
EUROPE
was built in the 1700s by Czar Peter 1

the Great as a “window on the west.”
Today, it is a popular tourist destination,
European Russia full of grand palaces and extravagant
Separated from asian russia by the Ural Mountains, architecture (left). The city spreads over
some 40 islands, linked by a network
European Russia is so large that it spans four time zones. The climate of canals and rivers.
and landscape range from cold desert and frozen tundra in the north
2
to the warm coast of the Black Sea in the southwest. Forests and 2
grassy steppes cover huge areas. More than 100 million people—
two thirds of the total Russian population—live in European Russia,
most of them in cities such as the capital, Moscow. Since the collapse
of communism in 1991, many Russians have experienced a decline
in their standard of living. Shortages of food and manufactured
goods occurred, and crime and unemployment rates rose. As
3 3
a result, Russia was the only European country in whichNO
life expectancy dropped. As the country recovered, RW
0 km 150 300
it was hit by deep recession in 2009.
AY
0 miles 150 300
D
The Church of Our Savior on
Zapolyarnyy
N
Nikel’ Spilled Blood marks the spot No va ya
Polyarnyy where Czar Alexander II was
A
Zemlya
K
Murmashi Severomorsk murdered in 1881.

(K
a
L
4
ar
Murmansk sk
ra
N
oy Se
Monchegorsk Olenegorsk
Barents P r ol a eM a
i v K a rs k i y e V o r o t o re
Apatity Sea Ostrov Ostrov )
F I
Kandalaksha Kolguyev Vaygach
Pechorskoye
Zelenoborskiy
Sleeping Beauty is Po More
performed here by Kola Peninsula m o r s k i y P r o li v
dancers from the (Kol’skiy Poluostrov) ra
Ozero u nd
5 Kirov Ballet. Topozero aT 5
W ndra ay
ay a Tu Bol’shez em el’sk
(B hite
Kem’ elo Sea e l’sk Nar’yan-Mar Promyshlennyy Severnyy
ye M ore) em
Belomorsk oz
al Vorkuta
M
Nadvoitsy
ora
Segezha Severodvinsk Archangel (Arkhangel’sk) a

Pech
Timans
Us
)
Onega Usinsk
BALLET Novodvinsk Inta
kiy
Russia is famous for its Sortavala

ry
Suoyarvi Medvezh’yegorsk
ez
6
en
ballet companies, such

Kr
o
Gulf Vyborg Pechora

y
of F Kondopoga
Pi
as the Bolshoi Ballet of

G
ne
inl Lake
az
Moscow and the Kirov an Savinskiy

ga
h
A d Lagoda Olonets Petrozavodsk

Ballet of St. Petersburg. Lake
No
O
NIPetrodvorets Plesetsk
Most of the ballets
ye
T
rth
Saint Petersburg Onega Ukhta

e
Nizhniy Odes
ES
performed are classics, rn
Gatchina (Sankt-Peterburg) a
Nyandoma
Dv
such as Swan Lake and Kolpino Yarega

Volkhov
Oneg
ina
Sleeping Beauty. Luga

Pskov Kirishi Tikhvin Konosha Mikun’ Yemva EDUCATION
Developed in
A
Sol’tsy
Pec
7 Europe in the Velikiy Novgorod Belozersk Vel’sk Children attend

school here from
TVI
1800s, ballet Kotlas
hora
Ostrov Porkhov Babayevo

became a popular Koryazhma Syktyvkar the age of 7
na
LA
Uglovka Cherepovets o
form of art and Sukh through 17.
Opochka Borovichi Luza
(Ur al’ski
entertainment Valday Sokol Although the

Vologda state education
in the 1900s.
Velikiye Luki system is free,
R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N education declined after the fall
Zapadnaya Dvina Torzhok Rybinsk
Ka m
Yaroslavl’ of communism owing to chronic

a
Tver’
S
Solikamsk underfunding. Major efforts are now
8 Rzhev Kostroma raising standards in state schools, 8
RU
Smolensk Kineshma Kirov Kirovo-Chepetsk but private schools are becoming
A
Zelenograd Zuyevka Berezniki
Ivanovo Uren’ increasingly popular.
EL
V ya
MOSCOW (MOSKVA) Elektrostal’ Glazov

tk
B
a Krasnokamsk Chusovoy
n t ai n s
Pochinok Podol’sk Vladimir Yaransk Nolinsk

Roslavl’ Kaluga Serpukhov Dzerzhinsk Nizhniy Perm’
Yoshkar-Ola
Klintsy Aleksin Kolomna Murom Novgorod Izhevsk Kungur
Tula Ryazan’
Shchëkino Cheboksary Novocheboksarsk Chaykovskiy
Bryansk Novomoskovsk
Mou
9 9
Kanash Kazan’ Neftekamsk
Tovarkovskiy Sasovo
Orël Naberezhnyye Chelny
l
Zheleznogorsk Yefremov Nizhnekamsk
Industrial smog Yelets Saransk Kuybyshevskoye Birsk
casts a haze
Michurinsk
Kursk Ul’yanovsk Vodokhranilishche Al’met’yevsk
over Moscow. Lipetsk Tambov
Gryazi Dimitrovgrad Ufa
Staryy Oskol
Ura
Penza Tol’yatti Oktyabr’skiy
Belgorod Voronezh Kuznetsk
Gubkin Samara Beloretsk
Syzran’ Buguruslan
UK
10 Shebekino Liski 10
Balashov Sterlitamak
R
Borisoglebsk Vol’sk Chapayevsk Buzuluk Salavat
A
Rossosh’ Balakovo Kumertau Sibay
Krasnoarmeysk Saratov RURAL LIFE
IN
Kantemirovka
Baymak
E
Mikhaylovka Orenburg Rural life has become extremely
Do
Krasnyy Kut
n
ets Don l Saraktash tough since the economic collapse of
ra
U
Kamyshin large-scale farms in the 1990s, with
Millerovo Ilovlya Sol’-Iletsk many people living in poverty.
Kamensk- Orsk Smaller cooperatives and farms
11 Novoshakhtinsk Shakhtinskiy TAN Novotroitsk (above) have sprung up, and the 11
Taganrog Volzhskiy KHS agricultural industry is going through
Novocherkassk ZA a painful period of reform. Due to
POLLUTION Sea of Volgograd K A
Azov Rostov-na-Donu the harsh climate, only 10 percent
The communists Volgodonsk Akhtubinsk
Starominskaya THE TATARS of the land is suitable for agriculture.
invested heavily in
Vol
Russia’s largest ethnic minority, the Tatars (below)
ga
industry, but their Zimovniki
Tikhoretsk Sal’sk are an Islamic people descended from the Mongols.
outdated methods of
Their largest population lives in the Tatarstan
production have affected Novorossiysk Kropotkin Elista ian
a Republic, halfway between Moscow and the Urals.
the environment. Rivers sp ssion
C re
12 such as the Volga are badly Krasnodar ep 12
polluted, and many cities
Stavropol’ D
Tuapse Svetlograd Astrakhan’
are covered in a permanent Maykop
and poisonous smog. Cherkessk
Chest infections and other Sochi Nevinnomyssk K
diseases related to air uma Sea Icons, common
Pyatigorsk
Bl
pollution are common. Kislovodsk n in the Russian
ia
a
Prokhladnyy p Orthodox
s
El’brus
18,510ft
ck
Church, are
Ca
(5642m) Nal’chik religious images
13 Groznyy 13
Se
Vladikavkaz Khasavyurt painted on
a
G wooden panels.
EO C Makhachkala
R a Buynaksk
G Kaspiysk
IA u ca
su Derbent
s
14 14
AZ
ERB.
The title czar, once used for

Russian rulers, means “emperor”
and comes from the ancient
15
Roman title “Caesar.” 15
MOSCOW SUBWAY THE RUSSIAN CHURCH

Not many underground trains can claim The main religion in Russia is the
to be tourist attractions, but Moscow’s Russian Orthodox Church. Under
subway can. Built in the 1930s, many of communism, all religion was banned.
its stations are decorated with beautiful The new freedom means that many
chandeliers, mosaics, paintings, and Russians now attend church services on
16 sculptures. One of the busiest, most a regular basis. New churches are being 16
efficient subway systems in the world, it is built, old ones restored, and seminaries
used by more than 7 million people daily. reopened to train new priests.
C D
73
EUROPEAN RUSSIA
A B E F G H I
ASIA
The vast continent of Asia is dominated by two giant nations—China
and India each with more than one billion people and a rich and colorful
history. Both are being transformed by rapid economic growth, and so
are many other Asian countries, listed below in order of size. Yet in some
regions of central Asia, life has barely changed in thousands of years.
China Iran Afghanistan Iraq Philippines Nepal
1,350,000,000 74,200,000 28,100,000 30,700,000 92,000,000 29,300,000
Beijing Tehran Kabul Baghdad Manila Kathmandu
Mandarin, Wu, Cantonese, Farsi, Azeri, Luri, Gilaki, Pashto, Tajik, Dari, Farsi, Arabic, Kurdish, Turkic Filipino, English, Tagalog, Nepali, Maithili, Bhojpuri
Hsiang, Min, Hakka, Kan Mazandarani, Kurdish, Turkmen, Uzbek, Turkmen languages, Armenian, Assyrian Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon,
Arabic, Balochi many other local languages
India Mongolia Yemen Japan Laos Bangladesh
1,200,000,000 2,670,000 23,600,000 127,000,000 6,320,000 162,000,000
New Delhi Ulan Bator Sanaak Tokyo Vientiane Dhaka
Hindi, English, Urdu, Khalkha Mongolian, Arabic Japanese, Korean, Chinese Lao, Mon-Khmer, Yao, Bengali, Urdu, Chakma,
Bengali, Marathi, Telugu, Tamil, Kazakh, Chinese, Russian Vietnamese, Chinese, French Marma (Magh), Garo, Khasi,
Bihari, Gujarati, Kannada. Santhali, Tripura, Mru
Kazakhstan Pakistan Thailand Vietnam Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan
15,600,000 181,000,000 67,800,000 88,100,000 5,480,000 6,950,000
Astana Islamabad Bangkok Hanoi Bishkek Dushanbe
Kazakh, Russian, Ukrainian, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtu, Thai, Chinese, Malay, Vietnamese, Chinese, Thai, Kyrgyz, Russian, Uzbek, Tajik, Uzbek, Russian
German, Uzbek, Tatar, Uyghur Urdu, Balochi, Brahui Khmer, Mon, Karen, Miao Khmer, Muong, Nung, Miao, Tatar, Ukrainian
Yao, Jarai
Saudi Arabia Turkey Turkmenistan Malaysia Syria North Korea
25,700,000 74,800,000 5,110,000 27,500,000 21,900,000 23,900,000
Riyadh Ankara Ashgabat Kuala Lumpur Damascus Pyongyang
Arabic Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic, Turkmen, Uzbek, Russian, Bahasa Malaysia, Malay, Arabic, French, Kurdish, Korean
Circassian, Armenian, Greek, Kazakh, Tatar Chinese, Tamil, English Armenian, Circassian, Turkic
Georgian, Ladino languages, Assyrian, Aramaic
(Judaeo-Spanish)
Myanmar
Indonesia (Burma) Uzbekistan Oman Cambodia South Korea
230,000,000 50,000,000 27,500,000 2,850,000 14,800,000 48,300,000
Jakarta Nay Pyi Taw Tashkent Muscat Phnom Penh Seoul
Javanese, Sundanese, Burmese, Shan, Karen, Uzbek, Russian, Tajik, Arabic, Balochi, Farsi, Hindi, Khmer, French, Chinese, Korean
Madurese, Bahasa Indonesia, Rakhine (Arakanese), Chin, Kazakh Punjabi Vietnamese, Cham
Dutch Yangbye, Kachin, Mon
74
Jordan Sri Lanka

89,342 sq km 65,610 sq km
6,320,000 20,200,000
Amman Colombo
Arabic Sinhala, Tamil,
Sinhala-Tamil, English
Azerbaijan Bhutan Israel Qatar
33,436 sq miles 14,824 sq miles 8,019 sq miles 4,473 sq miles

86,600 sq km 38,394 sq km 20,770 sq km 11,586 sq km
8,830,000 697,300 7,170,000 1,410,000
Baku Thimphu Jerusalem Doha
Azerbaijani, Russian Dzongkha, Nepali, Hebrew, Arabic, Yiddish, Arabic
Assamese German, Russian, Polish,
Romanian, Persian
United Arab
Emirates Taiwan Kuwait Lebanon Bahrain Seychelles
32,278 sq miles 13,892 sq miles 6,880 sq miles 4,015 sq miles 286 sq miles 176 sq miles
83,600 sq km 35,980 sq km 17,818 sq km 10,400 sq km 741 sq km 455 sq km
4,600,000 23,000,000 2,990,000 4,220,000 791,500 84,600
Abu Dhabi Taipei Kuwait City Beirut Manama Victoria
Arabic, Farsi, Indian and Amoy Chinese, Mandarin Arabic, English Arabic, French, Armenian, Arabic French Creole, English,
Pakistani languages, English Chinese, Hakka Chinese Assyrian French
Georgia Armenia East Timor Brunei Singapore Maldives
26,911 sq miles 11,484 sq miles 5,743 sq miles 2,226 sq miles 269 sq miles 115 sq miles
69,700 sq km 29,743 sq km 14,874 sq km 5,765 sq km 697 sq km 298 sq km
4,260,000 3,080,000 1,130,000 399,700 4,740,000 309,400
T’bilisi Yerevan Dili Bandar Seri Begawan Singapore Malé
Georgian, Russian, Azeri, Armenian, Azeri, Russian Tetum (Portuguese/ Malay, English, Chinese Mandarin, Malay, Tamil, Dhivehi (Maldivian),
Armenian, Mingrelian, Ossetian, Austronesian), Bahasa English Sinhala, Tamil, Arabic
Abkhazian Indonesia, Portuguese
75
ASIA
B C D E F G H
Turkey and the Caucasus

Turkey lies in both asia and Europe—separated ISTANBUL
The different faces of Turkey can
by the Bosphorus—and was once part of the powerful be seen in its former capital,
Istanbul, which lies on both
Ottoman Empire. Although Turks are 99 percent sides of the Bosphorus
Muslim, modern Turkey is a country with no official waterway. Churches, mosques,
and ancient buildings in both
2 religion. Western Turkey is relatively industrialized, with European and Islamic styles sit
a tourist industry along the Mediterranean coast that side by side with modern stores
and offices. Bridges link the two
brings in considerable income. Many farmers and parts of the city. In 1923, Ankara
herders in the center and became the new capital.
east, however, struggle

IA
to make a living in the AR
3 arid environment. LG
BU
To the northeast Edirne ƒnebolu Sinop

Kırklareli
us êazı) Cide
Gerze B l a c k
lie the Caucasus or Bo
ph bul Bartın r e D a ê l a r Bafra
E
Zonguldak K ü ı
countries of Georgia,
C
(ƒs s
e Çayi
n
E
Bo
ta
E rgen Kastamonu Samsun
Azerbaijan, and R E Çorlu Karabük Ca
G Tekirdaê Istanbul Devrek Kargı
ni Ünye
Armenia. Once Sea of Marmara ƒzmit Adapazarı Çerke§
kD
aêl Ordu
part of the U.S.S.R., (Marmara Denizi) Merzifon
arı
4 Gerede k
they are now Bandırma Yalova ƒznik Gölü Bolu
rm
a
Çankırı ıl I
Kız
independent. Çanakkale Bilecik Çorum
yı
Bursa Tokat
Ça
Dardanelles Alaca
Kalecik
v
(Çanakkale ANKARA Zara

Sima
Boêazı) Balıkesir Bozüyük Eski§ehir Yıldızeli

Sorgun
Edremit
Kırıkkale Sivas
Ayvalık Kütahya Polatlı
5
Akhisar
Simav
Gediz
T Hirfanli
Baraji U Boêazlıyan
R flarkı§la K
Kulu
Manisa Ge U§ak Bünyan
di z N e hr Afyon
i
Menemen ƒncesu
Cihanbeyli Lake Tuz Gürün
Izmir Nev§ehir
(Tuz Gölü) Kayseri
Ala§ehir Ak§ehir
Aksaray
Ödemi§ A n a
TURKISH FOOD Aydın Nazilli Dinar t o l i a Göksun
Turkey is self-sufficient in food, s Ne h r i Denizli
Bey§ehir
e y
G ü n
Söke
endere Gölü
6
and grows specialized crops such yükm Burdur ƒsparta
Konya Niêde
G R
as eggplants, peppers, figs, and Bü

Tavas Burdur
dates. A typical Turkish meal might Milas Gölü Ereêli Kahramanmara§
consist of spiced lamb, often grilled Muêla
s
on a skewer with onion and Bodrum Ta in
E E
tomato to make a shish kebab. This

Karaman
urus Moun t a Ceyhan Gaziantep
)
ları
Marmaris
would be served with rice or Dalaman Antalya
cracked wheat. (Toros Daê Tarsus
Adana
Osmaniye
C
Manavgat Kilis
Fethiye Mut
Mersin
Antalya Alanya ƒskenderun
E
(ƒçel)
7 Körfezi Kırıkhan
Ka§ Finike Silifke Antakya
Med
iterra Anamur
nean Sea TURKISH REPUBLIC OF
NORTHERN CYPRUS
(recognized only by Turkey)
EPHESUS
CYPRUS
Tourism is one of Turkey’s major
8 industries. As well as beach resorts,
the country has many ancient sites.
One of these is the ancient Greek city of
Ephesus, which lies 35 miles (56 km)
south of modern-day Izmir on the FATHER OF THE TURKS
Aegean coast. The city was famous for its Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938),
Temple of Artemis, which was considered the founder of the modern Turkish
one of the seven wonders of the world. state, became its first president
in 1923. He introduced many
reforms, including more equality
9 Visitors to Ephesus for women and better education
admiring the remains for all. He also declared that Islam was
of the Library of Celsus no longer the official religion.
76 A B C D E F H
TURKEY AND THE CAUCASUS
I J K L M N O P
0 km 100 200 OIL FROM AZERBAIJAN

Many years ago, caravans of camels
0 miles 100 200
carried vessels loaded with oil from Baku 1
to nearby countries. By the end of the
1800s, the city was known as the “black
gold” capital of the world. Today, the total
amount of oil that could be produced
is 1.1 billion tons, which
does not include undeveloped
areas off the coast.
RU
C a
SSI
AN 2
Gagra Ap
’kh u c FE
azet Enguri DE
Gudaut’a ’i Mestia Kazbek a RA
Sokhumi 16,558ft (5047m) s
Och’amch’ire
South u TIO
K’ut’aisi O s s et ia s N
Samtredia Gori
P’ot’i
GEORGIA T’BILISI
Zaqatala
re
Xaàmaz
3
G
K’obulet’i L e s s e Tsalka Rust’avi at Quba
r C er Siyäzän
S e a Bat’umi Achara Akhalts’ikhe a u Cau Mount Ararat
c a fläki casus
Hopa s u Ku
Pazar
Artvin s ra
Gäncä
Mingäçevir Sumqayıt in Turkey is
Rize
Trabzon
a rı Gyumri Vanadzor Yevlax flamaxı
BAKU
said to be the
ri
Of
êl (BAKI)
eh
Giresun z D
a h
N
Kars Art’ik Sevan AZERBAIJAN Qazimämmäd resting place
eni Ço
ru
Doêu Karad ARMENIA Nagornyy Äli-Bayramı 4
Sarıkamı§ ƒmi§li
of Noah’s ark
Kur
Gümü§hane ƒspir YEREVAN Sevana Karabakh
Lich
a
Aras
a n
Horasan
Pasinler Mount Ararat
Artashat Xankändi
after the flood
Se pia
A§kale Aêri (Büyükaêrı Daêı)
Refahiye as Biläsuvar
Erzurum 16,854ft (5137m) AZ Ar
Erzincan ER Goris described in
as
ates BA
phr ri) Tercan Doêubayazıt C
Eu at Neh IJA
(Fi
r Kemah Naxàıvan
Länkäran the Bible.
N
Patnos
E Keban
Y
Bingöl
Erci§ Muradiye
A
N CaucasusMountains
5
Baraji I R block cold air from
Lake Van
Hekimhan Elâzıê Mu§ Tatvan (Van Gölü) Van the north.
Malatya o s l a r
T o r
Bitlis Geva§ CAUCASUS
Silvan
ê u The towering Caucasus Mountains
D o Diyarbakır
Siirt protect Armenia, Georgia, and
Batman Azerbaijan from cold northerly
Adıyaman K winds. As a result, farmers can take 6
Silverek flırnak ur advantage of this mild climate to
Atatürk
Mardin di grow citrus fruit, tobacco, and tea.
Baraji Viran§ehir sta Walnuts and hazelnuts are valuable
I R n export crops.
flanlıurfa Nusaybin A
Ceylanpınar Q Vines and fruit
grow in the valleys.
I A PEOPLE OF TURKEY
S Y R The Turks, who make up about 70 percent of the population
RUG MARKET 7
of 75 million, are a diverse group with a shared sense of
Turkey is world-famous for its national identity. The largest minority in Turkey—about
knotted-pile rugs—known as 15 million people—are the Kurds (below), who speak their
Turkish rugs, kilims—woven by skilled craftworkers. own language but have no homeland. They live in eastern
made in centers Each region of Turkey produces rugs Turkey, as well as in neighbouring Iraq and Iran.
such as Malatya with different designs and
and Kayseri colors. Every worker
incorporates into the designs
symbols that tell the maker’s
own family history or origins.
8
I J K L M N O P 77
ASIA
B C D E F G H
Russia and Kazakhstan

The russian federation is the biggest country in the world, almost 0 km 400 800
twice as big as either the USA or China. It extends halfway around the
0 miles 400 800
world, crosses two continents, and spans 11 time zones. The vast region
of Siberia alone is larger than Canada. Kazakhstan lies to its south Franz Josef
Land
2 and is a large but sparsely populated country. From 1917 to 1991, North Cape
(Nordkapp)
both countries were part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(U.S.S.R.), the world’s first communist state. When the U.S.S.R. A R
C T
collapsed, Russia, Kazakhstan, and the 13 other A ND Barents I C
Gu
lf
I N L
member republics gained independence. Since F Murmansk S e a
of
Kandalaksha
Fi
then, Russia and Kazakhstan have begun to . Kola
nl
T
LA lya
an
EST. Peninsula
transform themselves from communist Zem
W he a
3 Saint Petersburg a
vay
S
states into democratic nations. Both e
No S e a e)
it
(Sankt-Peterburg) Lake
Lagoda Petrozavodsk a r a ye Mor
countries have a lot of fertile land, huge Pskov Ostrov K sko
Severodvinsk
S
r Ostrov Belyy
Lake Onega Ka
RU
Kolguyev (
mineral deposits, and many other Velikiy Novgorod Arkhangel’sk Dikson
LA
la
natural resources. However,
Sever n a y a
BE
su
Smolensk Cherepovets
a
Nar’yan-Mar
or
y a Gu Penin
Dv in a
ch
Vel’sk
Russia still has a very low life
Pe
MOSCOW Tver’
Vologda
al
ba
(MOSKVA)
expectancy compared to other Vorkuta
Yam
4 Bryansk Yaroslavl’ Kotlas Ukhta Talnakh
E
industrialized countries. Tula Kineshma n s Salekhard

U K R AI N
Syktyvkar i
ka
Vladimir ’ Noril’sk
Belgorod Ryazan’ Nizhniy Novgorod a Ob Ob
s
t Nadym Igarka
Voronezh Tambov Kirov
n
Lake Baikal is up to Glazov Solikamsk
Taz
u
Penza Kazan’ Nyagan’
Izhevsk Perm’
o
6,365 ft (1,940 m) West
sey
Rostov-na-Donu Ul’yanovsk Serov
M
Black Sea
Yeni
Saratov Khanty-Mansiysk
5 deep and contains Krasnodar Tol’yatti Naberezhnyye Yekaterinburg Siberian
Samara Chelny
l
Sochi Volgograd
more than 20 percent
a
Sterlitamak Ufa Tyumen’ Surgut Nizhnevartovsk
Volga
Stavropol’
r
Ural’sk Ura
l Tobol’sk Plain
Ca
of the world’s El’brus

18,510ft (5642m) Orenburg
Astrakhan’ Magnitogorsk
U Chelyabinsk
ol R U SSIA N
Nal’chik ob Ishim
im
uca
Irt
freshwater supply.
GE
Ish
ysh
T
Ob
Vladikavkaz Atyrau Orsk Kostanay
ORG
Petropavlovsk
’
Groznyy Aktobe
Rudnyy Omsk
su
Strelka
Makhachkala (Aktyubinsk) Alga Tomsk
IA
6 Fort-Shevchenko Emba
Kokshetau
s
Novosibirsk Krasnoyarsk
a
KAZAKH CULTURE Atbasar

Kazakh man Shchuchinsk
Se
Chelkar
Ku
hunting with
The majority of people in Aktau t e lu n d
Kemerovo
S
Kazakhstan are Kazakh JA
N Zhanaozen
KAZAKHSTAN ASTANA pp a
e
an
a trained golden
Muslims. They were once a B AI Ustyurt Pavlodar Barnaul
eagle
ER Aral’sk
spi
nomadic people who traveled Temirtau

Syr
around on horseback, AZ Plateau Aral Novokazalinsk Novokuznetsk Abakan

AN
ar Saran’ Karaganda
D
Sea
Ca
herding their sheep. y a Semipalatinsk

y y
Zhezkazgan ad n
ST
Kazakh
Although most Dzhusaly Leninogorsk Zap
NI
ZB
Kazakhs live in Kyzylorda Uplands Shar Kyzyl

Zyryanovsk
ME
7 rural areas of the Ust’-Kamenogorsk Gora Belukha

EK
RK
country, retaining a Kyzyl Kum Balkhash Ayaguz Altai 14,783ft (4506m)

Mou
TU
strong loyalty to their Ozero

Turkestan Kentau Lake nta
IS
clans and families, the Balkhash Zaysan ins

Karatau
new, modern capital city Arys’ Taldykorgan
TA
Shu
of Astana is growing Shymkent A
quickly, due to wealth Ki Taraz
r gh
Tekeli IN
N
generated by oil and gas. iz Range Almaty H

KYR (Alma-Ata) C
Coal miners in Siberia GYZ
STA
8 N
NATURAL WEALTH
Siberia contains almost one third of the world’s
natural gas reserves and has huge deposits
of oil, as well as abundant minerals such as coal
and precious metals including gold. However,
9 many of these resources are inaccessible or
in remote places, and the extreme winters
make it difficult to extract them.
78 A B C D E F G H
RUSSIA AND KAZAKHSTAN
I J K L M N O P
TAIGA FOREST Nenets man

Russia’s forests cover more than guiding a sledge
two fifths of the country’s territory. and reindeer 1
The taiga type extends across the
Urals to cover most of Siberia. This
type of forest is formed by small,
widely spaced trees, with large areas Berin
g Str
of poorly drained marsh grasses. ait
C hukchi
Sea
iy
t a ps k
va t 2
vy ebe Anadyrskiy
Ek Khr Zaliv
Anadyr’
A N
Ostrov Pevek
An
E a s t Si ber i an ad
O C E
r ’ ye
Komsomolets yr’
New Siberian Ostrov Sea
ago
Severnaya Ostrov Oktyabr’skoy Islands Novaya Sibir'
Zemlya Revolyutsii Ambarchik
Koryakskoye N
Ostrov Ostrov Kotel’nyy Ostrov Bol’shoy Cherskiy
Bol’shevik Lyakhovskiy Ala
z NATIVE PEOPLES 3
e Bering
ey
During the winter months, temperatures
a
Laptev
r’ y
la in Siberia regularly drop to below –45°F
insu In
go
en Sea (–43°C). The native peoples who live here,
Kolyma
rP Sea
Na
dig
Ozero
y such as the Nenets people of the Yamal
irka
m Taymyr
oye
ay Ust’-Olenëk
Tiksi
Kazach’ye Ostrov Karaginskiy peninsula region, have adapted well
Ossora
T
to their environment and survive by
msk
izme nnost'
aya N
Ya n a
herding reindeer, hunting, and fishing.

birsk
Kh
K ol y
Zaliv
ro-Si eb
V erk
Seve Ust’-Kamchatsk
r
A n a b ar
t a et Shelikhova
K he Ady Ch Vulkan
4
Kotuy
Olenëk
ch ers Susuman Klyucheyskaya Sopka

ho y
a kogo Atka 15,381ft (4688m) RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

Plato Atlasovo Russian is the official language
an
Putorana Olenëk Magadan Mil’kovo

ki Kamchatka of the Russian Federation,
Le
y K Peninsula
na
but many of the 152 other

h r e b et
Petropavlovsk- nationalities inside the
Central Siberian Ald
an
Okhotsk Kamchatskiy country speak their
y Pervy own languages, too.
dzhur
lyu Yakutsk y Kuril'skiy Proliv

Uplands Vi Sea of Okhotsk The Russian language
N izh
nyaya Tunguska
Nyurba
I A (Okhotskoye Ostrov
uses the Cyrillic
R
et Dzhug
alphabet, which was 5

B MirnyyE
ga
Paramushir
S I More)
Am
devised by Greek
n
Suntar
da
missionaries.
Al
)
Chunya
( S I B I R ’ Olëkminsk Shantarskiye
Khreb
Ostrova
F ED ERAT I O N
e O st r ova )
s
Olë
Ostrov Sakhalin
ile Island
kma
en
a Neryungri
L Bodaybo Ostrov
Angara Ust’-Ilimsk OLD CUSTOMS
ur
Urup
ri l’ sk iy
Am
The communists tried to

Tynda Komsomol’sk- Ostrov Iturup
Kur
Khr
impose a Russian national 6

Vitim
Ust’-Kut na-Amure
t
Kuril’sk
(Ku
Kansk Skovorodino culture on the native peoples

be
ebet
Am of Siberia, but many of their

re
Bratsk Lake Baikal ur Svobodnyy Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk

Kh
customs survived in remote

Ea Tulun (Ozero ouse
Khabarovsk Per
Sikhote-
l ka
areas. Today, traditional

y
st Baykal) La trait (administered by

vy
er
hi
Khor costumes, music, and dance

no S
n Usol’ye-Sibirskoye S Blagoveshchensk
o Chita Birobidzhan Russian Federation, are all flourishing
Saya
n Sa
Angarsk bl C Bikin claimed by Japan)
ya
Ya H throughout Siberia.
Ussur
Olovyannaya
IN Sea of
Alin’
Irkutsk Ulan-Ude Krasnokamensk A

ns
Japan
i
Kyakhta Zabaykal’sk (East Sea) 7

Ussuriysk JAPAN
MONG
OLIA Vladivostok Nakhodka
Russian dancer
in traditional dress
Trans-Siberian
Railway train
Siberian tiger
8
TRANS-SIBERIAN RAILWAY SIBERIAN WILDLIFE

The longest railroad in the world Siberia is home to a huge
runs 5,785 miles (9,310 km) from range of wildlife, including
Moscow’s Yaroslavl station in the the rare Siberian tiger
west, across Siberia, to the Pacific (the biggest tiger in the
port of Vladivostok in the east. The world), wolves, reindeer, and
railroad was started in 1891 and took black and brown bears. The
14 years to finish. Trains take eight Baikal seal—found only in 9
days to complete the trip and cross Lake Baikal—is the world’s
eight time zones. only freshwater seal.
I J K L M N O P 79
B C D G H I
ASIA
SYRIAN MARKET
Damascus is one of the oldest 1
The Near East inhabited cities in the world. The map on
At its center is a huge souk
(bazaar) where the streets are full
Israel, jordan, syria, and lebanon are the countries of stalls and small stores selling
Cyprus’s flag is
collectively known as the Near East. This is a land that is everything from rugss, textiles,
and jewelry to household copper colored
dominated by deserts but also has fertile coastal plains. Lack of goods and fresh produce.
water is a constant problem here, although Israel has introduced because Cyprus
2 computerized irrigation systems to extend the land suitable for 2
means “island
agriculture. The creation of the Jewish state of Israel in 1948,
in what was previously Arab-dominated Palestine, has led to
of copper.”
almost continuous conflict in the region. Arabs and Israelis
have fought four major wars that have cost many lives.
The Mediterranean island of Cyprus has also suffered a DAILY LIFE
3 violent recent history. Even in a war-torn country such 3
as Israel, people continue to live as
normal a life as possible. Children T ig
LEBANON REBUILT listen to rock music and watch their ris
Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, favorite sports stars, either live or on Al Málikíyah
was once the commercial and Television. In a peaceful break, these
banking center of the Arab world Palestinian boys play football in
but was devastated by the civil a Jerusalem street.
war that ravaged the country from
4
1975 to the early 1990s. Today, the Al Qámishlí 4
country is largely at peace, and 0 km 50 100
Q
Beirut is regaining much of its

former glory. Lebanon remains 0 miles 50 100
A
Y
dominated, however, by its two Ra’s al ‘Ayn
powerful neighbors— R K E R
Syria and Israel. Al Íasakah I
T U
z
Jarábulus Euph At Tall al Abyaç al í Al Jazírah

CYPRUS r
Jab ‘Az
Cyprus became independent from al 5
ate
Abd
s
‘
h
Great Britain in 1960. However, conflict Ash Shadádah

Nah
between Greeks and Turks caused A‘záz Manbij

Balík r
Turkey to invade the island in 1974. ‘Afrín Al Báb

Since then, Cyprus has been divided
between a Turkish-Cypriot north and Lake Assad Ar Raqqah
Aleppo (Íalab) (Buíayrat al Asad)
a Greek-Cypriot south. Most Cypriots
make a living from farming grapes, Sabkhat As Sabkhah
Eu A§ fluwár
ph
citrus fruit, and olives. Women Íárim al Jabbúl rat
Madínat At Tibní es
often sell handmade lace ath Thawrah 6
items to tourists. Idlib Al M
Dayr aná
h rí az Zawr
∞if
Arííá Abú aç Çuhúr is Bu§ayrah
Jabal B
Ma‘arrat Al Mayádín Subaykhán
an Nu‘mán
Al ‘Ashárah Abú Íardán
Ládhiqíyah
Sáíi
S Y R I A
lí
(Latakia)
l a
Agialoúsa As Sukhnah
s
(Yenierenköy) Jablah Íamáh Abú Kamál

Jibá yah
7 7
TURKISH REPUBLIC OF Bániyás
Kerÿneia NORTHERN CYPRUS Salamíyah
Lápithos (recognized only by Turkey)
Ma∞yáf
(Girne)
(Lapta) Kythréa
(Deêirmenlik)
◊ar√ús Ar Rámí
NICOSIA Íim∞ (Homs) Tudmur (Palmyra)
a
Mórfou Ammóchostos Tall Kalakh

(Güzelyurt) Dekéleia (Gazimaêusa) Q
(Famagusta)
Pólis Lárnaka Qoubaïyât
err
Sovereign Al Qu∞ayr
Sea nean
Troódos A
Base Area El Mina
8 Sovereign CYPRUS (to U.K.) Al Báridah 8
dit
an
Páfos Base Area Tripoli R

Jeb
(to U.K.) Limassol Batroûn

Lib el
I
anon
Akrotírion
(Lemesós)
Me
Baalbek Sab‘ Ábár Jabal a√ ◊anf

Leb
LEBANON 2533ft (772m)

Joûnié
ti-
Rayak A√ ∏anf
BEIRUT Zahlé
An
(BEYROUTH) Dúmá ANCIENT CITY OF PETRA
9 Damoûr 9
ani
Qa√aná Temples and tombs were cut
DAMASCUS
L ít
Saïda out of the rock to form the
el
Mount (DIMASHQ) S y r i a n
hr Hermon spectacular city of Petra in
PALESTINIAN REFUGEES Na
Soûr 9232ft (2814m) modern-day Jordan.
The frequent wars between Israel and Bent Petra was built by the
its Arab neighbors have created a huge Jbaïl Al Qunay√irah
En Nâqoûra Nabataeans, an Arab tribe
number of Palestinian refugees who have
Heig
from the 300s B.C.E.
fled Israel to seek shelter in adjoining Nahariya
n
Tsefat As Suwaydá’ Muqá√ The remains of the city
Golahts
countries. Many live in poorly equipped Mifrats Lake
Hefa
are situated in a valley
refugee camps or settlements, with few Tiberias
10 Dar‘á Jabal ad Durúz surrounded by cliffs, with 10
facilities and little chance of work. There Haifa Tverya 5899ft (1798m)
are currently about 4.3 million registered
Irbid only one narrow entrance.
(Hefa) Nazareth Ar Ramthá Petra is Jordan’s most
refugees living in Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, (Natzrat)
Jorda n
D e s e r t famous historic site.
and the West Bank. Al Mafraq
Hadera Jenín A∞ fiafáwí
Netanya Náblus B IA
As Sal√ Az Zarqá’ A
WEST Wáíat al Azraq
Tel Aviv-Yafo Petah Tikva AR
Wádí as Sír AMMAN (‘AMMÁN) I
11 Holon UD 11
BANK Jericho A
Rehovot Ma’dabá Al ‘Umarí S
Ashdod Bethlehem JERUSALEM
Dead
Ashkelon
Hebron Sea
GAZA STRIP JORDAN
(under Palestinian Al Mazra‘ah
administration)
Gaza
Khán Yúnis ‘Arad Al Karak
Rafah Al ‘Ayná
12 Be’er Sheva Ar 12
ç
Báyir a§
Al Íisá fla
ah
I S R A E L A√ ◊alfílah w
w
Negev Sappir
án
Refugees living in (H a Neg e v) Ash Shawbak
úz
crowded conditions
Mitspe Ramon
EG
Al Jafr
ráh
in a camp near Qá‘ al Jafr
Wádí al 'Arab
Petra
Amman, Jordan
Sha
Be’ér Menuha
YP
Ash
13 Ma‘án A 13
Gharandal
T
I
AB
Ra’s an Naqb R
A
I
Al Quwayrah
The Dome of
D
the Rock
U
THE KINGDOM OF JORDAN Elat Western

Most of Jordan is hot, dry desert, with little land Al ‘Aqabah
Wall
SA
available for agriculture. Water is scarce, and control of Al Mudawwarah

14 14
the Jordan River, which forms a border with Israel, is
an important issue in peace talks. The desert is home
to nomadic tribes of Bedouin, who live in large tents Jordanian desert
woven from camel hair. Modern Bedouin use cars and police officer patrolling
the borders—most
Gulf of Aqaba
trucks for transportation. Jordan has few natural
resources other than phosphates, which it exports for officers are from
use as fertilizer, and some limited oil reserves. Bedouin families
JERUSALEM
The old city of Jerusalem is
15 15
sacred to three of the world’s
major religions—Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam—each
with their own holy sites and
separate districts. Both Israelis
and Palestinians claim
Jerusalem as their capital. As
a result, the city is a frequent
source of conflict. The Dome of
16 the Rock, sacred to Muslims, 16
and the Western Wall, sacred to
Jews, stand next to each other.
81
THE NEAR EAST
A B E F H I
B C D E F G H I
ASIA
1
The Middle East
The middle east is home to the world’s oldest civilizations, DESERT WARS
Most international
which developed in the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys of boundaries in the
present-day Iraq more than 6,000 years ago. The world’s first Middle East are simply lines
drawn in the sand by former
towns and cities were built here. Since then, many powerful empires European colonial powers
2 have dominated the region, all leaving a wealth of buildings and and have often caused 2
conflicts. Iraq and Iran
monuments behind them. Today, the Middle East is at the center fought a bitter eight-year war
of the Islamic world. The population of every country is Arab along their common border from 1980.
Since then, further conflicts between Iraq and
and speaks Arabic, except Iran, where half the population are international forces have caused a lot of suffering.
Farsi-speaking Persians.
OIL PRODUCTION IRANIANS
3 The Middle East is the world’s major About half the total population of Iran are 3
oil producer—Saudi Arabia alone Persians, who live in the center and north
produces more than 10 percent of the country. Large numbers of Azeris
of the world’s supply. Oil has live in the northwest, while Kurds live in
brought great wealth to the the west and Baluchi in the southeast.
region, in particular to Saudi The official language of Iran is Farsi,
Arabia and the Gulf States. but many other languages are
also spoken.
4 4
AR
M
EN AZERBAIJAN
IA The Persian
language is written
Mákú AZ. in Arabic script TURK
Ko ME
Khvoy pp NI
ST
TURKEY Tabríz Ardabíl Caspian eh AN
Daryácheh-ye Bojnúrd D
5 Sea ág ROLE OF WOMEN 5
Orúmíyeh Míáneh h Family life is important
Rasht Sarakhs
Zákhó R Gorgán throughout the Muslim
Marágheh es Sárí Mayamey
Mashhad
world. The role of women
A
ht z
Zanján eh Ámol r varies from country to
Mosul Arbíl -ye lbo Sabzevár
Saqqez Sháhrúd
RI
(Al Maw§il) Qazvín Kuhhá-ye A country—traditionally,
Qolleh-ye Damávand 18,606ft (5671m)
As Sulaymáníyah women stay at home and
Altin Köprü
SY
Sanandaj look after the family, but
Kirkúk TEHRAN Semnán some now work. In public,
Qorveh Hamadán Kavír many cover their head or
6
I R A Q Qom s ht-e whole body with a burqa. 6
‘Annah Bákhtarán Da
Buíayrat ath Tharthár Káshán
Eslámábád Arák A
Al Baghdádí Ba‘qúbah Bírjand
F
Ar Ruπbah
Ar Ramádí BAGHDAD
G
I R Ná’ín A N
H
Buíayrat ar Razázah
r
Tig Ardakán
A
ris Al Kút Dezfúl E§fahán

Z a (K
AN Karbalá’ Shahr-e Nehbandán

Yazd
g uh
Al Íillah Kuwayt
NI
D ◊urayf M
An Najaf Kord
S
o s há
R Mehríz
Dasht
-e
E
7 Judayyidat Hámir up Al ‘Amárah -y

e
ou L 7
JO
út
hr a
Z n
TA
‘Ar‘ar As Samáwah te s Iranian Zarand

N
Ahváz á g r t a i Ízad Khvást Anár

An Ná§iríyah Hawr al Íammár os Kermán No§ratábád
flafáshahr (Deh Bíd)
T
) ns
Basra Máhán
(Al Ba§rah) Ábádán Záhedán
Al Jawf Sakákah Plateau P
ba
Ar Rawçatayn KUWAIT Sírjan Báft
A
Shiráz Mírjáveh
EG
Rafíah Fahraj
Aqa Y P
K
d Al Jahrá’ (AL KUWAYT) Bam
f
Kázerún
Je
Tabúk fú Ni§ab
IS
Moíammadábád Rígán
be
Na KUWAIT
Bandar-e Búshehr
√ in
la
Gulf o
TA
Bá
8 An 8
sh
Pe
l
r
N
ía Rúd-e Bandar-e
Taymá’ Ma n d
Sh
ád
si
Al Warí’ah Hámún-e
Gu
Íá’il W Bandar-e ‘Abbás

a
Bandar-e Kangán
ifá
n Jaz Múríán
lf
Gávbandí Khamír
Al ’Ulá Qeshm
Al Wajh
Buraydah Ad Dammán Bandar-e Lengeh uz (to Oman)

A Az Zilfí A orm
Wá
‘Unayzah H
d
MANAMA BAHRAIN f Ash Sháriqah
dí al Í
Stra it o
amç
r imah Al Majma‘ah (AL MANÁMAH) M akran Coast
ar R
D
9 ádí QATAR Dubai 9
Shaqrá’
a
a W DOHA (Dubayy)
Gulf of Oman
h
Al Hufúf (AD DAWÍAH)
Yanbu‘al Baír Medina b fluíár Tropic of
Cancer
RIYADH
ná
(Al Madínah) ABU DHABI MUSCAT
’
Al Í
Tropic of C
ancer
i (AR RIYÁÇ) (ABÚ ±ABY) (MASQA◊)
aja
a ra
n UNITED ARAB l G h Ar Rustáq
ar bí flúr
Íarrat
EMIRATES
Re
q
±alim
P Ramlat
d
Ál Wahíbah
Raha√
10 10
e n
way
Arabian
◊u
Laylá Al Ghábah
i n s
Mecca (Makkah) u l a
b al
Jedda Turabah Sea
Ja
(Jiddah) Jazírat
ah
A√ ◊á’if
Ma§írah
ís h
S AU DI A R A B I A
B
Al Líth
dí
Khalíj
Se
Qal ‘at Bíshah As Sulayyil
W
Al Báíah lí Ma§írah
Duqm
a
K há
11 Tathlíth al 11
b ‘ er)
R u u art O M A N
Ar Q
pty
Khamís (Em
Abhá Mushayt flawqirah
Sanáw
Najrán Thamarit Juzur al
flabyá Wuday‘ah Íaláníyát
Jízán flalálah
fla‘dah
Ra
m
12 lat ah 12
r Damqawt
Da
hm
Y E M E N Al M a h
Say’ún
Tarím
SANAA lat n
t Sayíút
(flAN‘Á’) R a m t a y m a w t)
b‘a u A WEALTH OF FISH
Hodeida as Sa ç r a ma
Ía d h r a Ash Shiír The Arabian Sea, south
(Al Hudaydah)
(Ha of Yemen and Oman, is rich
Zabíd Al Mukallá
in fish, providing a valuable
13 Ta‘izz n source of both income and food 13
ISLAM Ade for local people. Fishermen use
The Islamic religion began in the 600s Shuqrah o f
Ba
Gul f Socotra traditional sailboats equipped with outboard motors
in the holy cities of Mecca and Medina (Suqutrá) for greater speed, landing large catches of sardines,
be
l
in Saudi Arabia. Minarets—the tall, thin M Aden (‘Adan) (to Yemen) tuna, anchovies, cuttlefish, cod, and other fish.
towers of mosques—dominate the skyline an
of every town and city in the region. From deb
these, devout Muslims are
summoned to pray five times a 0 km 150 300
day. Muslims are also required
to make a Hajj, or pilgrimage, to 0 miles 150 300 14
Mecca (above) at least once in
their lifetime.
The Koran—the book of

sacred writings of Islam
WATER
A lot of the Middle East is
15
covered with a hot desert. Water 15
is scarce although there are some
Saudi Arabia is the oases where animals can be
watered and crops irrigated. On
only country in the world the coastline, desalination plants,
such as this one in Oman,
to be named after its royal remove salt from seawater to MIDDLE EASTERN FOOD
make it suitable for domestic A typical Middle Eastern meal consists of pita bread,
family—the house consumption and agriculture. bulgur wheat, lentils, spiced meat—usually lamb or
goat—fruit, and hummus made from chickpeas. Most
16 of Al Saud. Muslims do not drink alcohol, preferring water, mint 16
tea, or coffee from Yemen, the producer of some of the
world’s finest coffee beans.
83
THE MIDDLE EAST
A B C D E F G H I
ASIA
B C D E F G H
Central Asia Us t y u r t Aral

KA
ZA
The five central asian nations rise up from hot deserts Plateau Sea K
H
in the west and south to cold, high mountain ranges in the east.
The area has oil, gas, and mineral reserves, as well as other n d STA
Mo’ynoq
a
natural resources, but water is often scarce and agriculture l
N
2 is limited. The four northern nations were w
o Chimboy
once part of the Soviet Union and are Sarygamy∞
Taxtako’pir
L
now independent nations. Afghanistan is Nukus Kyzyl Ku
Köli
a landlocked country, and three fourths of Köneürgenà
Takhiatosh m
Gubadag
n
its land is inaccessible terrain. It was Uchquduq
Ga
Gurbansoltan Eje
pla
Urganch
invaded by the Soviet Union in 1979, Da∞oguz UZBEKISTAN
a
ngy
Uà
prompting a civil war that has lasted To’rtko’l
r Pl
Xiva
tag
3
r
Zarafshon
for more than 20 years. In 2002, Türkmenba∞y Üngüz
an
atos
Gazojak Lebap
u
Gum
American and other Western forces Türkmenba∞y Angyrsyndaky
Am
Aylagy
overthrew the fundamentalist Islamic
y
Balkanabat
T
Garagum
uD
Derweze
regime in Afghanistan because of its
arya
Hazar
Bereket Gazli
support for international terrorism. TURKMENISTAN G’ijduvon
The country, however, has been Serdar Buxoro
4 Kopet Ga Seÿdi Kogon
destroyed by these years of da
g G
continuous warfare, making it ra Galkyny∞
Caspian Magtymguly
e r Baharly
sh g Türkmenabat
one of the poorest and most i u
Sea Geok-Tepe Abadan m Saÿat
deprived nations on Earth. ASHGABAT Gora Chapan
9478ft (2889m) Kelif
Gara Amyderÿa
Mary gu m
5
One of the world’s largest Kaka
Tejen
Murgab
Bayramaly
Uzboyy
C a na l
Atamyrat
gold mines is at Muruntau
Murgap
in the Kyzyl Kum desert Sarahs
Garabil
Andkhvoy
in Uzbekistan. Belentligi
Meymaneh
FESTIVALS IN AFGHANISTAN Bálá Morgháb
6 Torkestan
Da
Despite the horrors of recent years, Afghans still Serhetabat
ry
celebrate important Islamic festivals, notably Eid al-Fitr, á - y e Morghá
Towraghoudí b
which marks the end of the holy month of Ramadan.
Sels
People visit friends and family and eat a festive meal eleh-
together. The art of storytelling still flourishes in ye Safí
d Kúh Harírúd
Afghanistan, as does the attan, the national dance. Ghúríán Herát
An Afghan refugee carries bread with
which to break the Ramadan fast.
7 Children in Kabul,
AFGHAN
Afghanistan, made Shíndand
LIFE EXPECTANCY
homeless by war
As a result of war, drought, and poverty, people
in Afghanistan can expect to live an average of
d
only 45 years, one of the lowest life expectancy Rú
h
rates in the world. Infant mortality is extremely Faráh

rá
Delárám
Fa
high. Health services have almost completely

á sh
collapsed, and few trained doctors and
-e Kh Gereshk
nurses are available to help the sick. Sadly, Dasht
8 there are not enough orphanages to cope Lashkar Gáh
with the increasing number of Hámún-e Kandahár
Chakhánsúr
children made homeless by war. fláberí Zaranj ow
M árg
Da s h t- e Kúchnay
Darweyshán
Da Deh Shú
ryá
- y e H e l m a nd
ge stán
Rí
9 Chágai Hills
PAKISTAN
84 A B C D E F G H
I J K L M N O P
ARAL SEA
The vast inland Aral Sea, between Uzbekistan and 1
Kazakhstan, was once a thriving freshwater lake
full of fish. Over the years, the rivers flowing
into it were diverted or drained to provide
irrigation for crops. The sea has now
shrunk to half of its original size,
reducing the numbers of fish and
leaving former fishing villages A man in front of
stranded inland. his home, called
a yurt, in western
Pamir, Tajikistan
2
KAZAKHST A N
The
fishing BISHKEK Tokmak
Aral Sea K i Kara-Balta Tyup
village of Dzhergalan
r
Talas g h i
Muynoq is now Kemin Ozero Issyk- Karakol MOUNTAIN LIFE
more than 30 miles (48 km) z R Balykchy Kul’ The two small eastern republics of
away from the Aral Sea Gora Manas
Leninpol’
ng
e ange Kyzyl-Suu
n Pik Pobedy
Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are both
14,705ft
Ra KYRGYZSTAN
Kadzhi-Say
a 24,406ft
(7439m) very mountainous and are subject
(4482m)
Ch a
tk a
l
h to earthquakes and landslides. Only
3
TASHKENT Chirchiq
Khr
ebet M
oldo-Too S
Karakol
Kara-Say about six percent of Tajikistan can be
used for agriculture, whereas
(TOSHKENT) Tash-Kumyr Naryn
u
Aydark Yangiyo’l
Angren
Namangan n Ta Kyrgyzstan is more fertile.
o’l K Koksha a l -
Nurota
o’li
Olmaliq
Dzhalal-Abad
e Chatyr-Tash
Langar Qo’qon Andijon i
Guliston Osh
Navoiy
Oqtosh Jizzax
Bekobod
Khujand Farg’ona T Këk-Art
LOCAL WEALTH
Kattaqo’rg’on Sulyukta
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and
Ûroteppa Khaydarkan Sary-Tash 4
Samarqand Kyrgyzstan all grow considerable
Urgut Zeravshan Daroot-Korgon crops of cotton—Uzbekistan is the
Koson khob Qarokûl world’s fifth-largest producer—as
Range
C
Kitob Sur
Qarshi s ar Qullai Ismoili Somoní well as fruit and vegetables. The
i s DUSHANBE 24,590ft (7495m) S three countries are also rich in
H
ar
Denov
G TAJIKISTAN ik
ol
mineral deposits, such as gold,
Ghûdara mercury, sulfur, and uranium,
I N
Norak Qal’aikhum Murghob and have reserves of coal, oil,

Boysun Danghara P
Ra
g
n and natural gas.

rta
Kûlob Ba a
ng
Qûrghonteppa 5
Moskva Dzhelandy m
A
e
Jarqo’rg’on
Termiz Khorugh
Áqchah Dûstí Farkhor
m
ir i Qizilrabot
Harvesting cotton
Fey∞ábád r
Pa
Balkh in Uzbekistan
Kondoz Ishkoshim s
Kholm Táloqán
Sheberghán Baroghil Pass
Mazár-e Khánábád 12,392ft (3777m)
Sharíf
Baghlán K u s h TAJIKS
Pol-e Khomrí d u The majority of people of Tajikistan are Iranian in
Moun n origin and speak Tajik, which is related to Farsi. 6

tain i The minority Uzbeks are mostly made up of
s ma
rdH Baríkow¢ descendents of Turkic-speaking (related to
e Ka h Turkish) nomads. This division has led to ethnic
-y Cháríkár Maímúd-e Ráqí
ryá tension between the two groups. Civil war
Da
-e Bábá KABUL (KÁBOL) Asadábád between the government and Islamic rebels
Kúh Mehtar Lám in the east of the country during the 1990s
Maydán Shahr led to an exodus of Uzbeks and Russians,
Jalálábád who had moved into the country when it
ISTAN Khyber Pass
3543ft (1080m)
was part of the Soviet Union.
7
Gardíz
Ghazní
N
Khowst A Tajik horsemen
T in Pamir, Tajikistan
b
dá
S
an
h
rg
I
eA Zarghún
K
-y
ryá Shahr
PA
Da
Qalát
Tilla-Kari, a 17th-century
Islamic religious school in 8
Samarqand, Uzbekistan
Spín Búldak
THE SILK ROAD
The Silk Road is the ancient trade route that brought silks
and other fine goods from China through central Asia and
the Middle East to Europe. Many cities were built along
0 km 100 200 its route, including Buxoro (Bukhara, Uzbekistan),
an important place of pilgrimage for Muslims, and
Samarqand, which contains some of the finest Islamic 9
0 miles 100 200
architecture in the world. Many of these cities are
now UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites.
I J K L M N O P 85
(claimed
ASIA by India)
B C D E F
n d u K u s h K2 28,251ft
H i
Ka
Indian Subcontinent
(8611m)
ra
or
k
Indus am
Ra
ng
Khyber Pass Mingáora e
3543ft
(1080m) Mardán
Separated from the rest of Asia by the Himalayas, the Indian subcontinent
N
Pesháwar Wáh ISLAMABAD
A
is home to almost one fourth of the world’s population—a staggering ST
Ráwalpindi
H
I Jhelum
1.5 billion people. They have a long and complex history, A N Potwa
r Plate au
Jammu
G H Sargodha Gujrát
form many different ethnic groups, speak a wide Gujránwála
AF P Lahore
e
g
s
an
Indu
variety of languages, and worship many different Chaman T oba K á k
ar R u Amritsar
R ange
2
n
gods. While some people in these countries are Faisalábád j a Ludhiána
Quetta Dera Gházi Khán Multán b
wealthy, many others live in poverty. Tensions Chá Okára Chandígarh
gai Hills
m án
ej Bathinda
between and within countries in this region Kálat
Sibi utl Haryāna
S
IR
lai
have sometimes erupted into warfare. The Indian P A K IJacobábád STAN Karnál
Su
Baháwalpur
AN
subcontinent is often affected by natural disasters, Baluchistān Rahímyár Delhi
Shikárpur Khán
notably cyclones in the Bay of Bengal and Lárkána Sukkur r t NEW DELHI
ng e
e
3
earthquakes and floods in Pakistan. However, n Ra Khairpur es Bíkáner
R a ng e r
C e nt ral Ma k rá
s
K í r t ha
Indu
D Alwar
India, the most heavily populated nation and Turbat h a r Jaisalmer Jaipur
once prone to famine, is now more than Gwádar
Nawábsháh T Jodhpur
Pasni Hyderábád Mírpur Khás
self-sufficient in food. All but Nepal and Bhutan Beáwar
Karáchi Páli
were once ruled by the British, whose legacy can be seen Sind R ā j a s t h ā n
in the common language of English, the architecture, the vast Sujáwal Kota
M o e Ind
Udaipur
th
railroad system, and in sports—most notably cricket.
uth u
4 Rann o f K a c h c h h
of Pálanpur
s
Tropic of
Cancer s Gujar ā t
Gulf of Gándhídhám Ahmadábád Ratlám e
a ng
ya R
MONSOON Kachchh Godhra
d h
From May/June to September, Jámnagar Vin
warm, moist southerly winds Rájkot Indore
sweep up from the Indian Ocean
and the Bay of Bengal across the Porbandar Bhávnagar
Vadodara I N
S át pura Range
subcontinent. Once these winds
meet dry land, moisture falls as Gulf of Bhusáwal
5 Súrat
monsoon rainfall. Although this Khambhát
0 km 150 300 Damán Manmád
irrigates the land and replenishes
the water supply, it can also Náshik Aurangábád
cause severe flooding. 0 miles 150 300 Go
Kalyán M d á
a h ā rvari
Mumbai āshtra D e
(Bombay) Pune Nánded
W e s
Bárámati
6 Arabian Solápur
t e r
Sea Gulbarga
SRI LANKA Kolhápur Ráichúr
In 1983, civil war erupted in Sri Lanka Karnātaka
n
between the Buddhist majority Sinhalese, Belgaum
who dominate the government, and the Panaji Gadag
G h
Hindu minority Tamils, who wanted to
establish their own independent state in the Hubli
north of the island. The civil war, which ended Dávangere
a t
7 in 2009 when the government defeated the
Tamil Tigers, has cost many lives and
Shimoga
s
disrupted the island’s economy. Yet Sri Lanka
Udupi
still has one of the highest literacy rates in
the world and high levels of health care. Mangalore Bangalore
Kásaragod Mysore
Ke
Kannur / Cannanore
ral
Erode
8
Kozhikode / Calicut
a
l
FAMILY LIFE IN PAKISTAN Coimbatore mi
Pakistanis have strong ties to their extended families, and often many Ta
generations live and work together in family-run businesses. Smaller Ernákulam
family units, however, are becoming more common in urban areas.
Although some women hold prominent positions in public and Kochi / Cochin
commercial life, such as Benazir Bhutto who was prime minister twice
before she was assassinated in December 2007, most women do not Kollam / Quilon
work outside the home.
Thiruvananthapuram / Trivandrum
9
School child, Nágercoil
Sri Lanka
86 A B C F G H
(A"line of INDIAN SUBCONTINENT
control"
was agreed J K L M N O P
between
India and
Pakistan
in 1972) THE HIMALAYAS
AKSAI CHIN The highest chain of mountains
Bhutanese 1
(administered by China, in the world, the Himalayas have
claimed by India) eight peaks that are more than people
26,247 ft (8,000 m) high. Everest, the
J am m u world’s highest mountain at 29,035 ft
a nd (8,850 m), is on the border of Nepal and
DEMCHOK/ Tibet. Mountaineers come from far and wide
Kashmír DÊMQOG to scale these massive peaks.
(administered
i by China, claimed
by India)
m
na
ARUNACHAI
Yamu
PRADESH
nd a (claimed by China)
BHUTAN
Utta r a k h a s
l a
Hidden
Meerut NEPAL C H a y away in the
Himalayas, the
I N A
G an g
Annapurna Kula Kangri Dibrugarh

Bareilly ›alyán 26,545ft (8091m) Mount Everest 24,783ft (7554m)
people of Bhutan
are devoutly
es
29,035ft (8850m) THIMPHU tr a

Uttar Pokhará 3
Bhaktapur apu Buddhist and have
R
P r a d e s h KATHMANDU Lalitpur BHUTAN rahm
Darjiling Bongaigaon B m Jorhát
MA
Ágra little contact with the
Lucknow Faizábád a outside world. A minority
Birátnagar Shiliguri Ass Kohíma of the population are Nepalese
AN
Gwalior Kánpur Gorakhpur Guwáháti Hindus who came to the country in the first half
Chhapra Dinajpur Rangpur M e g h ā l a y a Imphál of the 1900s. Most Bhutanese live in the fertile
MY
Allahábád Bihār river valleys of the center and south of
Jhánsi Patna Ga Jamalpur Sylhet Silchar the country. Traditional dress—the kira for
ng
Shivpuri BANGLADESH
Váránasi Gaya women and the gho for men—is widely worn.
es
Ma
dhy
a Prad J h ā r k h a n dRajshahi Tropic of
Cancer 4
e s h Pabna DHAKA
Ságar Dhanbád
Murwára Ásánsol Jessore Comilla
Cho t a Khulna
Bhopál Jabalpur N á g p u r Ránchi W e s t Bengal
Chittagong
The name Bhutan means
Jamshedpur Barisal
Ráulakela Kharagpur Kolkata “Land of the Thunder
D I AC hBiláspur
hattīsgar
Korba
s
(Calcutta)
Mouths
of th
eG
a ng
e
Dragon” in Dzongkha, the
Nágpur th
Sambalpur Báleshwar
Gondia Raipur Or
iss
Ma
hán
ad i
Bay of Benga
l
country’s official language. 5
a Cuttack
Chandrapur Bhubaneshwar
c a n Puri
c Jagdalpur Two of the world’s great
RELIGION
Brahmapur
Nizámábád religions—Hinduism and
h
Karímnagar
r a des s Buddhism—began in India more
P
A n d h r oa at Vizianagaram than 2,500 years ago. Most
dá G h Pakistanis and Bangladeshis are
G
Warangal va
ri Visákhapatnam Muslim, most Indians and Nepalese
Hyderábád r n Rájahmundry are Hindu, and most Sri Lankans
e and Bhutanese are Buddhist.
st
Vijayawáda
Ea
hna Hindus bathe

Kris
Chírála in the Ganges
Kurnool River, which is
Ongole
considered sacred
Tádpatri
Kávali
North
Cuddapah Nellore Andaman
Middle
Chennai Andaman
(Madras) Port
Blair Andaman
Vellore Kánchípuram
South
Islands
(to India)
Andaman
Salem Pondicherry
Little Andaman
Nādu BOLLYWOOD 8
Tiruchchiráppalli Nicobar Islands More movies are produced in Mumbai (Bombay),
TEA IN SRI LANKA
k Strait (to India) India—more than 800 a year—than in the entire USA,
Pal Sri Lanka is the world’s largest Car Nicobar
Madurai exporter of tea. The plantations turning “Bollywood,” as it is known, into a major
An S
Jaffna are mostly located in the center cultural center. Bollywood movies generally have
historical, religious, or social themes and are famous
da ea
of the island and they employ

Mannar SRI LANKA women to pick the delicate, for their song-and-dance routines and glamorous
Tuticorin Katchall
m
Trincomalee green shoots of the bushes. stars. These movies are an important export to
Island
n
a
Gulf of central Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.

Puttalam Little Nicobar
Mannar Great
Batticaloa Nicobar 9
Indira Point
Negombo Kandy
COLOMBO
INDIAN OCEAN
Kalutara Sri Jayewardanapura Kotte K M N O P 87
Galle
Matara
ASIA
B C D E F G H
Western China and Mongolia

China is a land of huge geographical diversity and DESERT LANDS
The cold, rocky Gobi Desert
amazing landscapes. More than 90 percent of the population (right) stretches for more than
are Han Chinese—descendents of people who settled here 400,000 sq miles (1,000,000 sq km)
through Mongolia and northeast
more than 5,000 years ago. This region includes western China, China. Many dinosaur bones and eggs
2 Mongolia, and Tibet. Mongolia gained its independence from have been found here, making it
one of the richest dinosaur fossil
China in 1911 and is now an independent democracy. Tibet is regions in the world.
Hövsgöl
Nuur
currently governed by China. Compared to eastern China, this Uvs
Nuur
region is sparsely populated and characterized by vast deserts, A l Ulaangom
Mörön
remote mountains, and extreme temperatures. t a Ölgiy Hyargas Halban
T AN i Har Us
Nuur
H
S Altay Nuur Ha
3 MONGOLIANS K M Hovd
Har Nuur
ng Tsetserleg
ZA
Most of the people living in Ulungur o ayn
Nuru
Mongolia are Khalkha Mongols. A Hu u u
About half of these people now K n M O N
live in urban areas, but some still Karamay t a Altay
lead traditional lives as nomadic Bayanhongor
herders. They live in large felt or
i n
s
B
oh Gurbantünggüt
tents called yurts. Smoke from oro Kuytun Shamo
the central iron stove escapes Sha Aj Bogd Uul
n Shihezi Fukang Jimsar 12,474ft (3802m)
through a chimney in the roof. Yining
4 Ürümqi Qitai
e n S h a n Turpan Atas Bogd

8842ft G
Z S TA
N T i Tomür Feng
7443m
Turpan Hami (2695m)
RG Y Pendi
KY Korla Ku
Bosten Hu
Xingxingxia
ruk
tag
Tarim Basin
TA J
e
Kashi im H
Tar GAN SU
Yengisar
I
KI
5 TA Shache
XINJIANG Laojunmiao
S
N Qilian
In traditional AFGH.
Yecheng
Pishan
T akla Makan Ruoqiang
han Da
Sh
an
(claimed
Desert n S ng
Mongolian khoomi Moyu
Al
t u he
PA
by India) Na
Ka Ra A
Hotan Qira Q ns
singing, men are K2
C H ai I ha
N Qinghai
ra ng
KI
28,251ft da Hu
ko
r
S
n
e am (8611m)
Kunlun m
Shan
T
able to sing several N AKSAI Golmud

Pen
di
Dulan
ud
6
notes at once. CHIN urhan B ai Shan
IND
AKSAI CHIN B
A’n S
I
(administered by
Q I N G H A I
nd
yê ha
China, claimed
Pl a t e a u o f Ti b e t
us
m
by India)
n qên
IA
tian He Ba
Rutog (Qi ngzang Gaoy uan) Tong
DEMCHOK/DÊMQOG yan
CHINESE WRITING Har S
The Chinese alphabet is not
(administered by China,
claimed by India) TIBET han
Yushu
made up of letters. Instead, Gar Xincun Me
Tanggula
H
kon
separate symbols stand for Zanda Gozhê Sha g
7 individual words or parts of Siling Co Amdo n
words. There are more than
40,000 characters in the Chinese
i Br
Tangra
Yumco Gyaring
Nagqu Qamdo
a hm Ngangzê Co Nam Co Salw
language. The same symbols are
m
Jinsh
ap Damxung
ee n
used everywhere in China, and utr Co
a nqêntanglha Shan
a Jiang
no matter what Chinese
N Nyai
language or dialect people speak,
E a Lhazê Xigazê Maizhokunggar
Lhasa He
ng
they can all read the same script. P
A l Gonggar
Gyangzê
sARUNÁCHAL du
8
L
Mount Everest
a y a PRADESH
(claimed by China)
an
Sha
29,035ft (8850m)
M
BHUTAN INDIA
YA
n
N M
AR
Chinese symbols, MONASTERIES IN MONGOLIA

whose strokes Under communism, Mongolians were forbidden to
have to be practice their traditional Buddhist faith, which was
written in viewed as superstitious and unscientific. Since the
9 democratic government was set up in 1990, about
a certain order
100 monasteries have reopened. Most people,
however, no longer follow any religion.
88 A B G H
WESTERN CHINA AND MONGOLIA
I J K L M N O P
0 km 200 400
RU
Mohe 0 miles 200 400 1
SS
Tahe
Am
. FE
ur
.
D
Fuyuan
(H
He)
e
nge
il o
n
Ergun Jagdaqi
N g
un (Ergu
n
Ji a n g)
IO
ing)
n Ra
R AT Yichun
EDE
Bei’an Hegang
A rg
gan L
RUSSIAN F Yakeshi
inga
Manzhouli Nancha 2
Hulun Hulun Buir HEILONGJIANG Jiamusi
Hing
t Kh
Sühbaatar
Nur (Hailar)
Qiqihar Tonghe Jixi Lake
S el
a
Grea
(Da
enga
ol
Darhan Khanka
O n o n G Choybalsan
uri
Shangzhi
Harbin Mudanjiang
Erdenet ULAN BATOR Menengiyn
ch
Bulgan (ULAANBAATAR)
Tal Songyuan
an
Öndörhaan Hulingol Yanji
Jilin
A
Dzuunmod n M Changchun Sea of 3
K er ule Baruun-Urt
I
JILIN Japan
L Tongliao Siping Liaoyuan (East Sea)
G O L I A Xi Ujimqin Qi
)
FESTIVAL OF NAADAM
O
u
Each July, people all over Mongolia
Baishan
iq
RE H
Xilinhot
G
Saynshand
NG celebrate the sports festival of Naadam.
O RT
e
A
I
h
N iz ON
Three sports—wrestling (above), archery,
H
i
Erenhot
O
Liao
O IA
t
Z and horse riding—are the focus of the

N
b
L
o M ol
r
K festivities. The skills needed to take part in these

Dalandzadgad G s Chifeng
e
g activities are those that would have helped people

4
Govï Alta
yn e R BEI on (Ulanhad) survive a traditional nomadic lifestyle.
Nu
ruu
D E i M HE
o N Ne Ulan Qab (Jining)
b i ha
n
I N (
S
ng
Dalain Hob Hohhot PEOPLE OF TIBET

La
llow R i v er Baotou Most Tibetans live in the valleys of

the Tibetan plateau, high up in the
Ye
(Hua n g H e)
han
XI
Himalayas and surrounded by

AN
Wuhai
iS
Mu Us the world’s tallest mountains. 5

SH
(Haibowan)
ra
b Tibetans have their own

hi n
Ya T e n gg e r Shadi
language and culture.
fC
S h a mo Yinchuan Recently, many Han Chinese

lo
have moved
al
W to this region looking

NINGXIA Great
A Tongxin
for a better life.
Xining
Lanzhou
Pingliang
6
GANSU I
Henan
Tianshui A NX Tibetan village
Luqu
S HA children
Zhugqu GREAT WALL OF CHINA
About 2,200 years ago, approximately
Wenxian 300,000 slaves began to build China’s
AN
HU enormous Great Wall. Originally constructed
SIC to protect China’s northern borders, it is the
longest human-made structure ever built Buddhist prayer flags 7
and stretches from central Asia to the
Yellow Sea, a distance of
3,980 miles (6,400 km).
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
As well as modern medicine,
many Chinese still use alternative 8
remedies. Traditional medicine is based
on the belief that health is achieved by
balancing a person’s mind and body—
their yin and yang. Any imbalance is
treated with medicines made from
dried plant materials (left). Some BUDDHIST TIBET
animals, including Asiatic bears, are Many Tibetans are devout Buddhists. Their religious leader,
now endangered owing to the demand the Dalai Lama, used to live in Lhasa. In 1951, however, Tibet
for parts used in traditional medicine. became part of China, and the government restricted the
people’s religious freedom and lifestyle. This has resulted in 9
tension between Tibetans and the Chinese government. The
Dalai Lama now lives in exile in India.
I J K L M N O P 89
ASIA
B C D E F G H
Eastern China and Korea

China has a large population of more than 1.3 billion, NEW -YEAR CELEBRATIONS
Chinese New Year, also known as the Spring Festival, is the
with two thirds living in eastern China. For thousands of country’s most important festival. It is usually held in January
years, powerful emperors ruled China. During this period, or February. Good-luck messages decorate buildings, and there
are feasts, fireworks, fairs, and processions.
Chinese civilization was very advanced, but most of the People wear red clothes for good luck and
2 population lived in poverty. In 1949, after a communist give gifts of coins to symbolize wealth.
revolution, the People’s Republic of China was

established. Food, education, and health care became Chinese New
Year parade
available to more people, but there was also a loss
of freedom. Today, Chinese people have more
freedom, but the government still has tight
3
control over their lives. The Korean peninsula
is politically divided into north and south, and
political tensions continue to exist between the
two governments. Since 1949, Taiwan has been
in dispute with China about who governs the
mountainous island of Taiwan.
IA
GX
4
NIN
HONG KONG
Tongchuan
Bay
For 100 years, Hong Kong was a British an QI Xianyang
Ha
colony. Then, in 1997, it was returned to r S N Baoji
ha
GH
China. These small islands are some of GANSU
the most densely populated areas n Xi’an
AI
of the world. Most people live and Hanzhong SHAANXI
work in skyscrapers. It has a Hongyuan
5 prosperous economy at the heart Ya
of global finance, and the people lon Guangyuan
gJ
there have one of the world’s
TIB
Mianyang
ian
highest life expectancies. S I C H UA N Wanyuan
g
Luhuo
ET
Nanchong
Skyline of Hong Kong with Sichuan Wanzhou
a Chinese junk in the foreground Litang Chengdu Pendi
H C NeijiangH I
Jinsha Jiang Jian
Ya’an
Lichuan
en
Leshan Chongqing
6
gd
Zigong CHONGQING SHI

ua
ONE-CHILD FAMILIES
Many Chinese children do not have )
n
ng
brothers or sisters. This is owing to Xichang
g
Jia
Sha
Tongzi
policies introduced by the Chinese
ng
Zhongdian
goverment in 1979. To try to control the ha Zunyi
Huaihua
g tze (C
n
rising population, the government offers

special benefits to couples with only one
Zhoatong GUIZHOU
an
child. Although this has slowed down Panzhihua Y Guiyang

the rate of growth, China’s population Kaili
MYANMAR
7 Dali Anshun
still grows by millions each year. Duyun
Salwe e n
Guanling
Baoshan
Kunming Xingxi Dushan
Y U N NA N
Wuliang
Yuxi
Liuzhou
Kaiyuan Bose
Tropic of
Can cer Wenshan G UA N G X I
Gejiu
Me
8
kon
PADDY FIELDS
Nanning
Sh
Rice forms the basis

g
VIETNA
an
of most Chinese meals. Jinghong

It grows in paddy fields in M Qinzhou
the southeast of the country.
During the growing season,
LAOS Beihai
fields are flooded so that farmers
can grow more rice more quickly. g
In drier regions, wheat is grown and 0 km 150 300 g k in
used to make noodles, buns, and on
9 dumplings. Rice or wheat is combined fT
o
0 miles 150 300 Danzhou

lf
with local vegetables, meats, and spices

Gu
to create regional dishes. Dongfang
90 A B C D E F G
HAINAN
EASTERN CHINA AND KOREA
I J K L M N O P
NORTH KOREA
North Korea is an independent communist country, but since
the break up of the Soviet Union, it has lost many of its 1
trading partners and is now very poor. However, the
country has a good education system and a high literacy rate.
Education is free and compulsory for all children for ten years. SOUTH KOREA
South Korea is a democratic nation with a thriving
electronics and machinery industry. One fourth of the
A Najin population lives in or near the capital city, Seoul. The
O L I Internet has quickly developed in South Korea and
JIL
G
E R M O N Ch’ôngjin Sea of plays an important role in work and leisure. The
IN
I N N
children below are using computers at an Internet
Shenyang Japan café in the central city of Taejon. 2
Fuxin Fushun (East Sea)
Chaoyang L I AO N I N G Kanggye Hyesan
Anshan Kimch’aek
Chengde Jinzhou Haicheng NORTH KOREA
Zhangjiakou Fengcheng
Sinûiju
Huailai Dandong Hamhûng
Qinhuangdao East
BEIJING Chôngju
Datong (PEKING) Wônsan Korea
Tangshan P’YONGYANG Bay
Langfang Tianjin Bo Hai Dalian Sariwôn 3
Shouzhou Ch’unch’ôn
Renqiu TIANJIN SHI
Korea Haeju
Shijiazhuang H E B E I SEOUL SOUTH
Yantai Bay
Cangzhou
Botou Inch’ôn (SÔUL)
Taiyuan Binzhou KOREA
Yuci
Taejôn
(Huang H r
Dezhou Taegu
Yellow Rive
(North and South Korea

Zibo
e)
SHANXI Weifang
have been divided
Ulsan
Yan’an Jinan by a ceasefire
agreement since 1953) Chônju
Handan SHANDONG Pusan
Anyang Qingdao Kwangju Chinju 4
Changzhi
Xinxiang Jining Rizhao Yôsu
it
Zaozhuang
Mokp’o
The majority of the
ra
Sanmenxia Kaifeng Yellow
St
Cheju Strait a
Luoyang Zhengzhou Xuzhou
Lianyungang S e a
Ko
re Chinese population lives
Pingdingshan
Suzhou
JIANGSU Cheju-do in only 15 percent of the
H E NA N Bengbu
Nanyang Huainan
Yangzhou
total land area. 5
Xiangfang Nanjing
Three Xinyang Hefei Suzhou
ze
Wuxi Shanghai
Gorges
HUBEI ANHUI gt
Wuhu
Reservoir an SHANGHI SHI
Y
MODERN SHANGHAI
Yichang Wuhan Anqing Jiaxing
a
China’s largest city is Shanghai. More

N A
na Se
Huangshi Hangzhou than 13 million people live in this

Jingzhou Ningbo wealthy east-coast port. International
Jiujiang Jinhua trade has recently transformed Shanghai’s 6
Yueyang Quzhou skyline, which is now crowded with
Jingdezhen
Chi
Changde
ZHEJIANG skyscrapers and modern shopping malls.
Changsha Nanchang Wenzhou The center of town still has some old
Shangrao Western-style buildings that have survived
st
Loudi Linchuan from the days before the revolution.

Ea
Xiangtan
H U NA N JIANGXI FUJIAN Fu’an
Nanfeng
Hongjiang Nanping
Hengyang (China and Taiwan
claim all of each
Yongzhou Sanming other's territory) 7
Quanzhou Ganzhou Fuzhou
Yong’an Chilung
Chenzhou
Longyan Quanzhou
t
Guilin
rai
Shaoguan TAIPEI
na
St
Hexian Zhangzhou
T’aichung
n
Chi
Lipu Xiamen
wa
G UA N G D O N G Chaozhou Chiai
Hualien
ai
Shantou T Tropic of Cancer

Sea
Guangzhou
uth
Zhaoqing Dongguan T’ainan TAIWAN 8

Jiangmen Hong Kong Kaohsiung
So
Yulin (Xianggang) BEAUTY OF TAIWAN

Macao Taiwan’s mountainous
(Aomen) Bicycle factory
countryside is famous for its
Maoming natural beauty, scenic lakes,
Suixi
CHINESE INDUSTRY and many ornate Buddhist
Zhanjiang After the revolutionary leader temples. This peaceful
Xuwen Mao Zedong died in 1976, China’s environment contrasts sharply
economy opened up. New industry is with Taiwan’s capital city,
Haikou now encouraged, and many people are Taipei, which is one of the 9
moving from the country to cities, where fastest -growing cities in Asia.
there are relatively well-paid jobs.
Hainan
Dao
I J K L M N O P 91
B C D E F G H I
ASIA
EARTHQUAKES
The islands of Japan are situated in an area where
four of Earth’s tectonic plates meet. This causes 1
frequent earthquakes. Japanese school children are
Japan taught how to stay safe during an earthquake by
Japan is situated in the north Pacific sheltering in a doorway or under a table.
Ocean off the coast of the Asian continent.

It is made up of four main islands and
more than 3,000 smaller ones. The Japanese
2 people have a distinctive culture based on 2
traditions built up over thousands of years.

They have their own language and script.
School children all learn to read and write OVERCROWDING
Most of the country’s 127 million people live in cities
both in the traditional script and using in the flatter coastal areas. Tokyo and Osaka are very
letters. Social rules in Japan are strict, and crowded, and homes here are usually very small and
are designed to make the most of the limited space.
3 respect and politeness are considered very 3
s
important. Most people bow when greeting La Pero

use Strai
t
nd
one another, for example. Japan is a very

la
Wakkanai Ostrov
Is
modern country, however, with one of the Kunashir

Rebun-tó Se a of
le
world’s most technologically advanced Nakagawa Ostrov Shikotan

i
Rishiri-tó Ok hots k
ur
societies. Its economy is based on the Monbetsu (Kurile Islands

Shari
K
0 km 100 200 administered by

4 development and production of cutting-edge Nayoro Abashiri Russian Federation, 4
claimed by Japan)
electronics and vehicles, and most families Shibetsu Shirataki Bekkai
0 miles 100 200 Kitami Nemuro
have the latest consumer goods. Asahi-dake
Asahikawa 7513ft (2290m) Akkeshi
Takikawa H okkai dó
RELIGIONS OF JAPAN Kushiro
Shintoku
Many Japanese people follow a mix of the Shinto and Is h i ka ri-wa
Buddhist religions, attending wedding ceremonies in Shinto
n
Otaru Ebetsu Obihiro
5 shrines and funerals in Buddhist temples. Buddhism 5
Horoshiri-dake
originated in India and arrived in Japan in the 500s, whereas Sapporo 6732ft (2052m)
the Shinto faith is native to Japan. Respect for nature is Japanese Chitose Hiroo
especially important in the Shinto religion. Many natural Temple Iwanai
Tomakomai
locations, such as Mount Fuji, are considered sacred.
Noboribetsu
Uc
Mount Fuji is a Setana h i u Muroran
ra-w
dormant volcano. an
Okushiri-tó
6 Traditional 6
Esashi Hakodate and modern
Mutsu
dresses
Fukushima Mutsu
-wan
Tsu garu-k aikyó
Aomori Towada
Goshogawara Hachinohe
Kuroishi Kuji
Hirosaki FASHION IN JAPAN
7 Fudi 7
Iwate On regular days, Japanese people
Ódate Miyako usually wear Western-style clothes.
Noshiro Most children have a school uniform.
Gojóme On festival days, such as Children’s
Morioka
Day, many people prefer to wear the
Akita Hanamaki traditional kimono. Women’s kimonos
are often made of colorful silk,
Honjó Yokote Kesennuma decorated with beautiful designs.
Yuzawa Shizugawa
8 8
Sakata Shinjó Ishinomaki
Tsuruoka Furukawa Sen
Atsumi d a i-wan
Sendai
Sóma
Fukushima Haramachi
MODERN TECHNOLOGY Niigata Niitsu Aizu
9 Japan’s economy is based on high-tech Kóriyama 9
research, development, and production. The Sado
Inawashiro-ko Sukagawa
country has built a reputation for
providing the latest technology in Nagaoka JAPAN Iwaki
vehicles and electronic goods, such Shinano-gawa Kashiwazaki
Hitachi u Otawara
as televisions, computers, and stereo Jóetsu ak
systems. Japanese products are Utsunomiya a n my
Itoigawa i- s
usually of a high quality but are Toyama M ik u n
Mito
still affordable. -wan Nagano Maebashi
Prototype of a Oyama
Takaoka Toyama Kasumiga-ura
10 Mazda car, produced Takasaki Narita 10
in Hiroshima Kanazawa Matsumoto Kawagoe Chóshi
n
p )
a Komatsu Hon s h ú TOKYO Chiba
Kaga Hida- Kawasaki
Ja ea Ina Kófu Yokohama
f Fukui sanmyaku Mount Fuji Bósó-hantó
o S 12,388ft (3776m) Fujisawa
otó t Nakatsugawa
i -sh a s Tsuruga Fuji Sag
k Iida a m i- n ada
O Dógo Se Ea W a k a s a - wa n Gifu Izu-
11 ( Ógaki Shizuoka Ó-shima 11
Dózen Maizuru S u hantó
Toyota
Tottori Biwa-ko Nagoya ru g
a - w a n Nii-jima
Ótsu Okazaki
Yonago Wadayama Kyóto Hamamatsu Miyake-jima
MARTIAL ARTS Kózu-shima
Matsue hi Ise
Kendo is a popular martial art in Japan. It was anc Tsu -w an
Mikura-jima BASEBALL
Izumo u-s
Izu
developed (in its modern form) about 200 years k Himeji Kóbe Ósaka Baseball, known as yakyu, is
go Ise
ago and teaches the art of Japanese samurai
-s
hú fast becoming Japan’s most

h
swordsmanship. Children train using Gótsu C Okayama Awaji- Sakai

popular sport, As well as two
ot
bamboo swords (above). Hamada Kurashiki Harima- shima Owase

ó
12 professional leagues, the game 12

Fukuyama nada
Masuda Wakayama Hachijó-jima is played at universities and
Tokushima Gobó Shingú schools. It was introduced to
Ki
t Hiroshima Kure Tanabe Japan in the late 1800s.
i-
ai Nagato Niihama
tr Iwakuni su
S
Tsushima Mugi
idó
Yamaguchi
ea
Matsuyama A HEALTHY DIET
r
Shimonoseki Hófu Rice is the major crop grown on the
da
Ko
Ube a Kóchi Shikoku
Kitakyúshú small amount of flat land in Japan. Along
T
Iyo- n with rice, fish is an important part of most
13 Kó-saki Uwajima
os
a- 13
Iki wan meals, and Japan has one of the world’s
Fukuoka Óita Nakamura largest fishing fleets. This healthy diet may
IC be part of the reason why Japanese people
Karatsu Kurume Sukumo F have one of the world’s longest life
Bu
Sasebo Saiki ng I
Ómuta o-s C AN expectancy rates.
E
uidó
Gotó-rettó Kumamoto Nobeoka PA CE
t
Nagasaki Kyúshú O Sushi, a dish of
C
raw fish and rice
S
Yatsushiro Hitoyoshi
h
14 Amakusa- BULLET TRAINS 14
a s ea
in
a nada Miyazaki One of the fastest ways to travel around Japan is on
Akune Sendai their high-speed train system—known as bullet
Koshikijima-rettó trains, or Shinkansen. This network connects Tokyo
Miyakonojó with most of the country’s other major cities, such
Kagoshima
S
0 km 100 Kyúshú hi as Sapporo and Nagasaki. The trains reach speeds
Ósumi- Kanoya bu of more than 186 mph (300 km/h). Japan built the
0 miles 100 sh i
shotó
n
-w a world’s first high-speed train in 1964.
n
a- wa
15 hi m Tanega- 15
Satsunan-shotó Kag o s
ó shima
ds Naze
ho t
ó i- s
nt
u
an ) um
s
ó Amami- Yaku-shima
i-g
t
o
Ó
ó-shima
sh
sei- s l
Amam
n
ky
Okinawa
(Na u I
otó
Ryu
sh
16 Naha w a - 16
a
Okin
93
A B C D E F G H I
B C D E F G I
1
Mainland SE Asia
T he peninsula of Southeast Asia lies directly to the south ORPHANS IN CAMBODIA
Cambodia has a very high
of India and China, between the Pacific and Indian oceans. percentage of widows and orphans,
It is made up of Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Vietnam, mostly because many men were
killed in civil wars in recent decades.
Cambodia, and Laos. Over thousands of years, the influence
2 2
of people from nearby India, China, and Arabian countries
GROWING RICE
has helped give this region a diverse mix of cultures and Rice is the most
religions. Most of the land here is mountainous, with half of important crop in southeast
Asia. It grows well in wet
the region covered in forests. Most people live in coastal or lowland areas, such as the Mekong
River delta in Vietnam, where the plants
lowland regions, where they can grow crops such as rice, can be grown in paddy fields. Most rice
raise cattle, and catch fish. In is planted and harvested by women.
3 3
recent years, the electronics
He
Hkakabo Cambodian
C
Razi orphanage
ng
industry has also become 19,308ft
an important part of (5885m)
duan
southeast Asian RURAL LIVING
Sh
economies, Most people in southeast Asia live in
rural areas rather than cities, and farming
IA
Ran ge
especially in is the most common occupation. The steep,
Maingkwan
D
4 Thailand. mountainous regions are often unsuitable 4
i H ka
H I a nN A
nn i
mon
w
for growing crops or raising cattle,
ma
nd
N however, and many farming communities
Ku
IN
Chi
are based in the fertile river valleys and
Mogaung Myitkyina
deltas. There are more than 200 villages on
and around this lake (right) in Myanmar.
Irrawaddy
Banmauk 0 km 100 200
Tamu Bhamo
5 Katha 5
0 miles 100 200
Tropic of Cancer MYANMAR Tropic of Cancer Padaung women,

who are part of
Lashio
I N A the Karen tribe,
Falam HBl Ha Giang wear distinctive
Cao Bâng
BA NG
C a ck
Shwebo Riv
er H Lao Cai gold neck rings.
oa
Monywa Lai Châu
ng
6
Pyn-Oo-Lwin 6
Lang Sòn
Chin H
Li
Sagaing Mandalay Thai Nguyên
LAD ESH
ên
Na
Amarapura Kyaukse Phôngsali
ill
Viêt Tri Bâc Giang
Sò
Keng Tung
mO
s
Pakokku Sha Ãiên Biên
n
Myingyan n Muang Sing Câm Pha

Pl HA NÔI
Chauk Meiktila at
Louangnamtha Muang Namo Hoa Binh
ea
Ha Ãông
Hông Gai
Taunggyi u Viangphoukha Sop Hao
Yenangyaung
Hai Phong
Sittwe L Xam Nua Nam Ãinh
Ar
Minbu Houayxay Thai Binh
a
Taungdwingyi
P a wn
en
Pyechin Magway Salwe g Louangphabang
NAY PYI TAW M e ko n
ka
7 Thanh Hoa 7
Fang Chiang Rai
Muong Xiang Ngeun
n
Loikaw
Thayetmyo Aunglan PèkA
Ramree Island Xaignabouli Tõòng Ãõòng Gu lf of
Phayao
Yo
Taungoo
g
Pyay
Ch
Cheduba Island Nan Ang Nam T ongk ing
in
KAREN TRIBE
V
Chiang Mai Ngum

aî Vinh
Si
ma
Thandwe Paungde tto
Ban Hin Heup Pakxan ne There are 600,000 tribespeople
Lampang N
Phyu am O A living in the northeastern hills of
ung
Myanaung Phrae n Thailand. The Karen are the largest

Nyaunglebin n
Mae Nam P
Bay of Letpadan n VIENTIANE a hill tribe. They originated from

Nong Khai
T
Yom
Na
8 Pyuntaza (VIANGCHAN) Ãông Hòi Myanmar but moved into Thailand to 8

Hinthada Sirikit
i
Thakhèk
a
Bengal Bago Reservoir Loei escape political unrest.

Korat
n
Kyaikto
e Nam
Udon Thani Sakon Nakhon

e
Rangoon
E tiqu
Ma
Thaton
I m S
Kayan
M a e N am
Phitsanulok
T
Ãông Ha
e
Pathein (Yangon) Hpa-an Tak Plateau

Myaungmya Kanbe Martaban Mawlamyine Lom Sak Khanthabouli Muang Huê
Kyaiklat Khon Kaen Phalan
N
Kalasin Ãâ Nâng
M Labutta Bogale Mudon
Kyaikkami Salavan Hôi An
ou
ths Roi Et
Tam Ky
of
THAILAND
9 t he I r r a w a d d y Nakhon Sawan Muang 9
A
Ubon Ratchathani Khôngxédôn Quang Ngai
Ye Nakhon
R a n g e
Ratchasima Buriram Pakxé
Great Coco Samakhixai
Lop Buri Champasak
Island Surin
M
Srinagarind
Reservoir ôr Ph num D ân gr êk
Sara Buri Chu
Ayutthaya Phumî Muang Không g Plây Cu
Little Coco ôn
S
Quy Nhòn
K
Dawei BANGKOK Sâmraông t œn
Virôchey
le
Island g
Nakhon Pathom (KRUNG THEP) Krâlânh T ôn
Sên
Angkor Wat Tônle Sr
10 Ratchaburi Samut Prakan Stœng Trêng êpôk 10
FLOATING Tônlé Sap
Mali Chon Buri Bâtdâmbâng Phumî Kâmpong Trâbêk Tuy Hoa
MARKET Kyun Phetchaburi
The capital of Reâng Kesei
Thailand, Bangkok, Ao Krung Pattaya
Moûng Roessei
C A M BTrâpeâng
O DVêngI A
Merg
Kadan Thep Poûthîsât
is a busy, crowded Kyun Myeik Rayong Chanthaburi Krâchéh Nha Trang
city with more Ban Hua Hin Kâmpóng Chhnâng
n g R ange
Chuor Phnum Ãa Lat
than nine million Daung Ko Chang Kâmpóng Cham
Kyun Tenasserim Krâvanh Ôdôngk
Cam Ranh
inhabitants. The city
ktau
Suông Di Linh
u
was built on an island in the PHNOM PENH M Phan Rang-
Letsôk-aw
ila
Gulf of
eko
river, and has many canals. Boats, known as
ui Archi
Kyun (PHNUM PENH) Thap Cham
B
11 Svay Riêng 11
ng
sampans, (above) act as floating markets from Biên Hoa
which traders sell fresh fruit and vegetables. Lanbi Thailand Phan Thiêt
Kyun Isthmus Châu Ãôc
pela
Kâmpóng Saôm Long Hô Chi Minh
Chumphon Kâmpôt Xuyên Vung Tau
go
of Kra Rach Gia My Tho
g
A large, previously Zadetkyi Lang Suan Vinh Cân Thò Tra Vinh
Ranong
on
Kyun Ko Phangan Rach Gia Soc Trâng

ek
unknown mammal, the Ko Samui

M
Ko Phra Bac Liêu e ANGKOR

12 Surat Thani Ca Mau th 12
Thong The impressive temple complex of
Vu Quang ox was only Sichon s of
uth Angkor in Cambodia attracts visitors
Mo Côn Ãao interested in its history and architecture.
recently discovered Phang-Nga Nakhon Si Thammarat This combination of temples and palaces
Ko Pak Phanang was built in 1113 CE by the Khmer king
in the forests of Phuket Thung Song Suryavarman II. The buildings, such as Angkor
Phuket Phatthalung
South China Wat, below, are made of stone and brick and are
A
northern Vietnam. Ko Lanta Trang Thale Luang decorated with relief sculptures showing mythical
n
da scenes of Hindu gods and great royal processions. The
Songkhla Sea complex was uncovered in 1861 by French naturalist
13 Se m a
n 13
THAI BEACHES a Hat Yai Pattani Henri Mouhot, following
Ko Ta
Tourism is now a major industry for Thailand. Ru Tao stories of a “lost city”
Popular destinations include the country’s lively Yala Narathiwat in the jungle.
capital, Bangkok, and beautiful island beach Pulau
resorts (below). Phuket, Thailand’s largest island, Langkawi
Angkor Wat
is often referred to as the “Pearl of the South.”
MA A
L AYSI
14 MONASTIC LIFE 14
The main religion in mainland southeast Asia
is Buddhism. Almost all Thai villages have their
own temple, or wat, which is the center of
village life. Most young men spend some
time in a monastery, where they have few
possessions and spend most of their
time in meditation.
15
16
H I
ASIA
B C D E F G H
Maritime SE Asia
T o the south of the Asian mainland lies maritime
southeast Asia. It includes Malaysia, Indonesia, East Timor,
Singapore, and the Philippines. Part of Malaysia is connected
to the mainland, but the rest of the region is made up of more
2
than 20,000 islands that stretch across the Pacific and Indian
oceans. Lying near the Equator, the climate is mostly hot, wet, and
humid. Most of the larger islands are mountainous and covered in
dense forests, and many people live in villages near rivers or on the
coast. Like the rest of southeast Asia, the population is made up of GREAT APES
Orangutans are great apes that live only
people from many different cultural backgrounds speaking hundreds in Borneo and the northern corner of Sumatra.
3 of different languages. The most common religion is Islam, except They spend most of their time in the trees, even
building tree-top nests in which to sleep. Sadly, the
in the Philippines, where most people are Roman Catholic. orangutan is endangered because of deforestation.
PEOPLE OF MALAYSIA
THE SULTAN OF BRUNEI
Ethnic Malaysians make up 53 percent of the Sultan
population and are known as bumiputera, meaning Brunei is ruled by a sultan
of Brunei who lives in the world’s
“son of the soil.” Most Malaysians are Muslim.
Ethnic Chinese form 26 percent of the population. largest palace. The sultan
South China
is one of the wealthiest abac
TH AI men in the world. Bal
4 And aman LA N
D Gunung Kinabalu
Sea Sea 13,455ft (4101m)
Kota Bharu
Str
George Kota Kinabalu

Banda Aceh Butterworth
Town
ait
Sigli Pulau Kuala Terengganu BANDAR SERI h

Taiping
of
BEGAWAN
ba
Langsa Pinang Dungun
M
Meulaboh BRUNEI
Sa
Ipoh
al
ac Kuala Cukai
Pulau Medan ca Lipis
Kuantan
Kepulauan Miri
Natuna
ab a n
Simeulue Tebingtinggi Klang KUALA LUMPUR Bintulu
amnjar
5
o
Pematangsiantar
PUTRAJAYA M A L A Y S I A
a
B yan
Danau Seremban Muar T Ka
Kepulauan Sibu ai
Melaka Keluang e ra s a n B atang Ra ng
Banyak Sibolga Toba at S jan Su
Batu Pahat Johor Bahru S e l Kuching Sarawa k g
Pulau Nias
Ubadiah mosque, Malaysia Panyabungan SINGAPORE Sri Aman
ga
n Sung
Pe
IN
Equator
Pekanbaru Singkawang u nun r ai
Sidas
Peg ll e
M
s
gu
Kepulauan
gai Ka
pu a
Mu
DI
ah
SINGAPORE a ka
Solok Rengat Lingga Pontianak Sun m
As the financial and industrial centre of Padang B o r n e o
nu
Sel
6
AN
southeast Asia, Singapore is one of the Pulau B a tan Kualatungkal

wealthiest countries in this region. It has Siberut gH Balikpapan
ng
at
a ri Jambi n
i B a r it o
Kalimanta
a thriving high-tech industry and a high
Bangka
K e p nta w
an
Ka
standard of living. There are strictly enforced Pangkalpinang

Me
O
Sungaipenuh im
r
laws forbidding littering and other petty

u l a ai
Sumatra
Sunga
at Amuntai
CE
Sampit
B
crimes. The death penalty is imposed for drug

ua
n (Sumatera) Palembang a
a
smuggling. The government also controls the Kandangan

ri
I N D Banjarmasin O
A
press and restricts the Internet. Lahat

Pulau
N
Bengkulu n
a
Belitung
Skyscrapers
7 in Singapore’s Kotabumi Pulau
Laut
financial district
Bandar Lampung Cirebon Ja
va
JAKARTA Tegal Pekalongan Sea
Serang
Semarang Pulau
S e l a t S u n d a Bogor Kudus Madura
Sukabumi Surabaya
Bandung J ava (Jawa) Probolinggo
Tasikmalaya
Jember Bali
8
Cilacap Mataram
Magelang Malang
Yogyakarta Kediri Denpasar
Surakarta Madiun Pulau
Lombok
KITE FLYING
After the harvest, the people
of Malaysia celebrate with
the Wau (kite-flying) Festival,
9 where skilled people
demonstrate the traditional
Malaysian sport.
96 A B C D E F G H
I J K L M N O P
Babuyan Island STORMS AND VOLCANOES

B ab The islands of the Philippines are
uyan C on a fault line and form part of the 1
han n e l
Cordillera “Pacific Ring of Fire”—an area prone
Laoag to volcanic activity and earthquakes.
Tuguegarao When Mount Pinatubo, on the island
of Luzon, erupted in 1991, it destroyed
Ilagan more than 40,000 homes.
Baguio
Luzon
Dagupan
Cabanatuan
Angeles
Mt. Pinatubo In Malay,
4872ft (1485m) PHILIPPINES 2
MANILA Lucena orangutan
Naga
Batangas
Min Mindoro Legazpi City
means
do
ro Sibuyan
Sea Calbayog
“man of the
Str
Roxas City Samar jungle.”

ait
Panay Tacloban
Cadiz
ge
Island 3
ssa
Iloilo Leyte
Pa
Palawan Bacolod Cebu

n
Mount Pinatubo erupting in 1991

wa
City THE PHILIPPINES

Puerto
la
ea The people of the Philippines

Pa
Princesa Negros Butuan

B o h ol S are called Filipinos and are
Cagayan de Oro mostly of Malay descent. It
Sulu Sea Iligan Bislig is estimated that more than
Strait Mindanao 40 percent of the population
Moro Davao lives in poverty. Because income
Zamboanga Digos is higher in the cities, many 4
Gulf
D
Basilan av people move there in the hope

ao G
go
Lebak of escaping poverty. However,

Sandakan General u lf
la
i pe Santos
lack of adequate housing means
ch that many poorer families have
r
uA to live in crowded slums.
Tawau Sul Kepulauan
gir
Talaud
n San
Children living and working in

Celebes Sea Pulau Morotai “Smoky Mountain,” Manila 5
a
ulau
Ke p
Machine
Manado Bitung replanting rice
a
Tolitoli Pulau seedlings

Se
t
ai Ternate
Halmahera
Equator
a
Str
Gorontalo Pulau Waigeo Pulau

cc
u
ol ie Biak
r
Gulf of Halmahera p
Samarinda M a m Sorong Manokwari Pulau
Tomini 6
Palu Kepulauan M Sea Selat D Jazirah Yapen
RICE RESEARCH
Banggai ol Ce
T Rice is the primary
Su
ar
Poso Doberai nd elu k

n
uc Jayapura food source for half

ng
Q u n u n ga
Pulau era
ass
Ce le be s
ai
w as ih M of the world’s population.

ca
es
Sea Misool rau am

ram uk Be
arl
(Sulawesi) Kepulauan b er Near Manila, Philippines,

ak
Tel Maniwori PA PU A NE W GU IN EA
Ce s
Wahai am o
gu
Sula scientists are now

M
Danau Pe g u n u n g a n
Pe
Wotu Pulau (M Obome experimenting with ways

Towuti Waflia Ma
T el u k
Parepare N E S I A
Tifu Seram Puncak Java oke of creating rice plants
a 16,503ft (5030m) Papua that produce greater
Kendari Pulau Ambon l
Kolaka Buru (Irian Jaya) yields. New varieties are
Bo
Amamapare
u
Singkang ne Pulau 7
also being developed to
k
Watampone Buton
New grow faster, allowing
u
Kepulauan
Makassar Kepulauan
)
a Kai farmers to harvest

Bulukumba Banda Se Aru Guinea and replant several
l
times during one

ig u
Flores
ea
Kepulauan Sun g a i D growing season.

Sea ds S
Islan
Pulau Tanimbar
or ra
Les ser Sunda ara) A l Wetar Pulau
u Alotip
raf
ua n Yamdena
(Nusa Tengg K epula A
Flores DILI Tutuala
8
Endeh EAST TIMOR
t Sumba
Sela Savu Sea Timor
a
Pulau Kupang Nikiniki
Se OIL RICHES
Sumba or
Ti m
Oil was first discovered in Brunei
in 1929. Since then, oil has also
been drilled offshore. Brunei’s most
0 km 200 400
important natural resource has
made the country very wealthy. Its 9
people enjoy free health care and
0 miles 200 400 education and pay no taxes.
I J K L M N O P 97
INDIAN OCEAN
B C D E F G H
Indian Ocean
The third-largest ocean in the world, the Indian
Ocean is bounded by Africa, Asia, Australasia, and THE MALDIVES
Antarctica. The ocean contains some 5,000 islands. The Maldives is a Black
low-lying archipelago of
Madagascar and Sri Lanka are large, but most of the 1,300 small coral islands,
Sea
2
islands are small and ringed by coral reefs. The people of which 202 are inhabited.
The main industries are
of the Maldives have very mixed origins, incorporating fishing—still carried out Mediterranean
Indian, Sinhalese, Arab, and African heritages, while by traditional pole and line Sea
methods to conserve stocks—and
two thirds of those living in Mauritius are Indian tourism. Vacation resorts are on separate A rabian
immigrants and their descendents. Altogether, about islands to those inhabited by locals,
so as not to disturb the Maldive peoples’
Pe ninsula
one fifth of the world’s population live on this ocean’s traditional Muslim lifestyles.
Red
3 warm shores. Those along the northern coasts are
often threatened by monsoon rain and tropical
Sea
storms, which can cause severe flooding.
f
lf o
Gu n
Ad e
CORAL ISLANDS E th io pian
Coral is a living organism formed in Hig h lan ds Horn of
warm water by tiny sea creatures known Africa
as polyps. These creatures build limestone Andrew
4 skeletons around themselves that
accumulate over thousands of years.
AFRICA Tablemount
in
As sea levels change, this coral can
as
iB
be exposed as low-lying islands or
submerged as reefs. al
m
So
5
COMOROS
THE SEYCHELLES MAYOTTE

(to France)
The Seychelles consists
Chan bique
MAD
of 115 islands—some are
nel
coral islands, while others
A
are mountainous and made of
Moza
GASC
granite. Most Seychellois people are
Creoles—people of mixed African, Asian,
6
AR
Davi
and European ancestry. There are also Market on the largest
Ridg
small Chinese and Indian communities. Seychelles island, Mahé
e Mozam
Natal
e
Basin
ENVIRONMENT
Beautiful shells are
b
for sale on this beach
ique
Africana
in South Africa. If the Seamount
Pl a
7 trader collects only
empty shells, no harm is Agulhas
tea
done, but in many parts of Agulhas Plateau
u
the world, dealers hunt live Basin
shellfish, sea turtles, and rare Prince Edward Islands
species of starfish and sea (to South Africa)
urchins. Nations such as
the Maldives take great care to
protect the environment.
LIMITED TOURISM
The tropical climate, sandy beaches, beautiful coral reefs,
and abundant marine life make both the Seychelles and
the Maldives ideal tourist destinations. These same
features also make them extremely attractive to
scuba divers. However, the fragile environment of both
9 island nations means that they have deliberately tried to
make them exclusive, attracting only limited numbers of
wealthy visitors, instead of pursuing mass tourism.
98 A B C D E F G H
I J K L M N O P
SALT FROM THE SEA

Salt is essential for life and has been
traded here for centuries. People around 1
the Indian Ocean make salt by flooding
large flat areas with seawater. As the water
evaporates in the sun, salt crystals are left
behind. These are then collected, drained,
b i and cleaned.
Aral G o
Sea Shan
Caspian en Collecting salt
Sea Ti in the Maldives
H A S I A 2
i
Iranian m Yellow
a Sea
Plateau l a y a s
Pe G u
sia
r
lf n G ulf of Oman In
d
y
us
ra e Ganges Fa
F
Ri r
g
an
e Mu
PACIFIC
d
3
Arabian Bay of
ne ur
Sea Bengal
Zo ract
Socotra
OCEAN
Ar abi an Andaman Islands
F
(to Yemen)
Laccadive
en
(to India)
An
Bas i n Islands Gulf of

Ow
Chag - L a c c a d i v e P l a t e a u
da
(to India) SRI LANKA Thailand

South China
ma
Ca Nicobar Islands
n
rls
Ri ain
(to India) Sea

Se
be a
e
rg MALDIVES
dg
Ch
MALE' 4
Ri
C e y l on
dg
MANGROVES
nch
e
M i d - I n d i a
A lot of the coast in the tropical part

Ke enta
R i d g e
Plain Borneo
Su
pu w
os Tre
of the Indian Ocean is fringed with

ma
lau ai I n v e s t i g a t o r
E a s t I n d i e s mangrove forests. These amazing

gos
tra
an
trees live in salty water and have

VICTORIA
Cha
Jav Celebes long roots that trap sediment and

SEYCHELLES Mid-Indian Cocos a Se protect the coast from erosion.
BRITISH a
Java Without these trees, settlements
y e a s t
INDIAN OCEAN Basin Ja

TERRITORY
Basin va and land along the coast are in
Tre danger of being damaged by 5
(to U.K.) nch
CHRISTMAS high tides and strong storms.
Mascarene COCOS
Basin INDIAN ISLANDS
ISLAND
(to Australia) North
Ridge
e
n (to Australia)
Zo
n
Australian
N i n e t
re
in e
ctu ne Basin
The moutia
Pla aren
o Fra Zo
R i
Arg e Exmouth
sc
ur Wharton
ct
dance of the
Ma
MAURITIUS r a Plateau
aF
d g
i Ba si n
RÉUNION ger Cuvier
(to France)
E
ge
OCEAN m
a n Plateau Seychelles was 6
e
Madagascar id ia
R AUSTRALASIA brought to the
Ri Ind
Basin
e
n
dg
a oken Ri dge Perth

di
st
Br & OCEANIA islands by

Ea
In Basin
t
hw
es Di
am
an
Naturaliste
Plateau
African slaves
Amsterdam Island tina
in the 1700s.
ut
Crozet Frac
So
St. Paul Island ture Zone

S o u t 7
Basin FRENCH SOUTHERN &
h e
a
ANTARCTIC TERRITORIES s t
Crozet Crozet Islands (to France)
Plateau
Ker gu
ele
I n INTERNATIONAL SEAWAYS
Kerguelen nP d i The Indian Ocean contains some of the busiest and
la a n R i d g e
te most important shipping routes in the world. Smaller
HEARD & MCDONALD ISLANDS au
Ob' (to Australia) South Indian Basin ships sail to and from the Mediterranean Sea and the ports
Tablemount Lena Tablemount of Europe and North America through the Red Sea and Suez
Banzare
Canal, while larger freighters and oil tankers from the Persian Gulf
Seamounts 8
n sail around the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.
Plai
erby
End S O U T H E R N O C E A N
ANTARCTICA
Norwegian
freighter
I J K L M N O P 99
AUSTRALASIA OCEANIA
Unknown to the outside world before the 1600s, Australia is a still a sparsely
inhabited land where most people live in cities. At its heart is a huge arid desert, in stark
contrast to the islands of Oceania, where all of life revolves around the glittering ocean.
The 3,000 named islands are grouped into nations, listed below in order of land area.
Australia Micronesia
2,988,902 sq miles The thickly wooded 271 sq miles

7,741,220 sq km Rock Islands of Palau 702 sq km
near the Philippines
21,300,000 are ancient reefs raised 110,700
Canberra above sea level, fringed Palikir
English, Italian, Cantonese, by coral sand beaches Trukese, Pohnpeian,
Greek, Arabic, Vietnamese, and blue lagoons. Kosraean, Yapese, English
Aboriginal languages
New
Zealand Palau

267,710 sq km 459 sq km
4,270,000 20,400
Wellington Melekeok
English, Maori Palauan, English, Japanese,
Angaur, Tobi, Sonsorolese
Papa Solomon
New Guinea Islands Fiji Vanuatu Kiribati
178,704 sq miles 11,157 sq miles 7,056 sq miles 4,706 sq miles 313 sq miles
462,840 sq km 28,896 sq km 18,274 sq km 12,189 sq km 811 sq km
6,730,000 523,200 849,200 239,800 99,482
Port Moresby Honiara Suva Port-Vila Bairiki (Tarawa Atoll)
Pidgin English, Papuan, English, Pidgin English, Fijian, English, Hindi, Urdu, Bislama (Melanesian English, Kiribati
English, Motu, 800 (est) native Melanesian Pidgin, c. 120 Tamil, Telugu Pidgin), English, French, other
languages other languages indigenous languages
Samoa Tonga

2,831 sq km 747 sq km
178,800 104,000
Apia Nuku’Alofa
Samoan, English English, Tongan
Marshall
Islands
70 sq miles
181 sq km
65,859
Majuro
Sydney’s iconic Opera Marshallese, English,
House and Harbor Japanese, German
Bridge symbolize this
Australian city’s role as a
center of global culture.
100
The ancestors of today’s
Pacific Islanders reached
their islands by crossing
the ocean in giant canoes.
Many islanders still rely
on the ocean to make
a living.
Tuvalu Nauru
10 sq miles 8 sq miles The colorfully named

26 sq km 21 sq km Champagne Pool is one
of many hot springs in
11,100 9,800 Rotorua, New Zealand—
Fongafale (Funafuti Atol) None one of the most
Tuvaluan, Kiribati, English Nauruan, Kiribati, Chinese, volcanically active
Tuvaluan, English countries in the world.
101
AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA
B C D E F
SW Pacific NORTHERN
MARIANA
ISLAND
VACATION
White sandy
beaches and
The islands of the southwest Pacific Ocean ISLANDS

(to U.S.)
Saipan
warm water
makes this region
ideal for tourists.
are home to people of many different cultures Tinian
Rota
and languages. These islands are divided into .
HAGATÑA
three general groups based on their location GUAM
(to U.S.) Enewetak Bikini Rongelap
2 and the similarities between their peoples. M Atoll Atoll Atoll
The Polynesian islands to the east i MARSHALL ISLANDS
include Tonga, Samoa, c Ujelang Atoll R
at
Ra
the Cook Islands, and Tahiti. r
ak
Kwajalein
li
Yap
C
Melanesia includes Fiji, M I C R O N E S I A o Atoll
ha
Namu Atoll
Babeldaob
in
h
C
the Solomon Islands, Chuuk
n Ailinglaplap a i n
MELEKEOK PALIKIR
3
and Vanuatu. The Islands Pohnpei
Atoll
e Jaluit Atoll
C a r o
smallest group, l i n
Micronesia, includes PALAU e I s
l a Kosrae
Ebon
Atoll
s
n d
the Marshall, Kiribati, s
i
and Caroline Islands.
a
The first Europeans
came to the southwest Pacific
4
in the 1600s, several thousand years Equator
after the Melanesians, Micronesians, Banaba

and Polynesians first arrived. Admiralty NAURU
INDONE SIA
St.Matthias Group
Islands
Bismarck Archip M
LAND OF MANY LANGUAGES elag
o New Ireland
Historically, the mountainous landscape of B i s m a r c k Se a e
Papua New Guinea made contact between villages
difficult. As a result of many years of isolation, Cen
tral Madang
PAPUA NEW GUINEA l
5 Ra Bougainville
some villages developed their ng Mount Wilhelm
own individual languages. 14,793ft (4509m) New Island a
e
Nationwide, about Lae So Britain

Choiseul
New Guinea
Ow
800 different
lom
So lo mo n Sea o n Santa Isabel SOLOMON
e
nS
n
languages evolved.
Is
ta
Gulf of New Georgia

nl
y l a Malaita
e
Papua Ra Islands
n
PORT MORESBY
ng
e HONIARA d ISLANDS
D'Entrecasteaux s
Men in Papua New Islands Guadalcanal
Santa Cruz
6 Guinea wearing Louisiade San Cristobal Islands
traditional makeup Archipelago
Rennell
A MIX OF RELIGIONS C o r a l S e a Banks

Christianity is the dominant religion on most Islands
Beads, shells, southwest Pacific islands. However Islam and
and feathers Hinduism are also practiced. Many people also CORAL SEA VANUATUMaéwo
form part retain beliefs from traditional religions that existed ISLANDS Espiritu Santo Pentecost
of the before the islands were colonized by people from Ambrym
(to Australia) Malekula
7 decoration. Europe and Asia. Epi
PORT-VILA
Efate
NE W Erromango
C ALE D O NI A Tanna
(to France) Aneityum
Ouvéa
Ile
New
s
o y Lifou
L
Caledonia a u Maré
8
té
NOUMÉA
Tropic of Capricorn
9 Vanuatu tribespeople
dancing at a religious
ceremony
102 A B C D E F G H
SOUTHWEST PACIFIC
I J K L M N O P
FOOD CROPS THE KINGDOM OF TONGA

Most Pacific Islanders live in small villages near Tonga is the only Pacific nation never
the ocean. Inland areas are often mountainous, fully brought under foreign rule. Instead, 1
making farming difficult. Instead, people grow it is run in the traditional way by its The Royal Palace
foods such as sweet potatoes, bananas, and own king. All land is owned by in Tonga
coconuts in lowland areas. As well as providing the royal family and is allotted
milk, coconut flesh is used to produce copra, a to households for their use.
substance for making soap and cosmetics. Now, some young,
Westernized Tongans
Copra worker in Fiji have started calling
scooping coconut kernels for more democracy.
2
Maloelap Atoll
Majuro Atoll
KINGMAN Cook Islands

PALMYRA ATOLL family 3
Mili Atoll REEF (to U.S.)
(to U.S.)
Teraina
International
Makin Tabuaeran
Dateline
Tarawa
BAIRIKI BAKER & HOWLAND Kiritimati
T u
ISLANDS (Christmas Island)

JARVIS ISLAND
Abemama (to U.S.) (to U.S.) L 4
n
Equator
i
g
Nonouti n
a
Beru
u
P A C I F I C O C E A N
r
e
Nikunau FAMILY LIFE
Tamana Many Pacific peoples live in
Kanton Enderbury Island
I
Arorae extended family groups. Recently,
Birnie Island
KIRIBATI
s
McKean Island Malden Island
however, some islanders have
Manra
l
Orona migrated to countries such
Nikumaroro
KIRIBATI KIRIBATI as New Zealand and the
a
Nanumea Atoll United States in order to 5
n
Niutao
Phoenix Islands Starbuck look for work.
Island
d s
Nanumaga
Nui Atoll P
Nukufetau FONGAFALE
Funafuti Atafu Atoll TOKELAU o
Atoll Nukunonu
(to New Zealand) Penrhyn l Millennium
Nuku Hiva
TUVALU
Nukulaelae Atoll Fakaofo Atoll Rakahanga y Vostok Island Island
Marquesas Hiva Oa
Niulakita Manihiki n Islands Fatu Hiva

e
6
WALLIS & Nor t her n C ook
FUTUNA AMERICAN Flint Island
e
SAMOA Is l and s
s
Rotuma (to France) SAMOA (to U.S.)

s
MATA'UTU
Île Uvea Savai‘i
APIA
PAGO PAGO
COOK ISLANDS
i
Île Futuna ‘Upolu (to New Zealand)

Ta'ú
Tutuila Tikehau Takaroa
a
FIJI Cikobia Niuatoputapu Fakarava

a
Tu Makemo
Vanua Levu am
otu 7
rc Islan
TONGA
A
hi Raiatea PAPEETE ds
Nadi
Lau
NIUE Palmerston pe Tahiti Amanu

Viti SUVA Vava‘u ld
(to New Zealand) Tatakoto
G
Levu Group e l
a
roup
Ha‘apai ALOFI Manuae Soc

Kadavu Group iété Ahunui
Tofua Sout her n C ook Takutea
International Dateline
Is l and s
NUKU‘ ALOFA
Tongatapu AVARUA
FRENCH POLYNESIA
(to France) Marutea
'Eua Rarotonga Vanavana
To
n Mangaia Rurutu Tureia 8
G r gatapu Île
oup s Tubuai
Au Tropic of Capricorn
st Raevavae Fangataufa
ra
le
Islanders net fishing in s
OUTRIGGER CANOES
an outrigger off the coast 0 km 300 600
Transportation between many islands
of Ifalik, Micronesia
has traditionally been by outrigger
canoes. Floats attached to the sides 0 miles 300 600
provide extra stability, especially useful Marotiri 9
for the fishermen who stand in the
boats to cast their nets.
I J K L M N O P 103
AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA
B C D E F H
Australia Melville Island

Bathurst Island
Van
Diemen
Gulf
A huge, generally flat country, Australia Darwin
has relatively few inhabitants. This is mostly because Cape Joseph
Londonderry Bonaparte
most of the land is hot, semiarid desert—known FLYING DOCTOR
Bonaparte Gulf Pine Creek
as the outback—unsuitable for towns or farms. In For anyone living in the
remote Australian outback,
Bigge Island
Archipelago
2 places where there is some vegetation or the land has the nearest doctor can be
Vi
c t or
ia Riv
Wyndham
been irrigated, sheep and cattle are grazed. Wheat is many hours away. When Heywood
er
emergency help is needed, King Islands
grown in the fertile south. The first people to live the Royal Flying Doctor S Kununurra
Top Springs
ou
Service can get to the scene
here were the Aborigines, who arrived from Asia at Kimberley Roadhouse
nd
to treat a patient or fly
least 50,000 years ago. Today, most Australians are them to a hospital. Plateau
descendants of European immigrants, with Broome
Fi t
Fitzroy
Crossing Halls Creek T a n a m i
3 a more recent addition of Asians. zr o
y Ri
AN
ver
h
ac
Desert
E
Be
N OC M
il e
INDIA
ty
Ei gh
Gr
eat N O
Barrow Island Dampier Port Hedland San
Exmo Marble Bar Percival dy D
uth Fortes Lakes esert
cue
Riv
T E R
G
Onslow er
ulf
Exmouth
4 Hamersley
Ran
Ashbu
rto ge W E S T E R N Lake Mackay
ar
n
Ri Newman Macdon
B
ver
Tropic of Capricorn lee Lake
Ran
ge Disappointment
G i b s o n
AD e s e r U
t
S Lake
Amadeus
T
Bernier Island Gascoyn e R i v e
r
Uluru
Dorre Island Carnarvon (Ayers Rock)
Shark Bay 2844ft (867m)
ver Lake Carnegie
5 Dirk Hartog Denham Ri Robinson
Ra
n
ng Lake Wells
iso
Island M usgr s
e ave Range
rch
Meekatharra
Mu
AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINES
The original inhabitants of Australia had an intimate A U S T R A L I A
understanding of the environment. This connection to the Kalbarri Mount Magnet
land and its plants and animals affects every aspect of their Great Victoria
culture. When Europeans started arriving in the late 1700s, Lake Carey
only the Aborigines in remote areas escaped contact with Geraldton Lake Barlee Desert
the diseases they brought. Today, Aborigines rarely live off
6 the land, but instead work in factories or on farms. Lake Moore
Lake Rebecca
Moora
Kalgoorlie Reid
Zanthus
Plain
MINING Southern Cross Coolgardie larbor
Australia has one of the world’s Gingin Nul
Merredin Lake Cowan Eucla
most important mining industries, Perth Northam
with resources including gold (left), Fremantle Brookton Norseman
coal, natural gas, iron ore, copper, Balladonia
Mandurah Narrogin
Australian Bight
and opals. However, damage to
Bunbury Wagin
7 the environment—and Aboriginal Collie Katanning a t
claims over land used for mining— Esperance
G re
still need to be faced. Busselton
Manjimup
Augusta
Albany
0 km 200 400
OUTDOOR SPORTS
8 0 miles 200 400 A warm climate, with
easy access to beaches
and wilderness areas, has
made outdoor activities an
AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL important part of modern
A popular sport here is Australian Rules Australian life. Watersports,
Football. One of the rules is that players can such as swimming, sailing,
kick or punch the ball, but they must not throw and surfing, are especially
it. Many Australians either play the game popular. Because of the
themselves or support their favorite team. danger of exposure to
9 As the name implies, the game originated in strong sunlight, people
Australia, but it now has leagues in other are told to cover up and
countries, such as Great Britain and the U.S. always use sunscreen.
104 A B C D E F G H
AUSTRALIA
I J K L M N O P
es Strait
Torr
Arafura Sea UNIQUE WILDLIFE
Croker Island
Badu Island
Prince of Wales Island
Moa Island
Cape York Animal parks and refuges allow Voting in
Wessel Islands t “townies” and tourists to get close to 1
St r a i
South Goulburn
government
G
Island Endeavour Australia’s unique wildlife. They can
see marsupials, such as koalas
elections in
r
and wallabies (left), as well as
Gulf of Cape crocodiles, snakes, and the
e
York world’s only egg-laying Australia is
a
Arn hem Carpentaria mammals—the platypus
Peninsula Princess
L an d Charlotte
and the echidna.
compulsory.
t
Groote Eylandt
Katherine Bay
Citizens who
Gr
Sir Edward 2
Pellew Group
eat
fail to vote
B
M
itc
he Cooktown
Daly Waters Wellesley ll
Ri
can be fined.
a r
Divid
Islands Mornington ve
Ba r Port Douglas
rk Island G
ly
i lb
er Cairns
tR
T iv e
r
ab Atherton
C
r
ing Range
Normanton Innisfail
or
i
le
Burketown Tully
Gr
la
a
eg
e
Hinchinbrook
nd
or
l
y
F l in
Island
Tennant e
S
Ra
Townsville
de
Creek a
ng
rs
R
Ri
ve
Bowen
Charters
Se
R T H E R N Cloncurry Towers Whitsunday e

lw
Group
Mount Isa
Bloomsbury
e
y
Hughenden f
Grea
n
R
an Mackay
R I T O R Y ge
4
ges Winton
t D
Ran
nell Q U EEN SL A ND vi
i
Clermont Maryborough
Alice Springs Longreach
di Yeppon
Barcaldine ng Emerald
R A L I A Ra Rockhampton
k
Tropic of TOURIST ATTRACTIONS

ree
ng Curtis Island Capricorn

rC
Springsure Tourism is important to Australia’s economy,

e Gladstone
pe
Blackall Biloela and there is plenty to attract visitors. Popular

Coo
Fraser destinations include the tropical waters around

Simpson Island
Windorah Bundaberg the Great Barrier Reef (above), the modern
Augathella cities of Sydney and Melbourne, and the 5
Desert Gayndah Maryborough impressive sight of Uluru (Ayers Rock),
Charleville Mitchell Murgon Gympie a mountainous rock sacred to the Aborigines.
Roma
Miles
Caloundra
S O U T H
e
g Dalby
n
a
Coober Lake
y
R Cunnamulla St. George
Moonie Brisbane VINEYARDS
Pedy Eyre re Toowoomba Ipswich
Bollon Australia boasts an
ver
North -52ft (-16m) Lake G

Goondiwindi Warwick Surfers Paradise
nge
Blanche impressive range

go Ri
Lake Eyre Murwillumbah

Stanthorpe of high-quality
South Marree Lake Lismore
Warre
Moree wine-growing 6
Ra
r
AUS TR AL I A Callabonna B arw o n R i ve
ges
Grafton regions,
Tarcoola Walgett
ge
specializing in
Ra n
Bourke Narrabri
g
Lake Lake
an
in
Lake Torrens Frome R Armidale Coffs different grapes.

r
ers
Everard r ie Gunnedah Wines are

id
Harbour
B ar Wilcannia Cobar
Flind
Penong Nyngan Tamworth exported to more

iv
Lake Port
Port Broken Hill than 90 countries.
Ceduna
Gairdner
Augusta N E W S O U T H D Macquarie
er
at
Riv
Dubbo Taree
Whyalla Ivanhoe re Muswellbrook
Darling
Eyre Port Pirie Peterborough River Parkes G

Elliston hlan Orange Newcastle 7
Crystal Brook Lac
Peninsula Gul f Gosford
M u rray River
Mildura W A L E S Bathurst Parramatta LIFE IN CITIES
r
M u rrumb
Sydney Most Australians live in the coastal towns and cities of
ce
Elizabeth Gawler idgee

Sp e n
Port Lincoln Hay Riv Cootamundra southeastern Australia, where the climate is cooler. Although
it
Adelaide er Wollongong
Goulburn Canberra is the capital, Sydney is the largest and oldest city
Investigator Stra Tailem Wagga Wagga
Bend Ouyen Deniliquin Mount Kosciuszko CANBERRA and is beautifully situated around Sydney Harbor. One of the
7310ft AUSTRALIAN world’s most famous landmarks is Sydney Opera House (below),
Kangaroo Keith Albury (2228m)
s
Shepparton CAPITAL TERRITORY which has five separate auditoriums for concerts, operas, and
lp
Island Horsham Bendigo Wodonga Cooma plays. The design echoes the sails of a ship.
A
Wangaratta a n
a
Naracoorte li Bega
Se
VI CT O RIA
tra 8
Mount Sunbury A u s
an
Gambier Ballarat Melbourne

Portland
m
Moe Sale
Warrnambool Geelong
as
Traralgon
South East Point T
King Island B a s s S t r a i t Flinders
Island
Hunter Island Ba nks
S t r a Cape Barren Island
Marrawah Burnie it 9
Devonport Launceston
TASMAN IA
I J Maria Island M N O P 105
Hobart
B C D E F G H I
AUCKLAND
With its safe harbor and nearby scenic 1
New Zealand islands, Auckland is known as the
“city of sails”. It boasts more pleasure
boats per person than anywhere else in
M ade up of two main islands and several smaller the world. The water that separates
ones, New Zealand is one of the most isolated countries the bigger islands is home to
dolphins, families of
in the world. Located in the southern Pacific, the country blue penguins, and the
has a mild climate, with warm summers and cool, wet occasional whale.
2 2
winters. Both main islands have mountains, short,
swift-flowing rivers, forests, and fertile farmland. Until the
Europeans arrived, most of the landscape was covered in Three Kings
Islands
dense forest known as native bush. Today, although forests Cape Reinga North Cape
N
remain, most has been cleared for farming. Most
in
Great Exhibition
et
y
New Zealanders live on North Island, which is warmer Te Kao Bay
M
3 3
ile
and less mountainous. Although New Zealanders are of
Be
mostly British descent, the Maoris—a people of Polynesian origin—
ach
were the first to arrive about 1,000 years ago. Today, non-Maori Kaitaia Kerikeri
Paihia
Polynesians and Asians are adding to the ethnic mix. The country Okaihau
has a liberal, clean,“green”image and a high standard of living. a
Hokiang r Kaikohe
ar b o u Hikurangi
H
a
iro
Whangarei
Wa
4 MAORI CULTURE 4
Maoris make up almost 16 percent of the Greenstone Little
population, with most living on North Island. (jade) carving, Barrier
Ruawai Island Great
Before the coming of the Pakeha (white man), an example of
Barrier
Maori history was orally passed on to Maori art Wellsford Co Island
lv i
succeeding generations. This included many ur lle
Kaipara Harbo Warkworth
Ch a
nn e l
legends and waiata (songs). Their carvings
Hauraki In 1893,
T
in wood (left) and stone (right) were another Helensville Gulf
a
way in which they recorded and remembered Coromandel
events. In recent years, interest in Maori Takapuna New Zealand was
5 Whitianga 5
culture has increased, and schoolchildren are 0 km 50 100
sm
Auckland Manurewa
now taught the Maori language. Papakura the first country
Thames Mayor
0 miles 50 100
an
Waiuku Pukekohe Island

Paeroa
to give women
Huntly Katikati the vote.
Morrinsville Tauranga Bay o f East Cape
Hamilton Matamata P le n ty
n ge
Cambridge
a
6 Lake Whakatane Ruatoria 6

aR
Sea
Otorohanga Rotorua
Opotiki
ar
Kawerau
Tokoroa Rotorua um
Te Kuiti k
R au
Murupara
North Taranaki Taupo
Lake
Bight Ohura Taupo Gisborne
Lake Po
Waitara Taumarunui
North Waikaremoana ve
r ty
Cape Turangi B ay 7
New Plymouth
AN
Egmont Island Mahia

Wairoa Peninsula
Mount Taranaki Mount Ruapehu
E
(Mount Egmont) Stratford 9177ft (2797m) Hawke

8261ft (2518m) Waiouru Bay
Raetihi Napier
Hawera
OC
Hastings
South Taranaki Taihape
Bight Patea Havelock North
C
ei
t
Wanganui
I
ik
i
Waipawa
ng
Ra
Marton Waipukurau
IF
8 8
Feilding Dannevirke
C
Cape Farewell Palmerston North Woodville A

Golden D'Urville
Bay Levin Pahiatua Cape Turnagain P
Island
Paraparaumu Otaki
Tasman
Masterton
it
Motueka Bay
Porirua
tra
Picton
S
9 Karamea Nelson Lower Hutt 9
Bight Richmond ge
ook
Mount Owen Ran WELLINGTON
C
Seddonville 6152ft ond
hm irau Blenheim
(1875m) Ric Wa
Westport Seddon Cape Palliser
Cape Cape Campbell
Foulwind NEW
Reefton
Clarence
ZEALAND
Springs ce
Junction ren
10 Runanga C la Kaikoura 10
Greymouth Lake
Brunner Hanmer
Springs
FILM INDUSTRY Hokitika Hurunui
New Zealand has a well-established film Ross Otira Arthur’s Pass
industry. Today, thanks to the acclaimed 3018ft (920m) Waipara
Tolkien trilogy Lord of the Rings (above), the Abut Head
s
country has become increasingly popular with lp Pegasus
Whataroa AN AGRICULTURAL NATION
international studios for location work. The Oxford Rangiora
A Rak Bay Agriculture is of prime importance, and it
aia
country offers an unusually wide range of Kaiapoi accounts for more than half of national
11 Fox Glacier 11
scenery, as well as technical experts. rn Darfield Christchurch export earnings. Orchards produce a wide
e South Flightless
Aoraki (Mt Cook) Plains Lyttelton Kiwi bird range of fruit, from apples (above) to kiwi
ry
th
12,283ft (3744m) Mayfield rbu Lake Banks fruit (below). Cereals and other crops,
e
n
Haast Mountu t Ashburton Ellesmere Peninsula such as sunflowers, add color and
Ca
Cook
o Island variety to the landscape. Traditional
S
Hinds Canterbury
Lake Fairlie Geraldine sheep and cattle farming has
Pukaki Bight UNIQUE WILDLIFE
Temuka expanded to include deer,
New Zealand has many unique and endangered goats, and even ostrich.
Lake Timaru animal species, especially birds. There were no mammal
Milford
12 Sou Wanaka Lake predators before humans introduced them, so many 12
nd
Hawea animal species have few means of defense, and some
W
Wanaka ai Studholme
Milford ta
ki birds, such as the kiwi, cannot fly. Conservation
George S Lake Waimate
ound Sound Wakatipu programs are now in place to protect
Caswell Sound Queenstown endangered species.
Lake Cromwell
Te Anau Oamaru
Alexandra
n g s to n e M ts .
GREEN ENERGY Lady Knox geyser,
ts.
Hampden
nd
M
Most of the country’s North Island
ri
L i vi
a
electricity comes from
Taie
Te Anau
Eyre
C lutha
13 hydroelectric power. 13
dl
Resolution Lake Lumsden
r
Dunedin It is generated by river
Island Manapouri
Ma
Mosgiel water gushing through
W
West
tau
Otago turbines inside dams
ra
Fio
Cape
aiau
Lake Gore Milton Peninsula at power plants.
Winton New Zealand also VOLCANIC ACTIVITY
Hauroko
y Riverton Mataura Balclutha has geothermal energy, A fault line runs through
e Ba using heat taken from New Zealand, where two major
Ta W a e w a Invercargill
Fov inside Earth. tectonic plates meet. It has
ea Tokanui caused devastating earthquakes
14 u To 14
et o
Codfish Island but has also helped create
xS
e s B ay
t
ra Ruapuke breathtaking scenery. This
Halfmoon Bay it Island includes South Island’s Southern
ADVENTURE-SPORTS PARADISE Alps and many smaller volcanic
Stewart Island New Zealand offers a huge range of adventure mountains, hot springs, and
Muttonbird sports and outdoor activities, from white-water geysers on North Island.
Islands South West rafting (below) to bungee jumping. The latter
Cape originated in Queenstown on South Island.
The town is billed as the country’s top
15 adventure-tourism destination 15
because its surrounding lakes,
mountains, and rivers—
and its mostly dry
climate—are ideal for
outdoor pursuits.
16 16
A B C D E F G H I
107
PACIFIC OCEAN
B C D E G H
Pacific Ocean
HAWAII
This chain of eight volcanic islands
and 124 islets forms the 50th state
of the United States of America,
and was admitted to the union
The largest ocean on earth, the Pacific covers in 1959. The dramatic landscape and
palm-fringed beaches make Hawaii
one third of Earth’s surface. The island nations of a popular destination for tourists.
Today, native Hawaiians are
Japan, Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, and many a minority in their own land.
others are completely surrounded by this enormous
2 ocean, which stretches from the Arctic in the north to
the Antarctic in the south. The Pacific is also the ASIA
Hawaiian conch shells, once
world’s deepest ocean—its greatest known depth is in blown to sound a warning
the Mariana Trench, off Guam, which plunges steeply an
J ap a)
for 36,198 ft (11,033 m). Within the Pacific, there are of e
a tS
S e Eas
T re pan
many smaller seas that lie near land. These include (
h
nc
Ja
Yellow Japan
3
the Tasman Sea, the South China Sea, and the Marine iguana on Sea
black volcanic rocks,
Emper or Se a m o u
Bering Sea. There are more than 30,000 islands
a
Se
Galápagos Islands
S h i ks i n
ch
in the Pacific. Most are too small or barren to
in
Ba
h
en
C
st
Tr
oku
be inhabited, but others are home to people Ea u
u ky
of many different cultures and religions. The Taiwan Ry
native island peoples fall into three main
n
Philippine
ts
Sea NORTHERN
groups—Polynesians, Melanesians, and
riana
Bas ine
MARIANA
sin in a
nch
in
ISLANDS
pp
4
Micronesians. Although the word pacific
Ba h Ch
(to U.S.)
Tre
Ma
Phili
GUAM
means “peaceful,” strong currents, tropical
ut
(to U.S.) Challenger
So
Philippines Deep
storms, and tsunamis can all make this 36,201ft
PALAU (11,034m)
ocean far from peaceful. South
Caro lin e I s lan ds
China
GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS Sea Celebes MICRON
TSUNAMI When British naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
traveled to the Galápagos Islands, he found many Sea
Earthquakes beneath the Borneo
5 unusual animals. He also noticed differences between M
Ocean may cause giant
Celebes
e l
waves called tsunamis. animals of the same species living elsewhere. This led
These can travel great him to believe that, over time, animals adapt, or E a s t I n d i e s
evolve, to suit their habitats. J a v a Sea New
distances across the ocean, Banda Guinea
building into a huge wall Java Sea
of water as they approach Ar
Black smoker af Torres
the coast. They can leave Timor ur Stra
i
immense damage in their chimney Timo r
t Gr
Coral
Se
wake. S ea
I N DI AN Sea
e at ee f
6
O CEAN
R
Ba
rr i
er
SURFING
The Hawaiian sport of surfing ranks as the oldest sport
in the USA. It was first practiced by the nobility as a form
AUSTRALASIA
of religious ceremony until the 1820s, when missionaries,
who thought it was immoral, tried to ban it. Today,
& OCEANIA
surfing is one of the most popular watersports and can
7 be enjoyed all over the world, from Australia to the U.K.
Great
l
Au s t r a i a n B i g h
t
r a it
South ss S t
Ba
Large
red tube Australian Tasmania
worms
Basin
8 DEEP-SEA VENTS
Underwater exploration has
revealed some amazing places
deep in the Pacific. Large vents,
formed by solidified minerals, act
The Pacific is
as chimneys for super-hot steam
and gas that stream up from the larger than
sea bed. These vents are known as
black smokers. Scientists have Earth’s entire
found a variety of new creatures
9 living in this hostile environment. land surface.
108 A B C D E F G H
I J K L M N O P
ARCTIC OCEAN
it
tr a
S
i ng
Ber
Bering
Aleutian Sea
Sea of ds
Okhotsk Basin
s l an Gulf of
R
I
n h
A leutia nc Alaska
ch
o
e
ril ds Tre
n
c
a
Aleuti
re
Kulan
k
T
Is e
y
il
ur ic Cascadia
K cif gh
M
a rou Basin EASTER ISLAND
tP ok T
es
o
w n Chino Easter Island in the Pacific lies more than
u
or
th a s i no F rac tur e Zone NORTH 2,000 miles (3,218 km) from the nearest
n
N B Mendoci populated land. It is best known for the
t a
AMERICA gigantic stone figures known as Moai that
were carved from volcanic rock and erected
i n
facing the ocean. It is thought that the people 3
e Zone
s
r who built the statues were of Peruvian descent.
ractu
MIDWAY ray F
ISLANDS Mur
Gu
Ha (to U.S.)
e Gulf of
lf
wa e Zon
Fractur
of C
iia kai Mexico
n R Molo
alif
WAKE ISLAND idge
orni
(to U.S.)
Mi JOHNSTON ATOLL
HAWAII
d-P (U.S. STATE) C ari
a
(to U.S.)
ins Zone Mi bbean Se a
acific
Mounta ture ddl
Frac eA
Cla rion me
ri ca
MARSHALL
M ISLANDS
ic Central
P A C I F I C CLIPPERTON
Tr
en
ch
ro KINGMAN REEF
ture Zone Guatemala
(to U.S.) Frac ISLAND
n P a c i f i c PALMYRA erto
n (to France) Basin ge
e pp
id
ESIA ATOLL Cli
sR
Basin JARVIS ISLAND
s
(to U.S.)
co
(to U.S.)
ia
Melanesian
Basin Co
O C E A N ract
ure Z
one Galápagos Islands
SOUTH
EL NIÑO 5
Peru-Chile
NAURU BAKER & (to Ecuador) Every few years, winds off the
a HOWLAND ISLANDS a g os F Gallego South American coast weaken,
n láp AMERICA
(to U.S.) Ga Rise causing an unusually warm ocean
e KIRIBATI Marquesas Z one current known as El Niño. This kills
TUVALU TOKELAU P o Islands cture Bauer
(to N.Z.) Fra off plankton that provide food for
s
SOLOMON l esas Basin

y rqu fish such as anchovies. Scientists
i
a
Tre
ISLANDS WALLIS & FUTUNA n M Galápagos use heat-sensitive cameras to map

AMERICAN
a
(to France)
e e ocean temperatures and keep track
nc
North Fiji SAMOA Tiki Rise Zo n

s
e
SAMOA u re
ench
(to U.S.) of El Niño. The warmest waters are

h
VANUATU Basin i Basin r ac t

Tahiti d aña F 6
R i s
ge
a Men shown in orange/red (above).

FIJI COOK ral
id
ga T r
ISLANDS FRENCH A u s t Z on e
R
NEW CALEDONIA NIUE r e

POLYNESIA Frac t u
ca
(to N.Z.)
s
TONGA
T on
(to N.Z.)
az
(to France) (to France)

South Peru
N
Ne w
Fiji Île Îles Gambier Basin

Horizon Deep
e
i c
Basin s PITCAIRN Sala y Gomez

Ozbourn Seamount Au Isla San Ambrosio
Caled
ISLANDS (to Chile)

NORFOLK str a Isla San Félix (to Chile)
Kermadec Easter Island
d
ISLAND les (to U.K.)

c i f
(to Chile)
Islands
Lor
(to Chile)
(to Australia) Southwest
onia
(to N.Z.) SOUTH PACIFIC FISH

n
d
Fish stocks in the south Pacific are an important

n
Pacific
si
Lo
7
H
Islas Juan Fernández

Ba
food source for the island countries and a

ow
P a
Ba
Ch al l (to Chile)
ui
North Island
Ri n
si
Basin enge major source of employment. Migratory tuna

e
r Fr
sv
se ne
re Zo act are the most important fish. However, it is
e
NEW
il
tu
z Frac u
il
C h re Z
le
ZEALAND Agassi becoming clear that the industry needs to be

Tasman South
h
on
R
il
t
effectively managed in order to avoid the

C
at ha m Ri se
id
Island C h e e
e
Sea
g
a s
dangers of overfishing and the collapse

R
Bounty Chatham Islands

of fish stocks.
is
sin
Tasman (to N.Z.)

e
Trough
E
Ba
Plateau Mornington
Campbell
an
El ta Abyssal
Plateau 8
sm
ni n
Ta Fra
ctu r
Plain
e Zo
ne
Sou t he a st
id ge
Paci i c R Pa c i fi c B a si n
fic-Antarct l ain
nds en P
Amu
SOUTHERN OCEAN
Tuna fishing needs
to be carefully
monitored.
I J K L M
ANTARCTICA
B C D E F G H
DAYTRIPPERS
Antarctica Tourists visit Antarctica in the summer.

There are no hotels, so visitors
generally stay on small cruise ships.
When they come ashore, people have
1
The frozen continent of antarctica is covered by a vast to wear insulated clothing and goggles
to protect their eyes from the glare
off the ice.
icecap, many thousands of years old, and surrounded by the freezing
waters of the Southern Ocean. It is the only continent with no
permanent inhabitants—the only people who come here are scientists
2 or tourists. Although the land is rich in oil and minerals, mining is 2
prohibited under the laws of the Antarctic Treaty. This Treaty, agreed by
45 countries, made Antarctica OZONE HOLE
a “continent for science” High up in the atmosphere, ozone (a gas) forms
to be used for peaceful a natural shield that protects us from the Sun’s
ultraviolet rays. Scientists at both poles have
purposes only. found holes in the ozone layer, caused by
chemicals known as CFCs, once used in
3 Orcadas
(Argentina) South aerosols, fridges, and plastic packaging. SOU 3
Orkney TH
Signy Islands Sanae (South Africa) ER
(U.K.) Novolazarevskaya N
Georg von Neumayer OC
ge
(Russian Federation)
South (Germany) Lützow
EA
sa
Shetland Dronning M Holmbukta

as
Islands 0 km 500
L a n d aud N
e P
Esperanza Syowa Molodezhnaya

(Argentina) (Japan)
Drak
0 miles 500 (Russian Federation)
Capitán Arturo Prat Halley Enderby

4 (Chile) A (U.K.)
Land 4
nt
ar Coats
cti
Gra nd
Palmer c P Land Mawson

Weddell
La
(U.S.) en (Australia)
ha
in Belgrano II
su S e a
m
Palm al (Argentina)
er
Rothera San Martín
Berkner Cape Darnley
La
(U.K.) (Argentina) Ronne Island Mackenzie

nd
RESEARCH Ice Shelf Bay

The only people who KRILL
Prydz Bay
live in Antactica are Princess Tiny, shrimplike
5 5
Elizabeth Davis
scientists. They come
to study the climate,
Bellingshausen
ANTARCTICA Land (Australia)
creatures, krill are
the primary food
weather, and source for a large
geology. By taking Sea Vinson Massif
Amundsen-Scott
East number of
Tr
16,066ft (4897m)
ice samples, for Ellsworth
(U.S.) Antarctic animals.
an
South These include

example, they can PETER I Land West an Pole Mirny
Antarctica
s
learn about changes ISLAND (Russ. Fed.) whales, seals,

in the world’s climate (to Norway) ta Shackleton penguins, squids,
Antarctica rc Vostok and fish.
over time. ti Ice Shelf
6 M c (Russian Federation)
6
ar M
ie Mount Kirkpatrick o
By 14,856 ft (4528m)
rd
un
Lan Mount Markham

d
ta
Amundsen Mount Sidley 14,275ft (4351m)

in
13,717ft (4181m)
Sea Mount Siple Casey
Ross Ice
s
W il kes L and (Australia)

10,171ft Roosevelt Scott Base Cape
(3100m) Island Shelf (N.Z.) Poinsett
O
S
Vic
U McMurdo Base
tori
O TH
(U.S.)
7 Ross Sea Mount Erebus Terre Emperor penguins 7
C
EA ERN
12,448ft
a La
Scientist checking Adélie huddling for warmth

(3794m)
an ice core
N
nd
Dumont d’Urville
(France)
FLOATING ICE
Icebergs are giant chunks of Antarctica Cape
Adare
George V
Land South
Geomagnetic
floating ice that break away,
or calve, from ice sheets or is actually Leningradskaya
(Russian Federation)
e
Pole
glaciers. Most of their mass lies ir c l

8 hidden below sea level. a desert. Ant
arct
ic C
8
Balleny
Islands
PENGUINS
9 Penguins walk awkwardly on land but can 9
swiftly swim to catch fish. Waterproof feathers
and a thick layer of fat help keep them warm.
110 A B C D E F G H
ARCTIC OCEAN
B C D E F G H
Arctic Ocean 1
The smallest of the world’s oceans, the Arctic is almost

completely surrounded by the northern edges of North America,
Europe, and Asia. For most of the year, its waters are covered by a
thick sheet of ice, although warmer currents from the Pacific and
2 Atlantic oceans melt the ice along the continental coasts for a short 2
time in the summer. Despite the harsh conditions, the
t
tr a i
region is home to a range of wildlife, such as reindeer, Arctic Circle LONG DAYS
gS
musk oxen, foxes, and wolves. Some Seasons at the poles are extreme.
ri n
Polar summers are short, but there
people, including the Inuit of
Be
can be sunshine for 24 hours a day
Chukchi as the Sun never dips below the
Canada and the Sami of horizon (above). This is because
Sea
3 northern Scandinavia, Earth rotates at an angle to the Sun. 3
Ostrov
have also adapted to this Vrangelya
tough environment. East
Siberian
Sea
Beaufort
lf
Gu
FE
R
4 4
Novosibirskiye
U
en
Sea
D
ds
un Ostrova
SS
ER
Am
IA
Banks
AT
Island
Laptev
N
IO
ALASKAN OIL Victoria
Reserves of oil and gas in the Island Sea
N
Beaufort Sea, off the coast of
Alaska, have attracted interest
Melville
Island
A R C T I C
5 However, the introduction of 5
ships and oil platforms brings CANADA North
Geomagnetic
problems. In a bid to protect Pole
the area, several environmental Queen Severnaya
organizations are actively Zemlya
working to prevent drilling for Elizabeth North
Pole
more oil in this area.
L a nc as t er
Islands
6
Elle
smere Island O C E A N
Lincoln Franz
So u n
Na r es
S tr a Kara
it Sea Josef Land Se a
d
Kn u d R a s m u s s Kap Morris Jesup

La nd en
Walrus breed Baffin Wandel
off the Arctic Bay
Sea
II
coasts.
VI
SVALBARD
Lan erik
7 (to Norway) 7
Spitsbergen NORTHERN LIGHTS
d
d
Fre
LONGYEARBYEN In midwinter, the north polar

ng
skies are sometimes lit up

Ko
0 km 250 500 Greenland by dramatic curtains of red

GREENLAND and green light. Known as
0 miles 250 500
(to Denmark) Sea Bjørnøya the northern lights, these special
(to Norway) Barents effects are caused by
NUUK disturbances in the upper
Ar
Sea
ct
cC atmosphere. The same happens

Norwegian
i
irc g C hr i st ia n
8 le Kon d near Antarctica, where the effect 8
IX L an JAN MAYEN Sea is called the southern lights.
ARCTIC SURVIVORS (to Norway)
Polar bears live along the Arctic coasts of Canada,
Greenland, and Russia. They hunt seals and fish rk Strait
at points where the sea ice melts. With so much nma
De
Arctic ice having melted away in recent years,
the polar bear’s habitat is slowly disappearing.
An insulating layer of fat called blubber helps the ICELAND
bears survive the cold. Their white fur also REYKJAVÍK
9 provides essential camouflage on the ice. 9
A B C D E F G H 111
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133
INDEX
Aymará people, 27 Christianity, vii, 39, 40, 42, 81, 102 Dinka people, 39
Index
gas, 4, 6, 32, 36, 37, 50, 69, 78, 84,
Azerbaijan, 76, 77 churches, 17, 20, 49, 61, 66, 72, 73 dinosaurs, 88 111
Azeri people, 82 cities, vii Dnieper, River, 69 gemstones, 27, 40, 44
Aztecs, 18, 19 Asia, 80, 91, 92, 97 Dominican Republic, 2, 23 Geneva, Switzerland, 56
Australasia, 105 Dracula, Count, 68 Georgia, 75, 76, 77
Europe, 47, 48, 50, 51, 54, 58, dress, 63, 71, 79, 87, 92 geysers, 15, 33, 107
A B 59, 62, 65, 66, 68, 70, 72

North America, 4, 6, 8, 12,
drought, 38, 41, 42, 44, 84
Dubrovnik, Croatia, 65
Ghana, 35, 40, 41
Gibraltar, Strait of, 58
Baffin Island, Canada, 5 13, 14, 18 Earth, iv–v, vi Gobi Desert, 88
Aboriginal people, 104, 105 Bahamas, 3, 22, 23 South America, 26, 30, 31 earthquakes, v gold, 12, 27, 28, 40, 44, 78, 84, 104
Abu Simbel, Egypt, 38 Baikal, Lake, 78, 79 City of London, U.K., 50 Asia, 85, 86, 92 government
Adriatic Sea, 64 Baku, Azerbaijan, 77 city-states, 60 Europe, 58, 60, 67 Africa, 34, 42, 43, 45
Afghanistan, 74, 84 Balearic Islands, 59 civil war, 20, 34, 40, 42, 43, 45, 80, Iceland, 33 Asia, 78, 88, 89, 90, 96
Africa, vi, vii, viii, 34–45 Baltic Sea, 49, 70 84, 85, 86, 94 North America,15 Europe, 50, 58, 62, 64, 66
African-Americans, 10, 11 Baluchi people, 82 Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A., 12 Pacific, 97, 108 South America, 30
agriculture, v bananas, 21 climate, iv–v, 110 Easter Island, 109 U.S.A., 8
Africa, 36, 38, 41, 45 Bangkok, Thailand, 95 Africa, 40 East Timor, 75, 96 Grand Banks, Canada, 7
Asia, 77, 84, 85, 94 Bangladesh, 74, 87 Asia, 77, 96 ecotourism, 20, 45 Grand Canyon, Arizona, U.S.A.,
Australasia, 104, 107 Barbados, 3, 22 Australasia, 106 Edinburgh, Scotland, 50 16, 17
Central America, 21, 22 barrier reefs, 20, 105 Europe, 32, 47, 48 education, 9, 30, 72, 90, 91, 97 Great Lakes, 6, 7, 13
Europe, 52, 58, 62, 64, 66, 69, bears, 5, 79, 89, 111 North America, 16 Egypt, 34, 38, 39 Great Plains, U.S.A., 12, 13
71, 73 Beaufort Sea, 111 coal mining, 62 El Niño, 109 Great Wall of China, 89
North America, 5, 10, 13, 14, Bedouin, 81 cocoa, 40 electronics industry, 49, 91, 92, 93 Greek islands, 67
18 beer, 56, 63 coffee, 21, 28, 37, 39, 40, 83 endangered species, 39, 89, 96, Greeks, Ancient, 37, 65, 76
South America, 26, 27, 28, 31 Beirut, Lebanon, 80 Colombia, 24, 26, 27 107 Greenland, 32, 111
air pollution, 14, 18, 53, 67, 73 Belgium, 47, 52, 53 colonization, 51, 52 energy, 30, 43, 50, 54, 107 Gulf States, 82
Alaska, U.S.A., 4, 5, 111 Belize, 2, 20 Africa, 38, 42 environment, 6, 49, 68, 98, 104, Gulf Stream, 32, 33
Albania, 47, 64, 65 Bengal, Bay of, 86 Asia, 82, 90 111
Alberta, Canada, 5 Berber people, 36 Central America, 20
Aleut people, 5
Algeria, 34, 36, 37
Bering Sea, 108
Berlin Wall, 56, 57
South America, 26, 28, 30
Colorado, U.S.A., 15
Ephesus, Turkey, 76
Equator, v, 96
Estonia, 46, 70
H, I
alphabet, Chinese, 88 Bhutan, 75, 86, 87 Colosseum, Rome, 60 Haiti, 2, 23
Ethiopia, 22, 34, 39
Alps, 54, 57 Bilbao, Spain, 59 communism, 62, 64, 66, 68, 72, 73, Hawaii, 108
ethnic minorities, 21, 28, 51, 52,
Amazon rain forest, 28 Bolivia, viii, 24, 27 78, 79, 88, 90, 91 Himalayas, 86, 87, 89
68, 69, 73, 77
Amazon, River, 29 Black Sea, 66, 69, 72 computer industry, 15 Hinduism, vii, 87, 102
Euphrates, River, 80, 82
amber, 70 black smokers, 108 Congo, 34, 42, 43 Hispanic people, 17
Europe, vi, vii, 38, 46–73
American Indians Borneo, v, 96 Congo, River, 42, 43 Hong Kong, 90
European Union, 52, 66
Central America, 21 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 46, 64 continental drift, 32 hot springs, 33, 63, 101, 107
Everest, Mount, 87
North America, 4, 9, 12, 16, Bosporus, 76 continents, iv houses, 17, 42, 55
Everglades, Florida, 10
27 Brasilía, Brazil, 28 Cook Islands, 103 Houston, Texas, U.S.A. 16, 17
South America, 28 Brazil, vi, 24, 28–29 Copacabana beach, Rio de Hudson, River, U.S.A., 8
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 53
Andalucía, Spain, 59
Andes Mountains, 26, 27, 31
British Columbia, Canada, 4
British Empire, 50, 51, 86
Brunei, 75, 96, 97
Janeiro, 29
Copenhagen, Denmark, 48
coral islands, 98, 100
F, G Hungary, 46, 62, 63
hurricanes, 20, 23
hydroelectric power, 30, 54, 107
Andorra, 47, 54 Budapest, Hungary, 63 Falkland Islands, 32
coral reefs, 11, 20, 98, 100 Iberian Peninsula, 58–59
Angel Falls, Venezuela, 27 Buddhism, vii, 86, 87, 88, 89, 91, families, vi
Corinth Canal, Greece, 67 icebergs, 7, 33, 110
Angkor Wat, Cambodia, 95 92, 95 Africa, 40, 42
cork, 58 Iceland, 32, 33, 46
animals, 32 Buenos Aires, Argentina, 31 Asia, 78, 82, 86, 90
Corsica, 54 immigration, 4, 8, 11, 104
Africa, 39, 43, 45 buffalo, 12 Caribbean, 25
Costa Rica, 2, 21 Incas, 25, 26, 27
Antarctic, 110 Burkino Faso, 34 Europe, 61, 62, 65
cotton, 10, 11, 28, 38, 42, 45, 85 India, vi, 74, 86, 87, 92
Arctic, 111 Burma, see Myanmar Mexico, 19
cranberries, 9 Indian Ocean, 96, 98–99
Asia, 79, 95, 96 burqa, 82 Pacific islands, 103
Crimea, 69 Indian subcontinent, 86–87
Australasia and Oceania, Bush people, 44 fault lines, iv, 15, 97, 107
Croatia, 46, 64, 65 Indonesia, 74, 96, 97, 108
105, 106, 107, 108 festivals, 56, 59, 60, 66, 89, 92, 96 industry
Cuba, 2, 22
Central America, 20 Chinese New Year, 90 Asia, 91, 96
Cuna Indians, 21
North America, 5, 10, 12, 15,
16
C cycling, 53
cyclones, 86
Day of the Dead, 18
Easter, 59, 68
Europe, 49, 50, 52, 55, 56, 62,
63, 69, 71
South America, 28, 32 cacti, 16 Eid al-Fitr, 23, 84 North America, 8, 10, 12, 15,
Cyprus, 47, 80
Ankara, Turkey, 76 Cairo, Egypt, vii, 39 Thanksgiving, 9 18
Czech Republic, 46, 62, 63
Antarctic Treaty, 110 Cajuns, 10 Fiji, 100, 103 South America, 28
Antarctica, 110, 111 Calgary, Canada, 4 Filipinos, 97 Internet, vii, 91, 96
apartheid, 45
Apollonia, Albania, 65
California, U.S.A., 14, 15
Cambodia, 74, 94, 95
D, E film industry, 87, 107
finance, 8, 21, 26, 50, 52, 53, 56,
Inuit people, 5, 32, 111
Iran, 74, 82
Appalachian Mountains, U.S.A., 10 Cameroon, 34, 42, 43 Dakota people, 12 90, 96 Iraq, 74, 82
Arabian Sea, 83 Canada, 2, 3, 4–7, 10, 111 Dalai Lama, 89 Finland, 46, 48–49 Ireland, 46, 50
Arabs, 36, 80, 81, 82 Canadian National tower, Dalmatia, Croatia, 64 fishing, 32, 109 Islam, vii, 36, 40, 58, 73, 76, 81, 83,
Aral Sea, 85 Toronto, 6 Damascus, Syria, 80 Africa, 42 84, 85, 87, 96, 102
Ararat, Mount, 77 Cape of Good Hope, 99 dams, 30, 41, 44, 52, 107 Asia, 83, 93, 98 Israel, 75, 80, 81
Arawak people, 24 Caracas, Venezuela, 26 Dan people, 41 Europe, 58, 65 Istanbul, Turkey, 76
architecture, 61, 66, 85, 86 Carib people, 22 dance, 41, 57, 79, 84, 99 North America, 6, 7, 9 Ivory Coast, 34, 41
Arctic Circle, v, 4, 48 Caribbean, 2, 22–23 ballet, 72 Oceania, 103
Arctic Ocean, 111 Carnival, 23, 29, 60 flamenco, 59 fjords, 49
Argentina, 24, 30, 31, 32
Arizona, U.S.A., 16
Carpathian Mountains, 62
carpets, 77
tango, 24, 31
Danube, River, 64, 66
flooding, 45, 86, 98
Florence, Italy, 47, 60, 61
J, K, L
Armenia, 75, 76, 77 cars, 14, 49, 56, 71, 92, 93 Darwin, Charles, 108 Florida, U.S.A., 10, 11 Jamaica, 3, 22
Ashanti people, 40 Carthage, Tunisia, 37 date palms, 37 folk culture, 63, 68, 71, 79 Japan, vii, 29, 74, 92–93, 108
Asia, vi, vii, 74–97 cattle, 15, 31, 39, 44, 94, 104, 107 Death Valley, U.S.A., 14, 15 food, 52, 53, 56, 58, 65, 68, 76, 83, Jerusalem, Israel, 80, 81
Atacama Desert, Chile, v, 30 Caucasus Mountains, 76, 77 deep-sea vents, 108 86, 93, 97 Johannesburg, South Africa, 44
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 76 Ceausescu, Nicolae, 68 deforestation, 28, 38, 41, 96 crops, 20, 22, 23, 28, 41, 42, Jordan, 75, 80, 81
Athens, Greece, 66, 67 Central African Republic, 34, 42, Denmark, 32, 46, 48, 49 64, 90, 93, 103 Jordan, River, 81
Atlantic Ocean, 7, 32–33 43 desalination, 83 forests, v Judaism, 80, 81
Atlantic Provinces, Canada, 6, 7 Central America, vii, 20–23 deserts, v Asia, 79, 94, 96, 99 Kalahari Desert, 44
Atlas Mountains, 36 Chad, 34, 42, 43 Africa, 37, 44 Europe, 48, 49, 71, 72 Kansas, U.S.A., 12
Auckland, New Zealand, 106 Chad, Lake, 42 Asia, 80, 81, 83, 84, 88 North America, 4, 14 Karen people, 94
Australia, vi, vii, 100, 104–105, 108 cheese, 55 Australia, 100, 104 see also rain forests Kaxinawa Indians, 28
Australasia and Oceania, vi, chewing gum, 19 cold, 72, 88, 110 French Guiana, 26 Kazakh people, 78
100–109 Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A., 12, 13 North America, 14, 16 Gabon, 34, 42, 43 Kenya, 34, 38, 39
Austria, 56, 57 Chile, 24, 30, 31 South America, 30 Galápagos Islands, 108 Khalkh Mongols, 88
aviation industry, viii, 55 China, vi, vii, 74, 88–91 Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A., 12 Gambia, 35, 40 King Jr., Martin Luther, 11
134
INDEX
kite-flying, 96 mountains, iv, 5, 26, 32, 54, 74, 85, Papua New Guinea, 100, 102 San Marino, 47, 60 temples, 20, 65, 67, 76, 81, 91, 92, 95
Kostelic, Janica, 64 87, 88, 89, 96 Paraguay, 24, 30 San people, 44 Texas, U.S.A., 16, 17
krill, 110 Mozambique, 34, 45 Paris, France, 54 São Paulo, Brazil, vii, 28, 29 textile industry, 70
Kurds, 77, 82 music, 10, 24, 31 people, see population São Tome and Principe, 35, 42 Thailand, 74, 94, 95
Kuwait, 75, 82 opera, 60, 105 Persian Gulf, 99 Sarajevo, Bosnia, 65 Tibet, 88, 89
Kyrgyzstan, 74, 85 singing, 68, 70, 88 Peru, 24, 26, 27 Sardinia, 60 Tigris River, 82
Labrador, Canada, 7 musical instruments, 31, 68 Petra, Jordan, 81 Saskatchewan, Canada, 5 timber, 4, 28, 43, 49, 71
languages, vii, 50 Muslims, see Islam Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., 8 Saudi Arabia, 74, 82, 83 Titicaca, Lake, 27
Africa, 34, 35, 39 Myanmar, 74, 94 Philippines, 74, 96, 97 saunas, 49 Tokyo, Japan, vii, 92
Asia, 74, 75, 78, 79, 82, 85, 86, Phuket, Thailand, 95 savanna, vii Tonga, 102, 103
Pinatubo, Mount, 97 Scandinavia, 48–49, 111 tornadoes, 12
88, 92, 96
Central America, 20, 22
Europe, 46, 47, 50, 53, 56, 64,
N Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., 8
Poland, 46, 62
scientists, 97, 109, 110
Scotland, 50
Toronto, Canada, 6
totem poles, 4
66, 69 NASA, 17 polar regions, v, 110, 111 seasons, iv, v, 110 tourism
North America, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A., 10 pollution, 32, 33, 49, 62, 70, 72 Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., 14 Africa, 36, 38, 40, 45
11, 17, 19 national parks, 10, 14, 39, 43, 45, see also air pollution Seoul, South Korea, 91 Antarctica, 110
Papua New Guinea, 102 105 Polynesian Islands, 102, 108 Serbia, 46, 64 Asia, 76, 95, 98
South America, 24, 25, 26, 30 natural resources, 28, 44, 78, 84, population, vii Seychelles, 75, 98, 99 Atlantic islands, 32
Laos, 74, 94 97, 104 Africa, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42 Shanghai, China, viii, 91 Australasia and Oceania,
Lapland, 48 Navajo people, 16 Asia, 74, 75, 77, 79, 82, 86, 87, Shinto religion, vii, 92 102, 105, 107, 108
Latvia, 46, 70, 71 Near East, 80–81 96, 98 shipping, 32, 52, 99 Central America, 20, 23
Lebanon, 75, 80, 81 Nenet people, 79 Australasia and Oceania, Siberia, 78, 79 Europe, 49, 50, 51, 54, 57, 59,
Lesotho, 35, 44 Nepal, 74, 86, 87 100, 101, 104, 106 Sibiu, Romania, 68 63, 64, 66, 68
Libya, 34, 36, 37 Netherlands, 46, 52, 53 Central America, 2, 3, 22 Sierra Leone, 35, 40 North America, 5, 7, 11, 13,
Liechtenstein, 47, 56 New Brunswick, Canada, 7 Europe, 46, 47, 48, 51, 52, 69 Silicon Valley, California, U.S.A., 15 15, 16, 19
New Mexico, U.S.A., 16 North America, 2, 3, 5, 16, 19 Silk Road, 85 South America, 29
life expectancy, 6, 23, 42, 72, 78,
New Orleans, Mississippi, U.S.A., 10 South America, 24, 25 Singapore, viii, 75, 96 trams, 58, 66
84, 90, 93,
New York City, U.S.A., vii, 2, 8, 9 poverty, vii slavery, 10, 26, 28, 42, 68, 89, 99 Trans-Siberian railway, 79
Lisbon, Portugal, 58
New Zealand, 100, 101, 106–107, Africa, 38, 40, 42, 44 Slovakia, 46, 62, 63 Transylvania, 68, 69
Lithuania, vi, 46, 70, 71
108 Asia, 84, 86, 90, 97 Slovenia, 46, 56, 57 tsunami, 58, 108
London, U.K., vii, 50, 51
Newfoundland, Canada, 7 Central America, 20 soil erosion, 38, 41 Tuareg people, 37
Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 14
Nicaragua, Lake, 20 Europe, 71, 73 Somalia, 34, 38 tundra, v, 72
Louisiana, U.S.A., 10
Niger, vi, 34 North America, 10, 18 South Africa, 34, 44, 45, 99 Tunisia, 35, 36, 37
lumbering, see timber
Nigeria, 34 South America, 20, 28 South America, vi, vii, 24–31 Turkey, 34, 76–77, 80
Luxembourg, 47, 52, 53
Nile, River, 38 Prague, Czech Republic, 62 South China Sea, 108 Turkmenistan, 74, 85
nomads, 37, 38, 39, 41, 78, 81, prairies, vii, 4, 5, 7 South Dakota, U.S.A., 12
M 88, 89
North America, vi, vii, 2–19
North American Free Trade
Prince Edward Island, Canada, 7
Pueblo peoples, 17
Pyrenees Mountains, 54, 58
South Korea, 74, 90, 91
Southern Lights, 111
Southern Ocean, 110
U, V
Macedonia, 47, 64, 65 Agreement, 18 Québec, Canada, 6, 7 Soviet Union, 68, 70, 71, 76, 78, Uganda, 35
Machu Picchu, Peru, 25, 27 North Korea, 74, 90, 91 Quechua people, 27 84, 85, 91 United Kingdom, 32, 46, 50, 51
Madagascar, 25, 45, 98 North Sea, 50 Spanish colonies, 18, 22, 26, 30 Ural Mountains, 72, 79
Madrid, Spain, 59 sport, 54, 89, 104, 107 Uru people, 27
Maine, U.S.A., 9
maize, 12, 13, 64, 66
Northern Lights, 111
Norway, 46, 48, 49
Nova Scotia, Canada, 7
R Australian Rules football, 104
baseball, 93
Uruguay, 24, 30
U.S.A., 2, 4, 5, 8–17, 108
Malawi, 35, 45 nuclear power, 54 railways, 5, 27, 54, 73, 79, 86, 93 cricket, 86 U.S.S.R., see Soviet Union
Malaysia, 74, 96 Nunavut, Canada, 5 rain forests, v cycle racing, 55 Uzbekistan, 74, 84, 85
Maldives, 75, 98, 99 Africa, 34, 42 dogsled racing, 4 Uzbeks, 85
Manaus, Brazil, 29 South America, 26, 28 football, 13 Vancouver, Canada, 4
Mandela, Nelson, 45
mangroves, 99
O rainfall, v, 15, 39, 41, 86, 98
Rastafarian religion, 22
gymnastics, 71
horse racing, 11, 50
Vanuatu, 100, 102
Vatican City, 47, 60, 61
Manitoba, Canada, 5 observatories, 31 recycling, 49 ice hockey, 6 Venezuela, 24, 26, 27
Mao Zedong, 91 Oceania, 100 Red Sea, 38, 99 rugby, 51 Venice, Italy, 60
Maori people, 106 oceans, iv, 32–33, 98–99, 108–109, refugees, 43, 81, 84 skiing, 15, 48, 57, 64 Victoria Falls, 45
maple syrup, 6 111 religion, vii, 74, 81 soccer, 24, 28, 60, 80 Victoria, Lake, 34
Mariana Trench, 108 oil industry, 26, 32 Africa, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42 surfing, 108 Vienna, Austria, 57
markets, 21, 36, 71, 80, 95 Africa, 36, 37, 42, 44 Asia, 76, 87, 88, 92, 96 Sri Lanka, 75, 86, 87, 98 Vietnam, 74, 94, 95
martial arts, 93 Asia, 74, 77, 78, 81, 82, 84, 97 Central America, 20, 22 Statue of Liberty, 2, 8, 9 vineyards, 31, 55, 105
masks, 41, 42, 60 Europe, 50, 69 Europe, 59, 61, 62, 64, 67, 73 Stonehenge, U.K., 51 volcanoes, v
Mauritius, 35, North America, 4, 6, 16, 17, North America, 17 Sudan, 34, 38, 39 Central America, 20
Maya people, 18, 20, 21 111 Oceania, 102 Suez Canal, 38, 99 Europe, 60
Mecca, Saudi Arabia, 83 Okavango, River, 44 South America, 24, 28 sugar cane, 21, 22, 28, 45 Iceland, 33
medicine, 41, 84, 86, 89, 97, 104 Oklahoma, U.S.A., 16 Rhine, River, 52 Sumatra, 96 Pacific, 97, 107, 108
Mediterranean, 54, 60, 76 olive oil, 61 rice, 76, 90, 93, 94, 97 Sun, v, 48, 104, 110, 111 Volta, Lake, 41
Melanesia, 102, 108 Olympic Games, 4, 6, 64, 66, 71 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 24, 29 Superior, Lake, 7
Oman, 74, 83 Rocky Mountains, 3, 4, 5, 14, 15
Melbourne, Australia, 105
Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A., 10
Mexico, 2, 18–19
Ontario, Canada, 6
Ontario, Lake, 6, 7
Roman Catholicism, 17, 20, 28, 61,
62, 64, 96
Suriname, 24, 26
Sweden, 46, 48, 49
Switzerland, 47, 56, 57
W, Y
opium, 95 Romans, 37, 55, 63 Wales, 50, 51
Mexico City, vii, 18, 19 Sydney, Australia, vii, 100, 105
Oregon, U.S.A., 14 Rome, Italy, 60, 61 war, 38, 64, 80, 81, 82
Miami, Florida, U.S.A., 11 Syria, 74, 80, 81
orphans, 84, 94 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 52 see also civil war
Michigan, Lake, 13 Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 8
Micronesia, 100, 102, 108 Orthodox Church, 64, 67, 73 rural life, 13, 42, 63, 73, 94
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 32, 33
Middle East, vii, viii, 82–83
Osaka, Japan, 92
Ottawa, Canada, 6
Rushmore, Mount, 12
Russia, 47, 70, 72–73, 78–79, 92,
111
T Washington state, U.S.A., 14
water, 16, 39, 44, 78, 80, 83, 84, 86
waterfalls, 27, 45
minerals, 27, 28, 40, 42, 78, 85 Ottoman Empire, 66, 76 taiga, 79
overcrowding, 92 Rwanda, 35, 39 wealth, viii, 3, 10, 49, 52, 54, 56,
mining, 15, 19, 28, 40, 43, 44, 78, Taiwan, 90, 91 82, 96, 97
84, 104, 110 ozone layer, 110
Tajikistan, 74, 85 weather, iv, 12, 31
Minsk, Belarus, 71
Mississippi River, U.S.A., 10
P, Q S Tajiks, 85
Tallinn, Estonia, 70
see also climate
Western Sahara, 36, 37
Missouri, U.S.A., 12 Sahara Desert, v, 36, 37, 40, 41, 42 Tamils, 86 whales, 32
Monaco, 47, 54 Pacific islands, 102–103, 108–109 Sahel, 40, 41 Tanzania, 39 wheat, 5, 12, 13, 26, 66, 90, 104
Mongolia, 74, 88–89 Pacific Ocean, 96, 100, 108–109 St. Lawrence Seaway, 6, 7 Tartars, 73 wildlife, see animals
monsoon, 86, 98 Pacific Ring of Fire, 97, 108 St. Petersburg, Russia, 72 Tasman Sea, 108 wine, 31, 55, 64, 66, 69, 105
Montenegro, 47, 64, 65 Pakistan, 74, 86, 87 salt, 99 Tatra Mountains, Slovakia, 63 Winnipeg, Canada, 4
Montevideo, Uruguay, 30 Palestine, 80, 81 Samarqand, Uzbekistan, 85 tea, 39, 45, 77, 87 Yalta, Ukraine, 69
Montreal, Canada, 6 pampas, 31 Sami people, 48, 111 technology, 5, 68, 91, 92, 93, 96 Yellowstone National Park,
Moors, 58 Pamplona, Spain, 59 San Diego, California, U.S.A., 14 tectonic plates, vi, 32, 67, 92, 107 U.S.A., 14, 15
Morocco, 34, 36 Panama, 2, 21 San Francisco, California, U.S.A., temperature, v, 15, 16, 88 Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, 19
Moscow, Russia, 72, 73 Panama Canal, 21 14, 15 ocean, 109 Yugoslavia, 64
135
Acknowledgments
For the 2011 edition, Dorling Kindersley would like to thank: Adam Woolfitt (clb). 33 Corbis: George D. Lepp (br); Hans Strand Images: Arcticphoto (tr). Corbis: Wolfgang Kaehler (bl); Gregor
Natalie Godwin for jacket design, Niki Foreman for proofreading, (tr). 35 Science Photo Library: Tom Van Sant, Geosphere Project / Schmid (crb). Pictures Colour Library: (cr). Robert Harding
Matilda Gollon for editorial help, and Carron Brown for the index Planetary Visions (t). 36 Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Mary Jelliffee Picture Library: Morales (br). 80 Corbis: David Turnley (cla).
and for editorial help. (br). Photoshot: World Pictures (tr, cl). 37 Corbis: Benjamin Lowy Photoshot: José Nicolas / Hemis.fr / World Pictures (cb); Rick
(b). Dorling Kindersley: British Museum (tc). Getty Images: Frans Strange / World Pictures (br); World Pictures (fcla). 81 Corbis:
CD production team: Lemmens / The Image Bank (crb). Photoshot: World Pictures (tr). Christine Osborne (fcrb/police officer). Eye Ubiquitous /
Senior digital graphic designer Nain Singh Rawat Robert Harding Picture Library: T.D. Winter (tl). 38 Corbis: Hutchison: Bernard Gerard (bl); James Henderson (tr). Photoshot:
Producer Lakshmi Rao Michael Hanson / National Geographic Society (tr). Photoshot: Jonathan Carlile / Imagebrokers (tl). Robert Harding Picture
Technical manager Jay Prakash Pandey World Pictures (br). Robert Harding Picture Library: Nakamura Library: Michael Short (br/landscape). 82 Dorling Kindersley:
Producer and data architect Archna Sharma (ca). 39 Corbis: Karl Ammann (br). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: British Library (c). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Bernard Gerard
Technical coordinator Amit Verma (tr); Jeremy Horner (bl); Sarah Errington (bc). 40 Dorling (b). Getty Images: Bruno Morandi (tc). Rex Features: Stuart Clarke
Assistant editor Suchi Smita Kindersley: Barnabas Kindersley (bl). Panos Pictures: Teun Voeten; (tl). 83 Dorling Kindersley: Barnabas Kindersley (br). Eye
Assistant graphic designer Vikas Sachdeva (br/diamond). Robert Harding Picture Library: J. Lightfoot (cla). Ubiquitous / Hutchison: John Nowell (crb). Robert Harding
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(tl). 42 Corbis: Skip Brown / National Geographic Society (tl). 85 Corbis: David Turnley (cr); Nevada Wier (cb, tr/mountains, tr).
The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind Dorling Kindersley: Powell Cotton Museum (bc). Eye Ubiquitous Robert Harding Picture Library: Ivan Vdovin (br). 86 Corbis:
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copper). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: (c); Trevor Page (br). Getty (tr). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Horner (bl). Pictorial Press Ltd:
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Pictures (bc). Robert Harding Picture Library: Bildagentur Museum (tc). Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Victoria Ivleva-Yorke (bl); Science Photo Library: Planetary Visions Ltd (globe); Spine:
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Fulvio Roiter (tr). Photoshot: World Pictures (cla). Robert Harding Geosphere Project / Planetary Visions (t). 76 Corbis: Dave G.
Picture Library: Victor Englebert (bl); P. Narayan / Age Fotostock Houser (br); Lawrence Manning (cl); Adam Woolfitt (tr). Photoshot: All other images © Dorling Kindersley
(tl). South American Pictures: (br). 32 Corbis: Carlos Dominguez Adina Amsel / World Pictures (bl). 77 Corbis: Arne Hodalic (bl);
(crb); Wolfgang Kaehler (br). NHPA / Photoshot: B. & C. Alexander David Turnley (tr); Nik Wheeler (br). 78 Corbis: Peter Turnley (bc). For further information see: www.dkimages.com
(bl). Robert Harding Picture Library: (tr); Roy Rainford (cra); Eye Ubiquitous / Hutchison: Sarah Errington (bl). 79 Alamy
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The atlas that brings the world and its people to life

Persian Ga Mount Everest

Ahaggar Gulf (8850m)

Islands Highlands Islands

Guinea Basin Borneo Celebes

Con go Lake Victoria

Ascension Island Tr Arafura

Limit of winter pack ice

South Indian Basin

A l e u ti an Basin lan iel d

Solo Islands Amazon Basin

9843ft/3000m Tropic of Capricorn

1640ft/500m Cerro Aconcagua

820ft/250m Juan Fernandez 22,831ft

NETH. POLAND BELARUS

(to Spain) ALGERIA JORDAN K I Ryukyu Islands

WESTERN SAHARA LAOS

ARABIA (BURMA) MARIANA

SIERRA LEONE BENIN ETHIOPIA Nicobar (disputed)

LIBERIA SRI LANKA Islands BRUNEI

MALDIVES (to India)

(IVORY COAST) A SINGAPORE

TOGO GABON RWANDA

SAO TOME & PRINCIPE C I N D O N E S I A

Cabinda OF C ONG O ZA NEW

ST. HELENA (to Australia)

BOTSWANA REUNION (to France)

(to Australia) (to Chile)

Lord Howe Island

Dr. Kathleen Baker

A Dorling Kindersley Book

All rights reserved under International and Pan-American

Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited.

AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA 100

Active Planet DOWN TO THE CORE

North American Plate North THE PLATES OF EARTH’S CRUST

Cold air (in blue) Earth’s axis

Warm air (in red)

Descending cool, COLD POLE

Cool, dry air sinks

BIRTH AND DEATH RATES

NIGER BRAZIL LITHUANIA

RELIGIONS AND BELIEFS

Burundi Bolivia Lithuania Japan Canada Norway Qatar

HARTSFIELD-JACKSON, AIRBUS A380

Traffic in millions of tonnes

Mapping the World

about life in that country—its people, B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P

Mountainous desert looks like

this, with shadows on the

section. There is also a gazetteer BISHKEK

(place-name index) and an index

White shows land under

permanent cover by snow

rates in the world. Infant mortality is extremely Faráh eA Zarghún

high. Health services have almost completely h ry á Shahr

84 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P 85 0 miles 100 200

KEY TO MAP SYMBOLS